SettingSetting

Use the Cornell note-taking Use the Cornell note-taking system please.system please.

SettingSetting► The context in which the action of a story occursThe context in which the action of a story occurs

LocationLocation TimeTime Social environment of the characters (manners, Social environment of the characters (manners,

customs, and moral values that govern the customs, and moral values that govern the characters’ society)characters’ society)

► How you build the world around your characters will How you build the world around your characters will play a vital role in the overall believability of your play a vital role in the overall believability of your novel. novel.

► Setting can have a powerful effect on the theme in Setting can have a powerful effect on the theme in the narrative and on the reader's emotions.the narrative and on the reader's emotions.

► Some settings are relatively unimportant, but some Some settings are relatively unimportant, but some are the most important part of understanding are the most important part of understanding everything else about the story.everything else about the story.

LocationLocation

► Where does the action take place? (generally Where does the action take place? (generally and/or specifically)and/or specifically) Location may be symbolic: a "journey,“ "battle,“ Location may be symbolic: a "journey,“ "battle,“

"vacation" or "graduation""vacation" or "graduation"► What does it look like, sound like, or feel like? What does it look like, sound like, or feel like?

ImageryImagery: description that appeal to the senses: description that appeal to the senses► What relationship does place have to What relationship does place have to

characterization and theme?characterization and theme? Sometimes, location can enhance the mood of a Sometimes, location can enhance the mood of a

scene. scene. ► Consider this: What would be an appropriate setting for a Consider this: What would be an appropriate setting for a

scary story?scary story?

TimeTime

► At what time of the year does the action take At what time of the year does the action take place?place? Even seasons of the year and weather are Even seasons of the year and weather are

symbolic of various meanings.symbolic of various meanings.► How long does it take for the action to occur?How long does it take for the action to occur?

The passage of time may affect the development The passage of time may affect the development of characters. of characters.

► How is the passage of time perceived?How is the passage of time perceived? Consider this: If a movie were a text we were Consider this: If a movie were a text we were

reading, why would the director decide to use slow reading, why would the director decide to use slow motion for certain scenes?motion for certain scenes?

Social EnvironmentSocial Environment

►What are the manners, customs, rituals, What are the manners, customs, rituals, and etiquette of the character’s society?and etiquette of the character’s society?

►The type of world you create will The type of world you create will determine the reactions and behaviors determine the reactions and behaviors of your characters. of your characters.

►Consider this: a woman's role in society will vary Consider this: a woman's role in society will vary drastically from the 1920's Midwest USA to a drastically from the 1920's Midwest USA to a present day professional woman of a major city. present day professional woman of a major city. A story set in either of these times should reflect A story set in either of these times should reflect the social customs of that particular culture. the social customs of that particular culture.

CHARACTERIZATIONCHARACTERIZATIONANDAND

POINT OF VIEWPOINT OF VIEW

Character and Meaning Character and Meaning ► By getting to know characters, we learn something about people and By getting to know characters, we learn something about people and

life. life.

► Determine whether the characters are: Determine whether the characters are: FlatFlat (one-dimensional) (one-dimensional) RoundedRounded (three-dimensional) (three-dimensional) An An individualindividual A A stereotypestereotype StaticStatic (unchanging throughout the story) (unchanging throughout the story) DynamicDynamic (changing) (changing)

► Other terms to be familiar with: Other terms to be familiar with:

protagonist protagonist (central character)(central character) antagonistantagonist (source of conflict for the central (source of conflict for the central

character)character) foilfoil ( (a character who contrasts with another character a character who contrasts with another character

(usually the (usually the protagonistprotagonist) to highlight various features of ) to highlight various features of that other character's personality)that other character's personality)

Opening ActivityOpening Activity► Please take out the Please take out the Monkey’s Paw Monkey’s Paw reading. I will stamp those that reading. I will stamp those that

are annotated with the questions answered.are annotated with the questions answered.► Thank you to the students who signed up for Pearson website Thank you to the students who signed up for Pearson website

access!access!

1.1. At this point in the story, who do you think the At this point in the story, who do you think the protagonist? Antagonist? Explain your choices protagonist? Antagonist? Explain your choices with evidence from the text.with evidence from the text.

2.2. Explain whether you agree or disagree with the Explain whether you agree or disagree with the following statements: following statements:

► One should be content with his/her life as it is.One should be content with his/her life as it is.► People should not play games with fate.People should not play games with fate.

Tone vs. MoodTone vs. Mood

► Describe the tone and Describe the tone and mood of mood of The Monkey’s The Monkey’s Paw.Paw.

► What is the difference What is the difference betweenbetween tone tone and and moodmood??

► TONETONE is the attitude a is the attitude a writer or speaker takes writer or speaker takes toward the subject.toward the subject.

► MOODMOOD is the atmosphere is the atmosphere or feeling of a text.or feeling of a text.

QuickTime™ and a decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Point of ViewPoint of View

► When you determine When you determine who is telling the storywho is telling the story, , you have discovered the narrative point of you have discovered the narrative point of viewview. .

► This is important because This is important because the narrator the narrator controls just what and how much is told, the controls just what and how much is told, the kind of information given to the reader, and kind of information given to the reader, and even the shape of the work itself. even the shape of the work itself.

► The two major points of view are first-The two major points of view are first-person and third-person.person and third-person.

First-Person NarratorsFirst-Person Narrators

► First-person narrators are one of the First-person narrators are one of the characters in the story. characters in the story.

► They may be either a major or minor They may be either a major or minor character. character.

► Whichever character tells the story, he Whichever character tells the story, he or she has or she has limited knowledgelimited knowledge..

► Another Another concern with a first-person concern with a first-person narrator is narrator is biasbias.. Since the Since the character/narrator tells the story from character/narrator tells the story from his or her own perspective, there may be his or her own perspective, there may be distortion or omission. distortion or omission.

► This raises the question of This raises the question of reliabilityreliability. . Can we trust what the narrator tells us?Can we trust what the narrator tells us?

First Person-Narration First Person-Narration Continued…Continued…

► One of the strengths of the first-person point of view One of the strengths of the first-person point of view is is a a sense of directnesssense of directness. . We get the information first hand, as if we were there when We get the information first hand, as if we were there when

the events occurred. We may find the narrator addressing the events occurred. We may find the narrator addressing us (the readers) or we may find a dramatic context where us (the readers) or we may find a dramatic context where we overhear what is said to another character. we overhear what is said to another character.

► What difference is there between a major and What difference is there between a major and minor character as narrator?minor character as narrator? The The major charactersmajor characters may have prejudices may have prejudices or needs to or needs to

justify their own actions to themselves which may distort justify their own actions to themselves which may distort what we're told. what we're told.

The The minor charactersminor characters observe the action observe the action without being an without being an integral part of it, and they lack essential information. We integral part of it, and they lack essential information. We may have to guess about what really happened or is may have to guess about what really happened or is happening.happening.

Third-Person NarratorsThird-Person Narrators

►Third-person narrators are Third-person narrators are outsiders outsiders (i.e., not active participants in the (i.e., not active participants in the story).story).

►As a result, our experience is less As a result, our experience is less direct. direct.

►The narrator may enter into the The narrator may enter into the thoughts and feelings of various thoughts and feelings of various characters or may provide an characters or may provide an objective objective reporting of the events. reporting of the events.

Some variations on the Some variations on the third-person point of view:third-person point of view:

Omniscient (om-nish-ent)Omniscient (om-nish-ent): the narrator, along with : the narrator, along with knowing the events of the story, knows the knowing the events of the story, knows the thoughts and feelings of the other characters thoughts and feelings of the other characters

► LimitedLimited: the narrator focuses on the thoughts and : the narrator focuses on the thoughts and feelings of only one character. We may find an feelings of only one character. We may find an objective report of the events or we may learn of objective report of the events or we may learn of them from the viewpoint of one character. All other them from the viewpoint of one character. All other characters are seen from the outside only. characters are seen from the outside only.

► ObjectiveObjective: the narrator simply reports what he or : the narrator simply reports what he or she observes, including conversations and she observes, including conversations and descriptions of the scene. descriptions of the scene.

Questions a reader should ask Questions a reader should ask regarding the narratorregarding the narrator: :

►How much does the narrator really How much does the narrator really know? know?

►What prejudices or personal needs What prejudices or personal needs may affect the information we are may affect the information we are given? given?

► Is the narrator reliable? Is the narrator reliable?

Direct and Indirect Direct and Indirect CharacterizationCharacterization

► Direct characterizationDirect characterization: the narrator : the narrator or another character tells us what a or another character tells us what a person is likeperson is like (Betty is timid). (Betty is timid).

► Indirect characterizationIndirect characterization: requires the : requires the reader to look for clues that reveal a reader to look for clues that reveal a character's traits and motivationscharacter's traits and motivations. To . To fully understand a character and a story, fully understand a character and a story, we should look at a character’s: we should look at a character’s: Speech Speech Actions Actions ThoughtsThoughts Appearance Appearance What others say or think about the What others say or think about the

characterscharacters

Learn About a Character in Learn About a Character in Relation to a StoryRelation to a Story

1)1) determine the narrative point of viewdetermine the narrative point of view2)2) get a sense of the eventsget a sense of the events3)3) decide who are the most fully decide who are the most fully

developed characters. Then reread developed characters. Then reread looking for the clues mentioned looking for the clues mentioned above. Why do characters do what above. Why do characters do what they do? What are the motivations, they do? What are the motivations, attitudes, or personality traits which attitudes, or personality traits which might explain their behavior? might explain their behavior?

Elements of a SettingElements of a Setting

Setting

Place

Atmosphere

Time

History

EraLife

Mood

Weather

Feelings

WordChoice

Location

Physical

Day

Use as activator to activate prior knowledge. Write the web on the board or overhead and students create one at their seats. Then as class share and fill in.

Elements of CharacterElements of Character

Character

Main

Flat

Minor

Not Fully Developed

FriendsRelativesFully

Developed

Protagonist

AntagonistCo-Main

Enemy

Plot DiagramPlot Diagram

Exposition

Rising

Act

ions

Climax

Falling Actions

Resolution

Introduction – background info;Sets the stage for the story;

Introduces characters, setting, & conflict

Complications Grow

Conflict & Tension

Development of complications & problems leading to the climax;Suspense builds & plot “thickens”

Turning point in the story; Most tension or suspense;Can be anywhere in the novel

Actions following climax;Conflict starts to resolve

Final outcome of the story

Conflicts in a PlotConflicts in a Plot

► Conflict – struggle or problemConflict – struggle or problem

► 2 main kinds: External vs. Internal2 main kinds: External vs. Internal

1)1) External – a struggle outside of the External – a struggle outside of the character; against someone or character; against someone or something elsesomething else

2)2) Internal – a struggle within a Internal – a struggle within a character’s mind or heartcharacter’s mind or heart

Types of ConflictTypes of Conflict

►4 types4 types

Personvs.

Nature

Self

Society Person

for Understandingfor Understanding