seven ages of woman: baroness susan greenfield
DESCRIPTION
At the APM Women in Project Management 2014 National Conference, Susan talked us through the “Seven Ages of Woman” explaining how findings in neuroscience support gender equality, and how environment and experience are proving as important as genetic make up in human development.TRANSCRIPT
THE SEVEN AGES OF WOMAN
How Insights from Brain Research affects us all
(1) BEFORE BIRTH…
‘The president of Harvard University, Lawrence H. Summers, sparked an uproar at an academic conference Friday when he said that innate differences between men and women might be
one reason fewer women succeed in science and math careers.’ Boston Globe Jan 2005
An INDIRECT link between genes and brain function…
Levels of Brain Organisation
• Consciousness• Dysfunctions e.g. schizophrenia, depression• Functions e.g. memory, vision• Sub functions e.g. colour/form/motion processing• Brain regions• Large scale assemblies• Isolated neuronal circuits• Neuronal connections (synapses)• Components of synapse e.g. receptor ion channels• Genes
Huntington’s Disease (Chorea)
Mice with the Gene for Huntington’s Chorea:
An Example of Nurture trumping Nature?
van Dellen, Blakemore, Deacon, York & Hannan 2000, Nature
van Dellen, Blakemore, Deacon, York & Hannan 2000, Nature
An Experiment Showing Environment Can trump Genes
van Dellen, Blakemore, Deacon, York & Hannan 2000, Nature
An Experiment Showing Environment Can trump Genes
Standard
housing
Enriched housingNon-Huntington’s
Perc
en
tag
e d
isp
layin
g p
rofo
un
d s
ym
pto
ms
Age (days)
An Experiment Showing Environment Can trump Genes
(2) INFANCY
Developing a Mind…
Newborn 3 months 15 months 2 years
‘Thinking is… Movement Confined to the Brain’
Effects of an ‘Enriched’ Environment
‘Isolated’ ‘Enriched’
Connections Give Ever Deeper MEANING over Time…
The Biological Basis of the MindIs the Personalisation of the Brain
Through Unique Dynamic ConfigurationsOf Neuronal Connections, Driven by
unique Experiences
(3) CHILDHOOD
The 21st Century Environment is Unprecedented…
http://www.itv.com/news/update/2014-08-07/brits-spend-more-time-using-technology-than-sleeping/
Total hours of media/technology truncated to 3 standard deviations above mean and all total hours above that number were changed to exactly 3 standard deviations above the mean.
Daily Media Usage (standard deviation) for Children, Preteens and Teens Shown in Hours:Minutes
Rosen et al., (2014) Media and technology use predicts ill-being among children, preteens and teenagers independent of the negative health impacts of exercise and eating habits, Computers in Human Behavior, 35, 364-375,
Mind Change: The New Climate Change?
• Both global• Both unprecedented• Both controversial• Both multi-faceted
(4) EARLY CAREER
Attrition Plot for Women in Engineering and Technology 1996 and 2000
Attrition Plot for Women in Engineering and Technology 1996 and 2000
(5) MOTHERHOOD
The Environment of the Screen: Gaming
Why the Increase in Methylphenidate prescriptions?
Research Article
Video game playing, attention problems, and impulsiveness: Evidence of bi-directional causality
Douglas A. Gentile, Edward L. Swing, Choon Guan Lim, and Angeline Khoo
How to cite: Gentile, D. A., Swing, E. L., Lim, C. G., & Khoo, A. (2012). Video game playing, attention problems, and impulsiveness: Evidence of bi-directional causality. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 1, 62-70.
Research Article
Television and Video Game Exposure and the Development of Attention Problems
Edward L. Swing, Douglas A. Gentile, Craig A. Anderson, David A. Walsh
How to cite: Edward L. Swing, Douglas A. Gentile, Craig A. Anderson, David A. Walsh 2010, Television and Video Game Exposure and the Development of Attention Problems Pediatrics Vol. 126 No. 2 pp. 214 -221 (doi: 10.1542/peds.2009-1508.)
Video Games and Attention
Kelly CR, Grinband J, Hirsch J (2007) PLoS ONE 2(12): e1268. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001268
Repeated Exposure to Media Violence Is Associated with Diminished Response in
an Inhibitory Frontolimbic Network.
136 Papers
DesensitisationIncreased arousal
Aggressive cognitionAggressive behaviour
381 Independent Tests
130,296 Participants
Research Article Violent video game effects on aggression, empathy, and prosocial behavior in
Eastern and Western countries: A meta-analytic review.Anderson, Craig A.; Shibuya, Akiko; Ihori, Nobuko; Swing, Edward L.; Bushman, Brad J.; Sakamoto, Akira; Rothstein, Hannah R.;
Saleem, Muniba
How to cite: Anderson, Craig A.; Shibuya, Akiko; Ihori, Nobuko; Swing, Edward L.; Bushman, Brad J.; Sakamoto, Akira; Rothstein, Hannah R.; Saleem, Muniba,. Psychological Bulletin, Vol 136(2), Mar 2010, 151-173
THE NEURAL BASIS OF
VIDEO GAMING
Kuhn, S. et al., Translational Psychiatry
(2011)53, 1-5
Research Article
Computer and Video Game Addiction- A Comparison between Game Users and Non-Game Users
Aviv Malkiel Weinstein
How to cite: Weinstein AM.Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. Computer and Video Game Addiction- A Comparison between Game Users and Non-Game Users 2010; 36(5):268-76. doi: 10.3109/00952990.2010.491879
Arousal Addiction Reward
DOPAMI
NE
DOPAMINE
‘Meaningless’Prefrontal under-function?
• Strong feelings• Sensory• Here-and-now• External environment dominates• Little ‘meaning’• Reduced sense of self• No time-space• Infants and children• More
‘Meaningful’Prefrontal activation?
• Thinking dominates• Cognitive• Past / present / future• Internal perceptions dominate• Personalised ‘meaning’• Strong sense of self• Clear time-space reference• Older children and adults• Less
Two Basic Modes for the Human Brain
DOPAMINE
Dopamine
Research Article
Inverse Association Between BMI and Prefrontal Metabolic Activity In Healthy Adults
Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Telang F, Fowler JS, Goldstein RZ, Alia-Klein N, Logan J, Wong C, Thanos PK, Ma Y, Pradhan K.
How to cite: Obesity (2009) Inverse Association Between BMI and Prefrontal Metabolic Activity In Healthy Adults. (1):60-5. doi: 10.1038/oby.2008.469. Epub 2008 Oct 23.
Research Article
Decision-Making in Obesity: A Study using the GamblingPignatti R, Bertella L, Albani G, Mauro A, Molinari E, Semenza C.
How to cite: Eat Weight Disord. (2006) Decision-Making in Obesity: A Study using the Gambling11(3):126-32
WithoutSchizophrenia
WithSchizophrenia
Childhood and Schizophrenia Similarities
Easily distracted
Short attention span
Inability to interpret proverbs
Under-functioning Prefrontal Cortex
A Common Factor: The Press of the Senses?
A CONTINUOUS
CYCLE?
(2) High arousal, high levels of
dopamine release
(6) Conditions of childhood,
schizophrenia, obesity (5) Dopamine causes PFC
hypo-function
(4) Dopamine released
(3) Reward seeking
addictive behaviour
(7) Drive: sensation over
cognition
(8) Greater appeal of a
screen environment?
(1) Intense stimulation of screen: fast response
Social Interaction vs. Electronic Media Use
87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07
10
8
6
4
2
0
Hou
rs /
day
Year
Social interaction
Electronic media use
Words: 10% of total impact Eye contact Body language Voice(tone/rate/volume) Pheromones ? Physical contact ?
Communications in Three Dimensions
NOT AVAILABLE ON
Reduced Empathy?
• A link between atypical brain wave responses in problematic face recognition, characteristic of autism, and also of heavy internet users (He et al., 2011)
• A link between autistic spectrum disorders and an under-functioning prefrontal cortex, indicative of a more literal take on the world (Amodio & Frith 2006)
• A link between early screen experiences and later development of autism (Waldman et al., 2006)
• A link between autistic conditions and an appeal of screen technologies (Finkenauer et al., 2012).
• A link between autistic spectrum disorder and compulsive video game use (Mazurek & Engelhardt 2013)
A Link Between Autistic Type Behaviour and the Screen?
History of Blogging…
1999: So I just have to tell someone about this thing my cat did today…
2004: OMG! Cat pictures!
2005: Moving cat pictures!
2007:1:00pm. My cat just sneezed!1:02pm. Cat sneezed again!1:04pm. Cat hasn’t sneezed recently. Getting worried.
Research Article
Self-Presentation 2.0: Narcissism and Self-Esteem on FacebookSoraya Mehdizadeh, B.Sc.
How to cite: Mehdizadeh S. 2010 Self-Presentation 2.0: Narcissism and Self-Esteem on Facebook13(4):357-64. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2009.0257.
The Environment of the Screen: Search Engines
What is Honour?
Princess Marya…
ERIC SCHMIDT (CHAIRMAN, GOOGLE)
‘I worry that the level of interrupt, the sort of overwhelming rapidity of information…is in fact affecting cognition. It is affecting deeper
thinking. I still believe that sitting down and reading a book is the best way to really learn
something. And I worry that we’re losing that…’
Realising the Full Potential of the Human Mind in the Digital Age
• High IQ• Efficient information processing• Short attention span• Icons not ideas• Sensation at premium• Risk taker• Low empathy• Need for constant feedback• Weak sense identity• Low-grade aggression
The Mindset of the 21st Century?
(6) MANAGEMENT
FEMALE LEADERS ARE VIEWED DIFFERENTLY FROM MEN
Christine Wennerås and Agnes Wold,1997
“Science Faculty’s Subtle Gender Biases Favour Male Students”
“Despite efforts to recruit and retain more women, a stark gender disparity persists within academic science.”
Corinne A. Moss-Racusina, B., John F. Dovidio B., Victoria L. Brescollc, Mark J. Grahama, D., and Handelsmana, J. (2012) PNAS vol 109, 16474–16479
“The present study is unique in investigating subtle gender bias on the part of faculty in the biological and physical sciences. It therefore informs the debate on possible causes of the gender disparity in academic science by providing unique experimental evidence that science faculty of both genders exhibit bias against female undergraduates.”
The Male Agenda Can Be Different
CONFIDENCE
The Options…
• Get angry: ‘Neurotic’• Suppress: Insomnia
and ulcers• Find mentor…
‘Someone who believes in you, more than you believe in yourself’
A Mentor…
Jane Mellanby John Stein
(7) OLD AGE
Scarmeas, N. and Y. Stern, J 2011.
Cognitive Reserve and Lifestyle
• Health• Appearance• Reproductive Status• Work Span
The Merging of Generations
Developing And Losing One’s Mind…
…Reflected In Brain Cell Branching (Connections)
Dementia is a Growing Problem
• 700,00 currently• Current cost: £20bn pa • 940,110 by 2021• 1,735,087 by 2051• Increase of 154% over next 40
years• NO NEW DRUG IN LAST 15
YEARS
(1)
Marker in blood detects degeneration
before symptoms appear
+ =(2)
Medication for arresting
further neuronal
death
PERMANENT PREVENTION OF SYMPTOM
ONSET!
Leading a Long and Fulfilling Life...
“Above all, don’t fear difficult moments. The best comes from them”
Rita Levi-Montalcine (1909-2012)
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