seventh grade english benchmark period two grammar, usage, and mechanics pass standards and...

Seventh Grade EnglishBenchmark Period Two

Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics

PASS Standards and Objectives

PASS GUM 3.1.c. Use nominative, objective, and possessive

pronouns correctly.

subject verb --------------direct object-----------------

1. Lucky loves Angel and (I, me, myself). subject verb -------------indirect object---------------- direct obj.

2. Lucky told Fishie and (I, me, myself) a story. subject verb dir. obj. (prepositional phrase ending w/obj. of prep.)

3. Lucky told a story to Angel and (I, me, myself). -----------------subjects------------------- verb direct obj.

4. Angel and (I, me, myself) love Lucky.

Can you select the

correct pronouns?

PASS GUM 3.1.c. Use nominative, objective, and possessive pronouns correctly. Definitions and Examples1. Nominative pronouns – Used as subjects, predicate nominatives

2. Objective pronouns – Used as direct objects, indirect objects, objects of the preposition

3. Possessive pronouns – Used to show possession

my mine our ours

your yours your yours

his her hers its their theirs

I we

you you

he she it they

me us

you you

him her it them

I have a halo.

They are crowding

me.

It is my fishbowl.


pronouns correctly.

subject verb direct--------------------------- object

Lucky loves Fishie and (I, me, myself).

Lucky is the subject. Fishie and me are the direct OBJECTS. The direct object

receives the action of the verb (love from Lucky).

Since me is an “object,” you can’t use the pronoun I, which is a

pronoun you use for “subjects.”

subject verb indirect--------------------------------object direct obj.

Lucky told Fishie and (I, me, myself) a story.

Dude, I don’t do it the hard way. I just eliminate the “Fishie and…” and listen for what sounds right.

Listen… Lucky told I a story.

Lucky told me a story.Lucky told myself a story.

The answer is me.


pronouns correctly.

subject verb direct obj. (prepositional phrase ending w/object of prep.)

Lucky told a story to Angel and (I, me, myself).

Subjects------------------------------------ verb direct obj.

Angel and (I, me, myself) love Lucky.

Lucky told a story to Angel and (I, me, myself).

Angel and (I, me, myself) love Lucky.

It’s easy; just mentally mark out the “compound element”: Angel and…

Then you can listen for the correct pronoun answer!

PASS GUM 3.2.b.6. Use a comma after an

introductory adverb clause.

subject verb direct object

After Maskey wrote his report, subject verb direct obj. direct obj.

Bub checked Maskey’s spelling and grammar.

Maskey’s so goofy; it’ll take a

year to proofread his report.

Maskey is so smart. Bub

won’t find any mistakes on

Maskey’s report.



A clause has a subject and verb (Maskey wrote).

subject verb direct obj.

After Maskey wrote his report,

There are dependent and independent

clauses. This one is dependent because it

can’t stand alone.



My clause also has a subject and verb (Bub checked).

subject verb direct obj. direct object

Bub checked Maskey’s spelling and grammar.

This is an independent clause because it can

stand alone.



after, although, as, as if, as long as, as soon as, before, as though, if, in order that, because, once, provided that, since, so that, than, though, unless,

until, when, whenever, where, wherever, while

All of these are “subordinating conjunctions.”

They are used to introduce

adverb clauses.

Although I wear a mask, I am not weird!Before you touch a light bulb, turn off the light. Because I enjoy success, I use good punctuation.

Common Subordinating Conjunctions



Write three sentences, each beginning with an introductory adverb clause. Use a different

subordinating conjunction to start each sentence.

1.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

PASS GUM 3.2.b.15. Use a semicolon to separate

two independent clauses.

subject verb subject verb

Money is clever; Timey is smart.

Take time to write a compound sentence with a

semicolonseparating its two

independentclauses; it’s very

sophisticated!

Watch me invest myself in subprime mortgages

and unsecured hedge funds!



My independent clause has a subject and verb

(Money is).

subject verb predicate adjective

Money is clever;

Why is Money is clever;

an independent clause?

Hint: Two reasons



My independent clause also has a subject and verb

(Timey is).

subject verb predicate adjective

; Timey is smart.

Why is Timey is smart.

an independent clause?

Yes! 1. It has a subject and verb. 2. It can stand on its own.

Write two sentences, each with two independent clauses separated by a semicolon.

1._______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

PASS GUM 3.2.b.7.Use a comma after an

introductory participial phrase.

Riding on the rocket, Sherman crossed the continent in twenty minutes.

Bored with his trip, Sherman

returned home.

Participial phrase1. Phrase – a group of words without a

subject and a verb2. Participial – beginning with a word that

ends in –ing or –ed3. A participial phrase always functions as

an adjective in the sentence.



What is a participial phrase?



Holding on to the rocket with one hand Sherman rode across the desert.

What is the best change, if any, to make to hand Sherman in the above sentence?

A. hand; ShermanB. hand, ShermanC. hand. ShermanD. No change.



Broken, by a space bully, Sherman’s arm was not useful to him.

Which is the best change, if any, to make to Broken, by a space bully, in the above sentence?

A. Broken by a space bully,B. Broken by a space bully;C. Broken, by a space bully.D. No change.

Hey, I thought the first

word in the participial phrase had to end in –ing or

–ed! Broken ends in

–en.

Yes, participial phrases do begin with words ending in –ing and –ed.

Some –ed words, however, are irregular. Examples:

Verb Present Participle (-ing

form)

Past Participle (-ed form)

keep keeping keeped kept

go going goed gone

break breaking broked broken

build building builded built

bring bringing bringed brought

Kept safely in the hall closet, Sherman’s rocket was shiny and beautiful.

Participial phrase is an adjective modifying the subject, rocket.



Write two original sentences beginning with intro. participial phrases. Start one with an “-ing” participial phrase and one with an “–ed” participial phrase.1.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

PASS GUM 3.2.b.8. Use a comma after a succession of introductory prepositional phrases.

--prepositional phrase--- ------prepositional phrase-------

With a mixture of yellows and reds, subject verb direct object

Corny’s kernels attract the attention ------------------prepositional phrase--------------------------------

of people decorating for Thanksgiving.

Oh, a “succession”

just means more than

one.

Hey, what does a “succession” of

introductory prepositional

phrases mean?

--prepositional phrase--- ------prepositional phrase-------

With a mixture of yellows and reds, subject verb direct object

Corny’s kernels attract the attention ------------------prepositional phrase--------------------------------

of people decorating for Thanksgiving.

PASS GUM 3.2.b.8. Use a comma after a succession of introductory prepositional phrases.

Hey, pie – review time -- what kind of little

three-word phrase is inside that last

prepositional phrase?

Introductory participial

phrase.

Commonly Used Prepositionsabout, above, across, after, against, along, among,

around, as, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, besides, between, beyond, but (meaning except), by, down, during, except, for, from, in, inside, into, like,

near, of, off, on, out, outside, over, past, since, through, throughout, to, toward, under, underneath,

until, unto, up, upon, with, within, without

Compound Prepositionsaccording to, along with, apart from, aside from, as of, because of, by means of, in addition to, in front of, in place of, in spite of, instead of, next to, on account of,

out of

A preposition shows association, direction, location, or relationship.

A preposition, its object, and any modifiers of the object form a prepositional phrase.

beside

belo

w

un

der

ben

eath

across upon

in front of in addition to

do

wn

next to

nearin

on

Direction / Location Prepositions

above, across, after, against, along, among, around, at, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond by, down, in, inside, into, near, on, out, outside, over, past, through, throughout, toward, under, underneath

up, upon, within

A preposition shows direction / location or association / relationship.

subject verb --prepositional phrase--

Direction/Location: The hat fell behind the table.

Location of hat? Behind table!

The preposition connects a noun or pronoun with the object of the

preposition.

Association / Relationship Prepositions

for, with, about, during, until, from, without, as, before, like, of, since, to, besides.

but (meaning except), except

A preposition shows direction / location or association / relationship.

Association/Relationship: subject verb prepositional phrase

The children played with the hat.

How are children and hat related? Children played with hat!

The preposition connects a noun or pronoun with the

object of the preposition.

PASS GUM 3.2.b.11.Use a comma to set off appositives /

appositive phrases.

Rudyard Kipling, an English author,

wrote “Rikki-tikki-tavi.”

Master, is that the story about the brave little mongoose who

fought Nag, the big cobra?

subject appositive phrase

Yes, little Grasshopper.

Rikki-tikki-tavi saved the boy

from the snakes.

An appositive phrase is a group of words that renames a noun or pronoun that comes right

before it.

• Phrase – Group of words without a subject and verb

• Renames – Examples: Mark Twain, an American author / Sam, my best friend / a Jack Russell terrier, the cutest breed of dog / geography, my most difficult class


appositive phrases.

, the first President of the United States of America,

George Washington


appositive phrases.

Do we always use commas around an appositive

phrase, Master?

Almost always, Grasshopper. With some appositives, though,

we don’t use a comma. It is a very simple rule: •When it is a “nonessential” appositive phrase (not needed to make the meaning clear, just extra information), we need commas. •When it is an “essential” appositive phrase (needed to make the meaning of the sentence clear) we don’t need the commas!

Wow. Don’t need appositive; do need commas. Do need

appositive; don’t need commas. Crazy.

What if at the circus the police officer said… like… um… “Somebody kidnapped the dancing poodles and escaped on the tiny tricycle!”

Then the Flying Fortunas might say, “It was the clown Sassy who pedaled away with Fifi and Pierre!”

We would need the appositive Sassy, wouldn’t we! Without it, we’d be asking, “Which clown?” Now, we do need the appositive, so we don’t need commas. Right?

You are a grammar force with which to be reckoned, young

Grasshopper.

subject ---------------appositive phrase---------------------

Bats the only mammals capable of flight are present throughout the world.

Where would a writer need to put commas, if at all, in the above sentence?

A. after BatsB. after Bats and mammalsC. after Bats and flightD. No change.


appositive phrases.

-------subject----------- -------------------appositive phrase-----------

Carrie Underwood the winner of the fourth season of-----------------------

American Idol sold seven million copies of her debut album Some Hearts. What is the best change, if any, to make to Carrie Underwood the winner of the fourth season of American Idol in the above sentence?

A. Carrie Underwood, the winner of the fourth season of American Idol B. Carrie Underwood the winner of the fourth season of American Idol,C. Carrie Underwood, the winner of the fourth season of American Idol,D. No change.


appositive phrases.

The independent clause is about Carrie selling 7 million albums. American Idol is

nonessential. Comma it, dude.

PASS GUM 3.2.b.13.Use a comma to set off

parenthetical expressions.

What are they?

They’re like little side remarks.

What does that mean?

You know, they’re like

little interrupters.

Oh! Like SHUT UP!

and WHATEVER!

No, I mean like of course

and by the way.

OOOOHHH! Like when

you say, “He is, after all,

just a puzzle piece!”

Uh huh.



Why are they called

“parenthetical” expressions?

They are like little explanatory expressions

that sound as if they could be in parentheses. Get it? “parentheses…”

“parenthetical…”

A writer should (after all) be able to hear the interruption when (for example) a parenthetical expression is used.

We don’t, of course, really use parentheses around parenthetical expressions; we set them off with commas.



Commonly used parenthetical expressions:

after all, at any rate, by the way, consequently, for example, for instance, however, I believe (hope, etc.),

incidentally, in fact, in general, in the first place, meanwhile, moreover, naturally, nevertheless, of

course, on the contrary, on the other hand, that is, therefore

My pet, by the way, is a Florida alligator.

My owner, on the other hand, is a Florida orange.



parenthetical -------- subject--------- expression verb dir. object --prep.

Smiley Citrus, by the way, is the owner of phrase----------------------

three alligators.

You know how an alligator bites a stick in half? These parenthetical expressions do the same thing to an

independent clause. They split it in half.

See how ,by the way, splits the sentence in half right

between the subject (Smiley Citrus) and the verb (is)!

PASS GUM 3.2.b.19.Use a semicolon between independent clauses joined by

conjunctive adverbs or transitional expressions followed by a comma.

subject --verb- direct obj. conjunctive adv. sub. verb

Andre loves soccer; however, he also lovesdirect object.

singing.

Independent Clause #1: Andre lovesIndependent Clause #2: he lovesConjunctive Adverb: ;however,

Commonly Used Conjunctive Adverbs

accordingly, additionally, besides, consequently, furthermore, however, indeed, instead, meanwhile,

moreover, nevertheless, otherwise, therefore

Commonly Used Transitional Expressions

in other words, for example, for instance, in fact, as a result, that is

Independent clause: 1. Has a subject and verb2. Can stand on its own

PASS GUM 3.2.b.19.Use a semicolon between independent clauses joined by

conjunctive adverbs or transitional expressions followed by a comma.

PASS GUM 3.2.b.19.Use a semicolon between independent clauses

joined by conjunctive adverbs or transitional expressions followed by a comma.

Now you write two sentences, each with a conjunctive adverb or transitional expression preceded by a semicolon and followed by a comma.

1.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

PASS GUM 3.3.a.Identify and revise run-on sentences and

fragments.

Run-on Sentence – Two or more sentences written as if they were a single sentence.

Well, what is a run-on

sentence? I’ve been

hearing about it since 3rd grade.

It’s when you write what

are really two sentences, but you run

them together without proper

punctuation.


fragments.

The atom is the smallest unit of an element, it retains the chemical properties of that element.

What is the best change, if any, to make to element, it in the above sentence?

A. element itB. element; itC. element, ItD. No change.

Hmm… Two independent

clauses… s-v/s-v… atom is / it retains… Hmm… can’t join 2

indep. clauses with a comma… The answer

is B!


fragments.

Sentence Fragment – Part of a sentence that is written as if it were a

complete sentence.

Do you know what a

“fragment” is?

Yeah, it’s when you write a

sentence that can’t stand on

its own. It’s just part of a

sentence.


fragments.

Well, maybe we should review just what you have to have in a sentence.

You need a subject (noun or pronoun).You need a verb (action or linking).

That’s all. Then you can add some prepositional phrases, participial phrases, adjectives, direct objects,

appositive phrases, and stuff like that.

subject verbThe key fell. subject ---verb-- direct objectThe key opened the door. adjective adj. subj. -verb--- ---prepositional phrase--The beautiful brass key melted in the molten lava. ------participial phrase-------- subj. ----verb---- --prep. phrase--Tucked under the bed, the key was lost for a month.----introductory adverb clause---- subj. -----verb-------After it fell under the bed, the key was found.


fragments.

Yes, now these are sentences.

Subject and verb – then whatever else you want to add…


fragments.

Repair the sentence fragments.

1. Originating from a Greek word which means “uncuttable,” the atom, or “something which cannot be divided further.” ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2. Although single atoms have been far too small for scientific applications.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


fragments.

Repair the sentence fragments.

1.The nucleus, containing positively charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. The development of this instrument thus allowing the exact mass of atoms to be measured.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

PASS GUM 3.3.b.Identify and correct misplaced modifiers.

Determined to reach the summit, the storm did not prevent Paddy from climbing to the top.

Paddy, dude, you have a misplaced

modifier! Let me point it out to

you so that you will not be

ridiculed by your fellow climbers.

Whoa, Hans, I remember that storm. Dude, was so scary,

but I was determined to

reach the summit!

This is a “modifier.” This adjective participial phrase “modifies” the subject.


This is bad! The modifier is right next to the word “storm.”

Determined to reach the summit, the storm did not prevent Paddy from climbing to the top.

Determined to reach the summit, Paddy did not let the storm prevent him from climbing to the top. Ahhh…this is better! Now the modifier is right next to Paddy, the noun it actually “modifies,” or describes.

Paddy – not the storm -- is “determined to reach the summit.”


The coach congratulated the girls for playing well as she handed them the championship trophy.

Is this one OK?

Hmm… subject is coach…

verb is congratulated… direct object is

girls… for playing well is prepositional

phrase…


The coach congratulated the girls for playing well as she handed them the championship trophy.

Hmm… What about as she handed them the championship trophy?

Is that OK, or is it misplaced? It is very near playing well as if the girls were playing

while the coach was handing them the trophy. Where could we move this adverb clause so that it is

closer to congratulated?

As she handed them the championship trophy, the coach congratulated the girls for playing well.


Rewrite these sentences, correcting the misplaced modifiers.

1.Sheree saw a squirrel running across the street on her way to school.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2. Dakota’s report is about the beaded bracelet in the museum that is more than two thousand years old._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

PASS GUM 3.3.d.Identify and correct faulty parallel structure

in writing.

GOOD: Thinking logically is as important as calculating accurately.

Parallel structure – The use of the same grammatical forms to balance related ideas in a sentence

BAD: To think logically is as important as calculating accurately.

Look, people, it’s easy.If you have two of anything, and the first one

ends in –ing, make the second one end in –ing. That’s all there is to it.


in writing.

Football fans argue endlessly and without hope about who the best team is.

No, it’s not just –ing! Just make them look alike in any way!

It might be a phrase beginning with to. It might be a phrase beginning with a word ending in –ed. It doesn’t matter; just make “like parts” look alike.

Can you tell which two “like parts” do

not match? Do you know what to do to fix the problem?


in writing.

Football fans argue endlessly and hopelessly about who the best team is.

Football fans argue without end and without hope about who the best team is.

See? Either way is correct.

I love to write short stories about children and writing

poetry about my thoughts and feelings.

Now, you try this

one.


in writing.

Revise these sentences that have parallel structure problems.

1. Basketball is a sport in which women are catching up to men in terms of respect, popularity, and being famous.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2. A quarterback’s agility, skill, and how fast he is determine his ranking.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

That’s all for now. See y’ in English.

seventh grade english benchmark period two grammar, usage, and mechanics pass standards and...

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