sewage waer as the source of irrigation and plant nutrients

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  • 8/7/2019 SEWAGE WAER AS THE SOURCE OF IRRIGATION AND PLANT NUTRIENTS

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    WELCOME

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    SEWAGE WAER AS THE SOURCE OF

    IRRIGATION AND PLANT NUTRIENTS

    Guided by- Presented By-

    MISS AKSHAYA GANDHI SAHZADA AMAN

    Lecturer TE-Civil

    Department of Civil Eng TCI 10136

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    INTRODUCTION

    Supplies of good quality irrigation water are expectedto decrease in future because the development of newwater resources will not keep pace with increasingwater needs of agriculture, industries andmunicipalities. some of these future water needs can

    be met by using available water supplies moreefficiently but in many cases it will be necessary tomake increased use of municipal waste waters andagricultural drainage water. agricultural andlandscape irrigation can offer significant opportunityfor waste water reuse in arid and semi arid regions,

    since 70-90% of water resources are used forirrigation. In many countries of the world, treatedwaste water is considered as an important element inwater resources planning. The sewage is a rich sourceof plant nutrients and other organic wastes.

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    SEWAGE

    Sewage indicates the liquid waste from

    the community. It includes sludge, discharge

    from latrines, urinals, stable industrial wasteand also the ground surface and storm water that

    may be admitted into the sewer. It is extremely

    putrescible; its decomposition produces large

    quantities malodorouse gases and it may contain

    numerous pathogenic or disease producingbacteria.

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    TYPS OF SEWAGE

    DOMESTIC SEWAGE

    It is the sewage obtained lavatory basins, urinals andwater closets of residential buildings, office buildings, theatresand other institutions. Since it contains human excreta andurine, it is extremely foul in nature.

    INDUSTRIAL SEWAGE

    It is waste water obtained from the industrial andcommercial establishments. it may contain objectionableorganic compounds that may not be amenable to conventionaltreatment processes. Combination of industrial sewage and

    domestic sewage together is called sanitary sewage.

    STORM SEWAGE

    It includes run off resulting from rain fall.

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    DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE

    After conveying the waste water through sewers,the next step is its disposal, either aftertreatment or even before treatment.

    METHODS OF DISPOSAL OF WASTE

    WATER

    NATURAL METHOS

    By dilution

    By land treatment

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    ARTIFICIAL METHOD

    PRILIMINARY TREATMENT

    PRIMERY TREATMENT

    SECONDARY TREATMENT

    TERITIARY TREATMENT

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    DILUTION

    The disposal of sewage by discharging it into water courses such asstreams, rivers or large body of water such as lake, sea is called dilution. Whiledischarging the sewage in this way care should be taken that the sewage may notpollute the natural water render it unfit for any purpose such as drinking, bathing,fish cultivation and industrial as well as irrigation uses.

    The dilution method of disposing off sewage can be favourably adopted under

    the following.

    y When the city is situated near the sea, river or lake etc..

    y When the sewage is fresh, non-septic and free from floating and setteable solids.

    y When the volume of receiving water is large enough to take the load of sewagesafely without causing it any pollution problems.

    y When the dilution water has a high dissolved oxygen content(do content)

    y When the sewage will not cause the dilution of aquatic life and contaminants ofshell fish.

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    BY LAND TREATMENT

    When the sewage is evenly spread over thesurface of the land , the method is called landtreatment. The water of sewage perculates in thegrown and suspended solids remains at the ground.The suspended solids remains at the surface of the

    ground. The suspended solids are acted by thebacteria and are partially oxidized by exposureatmospheric action of heat, height and air. The landtreatment can be classified as below

    FILTRATION

    BROAD IRRIGATION

    SEWAGE FARMIG

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    SEWAGE FARMING

    When the sewage is used for growing crops, it is called

    sewage farming. The fertilized elements of sewage are

    consumed by the root of crops. The minerals, nitrates,

    sulphates and phosphates are main fertilizer

    constituents of sewage. The method in addition to

    disposing of the sewage may also help in increasing crop

    yield by 30% and so.

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    APPLICATION OF SEWAGE

    SURFACE IRRIGATION

    In this method the parallel drains areconstructed in the fields. All the drains are connected to a

    distributery drain by means of regulatory devices. Thismethod is most suitable for dry areas.

    SUBSOIL IRRIGATION

    In this method a network of porousopen joint pipe is laid about 30 cm below the ground level.The sewage is allowed to flow through these pipes, which isabsorbed by the subsoil. The remaining quantity of sewagecan be used for irrigation to another place or discharged innatural water course.

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    FLOODING , RIDGE AND FURROW

    FLOODING

    The irrigation area is divided into

    various parts surrounded by dykes. The sewage is filledlike small ponds in between the dykes. The depth of sewageflooded over the fields varies from few centimeters to 50 cmdepending upon the requirement of the irrigation.

    RIDGE AND FURROW

    In this method the land is divided in toplots and sub plots. Now ridge and furrow formed in eachsub plots. The sewage is allowed to flow in furrow where ascrops are grown on the ridges.

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    PLANT NUTRIENTS

    Nitrogen, phosphorus, and pottasium are often

    referred to as the primary macronutrients

    because of the general probability of plants being

    deficient in these nutrients and the large

    quantities taken up from the soil relative to other

    essential nutrients

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    EFFECT OF NITROGEN IN PLANTS

    Of all the essential nutrients, nitrogen is the one mostoften limiting for crop growth. Many soils contain largeamounts of nitrogen, but most of the nitrogen is tied up inthe organic fraction and only slowly released. For most nonlegume crops, some nitrogen fertilizer is required for

    adequate yields. Nitrogen is available to the plant in twoforms- ammonium (NH4) and nitrate (NO3).In most soils,ammonium is quickly converted to the nitrate form, aprocess called nitrification. This nitrate form is not tightlyheld on soil particles and is soluble in water. Consequently,nitrogen management is important both from a production

    and environmental standpoint. On sandy soils, nitrogenapplied early in the season can be easily leached out of theroot zone with heavy rainfall or excess irrigation. Nitrogendeficiency may result, as well as an increased potential fornitrate contamination of the ground water.

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    ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF

    SEWAGE IRRIGATIONADVANTAGES OF SEWAGE IRRIGATION

    Disposal of waste water are possible.

    Irrigation of agricultural lands are possible.

    Increased crop yield.

    Commercial crops can be easily grown on sewage farms.

    Increased percentage of nutrients in soil.

    DISADVANTAGES OF SEWAGE IRRIGATION

    After continuous applications of sewage on land, the pores of the soil get clogged, preventingoxidation and causing noxious smell. The land is unable to take any further load of sewage. Thisphenomenon is called sewage sickness of land.

    Increased concentration of heavy metals in soil.

    Toxic chemicals and pathogenic micro organisms in untreated waste water have a potential fordeleterious health effects and disease transmission. Epidermiological investigations of reuse of rawor minimally-treated waste water for food crop irrigation provided evidence of infections diseasetransmission.

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    CONCLUSION

    By the controlled sewage irrigation, we can

    attain both the safe disposal of sewage and

    increased crop yield. The sewage water provides

    nutrients for the plants which helps in their

    vegetative growth. However, waste water

    irrigation should be in optimum level; otherwise

    the high metal content will cause health

    problems and soil sickness.

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    REFERENCES

    Bajwa,R.A Javid and N Rabbani,1999,sewage

    farming and VA Mycrrohisa,nodulation &

    growth response of vigna radiata to sewage

    irrigation.Pak.J.Plant Sci(in prees)

    Jeferes, p,1987.Use of mycorrhiza in

    agriculture.CRC Crit.Rev.Biotechnol,11:145-148

    Kardos,LT,1987.Wastwater renovation by the

    land-A living filter agricultur and the quality of

    our environment Ame;Assci.Advace. Sci.pp; 241-250

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    THANK YOU