S.F. Bay Area BiosolidsS.F. Bay Area Biosolids

How Much are We Talking About?How Much are We Talking About?

Presented By:Presented By:Jim Sandoval, CH2M HILLJim Sandoval, CH2M HILL

June 2, 2008 June 2, 2008 BACWA Biosolids WorkshopBACWA Biosolids Workshop

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OverviewOverview InfrastructureInfrastructure ProductionProduction ManagementManagement

InfrastructureInfrastructure

Current Biosolids InfrastructureCurrent Biosolids Infrastructurein the Nine-County Bay Areain the Nine-County Bay Area

55 municipal wastewater treatment plants 55 municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs)(WWTPs)– Operated by 53 wastewater treatment agenciesOperated by 53 wastewater treatment agencies– Together treated an est. avg. dry weather flow Together treated an est. avg. dry weather flow

(ADWF) of 660 million gallons per day(ADWF) of 660 million gallons per day (mgd) (mgd) in 2003in 2003

– Produced est. Produced est. 504 dry tons per day (dtpd) 504 dry tons per day (dtpd) biosolidsbiosolids in 2003 in 2003 i.e. 184,000 dry tons per year (dtpy)i.e. 184,000 dry tons per year (dtpy)

Bay Area WWT by County (2003)Bay Area WWT by County (2003)

COUNTYCOUNTY ADWFADWF

(MGD)(MGD)

BIOSOLIDS PRODUCTION BIOSOLIDS PRODUCTION (dtpy)(dtpy)

AlamedaAlameda 157.8157.8 30,30030,300

Contra CostaContra Costa 90.890.8 28,20028,200

MarinMarin 20.320.3 5,3005,300

NapaNapa 17.217.2 4,3004,300

San FranciscoSan Francisco 89.989.9 22,00022,000

San MateoSan Mateo 56.656.6 11,30011,300

Santa ClaraSanta Clara 145145 59,90059,900

SolanoSolano 43.243.2 11,00011,000

SonomaSonoma 39.439.4 11,60011,600

TOTALSTOTALS 660660 183,900183,900

Influent Data (2003)Influent Data (2003)

Range of WW flow rates received at plants Range of WW flow rates received at plants – 0.3 mgd at the City of St. Helena0.3 mgd at the City of St. Helena– 100 mgd at the San Jose/Santa Clara Water 100 mgd at the San Jose/Santa Clara Water

Pollution Control PlantPollution Control Plant

The average WWTP flow treated in Bay The average WWTP flow treated in Bay Area was 12.5 mgdArea was 12.5 mgd

Biosolids Data (2003)Biosolids Data (2003) Range of solids contents of treated biosolidsRange of solids contents of treated biosolids

– 4% solids at Dublin-San Ramon Services District4% solids at Dublin-San Ramon Services District biosolids are dredged from facultative lagoons & injected into a dedicated land biosolids are dredged from facultative lagoons & injected into a dedicated land

disposal sitedisposal site– 85% solids at Oro Loma Sanitary District85% solids at Oro Loma Sanitary District

biosolids are dried in solar drying bedsbiosolids are dried in solar drying beds Many plants use mechanical dewatering (e.g. belt filter presses or Many plants use mechanical dewatering (e.g. belt filter presses or

centrifuges)centrifuges)– solids contents 15 - 26%solids contents 15 - 26%– Vallejo Sanitation & Flood Control District yielded 32% using lime-stabilized Vallejo Sanitation & Flood Control District yielded 32% using lime-stabilized

biosolids & belt filter pressesbiosolids & belt filter presses Plants that nitrify ammonia & filter effluent had higher biosolids Plants that nitrify ammonia & filter effluent had higher biosolids

production ratesproduction rates– e.g. San Jose/Santa Clara WPCP - e.g. San Jose/Santa Clara WPCP - 1.15 dry tons per million gallons1.15 dry tons per million gallons

treatedtreated– Plants that Plants that do not nitrify or filter - average of 0.62 dry tons per million do not nitrify or filter - average of 0.62 dry tons per million

gallonsgallons treated treated

ProductionProduction

Population Projections (2003)Population Projections (2003)

Bay Area WW agencies served approx. 6.68 Bay Area WW agencies served approx. 6.68 million peoplemillion people– Approx. 95% of the nine-county populationApprox. 95% of the nine-county population

By 2010, 7.08 million peopleBy 2010, 7.08 million people By 2030, 7.72 million peopleBy 2030, 7.72 million people

– 15.6% increase over 200315.6% increase over 2003

Breakdown of Population ServedBreakdown of Population Servedin each Countyin each County

CountyCounty 20032003 20052005 20102010 20202020 20302030 IncreaseIncrease

(2003-2030)(2003-2030)

AlamedaAlameda 1,449,0001,449,000 1,544,0001,544,000 1,583,0001,583,000 1,645,0001,645,000 1,709,0001,709,000 14.8%14.8%

Contra CostaContra Costa 881,000881,000 916,000916,000 936,000936,000 989,000989,000 1,041,0001,041,000 18.2%18.2%

MarinMarin 247,000247,000 252,000252,000 254,000254,000 264,000264,000 272,000272,000 10.1%10.1%

NapaNapa 112,000112,000 116,000116,000 121,000121,000 128,000128,000 133,000133,000 18.8%18.8%

San FranciscoSan Francisco 777,000777,000 790,000790,000 799,000799,000 813,000813,000 827,000827,000 6.4%6.4%

San MateoSan Mateo 669,000669,000 686,000686,000 694,000694,000 715,000715,000 741,000741,000 10.8%10.8%

Santa ClaraSanta Clara 1,697,0001,697,000 1,762,0001,762,000 1,805,0001,805,000 1,907,0001,907,000 1,999,0001,999,000 17.8%17.8%

SolanoSolano 380,000380,000 407,000407,000 426,000426,000 458,000458,000 496,000496,000 30.5%30.5%

SonomaSonoma 429,000429,000 450,000450,000 463,000463,000 490,000490,000 504,000504,000 17.5%17.5%

TOTALS POP TOTALS POP SERVEDSERVED

6,681,0006,681,000 6,923,0006,923,000 7,081,0007,081,000 7,409,0007,409,000 7,722,0007,722,000 15.6%15.6%

BAY AREA POP.BAY AREA POP. 7,030,0007,030,000 7,194,0007,194,000 7,405,0007,405,000 8,045,0008,045,000 8,657,0008,657,000 23.1%23.1%

Source: Association of Bay Area Governments (ABAG)

Distribution by County ofDistribution by County ofPopulation Served in 2003Population Served in 2003

Biosolids Production ProjectionsBiosolids Production Projections Future biosolids production rates estimated using:Future biosolids production rates estimated using:

– Current biosolids production ratesCurrent biosolids production rates– Projected population growthProjected population growth

Projected biosolids production growth:Projected biosolids production growth:– 183,900 dry tons in 2003 (i.e. 504 dtpd)183,900 dry tons in 2003 (i.e. 504 dtpd)– 192,600 dry tons in 2008 (i.e. 528 dtpd)192,600 dry tons in 2008 (i.e. 528 dtpd)– 229,000 dry tons in 2030 (i.e. 626 dtpd)229,000 dry tons in 2030 (i.e. 626 dtpd)– 19% increase from 2008 to 203019% increase from 2008 to 2030

Projected biosolids production > projected population Projected biosolids production > projected population increase…why?increase…why?– Much of the population growth will occur in service areas that Much of the population growth will occur in service areas that

require nitrification of ammonia and filtration (e.g. San Jose/Santa require nitrification of ammonia and filtration (e.g. San Jose/Santa Clara)Clara)

Estimated BiosolidsEstimated BiosolidsProduction Rates (dtpy)Production Rates (dtpy)

CountyCounty 20032003 20052005 20102010 20202020 20302030 IncreaseIncrease

(2003-2030)(2003-2030)

AlamedaAlameda 30,30030,300 30,80030,800 32,00032,000 34,60034,600 37,80037,800 24.8%24.8%

Contra CostaContra Costa 28,20028,200 28,70028,700 30,20030,200 33,10033,100 34,80034,800 23.4%23.4%

MarinMarin 5,3005,300 5,4005,400 5,7005,700 6,0006,000 6,1006,100 15.1%15.1%

NapaNapa 4,3004,300 4,4004,400 4,6004,600 4,9004,900 5,0005,000 16.3%16.3%

San FranciscoSan Francisco 22,00022,000 22,20022,200 22,60022,600 23,60023,600 25,90025,900 17.7%17.7%

San MateoSan Mateo 11,30011,300 11,50011,500 11,70011,700 12,70012,700 13,00013,000 15.0%15.0%

Santa ClaraSanta Clara 59,90059,900 61,30061,300 64,60064,600 71,60071,600 77,80077,800 29.9%29.9%

SolanoSolano 11,00011,000 11,40011,400 12,20012,200 14,00014,000 15,00015,000 36.4%36.4%

SonomaSonoma 11,60011,600 11,80011,800 12,40012,400 13,20013,200 13,60013,600 17.2%17.2%

TOTALSTOTALS 183,900183,900 187,500187,500 196,000196,000 213,700213,700 229,000229,000 24.5%24.5%

Daily ProductionDaily Production 504504 514514 537537 585585 627627 24.5%24.5%

*Total volume generated in California in 2007 was 799,000 dtpy

Review of Biosolids ClassesReview of Biosolids ClassesCFR Title 40, Part 503 CFR Title 40, Part 503

Class A biosolids Class A biosolids – Treated to Treated to reduce pathogens to below detectable levelsreduce pathogens to below detectable levels– Can be Can be used without pathogen-related restrictionsused without pathogen-related restrictions at application site at application site– Can be Can be bagged and sold to the publicbagged and sold to the public, if other requirements are met, if other requirements are met

Class B biosolidsClass B biosolids– Treated to reduce pathogens but still contain detectable levelsTreated to reduce pathogens but still contain detectable levels– Have Have site restrictions to minimize the potential for human and animal site restrictions to minimize the potential for human and animal

exposureexposure until environmental factors, such as heat, sunlight, and until environmental factors, such as heat, sunlight, and desiccation, have reduced pathogens furtherdesiccation, have reduced pathogens further

– Cannot be sold or given away in bags or other containers or used at sites Cannot be sold or given away in bags or other containers or used at sites with public usewith public use

Sewage sludge that is not treated to meet land-application standardsSewage sludge that is not treated to meet land-application standards– Disposed at landfillsDisposed at landfills– Disposed at surface disposal sites that contain only sewage sludgeDisposed at surface disposal sites that contain only sewage sludge– IncineratedIncinerated

Class A and Class B in the Bay AreaClass A and Class B in the Bay Area

Most Bay Area WWTPs produce Class B biosolidsMost Bay Area WWTPs produce Class B biosolids Some plants produce Class A with biosolids solar Some plants produce Class A with biosolids solar

drying bedsdrying beds– Solar drying not explicitly listed as a Class A process Solar drying not explicitly listed as a Class A process

under Part 503 Ruleunder Part 503 Rule– Requires special testing to verify Class A standards metRequires special testing to verify Class A standards met

Distribution of Class A and Class B Distribution of Class A and Class B in the Bay Area (2006)in the Bay Area (2006)

Class A (14%)

Class B (86%)

Source: EPA Region 9

Class B (87%)

Class A (13%)

Distribution of Class A and Class B Distribution of Class A and Class B in the California (2006)in the California (2006)

Source: EPA Region 9

ManagementManagement

Bay Area BiosolidsBay Area BiosolidsManagement PracticesManagement Practices

Bay Area WWTPs manage biosolids in Bay Area WWTPs manage biosolids in many waysmany ways

Most biosolids managed by private Most biosolids managed by private companiescompanies– Applied to agricultural and pasture land to Applied to agricultural and pasture land to

improve soil conditions improve soil conditions – Hauled to landfills for use as alternative daily Hauled to landfills for use as alternative daily

cover (ADC) Disposed of in landfillscover (ADC) Disposed of in landfills

Bay Area BiosolidsBay Area BiosolidsManagement PracticesManagement Practices

Other practices:Other practices:– IncinerationIncineration

Palo Alto RWQCP & Central Contra Costa Sanitary Palo Alto RWQCP & Central Contra Costa Sanitary DistrictDistrict

Ash disposed in landfillsAsh disposed in landfills

– Dedicated land disposal sitesDedicated land disposal sites DSRSD & Novato Sanitary DistrictDSRSD & Novato Sanitary District Owned/used these sites many years Owned/used these sites many years

Land Application14.7%

Surface Disposal1.6%

Landfill Disposal2.8%

Landfill ADC66.5%

Incineration14.2%

Compost/Pellets0.2%

Land Application50.5%

Landfill ADC15.4%

Incineration2.5%

Compost16.3%

Pellets0.7%

Landfill-Unspecified Use0.4%

Surface Disposal1.9%

Landfill Disposal 4.5%

Alkaline Treatment3.8%

Long-Term Storage1.3%

Long-Term Treatment0.5%

Other Disposal 0.9%

Unspecified1.2%

Distribution of Reuse/Disposal OptionsDistribution of Reuse/Disposal OptionsCalifornia vs. Bay AreaCalifornia vs. Bay Area

Source: EPA Region 9

California BiosolidsCalifornia BiosolidsManagement PracticesManagement Practices

Trends:Trends:– Southern California agencies, rely heavily:Southern California agencies, rely heavily:

Land applicationLand application CompostCompost

– Northern California agencies, combination:Northern California agencies, combination: Landfill ADC/disposalLandfill ADC/disposal Land applicationLand application IncinerationIncineration

End Uses in Bay Area by CountyEnd Uses in Bay Area by County

Alameda4.8%

Contra Costa 13.0%

Unspecified 8.1%

Sonoma 5.7%

Sacramento 0.9%

Solano County Landfill0.4%

Solano County Land Application

4.1%

Santa Clara50.2%

Marin 2.2%Merced

2.6%Napa 0.5%

San Mateo0.2%

Solano County ADC7.1%

Source: EPA Region 9

Bulk for landfill uses

Closing – The Common ThreadClosing – The Common Thread

Diverse array of options utilized in California for Diverse array of options utilized in California for biosolids reuse & disposalbiosolids reuse & disposal

Frequently, agencies use multiple options for Frequently, agencies use multiple options for robust programsrobust programs

Land applicationLand application– Plays a significant role in reusePlays a significant role in reuse– Viewed as highest & best use for Class B biosolidsViewed as highest & best use for Class B biosolids

Bay Area agencies seeking innovative new outlets Bay Area agencies seeking innovative new outlets for biosolids reusefor biosolids reuse– Changing political & regulatory trends: ADC & land app.Changing political & regulatory trends: ADC & land app.– Limited capacitiesLimited capacities– Today’s subsequent presentations…Today’s subsequent presentations…

Questions?Questions?

Backup SlidesBackup Slides

The average cost of biosolids management in The average cost of biosolids management in 2003:2003:– $21.71 per wet ton at 20% solids concentration$21.71 per wet ton at 20% solids concentration

or $108.55 per dry tonor $108.55 per dry ton

– Prices ranged from $5.50 per wet ton to $52 per wet Prices ranged from $5.50 per wet ton to $52 per wet tonstons

Dedicated land disposal and incineration Dedicated land disposal and incineration operations have costs similar to the costs incurred operations have costs similar to the costs incurred by agencies that dewater or dry biosolids by agencies that dewater or dry biosolids