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International College For Girls (Autonomous)

Department of Zoology

1

SFS, GURUKUL MARG, MANSAROVAR, JAIPUR

MASTER OF SCIENCE (M.Sc.) ZOOLOGY

First Semester – Fourth Semester (2-year programme)

I Semester Examination November 2007

II Semester Examination April 2008

III Semester Examination November 2008

IV Semester Examination April 2009

Syllabus applicable for the students seeking admission to the M.Sc.Zoology in the

academic year 2007-08



2

SEMESTER I

PAPER-I Biosystematics, Taxonomy & Evolution

Paper Code: ZOL 121

MM : 100 ( C.A : 30, SEE : 70)

Credits: 4

Contact Hr./week : 4

Contact Hr./semester : 60

UNITS TOPICS TEACHING

HOURS

UNIT

I • Definition and basic concepts of biosystematics and

taxonomy

• Importance and applications of biosytematics in biology

• Material basis of biosystematics-different attributes

• Trends in biosystematics-

• Chemotaxonomy

• Cytotaxonomy

• Molecular taxonomy

10

UNIT

II • Dimensions of speciation and taxonomic characters

• Dimensions of speciation – types of lineage changes,

production of additional lineage

• Mechanisms of speciation in panmictic and apomictic

species

• Species concept- Species category, different species

concept, subspecies and other infra specific categories

• Theories of Biological classification , Hierarchy of

categories

• Taxonomic characters – different kinds, origin of

reproductive isolation

15

UNIT

III

• Procedure keys in taxonomy

• Taxonomy procedures-Taxonomic collections,

preservations, curetting process of identification

• Taxonomic keys-Different kinds of Taxonomic keys, their

merits and demerits

• Systematic publication-Different kinds of publications

• Process of typification and different zoological types

• International code of Zoological nomenclature(ICZN) – its

operative principles, interpretation and application of

important rules, Zoological nomenclature, formation of

scientific names of various taxa.

• Evaluation of biodiversity indices:

• Shannon-Weinner index, dominance index

15



3

UNIT

IV

• Concept of evolution and theories of organic evaluation

with an emphasis on Darwinism.

• Micro and Macro-evolution

• Neo-Darwinism

• Hardy –Weinberg law of genetic equilibrium

• A detailed account of Destabilizing forces:

(i) Natural selection

(ii) Mutation

(iii) Genetic drift

(iv) Migration

(v) Meiotic drive

10

UNIT

V

• Genetics of quantitative traits in populations

• Analysis of quantitative traits

• Quantitative traits and natural selection

• Genotype-environment interactions

• Inbreeding depression and heterosis

• Molecular analysis of quantitative traits

• Phenotypic plasticity

• Molecular phylogenetics

• How to construct phylogenetic trees

• Phylogenetic inference-Distance methods, parsimony

methods, maximum likelihood method

• Immunological techniques

10

Total Teaching Hours 60

Suggested Readings:

� Principal of animal taxonomy; G.G Simpson; Oxford IBH Publication Co.

� Elements of taxonomy; E.Mayer;

� Molecular markers:Natural history and evolution;J.C. Avise.Chapmann and

Hall.New york.

� Evolution;Strickberger.Jones and Barlett publisher.Boston London

� Threatened animals of India;B.K. Takadar.ZSI Publication .Calcutta.

� Biodiversity;Wilson.Academic press .Washington



4

Paper II: Cell Biology

Paper Code: ZOL-122

MM : 100 ( C.A : 30, SEE : 70)

Credits: 4




HOURS

UNIT

I

Cell Theory

Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Bio-membranes

• Molecular composition and arrangement functional

consequences

• Transport across cell membrane: diffusion ,active transport

and pumps, uniports, symports and antiports

• Membrane potential

• Co-transport by symporters or antiporters

9

UNIT

II

Cytoskeleton

• Microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules-

structure and dynamics

• Cell movements-Intracellular transport,role of kinesin and dynein

9

UNIT

III

Cell –Cell Signaling and Cell Interaction

• Introduction

• Cell surface receptors

• Second messenger system

• MDP kinase pathways

• Signaling from plasma membrane to nucleus

Cell junctions

Cell adhesion

15

UNIT

IV

Cell cycle

• Cyclin and cyclin dependent kinases

• Regulation of CDK – cyclin activity

Chromosomes, Chromatin, and the Nucleosomes

• Chromosome sequence and diversity

• Nucleosomes

15

UNIT

V

Intracellular protein traffic

• Protein synthesis on free and bound polysomes

• Uptake into ER

• Membrane proteins, Golgi sorting, Post translational

modifications

Apoptosis

• Definition ,mechanism and significance

12




5

Suggested Readings:

� Cell Biology; Powar, C.B.; Himalaya Publications.

� Molecular Biology of the gene; Watson J.D; Benzamin/ Cummings

� Biochemistry; Voet &Voet ; John Wiley & Sons

� Molecuar Biology of the cell;Alberts,Bray,Lewis

� Gene VI;Benjamin Lewin,Oxford University Press

� Molecular Biology and biotechnology;A comprehensive desk reference.R.A.

Mayers.VCH Publisher.Inc.

� Molecular Biology of the Cell (2nd Edition) B. Alberts, D. Bray, J. Lewis, M.

Raff, K. Roberts, and J.D. Watson, Garland publishing. Inc., New York, 1994.

� Molecular Cell biology (2nd Edition) J. Darnell, H. Lodish and D.Baltimore,

Scientific American Books,USA,1994.

� Cell & Molecular Biology, (8th

edition), E D P Roberties & E M F Roberties,

Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005

� The cell, (5th

edition), R C Swanson and P C Webster , Prentice hall of India

Pvt. Ltd., 1990

� Cell and Molecular Biology, (3rd

edition), P Scheeler and D E Bianchi, John

Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1987

� Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments, (4th

edition), G Karp,

John Wiley & sons, Inc., 2005

� The cell. A Molecular Approach, (4th

edition), G H Cooper and R E Hausman,

ASM Press, 2007



6

PAPER III: Structure and Function of Invertebrates

Paper Code: ZOL-123

MM : 100 ( C.A : 30, SEE : 70)

Credits: 4




HOURS

UNIT

I

Basis of classification (brief account)-:

• Symmetry, coelom, segmentation, embryogeny and level of

organization

Locomotion

• Flagella and ciliary movement in protozoa

• Hydrostatic movement in coelenterate, annelida and

echinodermata

12

UNIT

II

Nutrition and digestion

• Filter feeding in polychaeta, mollusca and echinodermata

Respiration

• Organs of respiration – gills, lungs and trachea

• Respiratory pigments

• Mechanism of respiration

12

UNIT

III

Excretion

• Organs of excretion: coelom, coelomoducts, nephridia and

Malphigian tubules

• Mechanism of excretion

• Excretion and osmoregulation

Trends in Neural Evolution

• Primitive nervous system -coelenterata and echinodermata

• Advanced nervous system- annelida, arthropoda

(crustacean and insecta)

and mollusca (cephalopoda)

12

UNIT

IV

Invertebrate larvae

• Larval forms of free living invertebrates

• Larval forms of parasites

• Significance of larval forms

12

UNIT

V

Minor Phyla

(Ctenophora,Rhyncocoela,Entoprocta,Rotifera,Bryozoa,Phoronida)

• Concept and significance

• Organization and general characters

12




7

Suggested Readings:

� The Invertebrates; Hyman.L.H.; Mc Graw Hill Co New York

� Invertebrate structure and function. ; Barrington.E.J.W. ThomasNelson & Sons

Ltd.London

� Invertebrate Zoology,III edition.; Barnes.R.D.

� Textbook of Medical Biochemistry; Ramakrishnan, S. Prasanan, K.G and

Rajan, R.: Orient Longman, Madras

� Text book of Zoology;Parker T.J. Haswell.Macmillan Co. London.

� Animal Parasitism ;Read C.P..Printice Hall Inc.New Jersey.



8

PAPER IV: Biochemistry

Paper Code: ZOL-124

MM : 100 ( C.A : 30, SEE : 70)

Credits: 4




HOURS

UNIT

I

Basic chemical concepts

• A study of chemical bonds

Biocatalysis

• Classification and nomenclature of enzymes

• Mechanism of enzyme action

• Enzyme kinetics

• Inhibition of enzyme

• Isoenzymes and co-enzymes

Energy consideration

• Biological oxidation and reduction

• Fundamental reactions of biological oxidation

• Redox potential and electron transfer system enzymes

10

UNIT

II

Carbohydrates

• Definition , general properties, classification and

configuration of carbohydrates

Metabolism

• Catabolism of glycogen and glucose, details of glycolysis ,

kreb cycle and cori cycle

• Phosphogluconate pathways(pentose phosphate pathway)

Synthesis of glycogen; glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis

14

UNIT

III

Lipids

• Definition, general properties and classification

• Structure and importance of -:

1. Simple lipids- fats and wax

2. Compound lipids- phospholipids, glycolipids,

aminolipids and sulpholipids

3. Steroids- cholesterol, bile acids, steroid hormones

4. Lipoproteins

Lipid Metabolism

Inborn errors of metabolism

12

UNIT

IV

General properties and classification of proteins

• Amino acid structure and classification

• Structure of protein-Primary,Secondary,Tertiary and

Quartenary

14



9

• Ramachandran plots

• Globular and fibrous protein- motif in globular proteins

• Protein sequencing

UNIT

V

Protein metabolism

• Amino acid degradation:Deamination reaction- Oxidative

and non oxidative deamination reaction, transamination

and transdeamination, Decarboxylation, Ornithine cycle of

urea formation , Fate of carbon skeleton of amino

acids(Metabolism of individual amino acid excluded)

10


Suggested Readings:

� Biochemistry; Voet &Voet ; John Wiley & Sons

� Outlines of Biochemistry; Conn, E.E. and Stumpf P.K. ; John Wiley, New

York.

� Principles of Biochemistry; Smith; Mc Graw hill, New York.

� Biochemistry; Stryer, L; Freeman Publications.

� Textbook of Medical Biochemistry; Ramakrishnan, S. Prasanan, K.G and

Rajan, R.: Orient Longman, Madras

� Practical Biochemistry ;Wilson and Walker J.



10

Paper V : Practical

Paper Code: ZOL 125

MM : 100 ( C.A : 30, SEE : 70)

Credits: 9



Invertebrates:

Identification, classification & study of distinguishing features of representatives

from various groups.

Phylum Protozoa- Entameoba,Polystomella,Formanifera,Opalina,Paramecium

(Fission & conjugation),Balantidium,Vorticella,Nyctotherus,Euglena,

Trypanosoma,Monocytsis,Plasmodium, Ceratium, Euplotes, Didinium, Noctiluca

Phylum Porifera-Sycon L.S & T.S, Spicules, Spongin fibres, Leucoslenia, Euplectella

Phylum Cnidaria- Obelia,( polyp & Medusa),

Millepora,Vellela,Physalia,Pennatula,Metridium,Madrepora, Alcyonium, Gorgonia,

Aurelia, Favia

Phylum Helminthes- Ascaris, Taenia, Planaria

Phylum Annelida- Pontobdella, Aphrodite, Leech, Polynoe,Polygordius,Chaetopterus,

Neries ,Heteroneries, Arenicola, Glossiphonia

Phylum Arthropoda- Cyclops, Peripatus, Balanus, Lepas, Palinurus, Hippa, Belostoma,

Limulus, Eupagurus

Phylum Mollusca- Tridacna, Onchidium,Olivia, Murex, Bulla, Cardium, Arca, Turritella

Phylum Echinodermata- Echinodiscus, Holothuria, Antedon,Asterias

Minor Phyla- Bugula, Plumatella, Crestatella, Pectinella,Phoronis, Dendrostoma

Larval Stages: Planula, Redia, Miracidium, Sporocyst,Cercaria,Metacercaria Trochophore,

Nauplius, Zoea, Mysis, Phyllosoma, Trilobite larva of Limulus, Velligar, Bipinnria,

Echinopluteus, Auricularia, Tornaria

Dissections:

� Cockroach: General anatomy,Reproductive system,Nervous system

� Lamellidens Nervous system

� Mytilus Nervous system

� Sepia Nervous system

� Aplysia Nervous system, General anatomy



11

Laboratory Books Recommended: � Practical Biochemistry ;Wilson and Walker J. � An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry;Plummer D.T. Tata McGraw Hill.

New Delhi � Practical Exercises in Cytology, Genetics,Plant Breeding and Bioststistics;Raghuvanshi � Projects Zoology; Tampion-Doreen � Hutchison’s Clinical Methods;Swash and Michaels � Practical Zoology Invertebrates , S.S. Lal, Rastogi Publications.

� Practical Zoology Invertebrates , P.S.Verma, Rastogi Publications.

� Essential techniques in cell biology : Shah-Chinoy, Anada Book Depot

� Laboratory manual in biology : S.C. Maheshwari , Arya Books Depot.

� Practical zoology : Bhatia- Kohli

� Standard methods of Biochemical Analysis;Thimmaiah,S.R.

Biosystematics, taxonomy and evolution

� Composition and assessment of the taxonomic diversity/biodiversity in a habitat

(e.g. grassland, arid land, wet land etc.)

� Estimation of gene and genotypic frequencies in light of Hardy-Weinberg law based

on facial traits/thumb prints, ABO blood group data etc.

� Project: Preparation of models showing the status of certain taxa or species in a

particular habitat.

Cell Biology

� Preparation of different cell types: Liver Hepatocytes , Adipocytes, Spleen cells

� Study of Polytene chromosomes in salivary glands of Chironomus larva/Drosophila

� Light microscopic examination and preparation of tissue sections.

� Study of mitotic and meiotic chromosomes from permanent prepared slides.

� Preparation of slides for mitotic study.

� Preparation of slides for meiotic study in the testis of grasshopper.

� Preparation of multipolar nerve cell from the spinal cord of a mammal.

� Barr body preparation in buccal epithelial cells.

Biochemistry

� Qualitative analysis of Lipid, protein and Carbohydrate samples

� Colorimetric/Spectrophotometric estimation of :

• Carbohydrate-Glucose,glycogen,cholesterol etc.

• Protein

• Phospholipids

• Nucleic acids: DNA,RNA

� Analysis of enzyme activity

� Study of temperature effect on enzyme action



12

PAPER-VI : SEMINAR

PAPER CODE: ZOL 126

Credits 2 Marks :50 ( CA 30%, SEE 70%)

Contact Hours /Semester: 30

Contact Hours /Week: 2

Seminars have been incorporated in the syllabi in Semester I and II to enhance the

communication skill of the M.Sc. students.

The candidates will have to choose a topic from the syllabi for seminar preparation. They

will be expected to submit a write up pertaining to that topic and at the end of semester, a

presentation will have to be made in presence of panel of experts from different fields of

Zoology.



13

SEMESTER II

PAPER I : General Physiology

Paper Code: ZOL-221 MM : 100 ( C.A : 30, SEE : 70)

Credits: 4




HOURS

UNIT

I

Digestion

• Digestive enzymes and digestion of carbohydrates,

proteins and lipids-intestinal absorption-co-ordinationof

digestive activities- assimilation and partitioning of food

energy

Physiology of movement

• Ultrastructure of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle

• Muscle contraction

• Physical properties of muscle

15

UNIT

II

Respiration

• Gases in external environment. Respiratory organs and

their ventilation. Respiratory pigments, BMR- transport of

respiratory gases(oxygen and carbon dioxide),nervous and

chemical control of respiration

Circulation

• Vascular pumps.Cardiac muscle properties. Heart beat and

its regulation, coagulation, cardiac rhythm,

Haemoglobin,breathing and its regulation in man.Blood

pressure.Respiratory and cardiovascular responses in

relation to hydrostatic pressure, temperature and high

altitude

15

UNIT

III

Osmotic and ionic regulation

• Maintenance of water and electrolyte balance in aquatic

and terrestrial vertebrates, air breathing vertebrates

Excretion

• Vertebrate kidney and formation of urine-nitrogen

excretion- renal regulation of acid base balance

10

UNIT

IV

Information processing in sensory and nervous system

• Structural elements – electric,chemical events and

information processing membrane,generator,receptors and

action potential,synaptic transmission, neurotransmitters

10



14

Sensory physiology

• Chemoreception,mechanoreception,thermoreception

,photoreception- specialized visual functions and

adaptations to habitat

UNIT V Chemical correlation and control

• Endocrine glands and hormones

• Hormonal control of male and female reproduction and

implantation ,parturition and lactation in mammals

• Pheromones

10


Suggested readings:

� A Textbook of Animal Physiology; Berry,A.K.; Emkay Publisher, Delhi..

� Biochemistry; Stryer, L; Freeman Publications.

� Text Book of Medical Physiology; Guyton A.C.;

� Biochemistry; Voet &Voet.; John Wiley & sons.

� Molecular Cell Biology; Lodish, H W.H.; Freeman & Company, New York

� Text Book of Medical Physiology; Chatterjje, M.N and Shinde, R.; Jaypee

brothers.



15

PAPER II: Tools & Techniques

Paper Code: ZOL-222

MM : 100 ( C.A : 30, SEE : 70)

Credits: 4




HOURS

UNIT

I

Principle and application of :-

• Light microscopy and micrometry

• Phase contrast microscopy

• Interference microscopy

• Polarized microscopy

• Fluorescence microscopy

• Transmission electron microscopy

• Scanning electron microscopy

• Confocal scanning microscopy

15

UNIT

II

Principle and application of :-

• Ultracentrifugation :Differential and density gradient

• Electrophoresis:Paper ,agarose,PAGE, isoelectro-

focussing points and capillary electrphoresis

• Chromatography:Paper,TLC,GLC,HPLC,ion-exchange

and affinity chromatography

• Freeze techniques:Freeze –drying,Freeze

substitution,Freeze fracture and freeze itch

• X-ray diffraction Lamberts – Beer’s Law and

colorimetery,spectrophotometery:fluorescence,UV,NMR,,

ESR,IR, spectrophotometery

• Flow cytometery/fluorescence activated cell sorter

15

UNIT

III

Principle and application of radiation techniques in biology

• Radiation dosimetry

• Radioisotopes and half life of isotopes

• Tracer techniques in biology

• Auotoradiography

• Cerenkov radiation

• Liquid scintillation

10

UNIT

IV

Principles and technique of :-

• Nucleic acid hybridization and cot curves

• Sequencing of nucleic acids

• Blotting techniques(southern,northern and western)

• Polymerase chain reaction

• Screening of genomic and complementary DNA libraries

10



16

UNIT

V • Hybridoma technology

• Embryo sexing

• Assisted reproductive technologies

• Cell culture techniques:-

1. Cell proliferation measurements

2. Cell viability testing

3. Culture media preparation and cell harvesting

methods

10


Suggested readings:

� Biochemistry; Stryer, L; Freeman Publications..


� Introduction to Instrumental analysis; Robert Braun:, Mc –Graw hill,

International eds.

� A Biology Guide to princioples and techniques.Wilson and Gouldings

� Animal Cell Culture ;Freshney

� Practical Biochemistry IV Edition :Wilson and Walker

� Practical Biochemistry IV Edition :Wilson and Walker

� Animal Cell Culture- A practical Approach;John and Masters IRL Press

� Principles of Genetic Engineering ;Primrose

� Principles and Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Edited by

Keith Wilson and John Walker, Cambridge University Press, (6th

Edition),

2007

� Principles and Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Edited by

Keith Wilson and John Walker, Cambridge University Press, (6th

Edition),

2007.

� Physical Biochemistry, D Friefelder, W.H. Freeman & Company, 17th

Reprint,

1999.



17

PAPER III: Molecular Biology and Biotechnology

Paper Code: ZOL-223

MM : 100 ( C.A : 30, SEE : 70)

Credits: 4




HOURS

UNIT

I

DNA Replication

• Prokaryotic & eukaryotic DNA replication

• Mechanics of DNA replication

• Enzymes and accessory proteins involved in DNA

replication

• DNA Repair mechanism

9

UNIT

II

Transcription

• Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic transcription

• RNA polymerases

• General and specific transcription factors

Post transcriptional modification in RNA

• 5’ cap formation

• Transcription termination

• 3’ end processing and polyadenylation

• Splicing

• Nuclear export of mRNA

• mRNA stability

11

UNIT

III

Translation

• Genetic code

• Prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation

• Translational machinery

• Mechanisms of Initiation, Elongation and termination

• Regulation of Translation

• Co and post translational modifications of protein

• Recombination and repair

• Holiday junction, Gene targeting, Gene disruption

• FLP/ FRT and Cre/lox recombination

• Rec A and other recombinases

12

UNIT

IV

Molecular mapping of Genome

• Genetic and physical maps

• Physical mapping and map based cloning

• Southern and fluorescence in situ hybridization for genome

analysis

14



18

• Chromosome micro dissection and micro cloning

• Molecular markers in genome analysis: RFLP,RAPD and

AFLP analysis

• Molecular markers linked to disease resistance genes

Brief account of Antisense and Ribozyme technology

UNIT

V

Principle and technique of genetic engineering

• Cutting and joining of DNA molecules

• Analysing DNA sequences

• Cloning strategies, gene library and cDNA

• Application of recombinant DNA technology

o Recombination selection and screening

o Nucleic acid probes and their application

o Impact of recombinant DNA technology

Transgenic animals and knock outs

• Bioethics

14


Suggested readings:

� Molecular Biology of the gene; Watson J.D.; Benzamin/ Cummings.


� Gene VII, Indian eds. Lewin, B. Oxford university press, Bombay

� Molecular Biology of the Cell (2nd Edition) B. Alberts, D. Bray, J. Lewis, M.

Raff, K. Roberts, and J.D. Watson, Garland publishing. Inc., New York, 1994.

� Molecular Cell biology (2nd Edition) J. Darnell, H. Lodish and D.Baltimore,

Scientific American Books,USA,1994.

� Cell & Molecular Biology, (8th

edition), E D P Roberties & E M F Roberties,

Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005

� The cell, (5th

edition), R C Swanson and P C Webster , Prentice hall of India

Pvt. Ltd., 1990

� Cell and Molecular Biology, (3rd

edition), P Scheeler and D E Bianchi, John

Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1987

� Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments, (4th

edition), G Karp,

John Wiley & sons, Inc., 2005

� The cell. A Molecular Approach, (4th

edition), G H Cooper and R E Hausman,

ASM Press, 2007



19

PAPER IV: Environmental Science & Wildlife Management

Paper Code: ZOL-224

MM : 100 ( C.A : 30, SEE : 70)

Credits: 4




HOURS

UNIT

I

Biogeochemical cycles(C,O,N,P,S)

Population ecology

• Natality and mortality,Population age,

distribution,population growth curves,Density indices of

abundance,Factors affecting population growth, population

regulation

14

UNIT

II

Environmental pollution –air, water, soil and green house effect

Concept of sustainable development

10

UNIT

III

Principles of conservation

• Water conservation- rain water harvesting

• Soil conservation

Biological indicators and their role in environmental monitoring

12

UNIT

IV

Wildlife – definition, zoogeography of India with reference to

reptiles, birds and mammals, reasons for conservation and

destruction of wildlife, value of wildlife in modern civilization

Indian species at risk- endangered , vulnerable, rare and

intermediate (with examples)

12

UNIT

V

Habitat diversity, habit analysis-quadrants, transects and grids

Indian wildlife sanctuaries, national parks and biosphere

reserves(definition and differences)

Wildlife (protection) Act of1972. IUCN and Red data book.

CITES(Convention on international trade in endangered

species)Appendices I &II

Biodiversity Act 1982,Biosafety

Conservation

• Remote sensing in conservation of forest and wildlife

• Radiotelemetry in wildlife management

12




20

Suggested readings:

� Fundamentals of ecology; Odum.E.P.; W.B.Saunders, New Delhi.

� Environmental management; Bandhu, D; India Environment society, New

Delhi

� Principles of Wildlife management; James, A. Bailey; John Wiley & sons

� Environmental Science,Santra S.C.,New Central Book Agency Pvt Ltd.,Kolkata

� Environmental Science ,Cunningham

� Wildlife Management in India;Hosetti B.B.

� Principles of animal ecology;AlleeW.C.Park T.,Park O.,Emerson,A.F;W B

Saunders .Philadelphia.

� The development of international Principles and practicals of Wildlife research

and management:Asian and American approaches;Berwick-Saharia.Oxford

University press,Delhi

� Hand book of Indian birds:Ali S.;Bnhs publications

� Fundamentals of Environmental Biology ;Agrawal,K.C.:,2001, Bikaner (India):

Nidhi Publishers

� Ecology: Chapman,J.L. & Reiss, M.J.: Principles and Applications, 1995,

Cambridge University Press

� The Environment Dictionary ;Kemp

� Ecology and Environment Sharma, P.D. :,1996, Meerut : Rastogi Publications



21

MM : 100 ( C.A : 30, SEE : 70)

Credits: 9



General physiology

� Comparision of RBC and WBC in different groups of Vertebrates. � Photometric determination of haemoglobin in blood sample.

� Determination of MCV,MCH,MCHC of the given sample of blood � Demonstration of the following in blood:clotting time,erythrocyte sedimentation

rate,haemolysis and crenation

� Determination of Haematocrit value of blood sample.

Tools and Techniques

� Microscopes

� Surgical techniques Adrenal:ectomy,Thyroidectomy,castration

� Standardisation of occulometer and measurements of tubular diameter,cell heights.

� To study the structure & function of Centrifuge.

� To study the principle of UV & visible light spectroscopy.

� To study the principle of cyclomixer.

� Flow cytometry

� To observe the sub cellular fractionation of rat liver.

� Measurement of diameter of thyroid follicles.

� Alizarin preparation.

Molecular Biology & Biotechnology

� Chromosomal counting in bone marrow cells of a mammal

� Isolation of RNA

� Restriction digestion of DNA

� Agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA

� Separation of amino acids on paper & thin layer chromatography

� Separation of protein on SDS PAGE

Environmental Science and Wildlife Management Water Evaluation Analysis

� Determination of chloride the given water sample.

� Estimation of total hardness of given water sample.

� To determine the acidity of water.

� To determine the alkalinity of water.

Paper-V : PRACTICALS

Paper Code : ZOL-225



22

� To estimate total solid in water.

� To estimate total dissolved solid in water sample.

� To determine the dissolved oxygen in given water sample.

� To determine the BOD of given water sample.

� To determine the free CO2 of given water sample.

� To estimate the hardness of water.

� To estimate Magnesium hardness of given water sample.

Soil Analysis

� Determination of organic matter in soil sample.

� Determination of Co3- & HCo3- in soil sample.

� Estimation of chlorophyll in plant material.

� Determination of leaf area index.

� Determination of residual chloride in water sample.

� Determination of moisture in soil.

� Determination of minimum size of quadrant.

� Determination of quadrate in field.

� Study of community of quadrate.

� Determination of dust holding capacity of leaves.

� Determination of bulk density of the given soil sample.

� Determination of water holding capacity of soil.

� Test for presence of inorganic salts in soil.

A visit to a sanctuary/National Park. (Preparation of Report)

Laboratory Books Recommended:



� Essential techniques in cell biology : Shah-Chinoy, Anada Book Depot

� Practical Zoology vertebrates S.S.Lal , Rastogi Publication


� The development of international Principles and practicals of Wildlife research

and management:Asian and American approaches;Berwick-Saharia.Oxford

University press,Delhi



23

PAPER-VI : SEMINAR

PAPER CODE: ZOL 226

Credits 2 Marks :50 ( CA 30%, SEE 70%)

Contact Hours /Semester: 30

Contact Hours /Week: 2

Seminars have been incorporated in the syllabi in Semester I and II to enhance the

communication skill of the M.Sc. students.

The candidates will have to choose a topic from the syllabi for seminar preparation. They

will be expected to submit a write up pertaining to that topic and at the end of semester, a

presentation will have to be made in presence of panel of experts from different fields of

Zoology.



24

SEMESTER III

PAPER I: Structure & Function of Vertebrates

Paper Code: ZOL-321

MM : 100 ( C.A : 30, SEE : 70)

Credits: 4




HOURS

UNIT

I

Outline classification of vertebrates

Vertebrate integument and its derivatives

• Development, general structure and functions of skin & its

derivatives

• Glands, scales, horns, claws, nails, hoofs, feathers and hair

10

UNIT

II

General plan of circulation in various groups

• Blood

• Evolution of heart

• Evolution of Aortic arches and portal system

Respiratory system

• Characters of respiratory tissue

• Internal and external respiration

• Comparative account of respiratory organs

14

UNIT

III

Skeletal system

• Form, function, body size and skeletal elements of the body

• Comparative account of jaw suspensorium, vertebral column

• Limbs and girdles

12

UNIT

IV

Evolution of urinogenital system in vertebrates series

Sense organs

• Simple receptors

• Organs of olfaction and taste

• Lateral line system

• Electroreception

12

UNIT

V

Nervous system

• Comparative anatomy of the brain in relation to its function

• Nerves- Cranial, peripheral and autonomous nervous

system

12




25

Suggested readings:

� The life of Vertebrates; Young J.Z.; Oxford University Press. Oxford.

� Colbert’s evolution of the vertebrates; Colbert E.H; John Willey and Sons.

� Modern text book of Zoology-Vertebrates; Kotpal R. L.; Rastogi Publications.

� The Chordata;Alexander,R.M.;Cambridge University Press.

� Outlines of comparative anatomy of vertebrates;Kingsley J.S.Central

Book Depot .Allahabad.

� Morphogenesis in vertebrates;Torrey T.W.;Chapman and hall Ltd.

London

� Chordate structure and function;Waterman;A.J.;Macmillan Co.New

York.

� Elements of chordate anatomy;Weichert,C.K.,Presch,W. Mac Graw Hall

Book C. New York.



26

PAPER II: Bioinformatics, Computer Applications & Quantitative Biology

Paper Code: ZOL-322

MM : 100 ( C.A : 30, SEE : 70)

Credits: 4




HOURS

UNIT

I • The Gene bank sequence database

• Structure data base

• Sequence analysis

• Information retrevial from Biological database

• NCBI data model

• Sequence Alignment and database searching

12

UNIT

II • Practical aspects of multiple sequence alignment

• Phylogenetic analysis

• Predictive methods using Protein sequences

• Predictive methods using Nucleotide sequences

Of Mice and Men: Navigating public physical mapping

• ACEDB:A database for genome information

• Submitting DNA sequence to the database

12

UNIT

III • Computer Basics

• MS-Office

• Operating Systems(Unix and DOS)

• Hardware and Software

• Multimedia

• Network Concepts(LAN,WAN)

• Internet

• Web Servers, Web Access

• Security

• HTML,HTTP

12

UNIT

IV • Basic Mathematics for biologist

• Matrices and vectors

• Exponential functions.

• Periodic Functions

• Differential equations, Integration

10



27

Suggested readings:

� Molecular Modeling for Beginners - by Alan Hinchliffe

� Molecular Modeling and Simulation - by Tamar Schlick

� Molecular Modeling - by Warren J. Hehre

� Naveen Prakash, Introduction to Database Management Systems, Tata McGraw

Hill.

� Statistical Methods,Snedecor,H.W And Cochran,W.G.,Affiliated East-West

Press,New Delhi(Indian Ed)

� Biometery,Sokal,R.R. and Rolf F.J,Freeman San Francisco

� Statistical Methods, S.P.Gupta,Sultan Chand and Co.

� Introduction to Bioinformatics,Risk A.M.,Oxford University Press.

UNIT

V • Principles and practices of statistical methods in biological

research, samples and population

• Basic statistics – mean, median and mode

• Graphical Representation(manual and computer)

• Statistics of dispersion, range, deviation and coefficient of

variation

• Standard error: Confidence limits

• Probability distribution(Binomial , Poisson and Normal)

• Tests of statistical significance-t-test,Chi-square,ANOVA

test

• Simple correlation of regression

• Analysis of variance

14




28

(A student is required to opt for any one group i.e. A, B or C in Semester III and IV. The paper opted

for in one group in Semester III must correspondent to the same in Semester IV)

SPECIAL PAPER Paper- III (Group-A) : CANCER AND RADIATION BIOLOGY-I

Paper Code: 323

MM : 100 ( C.A : 30, SEE : 70)

Credits: 4



UNIT TOPICS TEACHING

HOURS

UNIT

I Introduction : Cancer as a cellular disease.

• Historical perspective.

• Cancer causation.

• Cancer biology.

• Cancer treatment.

• Death due to cancer.

Occurrence of cancer.

• Present day status of cancer in India.

• Status of cancer occurrence in different parts of the

world.

• Cancer of different sex.

• Cancer of different age groups.

Tumor classification.

• Benign and malignant tumors.

• Sarcoma, carcinoma.

• Leukemia and lymphoma.

• Ascites tumors.

• Teratocarcinoma

12

UNIT

II

Staging and grading of cancer.

• In vitro cell transformation.

• Apoptosis

Cancer cell :

• Structural and ultrastructural profiles.

• Biochemical properties.

• Behavior properties.

Genetic basis of cancer :

• Basic concepts of cancer genetics.

• Relationship between cancer incidence and age.

• Cellular and genetic basis of cancer.

• Types of genetic risk factor for cancer.

12



29

• Chromosomal abnormalities in tumor.

• Heritable cancer and tumor suppressor.

Unit

III Cancer cell growth patterns and cell kinetics :

• Tumor growth.

• Cell cycle.

• Cell proliferation in tumor tissue.

• Experimental tumor.

• Human tumors.

• Cell proliferation, prognosis and therapies.

• Cell proliferation, prognosis and therapies.

Metastasis

• Introduction.

• Metastatic process.

• Metastatic ability of tumor cell population.

• Properties of metastatic cell.

• Genetic basis of metastasis.

12

UNIT

IV Introduction to radiation

• Types –ionizing and non-ionizing

• Sources- Natural andManmade

• Radiation dosimetry

Radiation

chemistry.

Radiolysis of water.

• Hydrogen peroxide formation.

• Reactions in aqueous organic solutions.

• Direct and indirect effects.

• Oxygen effect.

12

UNIT

V Cellular radiobiology.

• Apoptosis.

• Survival curves.

• Radiosensitivity of cell cycle phases.

• Factors influencing radio sensitivity (oxygen

effect chemical modifiers).

Cytogenetic effects of radiation.

• Chromosomal aberrations.

• Micronuclei induction.

• Radiation mutations.

12




30

UNIT TOPIC

TEACHING

HOURS

UNIT I

Biomembranes.

• Phospholipids : main lipid constituent.

• Cytosolic and exoplasmic face of biomembranes.

• Universality of biomembranes.

• Difference in phospholipid composition in two

membrane leaflets. Intrinsic and extrinsic proteins.

• Integral and glycolipids.

• Mobility of lipids and integral proteins in

biomernbrane.

• Fluidity of bio membrane.

• Cell Junctions (Gap, tight and desmosomes etc.)

Transport across cell membrane.

• Diffusion of small molecules.

• Osmosis and water channels.

• Uniporter-catalyzed transport.

• Intracellular ion environment and membrane

electric potential.

• Active Transport.

• Cotransport by syinporters and antiporters.

• Transport across epithelia.

12

UNIT II Cytoskeleton:Structure ,Function and Dynamics of :

• Microfilarnents.

o Actin

o Myosin :

• Microtubles.

• Microtubules and mitosis.

• Kinesin and Dynein.

• Intermediate Filaments

Cilia and Flagella.

• Structure and movements:

Cell-Cell Signaling.

• Endocrine, paracrine, autocrine signaling.

12

SPECIAL PAPER Paper-III (Group B) : Cell and Molecular Biology-I

Paper Code: 324

MM : (CA 30, SEE 70)

Credits : 4


Contact Hr/semester: 60



31

• Receptor Proteins-Cell surface receptors

and intracellular

receptors.

• Cell surface receptors-G-protein coupled

receptors, ion channel

receptors, tyrosine kinase linked receptors

and receptors with

intrinsic enzymatic activity.

• Second messenger system-cAMP and IP3 DAG.

• MAP kinase pathways.

Signal-Mediated transport through Nuclear Pore.

• Nuclear Pore Complex.

• Nuclear export signals.

• Nuclear localization signals

Unit

III Cell-Cell adhesion and communication.

• Cadherin mediated Ca- dependent homophilic

cell-cell adhesion.

• N-CAMs mediate Ca-independeht homophilic

cell-cell adhesion.

• Cadherin containing junctions connect cells.

• Gap junctions and connexin.

Cell matrix adhesion.

• Integrins

• Collagen

• Non-collagen components of extracellular

matrix

Cell cycle.

• Bacterial cell cycle (Helmstetier-Cooper or

I+C+D model).

• Partition and cytokinesis.

• Eukaryotic cell cycle-Gl, S, G2 and M phases.

• Cell cycle and check points.

• Molecular basis of cell cycle regulation.

• Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases.

• Regulation of CDK-cyclin activity.

12



32

Unit

IV

Cancer.

• Turnor cells and the onset of cancer.

• Proto-oncogenesis and tumor suppressor genes.

• Mutation causing loss of cell cycle.

• Mutations affecting genome stability.

Aging: The biology of senescence.

• Maximum life span and life expectancy.

• Causes of aging:

Cell Death.

Apoptosis and necrosis

12

UNIT

V

Molecular structure of genes and chromosomes.

• Molecular definition of gene.

• Chroromosomal organization of genes and non-

coding DNA.

• Mobile DNA.

• Functional rearrangement of chromosomal DNA

• Morphological and functional elements

of eukaryotic

chromosomes.

Regulation of Gene Expression.

• Operon concept.

• Catabolic repression.

• Positive and Negative regulation.

• Inducers and corepressors.

DNA binding proteins and gene regulation.

• DNA binding domains.

• Homeodomain proteins.

• Zinc finger proteins.

• Winged-helix (Forked head) proteins.

• Leucine-Zipper proteins.

• Helix-loop-helix proteins.

12



33

SPECIAL PAPER

Paper-III (Group C) : Environmental Toxicology I

Paper Code: 325

MM : 100 ( C.A : 30, SEE : 70)

Credits: 4



Units Topics Teaching

Hrs.

Unit

I

History and Scope of Toxicology

Principles of Toxicology

• Different Areas of Toxicology

• Classification of Toxic Agent

• Spectrum of Undesired Effects

Interaction of Chemicals

• Additive

• Synergistics

• Potentiation

• Antagonism

Dose Response

• Individual or Graded

• Response Relationships

• Quantal Dose

• Dose Response Curves

Variation in Toxic Responses

• Selective Toxicity

• Species Differences

• Individual Differences

Animal Toxicity Tests

• Acute

• Subacute

• Subchronic

• Chronic

• Development and Reproductive Toxicology

• Mutagenicity

• Skin and Eye Irritation

10



34

Unit

II

Mechanisms of Toxicity

• Delivery

• Absorption

• Distribution

• Excretion

• Cellular Dysfunctions and resultant toxicities

• Repair or Dysrepair

Biotransformation of Xenobiotics

• Phase I Enzymes (Hydrolysis, Reduction,

Oxidation

• Phase II Enzyme Reactions (Glucuronidation,

Sulfation, Methylation, Acelylation, Amino-acid

conjugation Glutathione Conjugation,

Phosphorylation)

Risk Assessment

• Hazard Identifications (Assessing Toxicity of

Chemicals)

• Risk Characterization

• Risk Perception & comparative Analysis of Risk

• Environmental Impact Assessment

15

Unit

III

Specific Responses of Toxicity

• Carcionogenesis

• Mutagenecity (Genetic Toxicology)

• Teratogenecity (Development Toxicity)

10

Unit

IV

Target Organ Toxicity

• Immune System

• Liver

• Kidney

• Nervous System

• Blood

15

Unit

V

Physicochemical nature & Effect of Toxic Agents

• Pesticides

• Metals

• Industrial Solvents

• Radiation & Radioactive materials

• Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification of

Toxicants

10




35

Paper-IV : PRACTICAL

Paper Code: ZOL-326 MM : 100 ( C.A : 30, SEE : 70)

Credits: 8



Vertebrates

Specimen study

Class- Ascidiaceae

Herdmania, Botryllus, Pyrosomas, Doliolum, Salpa, Oikopleura

Class- Pisces Rhinobatus,Chimaera,Acipensor,Amia,Notopterus,Exocoetus,

Echeneis,Diodon,Triacanthus, Trichurius, Mastacembalus

ClassAmphibia

Ichythophis,Ambyostoma,Rhacophorus,Yeganophis,

Rana

Class- Reptilia

Chelone,Phyronosoma,Chameleon,Draco, Naja, Bungarus, Viper, Alligator

Class- Aves

-Koel(male & female),Indian tailor bird, Kite,Jungle Fowl,

Peacock,Emu,Ostrich,Penguin,Great Indian Bustard, Siberian Crane, Archeopteryx

Class- Mammalia

Loris,Indian Otter,Bat,Pangolin,Ornithorhyncus,Kangaroo,

Whale(any aquatic mammal),Rhesus monkey,Chinkara,Lion

BONES

SKULL

• Frog

• Varanus

• Fowl

• Rabbit

MANDIBLES

• Frog

• Fowl

• Rabbit



36

VERTEBRAE

• Frog

• Varanus

• Fowl

• Rabbit

PECTORAL & PELVIC GIRDLE

• Frog

• Varanus

• Fowl

• Rabbit

LIMB BONES

• Frog

• Varanus

• Fowl

• Rabbit

DISSECTION

Scoliodon-

• Afferent, Efferent Blood vessels

• Eye muscles

• Internal ears

• Cranial nerves

Rat/ Mice-

• Arterial System

• Venous System

• Digestive System

• Endocrine System

• Cranial nerves

• Reproductive system

Computer Applications

� Exercise Related to Ms-Word.

� Exercise Related to Ms-Powerpoint

� Exercise Related to Ms-Excel

� Exercise Related to DOS

� Exercise Related to Unix

� Exercise Related to Multimedia

� Exercise Related to Web Access

� Exercise Related to HTML

� Exercise Related to HTTP



37

Quantitative Biology

� Preparation of frequency tables and graphs manually and with help of computers.

� Calculation of standard deviation, variance and standard error of the mean.

� Calculation of Probability and significance between means using t-test and ANOVA

test.

� Calculation of significance using Chi-square test.

� Plotting the slope of a line on a graph; calculation of the slope of a line, coefficient

correlation and regression.

Bioinformatics

(As per the theory paper)

Laboratory Books Recommended:

� Practical Zoology vertebrates S.S.Lal , Rastogi Publication

� Manual of practical zoology vertebrates: P.S.Verma



� Statistical Methods,Snedecor,H.W And Cochran,W.G.,Affiliated East-West

Press,New Delhi(Indian Ed)

� Biometery,Sokal,R.R. and Rolf F.J,Freeman San Francisco

� Statistical Methods, S.P.Gupta,Sultan Chand and Co.

� Introduction to Bioinformatics,Risk A.M.,Oxford University Press.



38

SPECIAL PAPER: CANCER AND RADIATION BIOLOGY I (GROUP A)

• Study and quantization of chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow of mice.

• Study of micronuclei in bone marrow of mice

• Knowledge & use of various instruments , Geiger muller counter, Scintillation

counter, Single channel Gamma spectrometer

• Finding out the physical half life of a given isotope

• Single isotope method

• From a mixture of two isotopes

• Study of histopathological slides of various types of cancers.

SPECIAL PAPER :CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY I (GROUP B)

� Use of Microscopes

� Use of occulometer- Standardization and measurements of cell height,nuclear

diameter and tubular diameters.

� Use of ocular grid- standardization and counting of cells or nuclei in cross section

or epithelium

� Determination of the absorbtion maximum of a solution.

� Determination of relationship between absorption & various concentration of a

solution using a colorimeter& Spectrophotometer

� Preparation of Standard curve for protein , Lipid, Carbohydrate & Enzymes

� Separation techniques

• Separation of proteins & DNA by agarose electrophoresis

• Separation of proteins on SDS PAGE & PAGE

• Separation of amino acids by paper chromatography

• Separation of amino acids by TLC

� Chromosomal Techniques

• Preparation of Salivary gland chromosomes from Chironomous larva & stain

with Acetocarmine / Acetororicin &Feulgen

• Perparation of mammalian chromosomes from bone marrow or testis &stain

with Giemsa stain

� Permanent slides (for Spotting)- Types of cells( Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar

epithelial cells, Nerve cells, Muscle cells, Connective tissue of various

types), Adipose tissues,Mitotic & meiotic chromosomes &their different

phases, Cancer cells of various types etc.



39

SPECIAL PAPER : ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY (GROUP C)

Water Analysis

• Physicochemical Properties

• Bio-assay of polluted water

• Bacterial examination of water for microorganisms; MPN indoor, IMVIC

test

• Analysis of important food contaminants (adulterant)

• Field trip to industrial treatment work plant and sites to study occupational

hazards (case study)

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY

Practical examination scheme

Max.Marks:35 Duration: 4hrs

Min.Marks:18

• Exercise I: Microtomy 5 marks

• Exercise II: Haematological studies 5 marks

• Exercise III:Biochemistry 10 marks

• Exercise IV:Chromatography 5 marks

Viva 10 marks



40

PAPER-V: DISSERTATION/RESEARCH PROJECT

PAPER CODE: ZOL 327

Credits: 6 MM : 100

Contact Hours/ Semester: 90

Contact Hours/ Week: 6

The dissertation work will involve practical work on a problem suggested by the

supervisor of the candidate. The student will submit the dissertation report at the end of

IV semester. This dissertation report will be examined by the supervisor of the student,

Head of the Department and any other person appointed by Principal.



41

Semester IV PAPER I: Gene Differentiation & Gamete Biology

Paper Code: ZOL-421

MM : 100 ( C.A : 30, SEE : 70)

Credits: 4




HOURS

UNIT

I

Introduction to animal development

• Problems of developmental biology

• Developmental patterns in Metazoans

• Development in unicellular eukaryotes

Spermatogenesis

Ovarian follicular growth and differentiation

• Morphology

• Endocrinology

• Oogenesis & vitellogenesis

• Ovulation and ovum transport in mammals

16

UNIT

II

Fertilization

• Prefertilzation events

• Biochemistry of fertilization

• Post fertilization events

Creating multicellularity

• Cleavage types

• Comparative account of Gastrulation

Early Vertebrate development

• Neurulation and ectoderm

• Mesoderm and endoderm

12

UNIT

III

Cytoplasmic determinants and autonomous cell specification

• Cell commitment and differentiation

• Cell specification in nematodes

• Germ cell determinants

• Germ cell migration

• Progressive cell -cell interaction and cell specification rate

Body axes

• Establishment of body axis in mammals and birds

• Proximate tissue interactions

• Genetics of axis specifications in Drosophila

Homeobox concept in different phylogenetic groups

12



42

UNIT

IV

Tetrapod limb development

Hormones as mediators of development

Environmental evolution and animal development

10

UNIT

V

Biology of sex determination

Cell diversification in early animal embryo

Stem Cells

Teratology

10


Suggested readings:

� Developmental biology; Gilbert, S.F; Sinauer associates Inc.Massachusetts.

� The cold Spring;Ethan Beir;Cold spring harbour laboratory Press New York

� Developmental Biology;Muller;Springer

� Developmental Biology;Rastogi

� A handbook of Drosophila Development;Ramson ,Robert

� Problems of Developmental biology;Khrushchov

.



43

PAPER II: Ethology & Applied Zoology

Paper Code: ZOL-422

MM : 100 ( C.A : 30, SEE : 70)

Credits: 4




HOURS

UNIT

I

Introduction of Ethology:-

• Aims of Behavioural research

• Diversity of animal behaviour

• Historical perspective

Concepts of Ethology

• Fixed action pattern

• ASE

• sign stimulus

• Innate releasing mechanism

12

UNIT

II

Brain and behaviour

Behavioural genetics

Reproductive behaviour patterns:-

• Courtship

• Mating

• Stickleback behaviour

• Parental care

12

UNIT

III

Social organization

• Dominance hierarchies

• Social competition

• Territoriality

Individual social interaction

• Animal communication

• Dance language of Honey bee

• Aggregation

12

UNIT

IV

Learning

• Definition and forms

• Development of learning

• Mechanism

• Imprinting

• Human Ethology –General aspects

12



44

UNIT

V

Elementary Knowledge of :-

• Sericulture

• Apiculture

• Lac culture

• Pisciculture

• Poultry keeping

• Dairy industry

Elements of Pest control

12


Suggested readings:

� Developmental biology; Gilbert, S.F; Sinauer associates Inc.Massachusetts.

� An introduction to behaviour; Manning.A.;.Edward Arnold, London.

� Animal Behaviour; Mathur.R; Rastogi Publications,Meerut.

� Economic Zoology; Shukla & Upadhyaya; Rastogi Publishers.

� Text book of Applied Entomolgy; Shrivastava:, Kalyani publishers.

� Economic Zoology, Venkitaraman, Sudersana publishers.

� A Economic Zoology of Useful Animals;Esdaille,Philippa



45

SPECIAL PAPER PAPER-III (Group (A) : CANCER AND RADIATION BIOLOGY II

Paper Code: 423

MM : 100 ( C.A : 30, SEE : 70)

Credits: 4



UNIT TOPICS TEACHING

HOURS

UNIT

I Introduction :

• Historical aspects.

• Environmental factors and cancer.

o Tobacco. Alcohol, diets, occupational

exposures, hormones and other exposure.

• Specific types of cancer : Hepatocellular

carcinoma. Melanoma.

• Breast cancer, lung cancer.

Causation of cancer :

• Hereditary cancer.

• Introduction.

• Xeroderma pigmentosum.

• Fanconis Anaemia.

• Bloom syndrome.

• Ataxia telangiectasia.

• Retinoblastoma.

Virus and cancer.

• Introduction.

• Viruses and oncogenes.

• Historical perspective.

• Tumor virus and human cancer.

• Retrovirus.

• DNA tumor virus.

Chemical carcinogenesis.

• Introduction.

• Biological characteristics of chemical

carcinogenesis.

• Initiation, promotion and progression of

carcinogenesis.

• Assay methods for chemical carcinogens.

• Chemical carcinogens in human cancer causation.

12



46

UNIT

II Hormones and cancer.

• Introduction.

• Hormone production by tumors

• Hormone and cancer causation.

• Hormones and cancer treatment.

Nutrition and cancer.

• Cancer risks form naturally occurring

carcinogen in food, food

contaminants, additive.

• Micronutrients in diet : Protein, carbohydrate, fat,

fibers.

• Micronutrients in diet : Mineral, salts, green yellow

vegetables, fruits

Radiation carcinogenesis.

• Cell transformation.

• Mechanism of radiation cell transformation.

• Radiation carcinogenesis in animals.

• Human data on radiation carcinogenesis.

12

UNIT

III Therapy of cancer.

• Surgical removal.

• Chemotherapy

• Radiotherapy.

• Immunotherapy.

• Hyperthermia.

• Management of therapy of cancer.

Prevention of cancer.

• Primary prevention : Education, motivation,

legislation.

• Secondary prevention.

o Detection of precancerous and early

cancerous lesions with body.

o chemoprevention.

Oncogen

• Introduction.

• Detection of oncogenes in human cancer cells,.

• Activation of oncogenes.

Antioncogenes

12

UNIT

IV Acute radiation effects.

• Concept of LD50.

• Central nervous system syndrome.

• Gastro-intestinal syndrome.

12



47

• Bone.marrow syndrome.

• Skin reactions.

Delayed effects of Radiation.

• Stochastic and deterministic effects.

• Radiologic aging,

• Life shortening.

• Radiation carcinogenesis.

UNIT

V Radiation safety and regulator) aspects.

• Radiographic installations.

• Enclosed installations.

• Field installations.

• Personnel management.

• Source storage facilities.

• Safe work practice.

• Re-commendations of National/lnternational

statutory bodies

12


Suggested Readings :

� Ramesha Rao. : Who runs the risk of cancer. Shipra Publication.

� Alberts. B. Bras D. lenis J. : Molecular Biology of the cells. Govland

Publishing New York.

� Devita VT. Cancer Prevention. Hellmos. Rosensey. S.A. J.B. Lippincott.

� Hall. E. J. Radiobiology for the radiobiologists. Lippincott. Philadelphia.

� P.S. Lotran. V. Kumar. T.collins. : Pathology of Diseases Robbins.

� Peekham. M.. Herbert M. Pinedo. Umberto Veronesi. : Oxford textbook of

oncology Vol. I.. Vol. II. Oxford Medical Publication. Oxford University

Press. Inc. New York 1995.

� Tannode. 1 F and Richand P. : The Basic science of oncology. Th II .

MacGraw-Hill

� Vinay Kumar. Ramzi. S. Cotran and Stranley L. Robbins. : Basic pathology.

Thomson press Ltd.. NOIDA. 1999.

� Weiss. L. : Principles of metastases. Acdemic press.



48

SPECIAL PAPER

Paper-III (Group B) : Cell and Molecular Biology II

Paper Code: 424

MM : 100 ( C.A : 30, SEE : 70)

Credits: 4



UNITS

TOPIC

TEACHING

HOURS

Unit

I Molecular Immunology.

• Discovery of humoral and cellular immunity.

• Innate (nonspecific) immunity.

• Adaptive (specific) Immunity.

Cells and organs of immune system.

• Hernatopoiesis.

• B-lymphocytes, T-lymphoctes, Null cells.

• Mononuclear cells

• Granulocytic cells

• Mast Cells.

• Dendritic cells.

Organs of immune system.

• Primary lyrnphoid organs

• Lymphatic system.

• Secondary lymphoid organs

Antigens.

• Irnmuuogeuicity versus autigeuicity.

• Factors that influence imrnuiogenicity

• Contribution of the immunogens (foreignness,

molecular size, chemical composition and

heterogenesity, susceptibility to antigen processing

and presentation).

• Contribution of Biological system.

(Genotype of the recipient animal,

immunogen dosage and route of

administration, adjuvants).

• Epitopes

• Haptans.

12

Unit

II

Immunoglobulins : structure and function.

• Molecular structure of Ig, Light chain and Heavy

chain

12



49

• Immunoglobulin domains.

• Immunoglobulin classes

• Immunoglobulin-mediated effector functions

(Opsonization,activation of complement,

antibody dependent cell mediated

cytotoxicity).

• Antigenic determinants on immunoglobulin

(isotype, allotype andidiotype).

• Monoclonal antibodies.

Generation of antibody diversity.

• Multiple germ line V, D and J gene segments.

• Combinatorial V-J and V-D-J joining.

• Juntional flexibility.

• P-addition and N-addition.

• Association of heavy and light chain.

Class switching among constant region genes.

• Expression of Ig genes.

• Regulation of Ig gene transcription.

• Antibody genes and antibody engineering.

UNIT

III Antigen-Antibody Interaction.

Major Histocompatibility complex.

• General organization and inheritance of MHC.

• MHC molecules and genes.

• Genornic maps of MHC genes.

• Cellular distribution of MHC molecules.

• Regulation of MHC expression.

• MHC and immune responsiveness.

• MHC and disease susceptibility.

12

UNIT

IV Antigen Processing and Presentation.

• Role of antigen presenting cell.

• Evidence for two processing and presentation

pathways.

o Endogenous antigens : The cytosolic

pathways.

o Exogenous antigens : The endocytic pathway.

12



50

• Presentation of noupeptide bacterial antigens.

Cytokines.

• Properties of cytokiues.

• General structure of cytokiues.

• Functions of cytokiues.

• Cytokine related diseases.

Immune system in Health and Disease.

• Immune response to infectious disease.

o Viral infections.

o Bacterial infections.

o Protozoa and diseases.

o Diseases caused by helminthes.

UNIT

V Vaccine.

• Active and passive inummization.

• Types of vaccines

AIDS and other immunodeficiencies.

Autoimmunity.

• Organ specific autoimmune disease.

• Systemic autoimmune diseases.

Proposed mechanisms for

induction of autoimmunity.

12

Suggested reading:

� De Robertis E.D.P. and De Robertis Jr, E.M.F., Cell andiEMolecular Biology.

K. M. Varghese Cop. Bombay, 1998.

� Adams RLP. knowler J.T. and Leader D.P. The Biochemistry of the Nucleic

Acids. Chapman and Hall, London, 1986

� Walker J.M. and Gingold E.B. Molecular BIology and Biotechnology Parnima

Educational Book Agency, New Delhi, 1992.

� Alhberts B, Bray D, LewioJ, RaffM, Roberts K and Watson J.D. Molecular

Biology of the Cell. Garland Publishing, Inc. New York, 1994.

� Glick B. R. and Pasternak 1.1. Molecular Biotechnology Principles and

Applications of Recombinant liDNA. ASM Press, Washington, 1998.

� Bolrover S.R. Hyams J.S., Jones S. Shephard E.A. and White H.A. From genes

to cells. Wiley-liss, New York, 1997.

� Winnacker E.L. From genes to clones Introduction to gene technology Panima

Education BookAgency, New Delhi. æ VCH Publishers, New York, 1987.

� Gerbare J. and Kirschner M. Cells, Embryos and Evolution. Blackwell science,

Inc. Massachusetts, 1997.

� Giese A. C. Cell Physiology, WB. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, 1979

� Freifelder D. Molecular Biology, Naroja Publishing House, New Delhi, 1997.



51

� Frieerg E.C., Walker G.C. and Siede, W DNA Repair and Mutagen- esis. ASM

Press Wadbington DC, 1995.

� Karp G. Cell and Molecular Biology. Concepts and experiments. John Wiley

and sons. Inc. New York, 1999

� Malacinski G.M. and Freifelder D. Essentials of Molecular Biology Jones and

Bartlett Publishers Boston, 1999

� Cooper, G .M. The cell A molecular approach. ASM Press, Washington DC,

2000.

� Shelve P. and Blanch DEW, Cell and Molecular Biology. John Wile) and Sons

Inc., New York, 1994.

� Darnell, J.L. Lodish, H and Baltimore, D. Molecular Cell Biology, Scien tific

American Books Inc. New York.

� Watson, J.D., Hopkins, N.H. Roberts, J.W Steitz, J.A. and Weiner A.M.

Molecular Biology of the Gene. The Benjamin/Cumings Pub. Co. Inc.

California

� Gardner, EJ. Simons, MJ. and Snustad, D.P. Principles of Genetics. John Wiley

.& Sons Inc. New York

� Voet, D. and Voet, J.G. Biochemistry, John Wiley & Sons Inc New York.

� Zubay, G.L. Parson, WW and Vance, D.E. Principles of Biochemistry. Wm.C.

Brown Publishers, Oxford, England.

� Goldsby, RA.. Kindt, T.J. and Osborne, B.A. Kuby Immunology, WH Free- I

man & Co. New York.

� Abbas. AK Lichtman, AR. and Pahes, J.S. Molecular Immunology, WB

Saunders & Co, London

� Cruse. J.M. and Lewis, RE. Atlas of Immunology, CRC Press,New York.

� Talwar, G.P. and Gupta. S.K A HandbookofPractical and Clinical Immu

nology. Vall & II. Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. NewDelhi.

� Dabre, D.D. Introduction to Practical Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons

lnc; New York.

� Micklos D.A. and Freyer G. A. DNA science A first course in

recombinantDNA Techanology. Carolina Biological supply compo and Cold

Spring Harbour Lahovatoy Press, Burhington , North corolina, 1990.

� Lucent Micklos D.A. and Freyer G. A. DNA science A first course in

recombinantDNA Techanology. Carolina Biological supply compo and Cold

Spring Harbour Lahovatoy Press, Burhington , North corolina, 1990B. Genes

VII. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000.

� Old R. W. and Primrose S. B. Principles of Gene Manipulation An introduction

to genetic engineering. Blackwell Scientific Pub li- cation. London, 1989.

� Twyman R. M. and Wisden W. Advanced Molecular Biology A Concise

Reference Viva Books Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi: 1999

� Gasque, C. E. A. Manual of laboratory experiences in Cell Biology Uni versal

Book Stall New Delhi.

� Meyers R.A. Molecular Biology and Biotechnology A comprehensive desk

Reference. VCH Publishers, Inc. New York, 1995

� Lodish H, BerkA, Zipurjky S. L., Matsudaira P, Baltimore D. and Darnell 3.

Molecular Cell Biology W.H. freeman and company New York, 2000.



52

SPECIAL PAPER

Paper-III (Group C) : Environmental Toxicology II

(Applied Toxicology)

Paper Code: 425 MM : 100 ( C.A : 30, SEE : 70)

Credits: 4



Units Topics Teaching

Hrs.

Unit

I

Air-Pollution

• Epidemiologic Evidence of Health effects

• Outdoor air pollution

• Indoor air pollution

• Pollutants of outdoor ambient air

• Type of air pollution (SO2, particulate matter,

photochemical air pollution, smog)

• Global warming

• Ozone depletion

Water Pollution

• Important water pollutants

• Infectious agents

• Human waste disposal

• Waste water treatment

10

Unit

II

Food Toxicology

• Nature and complexicity of food

• Safety standards for food, food ingredients and

contaminants

• (Food, drug & cosmetics Act, food and colour

additives, GRAS (generally recognized as safe)

• Tolerance setting for substances in food (Pesticide

residues, drugs used in food producing animals,

unavoidable contaminants (heavy metals,

chlorinated organics, Nitrosamine, food-borne

molds & mycotoxins)

• Microbiologic Agents

• Substances produced by cooking

• BSEC (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy)

Forensic / Analytic Toxicology

• Analytical role in general toxicology

• Analytical role in Forensic Toxicology

• Toxicologic investigation of a poison death

• Criminal poisoning of the living

15



53

Unit

III

Occupational Toxicology

• Workplace, exposures, and standards (Nature of the

work force, Determinants of dose occupational

exposure limits)

• Occupational diseases

• Toxicological Evaluation of Occupational agents

Regulatory Toxicology

• Programs for regulating chemical hazards (Food &

Drug Administration, EPA, Occupational Safety

and Health Administrations)

• Regulatory Control over Toxicity

• Animal Welfare Requirement

• Wild Life Toxicology

10

Unit

IV

Degradation of Xenobiotic Compounds

• Persistent Compounds

• Developing the Microorganisms

• Degradation Mechanism

• Genetics & Evolution of Bio-degradation

Bioremediation

• Microorganisms in Bioremediation and their role

in bioremediation

• Bioremediation Processes and Technologies

• Monitoring the efficacy of bioremediation

• Bioremediation of Marine Oil pollutants and air

pollutants

15

Unit

V

Biofertilizers and Biopesticides

• Biofertilizers in Agrosystem

• Biopesticides

• Microbial and Antimicrobial pesticides

• IPM

Composting

• Types

• Materials

• Process

• Physicochemical Characteristics of the

Environment

• Decomposting Stages

• Methods

• Vermicomposting

Bioleaching

• Microorganisms Used

• Biochemistry

• Extraction from Mixture

10



54

• Types

• Methods

• Metal Precipitation


Suggested Readings:

� Casarett and Daull’s Toxicology : The basic science of poisons. By : Curtis D.

Klaassen 6th

Edn., McGraw-Hill (Medical Publishing Div. NewYork

� Environmental Biotechnology – by. Indu Shekhar Thakur, I.K. International

Pub.(2006)

� Toxicology, Principles and Applications: Raymond I.M.. CRC Publication.

� Microbial Ecology: Fundamentals and Applications by Atlas Bartha (An imprint of

Addison Wesley Longman Inc)

� Environmental Microbiology: Maier R.M., Academic Press. 2000 Press,

Cambridge. .1993.

� Environmental Science- A global concern; Cunningham W.P. and Saigo B.W Win.

C. Brown Publishers, London, 1995.

� Advances in Industrial Waste Water Treatment; P.K. Goel; Technoscience

Publications. Jaipur, 1999.

� An Introduction to Air Pollution; Trivedy R.K. and Goel P.K., Technoscience

Publications, Jaipur, 1995.

� Problems of Environment Management in India; Goel M.M., Sharma M.C. and

Purohit N.K; Anupriya Publishing House, Jaipur, 1999.

� Environmental Science (A study of interrelations); Enger E.D. and Smith B.F.;

Win. C. Brown Pub. (Latest Edition).

� Botkin D. And Keller E. Environmental Science. Earth as a Living Planet; Botkin

D. And Keller E



55

Paper-IV : PRACTICALS

Paper Code: ZOL-426

MM : 100 ( C.A : 30, SEE : 70)

Credits: 8



Genes & Differentiation • Study of development of Frog:

• Preserved Material available:

• Egg, cleavage,Blastula, Gastrula, Neurula, Tail bud, Hatching, Mature tadpole

larva, Metamorphic stages, Froglet

• Histological slides: cleavage,Blastula, Gastrula, Neurula, Tail bud stage

• Study of development of Chick

• Whole mounts: 18, 21, 24, 33, 72 & 96 hrs of incubation period embryos

• Study of the embryo at various stages of incubation in vivo by making a window

in the egg shell

• Exercise to demonstrate developmental stages of living embryo after removal of

blastoderm from the egg

• Study of various foetal envelopes in a 10-12 day old chick

embryo(Amnion,Chorion,Allantois,Yolk sac)

Ethology

• To study the food preference and feeding behaviour of Tribolium.

• To study the light response of Tribolium.

• To study the process of learning in rats with the help of animal maze and analyse

the result of the experiment.

• To study the communication in Earthworm by chemical stimuli i.e. extruding a

substance called “Pheromone” that can transmit message.

• To study imprinting during critical period.

• Study of social organization of Rhesus (Macaca mulata) and Langurs (Presbetis

entellus).

• A visit to Zoo: To study the behaviour

Applied Zoology

• A visit to:

o Poultry farm

o Dairy Industry/Distillary plant



56

Suggested readings:

� Spreadsheet exercises in conservation biology and landscape ecology;

Donovan, Therese, M.

� Inbred and genetically defined strains of laboratory animals Part 1:Mouse and

Rat; Altman, Philip, L

� Insect pests of Crops; Pradhan

� Instant notes on developmental biology; Twyman,R.M.

� A practical guide to Developmental Biology;Gibbs , Melisa,A.

� Economic Zoology, Venkitaraman, Sudersana publishers.

� A Economic Zoology of Useful Animals; Esdaille, Philippa

SPECIAL PAPER: CANCER AND RADIATION BIOLOGY II (GROUP A)

(Radiotherapy and Cancer Prevention)

• Histopathological , Histochemical & Biochemical studies of various tissues

after external & internal radiation

• A visit to Radiology Deptt. SMS Medical College, Jaipur

• Calculation of LD50/30 in mice after exposure to different radition doses.

• Histopathological studies of various organs after radiation treatment-

liver,kidney,spleen,intestine and testis.

• Biochemical estimation of:

• DNA

• RNA

• Glucose

• LPO

• GSH

• Study of various cell types by blood smear preparation



57

SPECIAL PAPER : CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY II (GROUP B)

SPECIAL PAPER : ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY (GROUP C)

Water Analysis

• Physicochemical Properties

• Bio-assay of polluted water

• Bacterial examination of water for microorganisms; MPN indoor, IMVIC test

• Analysis of important food contaminants (adulterant)

• Field trip to industrial treatment work plant and sites to study occupational

hazards (case study)

Practical examination scheme

Max.Marks:35 Duration : 4 hrs

Min.Marks:13

• Physicochemical studies 5 marks

• Identification of organisms in polluted water 5 marks

• Bacteriological examination of water 10 marks

• Report on trip / case study 5 marks

Viva 10 marks

� Quantitation of antibodies-

• Precipitation Techniques

• Immunodiffussion method.

� Preparation of biological tissues and sectioning for paraffin wax histology by

microtomy

� Histochemistry

• Carbohydrate- PAS method

• Proteins- Ninhydrin method

• Nucleic acid- Feulgen method

• Localization of acid & alkaline phosphatase &Ascorbic acid

� Determination of optimum concentration of enzyme for kinetics studies

� Estimation of acid & alkaline phosphatase by biochemical method

� Immunoassays- ELISA

� Permanent slides (for Spotting)- Blood cells, Thymus, Spleen, Liver



58

PAPER-V: DISSERTATION/RESEARCH PROJECT (Contd..)

PAPER CODE: ZOL 427

Credits: 6 MM : 100

Contact Hours/ Semester: 90

Contact Hours/ Week: 6

The dissertation work will involve practical work on a problem suggested by the

supervisor of the candidate. The student will submit the dissertation report at the end of

IV semester. This dissertation report will be examined by the supervisor of the student,

Head of the Department and any other person appointed by Principal.

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