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1 VaYakhel 5730 Alef. Teruma/Tetzave VaYakhel/Pekudei Shemot 25:19 Materials required 35:13 SHABBAT 1022 Ark 49 Materials required 2330 Shulchan 1026 The craftsmen 3140 Menora 2729 The contributors 26:130 Inner sanctuary, hangings 3035 Betzalel and Ohaliav 3137 Curtain sep. Kodesh Kodashim 36:17 Collection of materials 27:18 Outer altar 813 Outer hangings 919 Outer structure 1419 Coverings for inner sanctuary 2021 Oil of Menora 2038 Outer structure 28:143 Priestly garments 37:19 Ark 29:137 Ritual dedicating priests 1016 Shulchan 3842 Korban Tamid 1724 Menora 4346 HaShem will Inhabit Mishkan 2529 Incense altar 30:110 Incense altar 38:17 Outer altar 1116 Collecting ½ Shekel 8 Laver 1721 The Laver 920 Outer structure 2233 Anointing vessels with oil 2131 Amts. of materials collected 3438 Incense offering 39:131 Priestly garments 31:111 Introduction to Betzalel and Ohaliav 3243 Brought completed Mishkan 3243 SHABBAT to Moshe 1. Perhaps since the most important piece of information that HaShem Wishes to convey to Moshe is the components of the Mishkan, with Shabbat serving the purpose of representing a second type of Mishkan, i.e., a Tabernacle in time in contrast to the Tabernacle in space and place that is the Mishkan. (See e.g., “VaYakhel I: Shabbat and the Tabernacle, Sanctuaries in Time and Space: Two Intertwined Concepts” in Rabbi Avishai David, Discourses of Rav Yosef Dov Halevi Soloveitchik on the Weekly Parashah, Urim Publications, Jerusalem, 2011, pp. 1978). However, with respect to the instructions to the fabricators themselves, led by Betzalel, the most important thing are the rules that will inform their work. As important as the Mishkan is, Shabbat is that much more important and therefore they are told from the outset that no work on the Mishkan is to take place on Shabbat. 2. If we assume that these Parashiot are in chronological order, then the sin of the Calf put the religious orientation or lack thereof of the people in new perspective. While the Mishkan is a structure that God Commands, and therefore is less likely to be turned into an idolatrous object of worship than anything that the people might fabricate, nevertheless the more spiritual, less material quality of Shabbat takes on greater importance in the sense of a check

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VaYakhel  5730  

Alef.         Teruma/Tetzave                                                                              VaYakhel/Pekudei           Shemot  25:1-­‐9  Materials  required       35:1-­‐3   SHABBAT                                    10-­‐22  Ark                                    4-­‐9  Materials  required                  23-­‐30  Shulchan                          10-­‐26    The  craftsmen                  31-­‐40  Menora                            27-­‐29  The  contributors        26:1-­‐30    Inner  sanctuary,  hangings              30-­‐35  Betzalel  and  Ohaliav              31-­‐37  Curtain  sep.  Kodesh  Kodashim      36:1-­‐7    Collection  of  materials        27:1-­‐8      Outer  altar                      8-­‐13  Outer  hangings                                                                          9-­‐19  Outer  structure                  14-­‐19  Coverings  for  inner  sanctuary                  20-­‐21  Oil  of  Menora                      20-­‐38  Outer  structure        28:1-­‐43  Priestly  garments          37:1-­‐9  Ark        29:1-­‐37  Ritual  dedicating  priests                  10-­‐16  Shulchan                                              38-­‐42  Korban  Tamid                      17-­‐24  Menora                    43-­‐46  HaShem  will  Inhabit  Mishkan                  25-­‐29  Incense  altar                  30:1-­‐10  Incense  altar              38:1-­‐7  Outer  altar                  11-­‐16  Collecting  ½  Shekel                        8      Laver                  17-­‐21  The  Laver                          9-­‐20  Outer  structure                  22-­‐33  Anointing  vessels  with  oil                  21-­‐31  Amts.  of  materials  collected                  34-­‐38  Incense  offering              39:1-­‐31  Priestly  garments  

31:1-­‐11  Introduction  to  Betzalel  and  Ohaliav                        32-­‐43  Brought  completed  Mishkan                          32-­‐43  SHABBAT               to  Moshe  

 1.  Perhaps  since  the  most  important  piece  of  information  that  HaShem  Wishes  to  convey  to  

Moshe  is  the  components  of  the  Mishkan,  with  Shabbat  serving  the  purpose  of  representing  a  second  type  of  Mishkan,  i.e.,  a  Tabernacle  in  time  in  contrast  to  the  Tabernacle  in  space  and  place  that  is  the  Mishkan.  (See  e.g.,  “VaYakhel  I:  Shabbat  and  the  Tabernacle,  Sanctuaries  in  Time  and  Space:  Two  Intertwined  Concepts”  in  Rabbi  Avishai  David,  Discourses  of  Rav  Yosef  Dov  Halevi  Soloveitchik  on  the  Weekly  Parashah,  Urim  Publications,  Jerusalem,  2011,  pp.  197-­‐8).  However,  with  respect  to  the  instructions  to  the  fabricators  themselves,  led  by  Betzalel,  the  most  important  thing  are  the  rules  that  will  inform  their  work.  As  important  as  the  Mishkan  is,  Shabbat  is  that  much  more  important  and  therefore  they  are  told  from  the  outset  that  no  work  on  the  Mishkan  is  to  take  place  on  Shabbat.    

2.  If  we  assume  that  these  Parashiot  are  in  chronological  order,  then  the  sin  of  the  Calf  put  the  religious  orientation  or  lack  thereof  of  the  people  in  new  perspective.  While  the  Mishkan  is  a  structure  that  God  Commands,  and  therefore  is  less  likely  to  be  turned  into  an  idolatrous  object  of  worship  than  anything  that  the  people  might  fabricate,  nevertheless  the  more  spiritual,  less  material  quality  of  Shabbat  takes  on  greater  importance  in  the  sense  of  a  check  

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and  balance  to  any  misunderstanding  arising  re  the  Mishkan.  The  people  are  to  remember  that  the  object-­‐less  Shabbat  (A.J.  Heschel  in  his  classic  The  Sabbath:  Its  Meaning  for  Modern  Man  [The  Earth  is  the  Lord’s  and  The  Sabbath,  Jewish  Publication  Society,  Philadelphia,  1951,  p.  82],  notes  that  whereas  most  festivals  require  one  or  another  “ritual  object”,  this  is  not  the  case  for  Shabbat.  Even  Tefillin  are  not  worn  because  of  the  spiritual  “sign”  the  Shabbat  in  terms  of  itself  represents)  sets  the  tone  for  how  they  should  approach  the  act  of  worshipping  in  the  object-­‐filled  Mishkan.  

Beit.    1.    RaMBaN:  Moshe  was  Commanded  about  the  Mishkan  during  the  first  forty  days  he  was  on  

the  mountain,  and  told  the  people  about  what  HaShem  Wished  for  them  to  do  when  he  came  down  the  first  time,  after  having  smashed  the  tablets..  However,  he  thought  that  as  a  result  of  the  sin  of  the  Calf,  HaShem  would  no  longer  be  Interested  in  Dwelling  in  the  midst  of  the  people  and  therefore  did  not  order  them  to  carry  out  this  Commandment  at  this  time.  However,  once  he  saw  that  HaShem  was  Ready  to  Grant  Atonement  to  the  people  by  Replacing  the  broken  tablets,  Moshe  proceeded  to  tell  them  about  the  Mishkan  all  over  again,  this  time  ordering  them  to  get  to  work  on  the  fabrication,  because  he  concluded  that  the  project  was  on  again.    

           RaShI:  The  Commandment  to  build  the  Mishkan  was  first  Given  only  after  the  sin  of  the  Calf.  (This  would  parallel  RaMBaM’s  implication  in  the  Moreh  that  Korbanot  were  a  concession  to  the  concrete  nature  of  man’s  spiritual  worship.  In  order  to  substitute  positively  for  things  like  a  molton  calf,  a  Mishkan  and  sacrifices  would  be  Commanded.  RaMBaN  sharply  disagrees  with  such  an  approach  by  pointing  out  that  there  were  sacrificed  offered  by  the  likes  of  Kayin  and  Hevel,  as  well  as  Noach  that  were  positively  received  by  HaShem,  not  necessarily  because  some  sin  had  reflected  a  shortcoming  in  man,  but  rather  that  this  was  a  positive  way  for  man  to  express  his  longing  to  come  closer  to  HaShem—“Korban”:  something  that  brings  one  “closer.”)  

2.    As  was  alluded  to  in  the  previous  answer,  is  the  Mishkan  to  be  viewed  as  something  that  is  positive  and  stands  independently  from  any  of  man’s  actions,  including  those  which  are  viewed  as  regrettable,  or  is  the  Mishkan  a  response  to  some  sort  of  shortcoming  or  lack  of  development  in  man.  If  the  Mishkan  is  an  end  in  itself,  then  the  RaMBaN’s  position  would  be  at  the  forefront,  i.e.,  the  Mishkan  was  Commanded  during  Moshe’s  first  forty  days  on  Sinai,  prior  to  any  terrible  sin.  On  the  other  hand,  if  the  Mishkan  was  intended  as  a  method  to  sublimate  man’s  less  than  admirable  need  for  tangible  objects  to  inform  and  focus  his  Divine  Worship,  this  becomes  eminently  clear  after  the  sin  of  the  Calf,  and  therefore,  according  to  RaShI  and  Sephorno,  one  has  to  posit  a  cause-­‐and-­‐effect  relationship  between  these  two  things.    

3.    At  the  beginning  of  the  Parasha,  when  Moshe  tells  the  people  what  has  to  be  fabricated,  no  explanation  is  given  for  what  these  things  are,  implying  that  they  have  already  heard  about  it  and  now  they  are  just  getting  the  go-­‐ahead  to  get  to  work.  Back  in  Teruma  and  Tetaveh,  details  were  given  as  to  how  to  construct  each  of  the  objects.  When  later  in  VaYakhel  and  

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Pekudai,  the  details  are  given,  it  is  only  to  illustrate  that  the  people  precisely  followed  the  instructions  that  had  been  given  earlier.    

לה פרק שמות    :אדניו ואת עמדיו את בריחו את קרשיו ואת קרסיו את מכסהו ואת אהלו את המשכן את) יא)  :המסך פרכת ואת הכפרת את בדיו ואת הארן את) יב)  :הפנים לחם ואת כליו כל ואת בדיו ואת השלחן את) יג)  :המאור שמן ואת נרתיה ואת כליה ואת המאור מנרת ואת) יד)  :המשכן לפתח הפתח מסך ואת הסמים קטרת ואת המשחה שמן ואת בדיו ואת הקטרת מזבח ואת) טו)  :כנו ואת הכיר את כליו כל ואת בדיו את לו אשר הנחשת מכבר ואת העלה מזבח את) טז)  :החצר שער מסך ואת אדניה ואת עמדיו את החצר קלעי את) יז)  :מיתריהם ואת החצר יתדת ואת המשכן יתדת את) יח)  :לכהן בניו בגדי ואת הכהן לאהרן הקדש בגדי את בקדש לשרת השרד בגדי את) יט)  :משה מלפני ישראל בני עדת כל ויצאו) כ)  

Gimel.    1.  The  contradiction  would  appear  to  be  that  in  the  case  of  VaYakhel,  Shabbat  is  mentioned  first  

and  the  interpretation  is  that  Shabbat  takes  precedence  over  constructing  the  Mishkan  which  is  discussed  subsequently.  However,  in  Parashat  Kedoshim,  although  respecting  one’s  parents  is  listed  before  observance  of  Shabbat,  yet  again  we  are  told  that  Shabbat  takes  precedence.  Does  the  order  in  which  the  Mitzvot  are  listed  then  have  no  significance?  

2.  Perhaps  the  apparent  contradiction  can  be  rectified  if  we  were  to  draw  a  distinction  between  when  two  Commandments  are  listed  separately  as  opposed  to  when  there  is  a  Hekesh  that  combines  both  of  them  in  the  same  verse.  When  they  are  listed  separately,  as  in  the  case  of  VaYakhel,  nothing  can  be  made  of  the  order  since  a  possible  informing  rule  is     אין מוקדם " ומאוחר בתורה"  (there  is  no  chronological  order  in  the  Tora).  Consequently,  I  no  longer  can  say  with  certainty  which  rule  was  taught  first  and  which  second.  While  I  cannot  apply  such  a  rule  to  two  elements  in  the  same  verse,  nevertheless,  I  don’t  have  to  say  that  the  single  verse  is  in  conflict  with  topics  listed  in  two  different  places,  even  if  in  the  opposite  order.    

Daled.    1.  Alshich  is  attempting  to  explain  why  working  on  the  Mishkan  is  not  considered  important  

enough  to  push  aside  the  restrictions  of  Melacha  on  Shabbat.    2.    In  Parashat  Ki  Tisa,  the  Commandment  of  Shabbat  is  mentioned  prior  to  the  description  of  

the  sin  of  the  Calf.  Consequently,  rather  than  focusing  upon  the  holiness  of  the  Mishkan,  also  an  object  that  serves  as  a  focus  of  religious  devotion,  (Alshich  ans.  1)  the  emphasis  is  upon  the  holiness  of  man  who  is  able  to  impart  his  holiness  if  only  he  does  not  violate  it  by  violating  the  Shabbat.  Perhaps  this  is  also  implied  in  how  the  origins  of  Betzalel’s  talents  are  described:  

לא פרק שמות      :מלאכה ובכל ובדעת ובתבונה בחכמה יםקאל רוח אתו ואמלא) ג)  

         The  only  way  in  which  man,  in  this  case  Betzalel,  can  invest  that  which  he  makes  with  holiness,  is  by  transferring  the  skill  and  knowledge  that  originates  with  God  and  was  Placed  within  him  to  the  objects  that  he  makes  according  to  the  overall  lifestyle  that  HaShem  has  

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formulated  for  man,  the  observance  of  Shabbat  constituting  a  fundamental  principle  of  such  a  lifestyle.  (Alshich  ans.  2)  Furthermore,  although  a  great  deal  of  excitement  will  accompany  the  making  of  the  Mishkan,  it  should  be  realized  that  this  institution,  even  at  the  outset,  pales  in  comparison  to  the  Commandment  of  Shabbat,  which  is  eternal,  not  dependent  upon  time,  place,  or  thing.  Therefore  if  Shabbat  will  always  be  comprised  of  greater  holiness  than  the  Mishkan,  working  on  the  Mishkan  obviously  cannot  trump  Shabbat  observance.    

           In  terms  of  Parashat  VaYakhel  (Alshich  ans.  3)  emphasis  is  placed  upon  how  the  Mishkan’s  holiness,  rather  than  stemming  from  man,  in  fact  stems  from  HaShem,  and  only  when  it  is  entirely  constructed  and  the  Divine  Presence  Gives  evidence  of  Its  having  taken  up  Residence,  i.e.,  a  cloud  settles  over  the  structure,  can  one  speak  of  any  holiness  within  the  structure.  Since  the  people  were  ready  to  attribute  holiness  to  something  that  they  had  made—the  Calf—it  is  insufficient  to  state  that  the  holiness  within  man  is  what  confers  holiness  to  an  object  that  he  makes.  An  object  made  by  man  and  intended  to  be  holy,  only  once  it  has  been  correctly  and  precisely  constructed,  and  meets  with  HaShem’s  Approval      can  it  be  declared  holy.  Of  course,  in  the  period  of  Hester  Panim  (the  Hiding  of  the  Face),  like  the  general  problem  of  being  unable  to  determine  whether  our  actions  are  in  accordance  with  God’s  Will,  it  is  much  more  difficult  to  know  when  an  object,  building,  idea,  etc.  that  man  has  come  up  with,  constructed,  dedicated  is  truly  in  keeping  with  the  Divine  Will.  I  suppose  we  just  have  to  do  the  best  we  can.    

3.    The  link  to  the  Gilayon  that  Nechama  is  referencing  in  this  question  is:  http://www.nechama.org.il/cgi-­‐bin/pagePrintMode.pl?Id=614&Guidance=1    

         Abrabanel:  One  might  have  thought  that  greater  testament  to  faith  and  holiness  is  accomplished  by  acting  proactively  rather  than  by  being  passive  and  not  doing  anything.  Therefore  the  Tora  emphasizes  that  Shabbat  which  entails  not  doing  Melacha  is  more  of  a  statement  of  holiness  and  belief  than  building  the  Mishkan.    

  Heshel:  Man  is  under  the  impression  that  he  must  fill  the  void  in  which  he  finds  himself  with  objects  or  he  must  associated  holiness  with  objects.  In  fact  the  first  and  only  thing  that  the  Bible  declares  as  holy  is  time.  The  only  reason  why  holy  objects  in  terms  of  the  Mishkan  came  into  existence  is  because  of  man’s  sin  of  the  Calf,  demonstrating  that  he  needs  such  an  outlet.  However,  that  was  not  necessarily  part  of  the  original  Divine  Plan  for  man’s  engaging  in  holy  activity.  

4.    Alshich  would  appear  to  emphasize  the  objective  origins  of  the  holiness  as  manifest  in  objects—(ans.  1)  via  man  who  has  to  be  holy  himself  in  order  to  impart  holiness  to  the  things  that  he  makes;  (ans.  3)  via  HaShem  only  once  an  object  is  completed  by  man  and  then  Inhabited  by  the  Divine  Presence—or  (ans.  2)  the  relative  holiness  of  objects  in  terms  of  limitations  upon  how  long  something  remains  holy,  with  that  which  is  eternally  holy  on  a  higher  level  than  that  which  has  some  sort  of  end  point  to  its  holiness  or  whose  holiness  can  be  removed.  

         Abrabanel  and  Heshel  appear  to  be  focusing  upon  man’s  psychology,  i.e.,  what  in  his  mind  conveys  holiness  as  opposed  to  what  actually  is  the  source  of  holiness.    

Heh.    

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1.    One  could  think  that  the  two  verses  contradict  one  another.  On  the  one  hand,  35:1  states  that  HaShem  Wishes  that  the  various  activities  necessary  for  the  fabrication  of  the  Mishkan  are  to  take  place.  On  the  other,  35:2  states  that  Melacha  can  only  take  place  for  six  days,  but  not  on  the  seventh.  The  fundamental  question  that  arises  is  whether  or  not  the  Melacha  involved  in  the  Mishkan  is  not  covered  by  the  restriction  of  Shabbat.  RaMBaN  claims  that  the  very  juxtaposition  of  these  two  verses  demonstrates  that  Shabbat  trumps  the  manufacture  of  the  elements  of  the  Mishkan.  This  is  further  demonstrated  by  the  Rabbinic  interpretation  that  specifically  the  thirty-­‐nine  activities  associated  with  the  making  of  the  Mishkan  serve  as  the  basis  for  the  formulation  of  what  sort  of  Melacha  is  prohibited  on  Shabbat.    

2.    RaMBaN  is  of  the  opinion  that  the  “Mi’ut”  “Ach”  should  not  add  to  the  restrictions  of  Shabbat,  but  rather  point  to  exceptions  to  the  restrictions,  e.g.,  the  fact  that  if  the  eighth  day  after  a  baby  boy  is  born  falls  on  Shabbat  the  circumcision  takes  place  or  if  someone  is  deathly  ill,  the  restrictions  of  Shabbat  are  relaxed  in  order  to  allow  him  to  hopefully  survive.  Consequently,  if  the  restrictions  of  Shabbat  are  to  be  extended  to  an  area  like  the  construction  of  the  Mishkan,  a  different  hermeneutic  derivation  has  to  be  found.    

Vav.    1.  RaShI’s  citation  of  views  in  the  Talmud  relate  to  the  fact  that  virtually1  of  all  of  the  thirty-­‐nine  

prohibited  categories  of  Melacha  on  Shabbat  listed  in  Mishna  Shabbat  7:2,  the  only  one  that  is  explicitly  stated  is  that  of  lighting  a  fire  in  Shemot  35:3.    The  view  that  it  is ”ללאו יצאת“   contends  that  unlike  the  other  38,  making  a  fire  is  so  destructive  rather  than  constructive,  that  it  is  categorized  differently  than  all  the  others,  and  whereas  a  violation  of  the  others  can  earn  the  perpetrator  the  punishments  of  death  (if  there  were  witnesses  and  warning)  or  Karet  (if  there  wasn’t),  lighting  a  fire  on  Shabbat  is  only  a  Lo  Ta’aseh  which  at  worst  could  result  in  Malkot.  The  other  view, ”לחלק יצאת“   maintains  that  had  even  one  Melacha  not  been  specified  by  itself,  it  could  have  been  assumed  that  until  an  individual  has  violated  every  one  of  the  thirty-­‐nine  Melachot,  he  is  not  considered  in  violation  of  any.  When  we  see  that  making  a  fire  is  individualized,  it  serves  as  a  paradigm  for  each  of  the  others  to  state  similarly  that  when  any  of  them  are  individually  transgressed,  a  person  is  already  in  violation  of  doing  Melacha  on  Shabbat.  Furthermore,  if  a  person  violates  several  of  them,  multiple  punishments  may  be  incurred  under  certain  conditions.    

2.    R.  Hirsch’s  dichotomy  fits  well  with  the  two  Halachic  views.  When  emphasizing  fire’s  destructive  aspect,  one  can  conclude  that  it  is  a ,”מלאכה גריעותא“   an  inferior  Melacha  and  therefore  should  be  treated  as  less  of  a  violation  of  the  prohibition  not  to  engage  in  creative  physical  activity  on  Shabbat.  But  if  the  creative  virtues  of  fire  are  emphasized,  then  it  is  truly  a  fit  representative  for  each  of  the  other  Melachot,  and  just  as  a  person  is  in  violation  of  

                                                                                                                         1  There  are  views  that  the  Tora  does  mention  the  Melacha  of  Hotzo’a  in  Shemot  36:7;  ploughing    and  harvesting  34:21.  However,  while  not  everyone  is  in  agreement  regarding  whether  these  verses  actually  describe  Melacha,  there  can  be  no  question  about  Havara.  

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Shabbat  by  simply  starting  a  fire,  he  similarly  is  in  violation  of  Shabbat  when  he  does  any  of  the  other  thirty-­‐nine  major  categories  of  Melacha.