shahaboddin resalati - radar.brookes.ac.uk

An Assessment Methodology for Enviro-Economic Justification of Low and Zero Carbon Building Technologies

Shahaboddin Resalati

School of Architecture Oxford Brookes University

Sponsored by TATA Steel Group Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Oxford

Brookes University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy

May 2015


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Abstract

The imperative to reduce the carbon footprint of buildings will inevitably require

adopting higher levels of insulation and on-site low and zero carbon technologies. This

will significantly increase the embodied carbon of materials and products that have been

used in the building. With buildings requiring less operational energy, future low and

zero carbon buildings could see equivalence between operational and embodied carbon.

It is essential therefore that embodied carbon is factored into carbon reduction

strategies. Hence, this research has established an assessment methodology based on a

combined operational and embodied carbon analyses as means of providing more

representative assessments of life cycle carbon burdens and cost appraisals for low and

zero carbon building technologies.

The methodology has been applied to a series of case studies of low and zero carbon

building technologies to provide exemplar quantified appraisals of selected products.

The case studies include insulation materials (Polyurethane, mineral wool, VIP and

hemp) and renewable technologies (Photovoltaics and Transpired Solar Collectors)

applied with different operational scenarios to selected industrial (small and medium

warehouses and retail sheds), residential (semidetached house) and office (typical 4

storey) buildings.

The application of the methodology identifies how the inclusion of embodied CO2 in

carbon reduction equations can suggest ‘death points’ (points beyond which associated

embodied carbon outweighs the operational carbon savings) for conventional building

technologies and ‘birth points’ (points beyond which novel technologies are required to

offset the carbon disbenefit of conventional technologies) for novel products. This for

the first time introduces sensible ‘maximum’ level of insulation that can be incorporated

into buildings or required by standards, and sets limits to the amount by which current

approaches to carbon thrift can be escalated.

The study demonstrates the absolute significance of combining operational and

embodied carbon analyses in demonstrating the effectiveness of carbon reduction

strategies and requirements to shift away from ‘operational carbon only’ methods. The

approach must be an integral part of any holistic appraisal of low and zero carbon

performance.


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CONTENTS PAGE CHAPTER 1: Introduction ............................................................................................ 1

1.1 Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and global warming ............................................ 1

1.2 Reduction targets of GHG emissions .......................................................................... 5

1.2.1 The European 20-20-20 targets ................................................................................ 6

1.2.2 The European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) ................................... 6

1.2.3 The Effort Sharing Decision .................................................................................... 7

1.3 UK national carbon reduction strategies ..................................................................... 8

1.3.1 UK Climate Change Act .......................................................................................... 8

1.3.2 UK energy efficiency schemes................................................................................. 9

1.3.2.1 UK Green Deal ...................................................................................................... 9

1.3.2.2 The Energy Companies Obligation (ECO) ......................................................... 10

1.4 Investment on renewable energies ............................................................................ 10

1.5 Reducing energy use from the built environment ..................................................... 11

1.5.1 Existing buildings .................................................................................................. 12

1.5.1.1 Residential sector ................................................................................................ 13

1.5.1.2 Non–residential sector ......................................................................................... 13

1.5.2 New buildings ........................................................................................................ 14

1.5.2.1 Residential buildings ........................................................................................... 14

1.5.2.2 Non-residential buildings .................................................................................... 14

1.6 Effective whole life carbon reduction ....................................................................... 15

1.7 Aim and objectives of the research ........................................................................... 17

1.8 Structure of thesis ...................................................................................................... 18

CHAPTER 2: Regulatory Approaches to Anthropogenic Gas Emission Reduction

................................................................................................................. 20

2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 20

2.2 Building Regulations ................................................................................................. 21

2.2.1 Building Regulations Part L ................................................................................... 22

2.2.2 How Building Regulations evolved ....................................................................... 22

2.2.3 Meeting the carbon reduction targets ..................................................................... 24

2.2.3.1 Operational energy/carbon .................................................................................. 24

2.2.3.2 Embodied energy/carbon .................................................................................... 24


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2.2.3.3 Carbon intensity and energy to carbon conversion factors ................................. 26

2.3 Total carbon (combined operational and embodied carbon) approach; the likely

future requirement ............................................................................................ 27

2.3.1 Previous work concerning total carbon approaches ............................................... 30

2.4 Financial justification of effective new low and zero carbon building technologies 32

2.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 33

CHAPTER 3: Available Cost and Carbon Quantification Approaches .................. 35

3.1 Available cost and carbon quantification methods ................................................... 35

3.2 Life cycle approaches ................................................................................................ 35

3.2.1 Life Cycle Assessment ........................................................................................... 36

3.2.1.1 System boundaries .............................................................................................. 38

Cradle-to-grave ................................................................................................. 38

Cradle-to-cradle (closed loop production) ........................................................ 38

Cradle-to-gate ................................................................................................... 38

Gate-to-gate....................................................................................................... 39

3.2.1.2 Quantifying embodied and operational carbon ................................................... 39

Available approaches for quantifying embodied carbon .................................. 39

Available approaches for calculating operational (in-use phase) carbon ......... 42

3.2.2 Life Cycle Costing ................................................................................................. 44

3.2.2.1 Net benefit/Net saving......................................................................................... 45

3.2.2.2 Internal Rate of Return ........................................................................................ 46

3.2.3 Saving-to-Investment Ratio ................................................................................... 46

3.2.3.1 Annual Equivalent Value .................................................................................... 46

3.2.3.2 Net Present Value ................................................................................................ 46

3.3 Chapter summary ...................................................................................................... 47

CHAPTER 4: Development and Application of Methodology ................................. 48

3.4 Main principles of the developing methodology ...................................................... 48

3.5 The developed methodology ..................................................................................... 50

3.5.1 Carbon efficiency ................................................................................................... 51

3.5.1.1 System boundaries .............................................................................................. 51

3.5.1.2 Embodied carbon quantification ......................................................................... 52

3.5.1.3 Operational carbon quantification ....................................................................... 53


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3.5.2 Cost effectiveness................................................................................................... 54

3.6 Application of methodology ..................................................................................... 55

3.7 General building description and performance specification.................................... 56

3.7.1 Domestic buildings ................................................................................................ 56

3.7.1.1 Orientation........................................................................................................... 57

Front door of the house is facing south. .......................................................................... 57

3.7.1.2 Construction ........................................................................................................ 57

3.7.1.3 Modelling assumptions ....................................................................................... 58

Airtightness ....................................................................................................... 58

Internal gains ..................................................................................................... 59

Heating ............................................................................................................ 59

Occupation ........................................................................................................ 59

Location ............................................................................................................ 59

Ventilation......................................................................................................... 59

3.7.2 Non-domestic buildings ......................................................................................... 59

3.7.2.1 Construction and modelling assumptions for industrial buildings ...................... 61

3.7.2.2 Construction and modelling assumptions for offices .......................................... 63

3.8 Design service life ..................................................................................................... 64

3.9 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 66

CHAPTER 5: Total Carbon Quantification of Insulation Materials for New and

Retrofitted Buildings ............................................................................. 67

4.1 New build .................................................................................................................. 67

4.1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 67

4.1.2 Insulation specifications for minimum carbon: mineral wool and PUR systems .. 69

4.1.2.1 Industrial buildings ............................................................................................. 70

Minimum aggregated carbon analyses for industrial buildings ........................ 71

4.1.2.2 Residential buildings ........................................................................................... 76

Minimum aggregated carbon analysis .............................................................. 78

4.1.2.3 Office buildings ................................................................................................... 81

Minimum aggregated carbon analysis .............................................................. 82

4.1.3 Role of novel insulation materials: vacuum insulation panels and hemp .............. 84

4.1.3.1 Vacuum Insulation Panels ................................................................................... 85

Minimum aggregated carbon analyses of VIPs in industrial claddings ............ 87


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Minimum aggregated carbon analyses of VIP in residential claddings ............ 89

Minimum aggregated carbon analyses of VIPs in office buildings .................. 91

4.1.3.2 Hemp insulation .................................................................................................. 92

Minimum aggregated carbon analyses of hemp in industrial claddings ........... 93

Minimum aggregated carbon analyses of hemp in residential claddings ......... 95

Minimum aggregated carbon analyses of hemp in office buildings ................. 96

4.2 Thermally retrofitted buildings ................................................................................. 98

4.2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 98

4.2.2 Quantification of the carbon limits of conventional and alternative insulation

technology for industrial buildings .................................................................. 99

4.2.3 Quantification of the Carbon Limits of Conventional and Alternative Insulation

Technology for Residential Buildings ........................................................... 100

4.2.4 Quantification of the Carbon Limits of Conventional and Alternative Insulation

Technology for Office Buildings ................................................................... 103

4.3 Technical Conclusions ............................................................................................ 103

CHAPTER 6: Insulation Specifications for Minimum Life-Cycle Costs ............... 105

5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 105

5.2 Industrial buildings ................................................................................................. 107

5.2.1 Minimum Life Cycle Cost analyses ..................................................................... 107

5.2.1.1 NPV analyses for conventional insulation materials: mineral wool and PUR.. 107

Interpretation of NPV analyses of novel insulation materials: VIPs .............. 111

5.3 Office buildings ....................................................................................................... 113

5.3.1 NPV results .......................................................................................................... 114

5.4 Residential buildings ............................................................................................... 117

5.4.1 Interpretation of the NPV analyses ...................................................................... 118

5.5 Conclusions ............................................................................................................. 121

CHAPTER 7: On-site low and zero carbon technologies ........................................ 123

6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 123

6.2 Photovoltaic cells .................................................................................................... 124

6.2.1 Technology options (packages)............................................................................ 125

6.2.1.1 Distribution warehouses .................................................................................... 128

6.2.1.2 Retail sheds ....................................................................................................... 130


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6.2.1.3 Office buildings ................................................................................................. 132

Cost analysis of office buildings taking into account the rental value loss .... 134

6.3 Summarising ‘PV + building fabric’ packages ....................................................... 136

6.4 Transpired Solar Collectors .................................................................................... 136

6.4.1 Technology options (packages) including TSCs ................................................. 139

6.4.2 Application of TSCs to the investigated buildings .............................................. 139

6.5 ‘PV + TSC + Insulation’ packages ......................................................................... 145

6.5.1 Technology options (packages)............................................................................ 145

6.5.1.1 Application of the introduced packages to the investigated building types ...... 145

Warehouse....................................................................................................... 146

Retail shed ....................................................................................................... 147

Offices .......................................................................................................... 148

6.6 Summarising ‘PV + TSC + building fabric’ packages ........................................... 149

6.7 Carbon offsetting through exporting electricity to the gird and conclusions .......... 151

CHAPTER 8: Total Energy Assessment Methodology (TEAM) Tool ................... 153

7.1 General description ................................................................................................. 153

7.2 Operational carbon evaluation module ................................................................... 154

7.3 Environmental evaluation module .......................................................................... 154

7.4 Economic evaluation module .................................................................................. 155

7.5 User Interface (UI) module ..................................................................................... 155

7.5.1 Building type ........................................................................................................ 156

7.5.2 Size ....................................................................................................................... 156

7.5.3 Rooflight percentage ............................................................................................ 157

7.5.4 Fabric U-value ...................................................................................................... 157

7.5.5 Liner type ............................................................................................................. 158

7.5.6 Air permeability level .......................................................................................... 159

7.5.7 Insulation type ...................................................................................................... 159

7.5.8 Renewable technologies ....................................................................................... 159

7.6 Results module ........................................................................................................ 160

7.7 Total carbon analyses in relation to zero carbon performance ............................... 161

CHAPTER 9: Conclusions and Recommendations for further research .............. 164

8.1 Conclusions ............................................................................................................. 164


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8.2 Contribution to knowledge ...................................................................................... 170

8.3 Limitations and recommendations for further research .......................................... 171

8.3.1 Scale of the study ................................................................................................. 171

8.3.2 System boundaries ............................................................................................... 171

8.3.3 Total Energy Assessment Methodology .............................................................. 171

8.3.4 TSCs ..................................................................................................................... 171

8.3.5 Consistent embodied CO2 database ..................................................................... 172

8.3.6 Cost databases ...................................................................................................... 173

8.4 Future significance .................................................................................................. 173


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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 The greenhouse effect (source: www.epa.gov) ............................................... 2

Figure 1.2 Global CO2 levels (source: NASA GISS database) ......................................... 3

Figure 1.3 Temperature rise pattern since year 1880 (source: NASA GISS database) .... 4

Figure 1.4 Temperature projections to the year 2100 based on a range of emission

scenarios and global climate models. Source: NASA (adapted from IPCC,

2007) .............................................................................................................. 4

Figure 1.5 Global sea level rise pattern (NASA GISS database) ...................................... 5

Figure 1.6 World CO2 emissions by country (Source: the Ministry of the

Environment, Japan (partially supplemented by UNFCCC data)) ................ 7

Figure 1. 7 Final energy consumption in the world (Source: IEA 2012) ........................ 12

Figure 2. 1 Likely embodied to operational carbon proportion for future buildings ...... 25

Figure 2.2 Example of typical linear relationship between CO2 emissions associated

with operational carbon, and envelope U-value. ......................................... 28

Figure 2.3 Example of typical non-linear relationship between embodied CO2 (and

combined embodied and operational CO2) based on PUR insulation. ........ 30

Figure 3.1 End of life scenarios ...................................................................................... 39

Figure 4. 1 Interaction between stages introduced in the methodology .......................... 51

Figure 4.2 Ground and first floor plan ............................................................................ 57

Figure 4.3 Simulated building ......................................................................................... 57

Figure 4. 4 Office plan .................................................................................................... 60

Figure 4. 5 Office building .............................................................................................. 60

Figure 4. 6 Industrial warehouse ..................................................................................... 60

Figure 4.7 Built-up cladding system Figure 4.8 PUR composite cladding ..................... 61

Figure 4.9 Categories of design life for buildings (BS 7543:2003) ................................ 64

Figure 5.1 Carbon results of 3000m2 warehouse insulated with mineral wool for 25, 40

and 60 years design life ............................................................................... 71


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Figure 5.2 Carbon results of 3000m2 retail shed insulated with mineral wool for 25, 40




Figure 5.4 Carbon results of 3000m2 warehouse insulated with PUR for 25, 40 and 60

years design life ........................................................................................... 73

Figure 5.5 Carbon results of 3000m2 retail shed insulated with PUR for 25, 40 and 60




Figure 5.7 Carbon results of residential buildings insulated with mineral wool for 30




Figure 5.9 Carbon results of residential buildings insulated with PUR for 30 years

design life .................................................................................................... 80

Figure 5.10 Carbon results of residential buildings insulated with PUR for 60 years

design life .................................................................................................... 80

Figure 5.11 Carbon results of commercial buildings insulated with Mineral wool for 30




Figure 5.13 Carbon results of commercial buildings insulated with PUR for 30 years

design life .................................................................................................... 83


design life .................................................................................................... 84

Figure 5.15 VIP panel components ................................................................................. 85

Figure 5.16 Comparison of thickness of VIP and PUR insulation of equivalent U-value

..................................................................................................................... 86

Figure 5.17 Comparison of thickness of VIP and mineral wool insulation of equivalent

U-value ........................................................................................................ 86

Figure 5.18 Carbon results of 3000m2 warehouse insulated with VIP for 25, 40 and 60



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Figure 5.19 Carbon results of 3000m2 retail shed insulated with VIP for 25, 40 and 60




Figure 5.21 Carbon results of residential buildings insulated with VIP for 30 years

design life .................................................................................................... 90


design life .................................................................................................... 90

Figure 5.23 Carbon results of commercial buildings insulated with VIP for 30 years

design life .................................................................................................... 92

Figure 5.24 Carbon results of commercial buildings insulated with VIP for 60 years

design life .................................................................................................... 92

Figure 5.25 Hemp insulation (source: homesinharmony.co.uk) ..................................... 93

Figure 5.26 Carbon results of 3000m2 warehouse building insulated with hemp for 25




Figure 5.28 Carbon results of 3000m2 retail shed insulated with hemp for 25 years

design life .................................................................................................... 95

Figure 5.29 Carbon results of residential building insulated with hemp for 30 years

design life .................................................................................................... 96

Figure 5. 30 Carbon results of residential building insulated with hemp for 60 years

design life .................................................................................................... 96

Figure 5.31Carbon results of commercial building insulated with hemp for 30 years

design life .................................................................................................... 97

Figure5.32 Carbon results of commercial building insulated with hemp for 60 years

design life .................................................................................................... 97

Figure 6.1NPV results of 3000m2 warehouse insulated by mineral wool for 25, 40 and

60 years design life .................................................................................... 108

Figure 6.2NPV results of 3000m2 retail shed insulated by mineral wool for 25, 40 and


Figure 6.3 NPV results of 1000m2 warehouse insulated by mineral wool for 25, 40 and



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Figure 6.4 NPV results of 3000m2 warehouse insulated by PUR for 25, 40 and 60 years

design life .................................................................................................. 110

Figure 6.5 NPV results of 3000m2 retail shed insulated by PUR for 25, 40 and 60 years

design life .................................................................................................. 110


design life .................................................................................................. 111

Figure 6.7 NPV results of 3000m2 warehouse insulated with VIP for 25, 40 and 60 years

design life .................................................................................................. 112

Figure 6.8 NPV results of 3000m2 retail shed insulated with VIP for 25, 40 and 60 years

design life .................................................................................................. 112

Figure 6.9 NPV results of 1000m2 warehouse insulated with VIP for 25, 40 and 60 years

design life .................................................................................................. 113

Figure 6.10 NPV results of the office building insulated with PUR for 30 and 60 years

design life in London City ......................................................................... 115


design life in London West-End ................................................................ 116

Figure 6.12 NPV results of the office building insulated with mineral wool for 30 and

60 years design life in London City .......................................................... 116


60 years design life in London West End ................................................. 116

Figure 6.14 NPV results of the office building insulated with VIP for 30 and 60 years

design life in London City ......................................................................... 117

Figure 6.15 NPV results of the office building insulated with VIP for 30 and 60 years

design life in London West End ................................................................ 117

Figure 6.16 NPV results of the residential building insulated with mineral wool for 30

and 60 years design life in London- Croydon ........................................... 120

Figure 6.17 NPV results of the residential building insulated with PUR for 30 and 60

years design life in London- Croydon ....................................................... 120

Figure 6.18 NPV results of the residential building insulated with VIP for 30 and 60

years design life in London- Croydon ....................................................... 120

Figure7.1 NPV and CO2 savings associated with ‘PV+ mineral wool Insulation’

package for distribution warehouse (NB: Notional Building) .................. 129


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Figure 7.2 NPV and CO2 savings associated with ‘PV+ PUR Insulation’ package for

distribution warehouse (NB: Notional Building) ...................................... 130

Figure 7.3 NPV and CO2 savings associated with ‘PV+ mineral wool Insulation’

package for retail shed (NB: Notional Building) ...................................... 131


retail shed (NB: Notional Building) .......................................................... 132


package for offices (NB: Notional Building) ............................................ 133


offices (NB: Notional Building) ................................................................ 134


package for offices including rental value loss ......................................... 135


offices including rental value loss ............................................................. 135

Figure 7.9 TSC performance diagram (source: Solarwall) ........................................... 137

Figure 7.10 Buildings with (left) and without (right) de-stratification fans (or TSCs). 138

Figure 7.11 NPV and CO2 savings associated with package G, mineral wool ............. 140

Figure 7.12 NPV and CO2 savings associated with package G, PUR .......................... 140

Figure 7.13 NPV and CO2 savings associated with package H, mineral wool ............. 141

Figure 7.14 NPV and CO2 savings associated with package H, PUR .......................... 142

Figure 7.15 Payback period associated with TSC and mineral wool insulation for

distribution warehouses ............................................................................. 143

Figure 7.16 Payback period associated with TSC and mineral wool insulation for retail

sheds .......................................................................................................... 144

Figure 7.17 Payback period associated with TSC and mineral wool insulation for offices

................................................................................................................... 144

Figure 7.18 NPV analysis associated with different FiT scenarios in a distribution

warehouse .................................................................................................. 147

Figure 7.19 NPV and CO2 saving analysis associated with different FiT scenarios in a

retail shed .................................................................................................. 148

Figure 7.20 NPV and CO2 savings associated with different packages, office ............ 149

Figure 7.21 Maximum achievable CO2 saving associated with each package ............. 150

Figure 7.22 Carbon offsetting analysis, Distribution Warehouse ................................. 151

Figure 7.23 Carbon offsetting analysis, Retail shed ..................................................... 151


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Figure 7.24 Carbon offsetting analysis, Office ............................................................. 152

Figure 8.1 Screenshot of the lighting demand database for different operational

scenarios .................................................................................................... 154

Figure 8.2 Screenshot of the embodied carbon database .............................................. 155

Figure 8.3 Screenshot of the User Interface (UI) module ............................................. 156

Figure 8.4 Screenshot of the PV daily calculations ...................................................... 160

Figure 8.5 Screenshot of the Results module ................................................................ 161


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LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Changes in thermal performance standards of Building Regulations since

1985 ............................................................................................................. 23

Table 4. 1 Main principles of the developing methodology in summary ....................... 49

Table 4.2 External wall material layout (inside to outside) ............................................ 58

Table 4.3 Building specifications .................................................................................... 58

Table 4. 4 Building element U-Values ............................................................................ 58

Table 4.5 Building specifications .................................................................................... 61

Table 4.6 Base case U-values and thicknesses................................................................ 62

Table 4.7 Operational parameters for simulation modelling .......................................... 62

Table 4. 8 Modelling assumption .................................................................................... 63

Table 4.9 Typical external wall thickness ....................................................................... 63

Table 4. 10 U-value specifications .................................................................................. 63

Table 5.1 Limits of conventional insulation materials in terms of minimum carbon

emission for 25, 40 and 60 years design life ............................................... 75

Table 5.2 Associated U-values with insulated cavity widths (fully filled) ..................... 78


emission for 30 and 60 years design life ..................................................... 81


emission for 30 and 60 years design life ..................................................... 84

Table 5.5 Minimum achievable carbon emissions of conventional insulation materials in

comparison to VIP for 25 years design life ................................................. 89

Table 5.6 Limits of VIP in terms of minimum carbon emission for 25, 40 and 60 years

design life (residential) ................................................................................ 91

Table 5.7 Limits of VIPs in terms of minimum carbon emission for 25, 40 and 60 years

design life (office buildings) ....................................................................... 91

Table 5.8 Net Global Warming Potential associated with hemp farming and processing

..................................................................................................................... 93

Table 5.9 U-values associated with insulated cavity widths ......................................... 101


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Table 5.10 Minimum aggregated CO2 burden associated with embodied carbon of

mineral wool, PUR and VIP and operational carbon required for heating

(by building type and service life). ............................................................ 102

Table 6. 1 Average cost of renewable technologies and insulation materials supplied by

various manufacturers in the UK .............................................................. 106

Table 6.2Typical rental values for office accommodation (property market report 2011)

................................................................................................................... 114

Table 6.3 Office building specifications ....................................................................... 114

Table 6.4 The NPV of the additional rental income of VIP in comparison to

conventional insulations ............................................................................ 115

Table 6. 5 Rental value (residential buildings) ............................................................. 118

Table 6.6The NPV of the additional rental income of VIP in comparison to

conventional insulations ............................................................................ 119

Table 6.7 Payback periods associated with initial cost of thermal performance

improvements and energy savings ............................................................ 121

Table 7.1 Maximum CO2 savings associated with improving the building fabric U-value

................................................................................................................... 123

Table 7.2 Investigated packages in summary ............................................................... 127

Table 7.3 NPV and CO2 savings associated with selected technology packages ......... 127

Table 7.4 CO2 savings associated with different packages and building types ............ 136

Table 7.5 Investigated packages ................................................................................... 139

Table 7.6 NPV and CO2 savings associated with package G and different building types,

mineral wool .............................................................................................. 141

Table 7.7 NPV and CO2 savings associated with package G and different building types,

PUR ........................................................................................................... 141

Table 7.8 NPV and CO2 savings associated with package H and different building types,

mineral wool .............................................................................................. 142

Table 7.9 NPV and CO2 savings associated with package H and different building types,

PUR ........................................................................................................... 142

Table 7.10 Maximum CO2 savings achievable with the investigated packages for

analysed building types ............................................................................. 145


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Table 7.11 Investigated packages including current and future FiT scenarios ............. 145

Table 7.12 NPV and CO2 savings associated with different packages, medium sized

warehouse .................................................................................................. 146

Table 7.13 NPV and CO2 savings associated with different packages, retail shed ...... 148

Table 7.14 NPV and CO2 savings associated with different packages, office .............. 149

Table 7.15 Maximum achievable CO2 saving associated with each package ............... 150

Table 8.1 Fabric U-value scenarios ............................................................................... 158

Table 8.2 Air permeability standards for industrial buildings ...................................... 159

Table 8.3 Notional Building fabric U-value specifications .......................................... 161

Table 8.4 Embodied and operational carbon proportions in relation to different building

fabric only scenarios .................................................................................. 162

Table 8.5 Embodied and operational carbon proportions in relation to different scenarios

in order to achieve zero carbon performance ............................................ 162


xvii

Acknowledgments

I would like to express my special gratitude and appreciation to my Director of Studies

Professor Ray Ogden. He has been a tremendous mentor and a great friend to me. I

would like to thank him for being generously supportive and for keeping me motivated

throughout my study. It was a great honour for me to have him as my Director of

Studies.

I would also like to thank my second supervisor, Christopher Kendrick for his patience

and his priceless technical support and Dr Shaun Wang who helped me with my

software analyses in the first year of my study. I would also like to thank my dear

friends and colleagues at the Architectural Engineering Group at Oxford Brookes

University, Prof. Nick Whitehouse, Dr Nicholas Walliman, Dr Martin Heywood, Dr

Bousmaha Baiche, Dimitrious Moutaftsis, Sadjad Tajdaran and Helen Tanner for their

encouragement and support.

A special thanks to TATA Steel Group for giving me the opportunity to pursue my

education by sponsoring this research.

My sincere thanks to Dr. Farooq Awan who has kindly proof-read my thesis.

A special thanks to my parents and my brother and sister. Words cannot express how

grateful I am to you for your endless love and support.

Last but not least, a very special thanks to my beloved wife Shahrzad, who has been my

dearest friend and my biggest motivation for finishing my PhD. Thank you for being

there for me days and nights and keeping me sane in my most difficult moments.

1

CHAPTER 1: Introduction UK, EU and international targets for the reduction of anthropogenic carbon and

Greenhouse Gas emissions necessitate fundamental changes to the ways that buildings

are designed and operated. As the international targets on reducing carbon emissions

become stricter, so does the imperative for better performing carbon efficiency

technologies in the most carbon intensive sectors such as buildings and industrial

activities.

This chapter provides an overview of the environmental concerns that are driving the

energy and carbon reduction targets and the associated legislative frameworks that have

emerged with which buildings are required to comply. This is a vast and rapidly

developing field and it is therefore neither possible nor desirable to be comprehensive.

Therefore the intention is instead to highlight the significance of adopting whole life

carbon approaches in building performance standards, and how it is anticipated that

compliance with carbon targets will need to be demonstrated.

1.1 Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and global warming

The term ‘Greenhouse Gas’ refers to various heat-trapping trace gases which are present

in the Earth’s atmosphere and have the potential to cause atmospheric warming. The

contribution that individual GHGs make to the greenhouse effect depends on how much

heat each absorbs and subsequently re-radiates.

Notable GHGs include:

• Carbon Dioxide (CO2): Carbon dioxide is generated by burning of fossil fuels

(oil, natural gas, and coal), solid waste, trees and wood products, and also

chemical reactions such as those associated with production of cement.

http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/co2.html

CHAPTER 1: Introduction

2

• Methane (CH4): Methane is emitted during the production and transportation of

fossil fuels. Methane emissions also result from livestock and other agricultural

practices and by the decay of organic waste in solid waste landfills.

• Nitrous Oxide (N2O): Nitrous oxide is emitted during agricultural and industrial

activities, and also in the process of combustion of fossil fuels and solid waste.

• Fluorinated Gases: Hydro fluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulphur

hexafluoride are powerful, artificial greenhouse gases emitted from a variety of

industrial processes.

The presence of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere shifts the proportion of solar

radiation that is reflected into space in comparison to the component that is transmitted,

thus increasing the total amount of radiation entering the atmosphere. Once radiation

has entered the atmosphere, greenhouse gases absorb the reflected long-wave radiation

from the Earth’s surface. In tandem these effects cause a trapping of heat in the

atmosphere and net temperature increases (Figure 1.1).

Figure 1.1 The greenhouse effect (source: www.epa.gov)

Levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases are essential to the way that the atmosphere

functions. It is however increasingly accepted that elevated levels of anthropogenic

http://www.epa.gov/methane/sources.html

http://www.epa.gov/nitrousoxide/sources.html

http://www.epa.gov/highgwp/sources.html


3

gases produced as a result of human activities are problematic. These combine with the

gases that are naturally present in the atmosphere with significant adverse effect.

Although carbon dioxide is not on a volume or weight basis, the most powerful of the

gases in terms of GWP (Global Warming Potential), is believed to be responsible for

60% of the greenhouse effect (unfccc.int, 2012). Current levels of carbon dioxide

exceed 380 parts per million, a figure which appears to be beyond long term norms

generally ranging between approximately 180 and 300 parts per million (Figure 1.2).

Figure 1.2 Global CO2 levels (source: NASA GISS database)

The International Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) in their 2007 annual report

influentially stated that if the greenhouse gases emission trend continues at or above the

current pace, an average global temperature increase of 3 to 7°C is likely to happen by

2100.

The IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report, Working Group 1 (2013, p.5) further noted that:

Even if emissions are stopped immediately, temperatures will remain elevated

for centuries due to the effect of greenhouse gases from past human emissions

already present in the atmosphere. Past, present and future emissions of carbon

dioxide represent a substantial multi-century climate change commitment.

Also according to the IPCC report (2014, p.1):


4

Scenarios show that to have a likely chance of limiting the increase in global

mean temperature to two degrees Celsius, means lowering global greenhouse

gas emissions by 40 to 70 percent compared with 2010 by mid-century, and to

near-zero by the end of this century.

Figure 1.3 Temperature rise pattern since year 1880 (source: NASA GISS database)

According to NASA’s GISS database, the global surface temperature of the earth has

risen by 0.7 C since 1950s. The finding agrees with results from both the Japanese

Meteorological Agency and the UK Climatic Research Unit (Figure 1.3). Based on

these trends it is believed that even if greenhouse gas emissions were significantly

reduced to year 2000 levels, the Earth is still likely to warm by approximately 1°C over

the next 100 years (Figure 1.4) (IPCC, 2007).

Figure 1.4 Temperature projections to the year 2100 based on a range of emission

scenarios and global climate models. Source: NASA (adapted from IPCC, 2007)


5

Current upward trend in the global temperature can lead to serious climate disruptions

such as rises in sea level (Figure 1.5) (global sea level rose about 17 centimetres in the

last century), increasing volumes and intensity of rainfall, changes in weather, higher

summer temperatures (ten of the warmest years occurred between 2002 and 2013),

ocean acidification, declining Arctic sea ice and increased frequency of extreme weather

events.

Figure 1.5 Global sea level rise pattern (NASA GISS database)

1.2 Reduction targets of GHG emissions

It is increasingly evident that one of the world’s most serious long-term challenges is

climate change. Evidence gathered by various climatic research institutions has

demonstrated the seriousness and urgency of this issue. The debate has effectively

moved from whether or not the climate change is happening to what we need to do to

control it and how we adapt to live with it (Zero carbon building definition, 2008). As

an international response to the problem, carbon reduction targets were agreed in place

to put heavier burden on developed and industrialised countries for 150 years of their

industrial activities.

The world’s first climate conference took place in 1979 in Geneva sponsored by World

Meteorological Organization (WMO). In 1988 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Change (IPCC) was set up focusing on the science of climate change. The IPCC's first

assessment report was released in time for the second climate conference in 1990 which


6

highlighted the risks. In 1994 the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate

Change (UNFCCC) came into force and an ‘overall framework for intergovernmental

efforts to tackle the challenge posed by climate’ was set up. This led to the Kyoto

Protocol which was formally adopted in 1997 as the world’s first international

agreement on tackling climate change. Most recently however the Paris summit is to be

held in December 2015, to ensure meaningful action on climate change.

According to the Green alliance 2014 report, getting a global agreement on climate

change, the deal must contain the following elements:

• ambitious action before and after 2020

• a strong legal framework and clear rules

• a central role for equity

• a long term approach

• public finance for adaptation and the low carbon transition

• a framework for action on deforestation and land use

• clear links to the 2015 Sustainable Development Goals

1.2.1 The European 20-20-20 targets

In order to achieve the committed carbon reduction targets, the European countries set a

series of demanding energy targets to be met by 2020, known as the ‘20-20-20’ targets

(http://unfccc.int, 2012). Targets include:

• Reduction in EU greenhouse gas emissions of at least 20% below 1990 levels.

• 20% of EU energy consumption to come from renewable resources.

• 20% reduction in primary energy use compared with projected levels, to be

achieved by improving energy efficiency.

1.2.2 The European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS)

The EU ETS, also known as the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme, was the

first large emissions trading scheme in the world (EU-ETS fact sheet, 2013). The

http://unfccc.int/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissions_trading


7

scheme was launched in 2005 to reduce industrial greenhouse gas emissions cost

effectively (European Commission Climate Action, Emissions Trading System).

Under the EU-ETS, large European emitters of CO2 must monitor their CO2 emissions,

and report them annually. They are obliged to pay an amount of emission allowance to

the government equivalent to their CO2 emissions in that year.

1.2.3 The Effort Sharing Decision

The Effort Sharing Decision establishes binding annual greenhouse gas emission targets

for the period 2013–2020. These targets concern emissions from sectors that are not

included in the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). This includes transport,

buildings, agriculture and waste. The Effort Sharing Decision requires 10% reduction

from all sectors not included in the EU-ETS.

Figure 1.6 World CO2 emissions by country (Source: the Ministry of the

Environment, Japan (partially supplemented by UNFCCC data))

http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/ets/index_en.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monitoring

http://www.env.go.jp/en/

http://www.env.go.jp/en/


8

1.3 UK national carbon reduction strategies

Carbon dioxide accounts for 82% of greenhouse gas emissions in the UK (DECC,

2014). The UK Government has taken a number of steps to reduce the UK’s emissions

of greenhouse gases (as agreed in the Kyoto Protocol) through legally binding targets.

1.3.1 UK Climate Change Act

The UK Climate Change Act was introduced in 2008 and established a framework to

develop an economically credible emissions reduction path in the UK as the world’s

first legally binding framework to tackle the climate change (Climate Change Act,

2008). The key aim of the Act is to improve carbon management strategies, helping the

transition towards a low-carbon economy in the UK.

The act sets a legally binding target of at least an 80% cut in greenhouse gas emissions

by 2050 and a reduction in emissions of at least 34% by 2020 against 1990 levels. In

respect of this, the Government has set specific principles to ensure that the policies

contribute effectively to the greenhouse gas reduction targets. Features of these policies

include:

• Setting ‘carbon budgets’1 to limit the amount of greenhouse gases the UK is

allowed to emit over a specified time.

• Using statistics on greenhouse gas emissions and further evidence, analysis and

research to inform energy and climate change policy.

1 Carbon budgeting is designed by UK government to limit the total amount of greenhouse gases that can

be emitted over a 5-year period. It considers the greenhouse gases emitted between now and 2050. Where

emissions rise in one sector, corresponding falls need to be achieved in other sectors to recover the rise.

‘Carbon budgets’ is introduced as part of the Climate Change Act 2008 to help the UK reduce greenhouse

gas emissions by at least 80% by 2050. A 35% greenhouse gas emission reduction is targeted in the

‘carbon budgets’ in the UK by 2027 relative to 2012 levels.


9

• Using the ‘EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS)’ (introduced in section

2.1.3) to deliver a significant proportion of the UK’s carbon emission reductions

between 2013 and 2020.

• Using the ‘2050 Calculator’ which is a tool to let policy makers and the public

explore the different options for meeting the 2050 emissions reduction targets.

1.3.2 UK energy efficiency schemes

The energy efficiency schemes in order to contribute to UK global carbon reduction

targets are introduced by UK Government. Schemes include:

1.3.2.1 UK Green Deal

The Green Deal was a government scheme to reduce the UK’s carbon emissions by

improving the energy efficiency of buildings (the Green Deal Home Improvement

Fund (GDHIF) is closed to new applications). Many buildings in the UK are poorly

insulated and have inefficient heating systems resulting in high energy bills. The

associated energy use is responsible for millions of tonnes of unnecessary CO2 being

released to the atmosphere. Improving the thermal efficiency of buildings is progressing

slowly due to the high capital cost. The Green Deal scheme supports the initiative by

financing thermal efficiency improvements with no upfront cost to the house owner.

The cost of the work is repaid over time from the energy cost savings due to the

efficiency measures.

Despite the unsatisfactory statistics (only 1,612 homes had Green Deal plans in progress

as of December 2013) recent Government reports suggest that more than 150,000

assessments have been carried out since January 2013. The main difficulty though

seems to be quantifying projected energy use reduction and also the confusion caused

by the planning of the scheme between both home owners and the supply chain.

https://www.gov.uk/green-deal-energy-saving-measures/get-money-back-from-the-green-deal-home-improvement-fund

https://www.gov.uk/green-deal-energy-saving-measures/get-money-back-from-the-green-deal-home-improvement-fund


10

1.3.2.2 The Energy Companies Obligation (ECO)

The Energy Companies Obligation (ECO) was a programme administered by Ofgem

(Office of Gas and Electricity Markets) for the UK Government to place legal

obligations on the larger energy suppliers to deliver energy efficiency measures to

domestic energy users from 2013 until 31 March 2015. ECO was designed to work

alongside the Green Deal with a particular focus on vulnerable consumers.

The scheme requires energy suppliers with more than 250,000 domestic customers to

provide free or subsidised home energy efficiency measures in harder-to-treat homes

and to support the installation of efficient boilers.

1.4 Investment on renewable energies

The growth of renewable energies such as solar and wind energy has increased

significantly in the last few decades as renewables are now considered essential toward

achieving the carbon reduction targets. According to the International Energy Agency

(IEA), approximately 22% of world energy is generated using renewables. According to

a report released by IEA in 2013, more than $250 billion has been invested in renewable

energy generation. Investment is still less than UN targets. In April 2014 the United

Nations warned that to mitigate climate change, investment in renewable energies

should be at least three times greater than at present. Although the use of renewable

energies is growing, investment has fallen compared to 2011 when the total investment

reached a peak of $280 billion.

The cost effectiveness of renewable technologies is being questioned. IEA however

argues that the cost of renewable energy generation reduces with scale and that

economic incentives can be used effectively to stimulate growth. The UK renewable

energy roadmap states that the costs of renewable energy technologies are uncertain but

are expected to fall over time as supply chains develop and technical challenges are

overcome (DECC, 2011). This has already happened to solar PVs and costs have fallen

by factor of four over ten years.


11

The European Wind Energy Association believes that if there is any intention by

European countries to achieve energy and carbon security, a minimum of 30%

renewable energy target is required to be defined. The current trend determines a

compelling case for uptake of novel energy thrift technologies and methodologies

through a global determination to tackle climate change (Netherlands Environmental

Assessment Agency, 2012).

1.5 Reducing energy use from the built environment There are compelling rationales for reducing energy use in the built environment. These include:

• Buildings are major contributors to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions

believed to be responsible for climate change

• Carbon based fuel reserves are depleting and alternative energy sources are

proving difficult to develop safely and in sufficient volume to meet demand

• Many countries are faced with major issues of energy security

• Energy costs are increasing prejudicing economic development and raising

concerns regarding fuel poverty

• Future global development and population growth appears likely to exasperate

current issues.

As a consequence in the UK and in most developed countries building standards

increasingly require improved standards of energy thrift. From the perspective of the

construction sector supply chain this means that many existing building systems will

become obsolete on the grounds that they are uncompetitive or unable to meet new

standards, whilst new products with superior performance will become commercially

viable in ways that they are not at present. This research addresses the need to identify

when products will experience ‘death’ and ‘birth’ points in relation to progressively

changing standards.

According to the IEA (International Energy Agency), the building sector represents

around 30-40% of the world’s final energy consumption, and is a significant contributor

to CO2 emissions (CO2 being a key metric and currently accepted proxy for greenhouse


12

gas emissions in the built environment). The overall global position is echoed in the

European Union where buildings account for 40% of energy consumption and 36% of

CO2 emissions (Buildings Energy Data book, 2006), (US Department of Energy and

Annual Energy Review, 2007). In the UK the position is slightly worse than the

European average with buildings accounting for approximately 45% of total CO2

emissions (27% from the domestic sector and 18% from the non-domestic sector), with

energy principally being used for space heating and cooling, water heating and lighting.

Figure 1. 7 Final energy consumption in the world (Source: IEA 2012)

1.5.1 Existing buildings The majority of buildings that will be in use in 2050 have already been constructed

(UNEP 2009, Carbon trust 2007) and will generally have lower standards of energy

thrift than buildings constructed to current standards, and buildings that will be

constructed to future standards. Whilst therefore the performance standards against

which new buildings are designed are important, effective strategies need to be found

for improving the existing stock, and it may reasonably be anticipated that future

government policies will reflect this.

Whilst progress is being made in reducing carbon, it is not yet commensurate with the

scale of the transformation required to ensure transition to a low carbon built


13

environment (in line with international carbon reduction targets). Detailed issues

associated with the necessary transition vary between sectors.

1.5.1.1 Residential sector

According to the Office for National Statistics, almost 40% of the housing stock in

England and Wales was built before 1944 with 23% and 33% respectively built before

1919. Scotland’s and Northern Ireland’s housing stock are slightly newer on average,

with only a third built before 1944, and nearly half of the stock (47%) built since 1965

(The UK State of Housing, 2000).

In England, only 50% of post-1990 dwellings have insulated cavities or over 150mm of

loft insulation. The relative figures for pre 1944 dwellings are 28% and 40%

respectively (UK national statistics, 2010). Whilst thermal retrofitting of existing

buildings appears under-represented, in 2010 over 400,000 existing homes in the UK

received cavity wall insulation (11 million since 1990) and over 1 million received loft

insulation (9 million since 1990) (DECC 2011) and major Government sponsored

schemes are beginning to appear aimed at promoting more general retrofitting (for

example ‘Green Deal’ see Chapter 3).

1.5.1.2 Non–residential sector

17% of UK emissions come from non-domestic buildings. Of these only 2% are less

than five years old and a large proportion of the remaining stock is characterised by

poor standards of energy performance. Around 31% of existing non-domestic buildings

were completed prior to 1939, 46% between 1940-1985 and 23% from 1985 onwards

(Carbon trust, 2009). It has been estimated that 80% of all existing commercial

buildings would be rated below C using the Energy Performance Certificate scale

(Caleb Management Services, 2010).

In the case of industrial buildings, currently, only about 30% of the annual market for

profiled roofing and cladding is used for refurbishment, representing just 1-2% of the


14

existing ‘cladding area’ in the UK. At these rates, and recognising the inaccuracies and

uncertainties of future trends, it may reasonably be expected that replacement of 50% of

the existing building stock with upgraded systems compliant with current and future

building standards is likely to take a period of the order of 100 years. Better and more

effective thermal retrofit strategies may accelerate this transformation.

1.5.2 New buildings

1.5.2.1 Residential buildings There were an estimated 23.2 million dwellings in England and Wales at the end of

March 2013, an increase of 125000 dwellings (0.54% of the total existing homes) on the

previous year (Office for National Statistics). In 2007 the UK Government set a target

of increasing the supply of housing to 240,000 additional homes per year (1% of the

total existing homes) by 2016 (Health, 2014). Whilst such targets are currently not

being met carbon reduction in this sector is important given the large numbers of

buildings in the category.

1.5.2.2 Non-residential buildings According to the UK Green Building Council, there are 1.8 million non-domestic

buildings in the UK. The energy used by non-domestic buildings accounts for

approximately 18% of UK carbon emissions. Again, given the large size of the sector,

energy saving potential is considerable. Estimations suggest that measures in non-

domestic buildings could potentially save 18MtCO2 by 2020 and 86 MtCO2 by 2050,

depending upon the level at which the carbon reduction measures are adopted (LCICG,

2012). Furthermore the sector is anticipated to grow substantially. By 2050 total UK

non-domestic floor area is predicted to increase by 35% (DCLG, 2013).


15

1.6 Effective whole life carbon reduction

While the UK CO2 emissions have dropped by 26% in the past 20 years, research

carried out at the University of Leeds has demonstrated that underlying emissions are

rising as the burdens associated with goods imported from countries such as China are

omitted from current calculations. Research suggests that the 194 M tonnes CO2

emission reduction claimed by the UK in 2012 (compared with 1990 levels) has been

outweighed by a rise of 280M tonnes CO2 associated with imported goods to the UK

(Scott and Barrett, 2015).

UK Regulations have so far tended to focus on reducing the operational energy of

buildings. As a consequence better and more effective technologies (including improved

insulation levels, energy efficient lighting, heat recovery systems, and renewable

technologies) have reduced operational energy but have tended to increase embodied

energy as a result of increased material usage in areas such as insulation. Issues are

therefore emerging as to the validity of the approach and methods to facilitate more

comprehensive appraisal are likely to be required in the future, and are the broad

concern of this thesis.

Carbon reduction strategies in the future will need to adopt ‘whole life’ perspectives

taking full account of all aspects of energy including operational carbon and the energy

associated with the extraction, processing, manufacture and transportation of the

materials and products that constitute the building (known as embodied energy). This is

evident in various research studying the significance of including embodied carbon into

carbon reduction equations. The literature includes:

The Low Carbon Construction Innovation and Growth Team (IGT) final report in 2010

provides a series of recommendations aiming at supporting the UK government’s

transition to a low carbon economy. The report considers embodied CO2 as a

progressively more important aspect of effective carbon reduction strategies. The IGT

(2010) states:

Recommendation 2.1: That as soon as a sufficiently rigorous assessment system

is in place, the Treasury should introduce into the Green Book a requirement to


16

conduct a whole-life (embodied + operational) carbon appraisal and that this is

factored into feasibility studies on the basis of a realistic price for carbon.

Recommendation 2.2: That the industry should agree with Government a standard

method of measuring embodied carbon for use as a design tool and for the

purposes of scheme appraisal.

Also the ‘Embodied Carbon Industry Task Force Recommendations’ report by Guy

Battle, 2014, recommends to the Government that:Embodied Carbon be included as an

Allowable Solution within the Zero Carbon Building Regulations for both Homes and

Commercial Development. It also suggests that Government should support and fund

the development of a UK wide materials database (similar to those developed in

Germany and the Netherlands), the development and upkeep of the WRAP Buildings

Database, include whole life carbon emission in the Building Regulations and support

further research on the benefits of managing and reducing embodied carbon.

Also internationally, there are several studies considering and suggesting a whole life

carbon approach for reducing carbon emissions from the building sector. This includes:

The Athena Sustainable Materials Institute which is a non-profit research collaborative

considers whole life carbon approaches as the effective approach. The Athena SMI

offers green labelling programs to reduce the carbon footprints in the production and

consumption of construction materials considering a whole life carbon approach.

The US Institute for Passive House (PHIUS) has also undertaken a comprehensive

study considering whole life views (cost and carbon) of achieving ‘Passive house’ level

efficiencies. The embodied CO2 of buildings constructed under Passivehaus standards

has also been studied in several studies including McHendry (2013) and the results

suggest that embodied CO2 accounts for approximately 25% of the estimated lifetime

energy demand of a house.

The UK Government is acknowledging the significance of embodied carbon and this

research is intended to support improved practice. It suggests that combined embodied

and operational CO2 approaches should logically be the basis of all strategic decision

making.


17

This research has therefore addressed the use of combined operational and embodied

carbon approaches as means of providing true life cycle carbon appraisals for low and

zero carbon building technologies.

1.7 Aim and objectives of the research

The aim of this research is to establish an assessment methodology for appraising the

commercial and carbon advantages of new low and zero carbon building technologies.

This will enable manufacturers and producers to assess their potential and

competitiveness with established products, on grounds of combined operational and

embodied CO2 and in terms of cost effectiveness.

The objectives in support of the aim are to:

1. Identify and review current new product development demands relating to low and

zero carbon building technologies and the economic cases on which they are based.

2. Identify optimal approaches to:

a. Assessing the relative financial competitiveness of comparator new and existing

products based on ‘first’ and ‘life cycle’ cost (using appropriate future value

discounting procedures).

b. Quantifying relative carbon efficiencies of new products for low and zero carbon

buildings based on computer modelling and best practice modelling assumptions.

This identifies ‘death points’ beyond which existing products become obsolete as

new products present definitive advantages on the basis of carbon.

c. Determining the physical limitations of comparator products such that financial

and carbon comparisons are considered only where there is genuine product

competition, and the limits of technologies are fully recognised.


18

3. Apply the methodology to a series of selected case studies of novel low and zero

carbon building technologies and identify the threshold where these technologies will

present financial advantage (in relation to energy costs), or carbon advantage (in

relation to meeting tightening regulations for energy thrift).

4. Develop an Excel-based assessment tool based on the proposed methodology

(Chapter 8).

1.8 Structure of thesis

An overview of the Chapters is as follows in this section.

Chapter 1 provided an overview of the environmental concerns that are driving the

energy and carbon reduction targets. Aim and objectives of the research were defined in

Chapter 1.

Chapter 2 reviews the improvement of the thermal performance standards within

Building Regulations since 1985 and determines the limits of existing regulatory

approaches concerning the combined approach.

Chapter 3 reviews the available approaches concerning cost and carbon quantification

methods.

Chapter 4, Informed by the available approaches reviewed in Chapter 3, describes the

assessment methodology used in the course of this research. The buildings analysed in

accordance with this methodology and the assumptions used to assess a series of case

studies of low and zero carbon building technologies is also described.

Chapter 5 investigates the effect of adding embodied CO2 to carbon reduction analyses

associated with a highly insulated building envelope comparing mainstream

conventional insulation materials with novel insulation materials for new and thermally

retrofitted domestic and non-domestic buildings.

19

Chapter 6 presents the Life Cycle Costing analysis associated with the building fabric

energy efficiency investigated in Chapter 5.

Chapter 7 determines the maximum level of carbon reductions achievable through a

combination of fabric energy efficiency and onsite low and zero carbon solutions. The

analyses will include industrial and office buildings as exemplar building types for

application of the methodology.

Chapter 8 describes the development of an Excel-based assessment tool which has

been developed to enable manufacturers to determine the most cost effective ways of

achieving zero carbon non-domestic buildings using different design scenarios and

service lives.

Chapter 9 presents the thesis conclusions and recommendations for further research.

2


20

CHAPTER 2: Regulatory Approaches to Anthropogenic Gas

Emission Reduction Chapter 1 reviewed the UK, EU and international targets for the reduction of

anthropogenic carbon and Greenhouse Gas emissions necessitating fundamental

changes to the ways that buildings are designed and operated. This chapter provides an

overview of how the thermal performance standards within Building Regulations have

been improved since 1985 and determines the limits of existing regulatory approaches

concerning the combined operational and embodied CO2.

2.1 Introduction

There is a strong argument being made by the Government for regulating at the point of

design. The cost of upgrading buildings after construction, aggregated with their initial

construction cost is much higher than designing to an appropriate initial standard. As

the price of energy rises, the cost of running less efficient buildings increases

significantly, but technologies are effectively locked in and difficult to replace at

acceptable cost. Improving the thermal performance could prove difficult subsequently

(DCLG, 2013).

Apart from very energy intensive industries, the overall consumption patterns of

businesses are generally not hugely affected by energy bills, reducing the incentive to

pay for a highly carbon efficient building. Application of energy reduction measures in

existing commercial buildings is affected by the split incentive between landlords and

tenants. Tenants are usually reluctant to invest on improving energy efficiency measures

due to the short lease periods and owners are only obliged to improve the energy

efficiency of buildings that are rated below E of Energy Performance Certificate (EPC)

(Energy Act 2011).


21

The Government has gathered evidence (DCLG, 2013) showing that the market will not

make the required changes voluntarily even with the influence of market-focused

policies such as the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) and the CRC. The

Government therefore, legislated the building related regulations to reduce the carbon

emissions associated with new and retrofitted domestic and non-domestic buildings as

an integrated part of the overall carbon reduction targets.

2.2 Building Regulations

The first mandatory Building Regulations, enforced by local authorities, were

introduced in 1966. These were revised in 1972 and then again in 1976. The 1985

Building Regulations were the first to include the modern system of building control

(Strickland, 2014). In 1984 the Building Act, changed the form of regulations

introducing a system of Approved Documents (England & Wales) and Technical

Standards (Scotland and Northern Ireland). This defined those subject to statutory

control (McAdam, 2007).

Building Regulations through Approved Documents support fourteen technical ‘Parts’

including; structural safety, fire safety, resistance to contaminants and moisture, toxic

substance, resistance to sound, ventilation, sanitation, drainage and waste disposal, heat

producing appliances, protection from falling, conservation of fuel and power, access to

use of buildings, glazing safety (only relevant to Wales) and electrical safety together

with Regulation 7 (workmanship and materials) (available at:

http://www.planningportal.gov.uk).

The energy and carbon reduction targets are set for each type of building individually in

Part L (Conservation of Fuel and Power) of the Building Regulations through which

planned reductions are expected to be achieved.


22

2.2.1 Building Regulations Part L

The Building Regulations Part L2 introduces targets to reduce carbon emissions per

square meter by a certain percentage with respect to those of a notional building defined

in previous version of the Building Regulations (Building Regulations Part L, 2010).

The calculation procedure includes space heating and cooling, hot water and fixed

lighting and pertains to all types of buildings including new and substantially modified

existing, domestic and non-domestic.

2.2.2 How Building Regulations evolved

The thermal performance standards set by Building Regulations have been

progressively improved in each revision since 1985.

Historically, the Building Regulations simply prescribed minimum level of thermal

performance for each building element individually. Factors such as the ratio of

building volume to surface area were not acknowledged. Also good performance in one

area could not be offset against weaker performance in another. Given that only

relatively low standards of thermal engineering were required, such principles were

generally adequate.

More recently however, codes and regulations have evolved to better address total

carbon reductions. The new approach allows good performance in one area to offset

2 Part L of the Building Regulations controls: insulation requirements limitation of openings of the building fabric (door and window apertures) solar heating and heat gains to structures heating mechanical ventilation and air conditioning systems lighting efficiency space heating controls air permeability solar emission the certification, testing and commissioning of heating and ventilation systems requirements for energy meters


23

lesser performance in other areas. Whilst flexible methods have been introduced,

minimum backstop U-Values3 have also been applied to key building elements (Table

2.1).

Table 2.1 Changes in thermal performance standards of Building Regulations since

1985

Element

1985 1991 2002

2006 2010 2013

Notional

Building

Backstop

value

Notional

Building

Backstop

value

Notional

Building

Backstop

value

Wall

(W/m2.K) 0.45 0.45 0.35 0.35 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.18 0.3

Roof

(W/m2.K) 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.35 0.13 0.2 0.13 0.2

Floor

(W/m2.K) 0.45 0.35 0.25 0.25 0.7 0.2 0.25 0.13 0.25

Windows

(W/m2.K) - 3 2.2 2.2 3.3 1.5 2 1.4 2

In 2010, differentiated performance standards were presented to the regulations, with

targets differing according to building type (sizes of buildings and different occupancy

patterns), on grounds of their respective carbon reduction potential. This allowed

standards to be flexible without forcing reduction levels for which the cost-effective

approaches were not available.

In the case of housing for example, apartments and mid-terrace houses have lower

external floor/wall/roof area per dwelling (and thus lower conductive heat loss through

the building fabric) than semi-detached and detached houses. This change maximises

the level of carbon reduction that can be achieved cost effectively.

The change away from prescriptive standards (strictly defined building element thermal

specifications) to total carbon reduction target based approaches, poses important issues

for the effective engineering of building technologies. For example, building envelope

systems that incorporate thermal insulation have historically been matched to the U-

3 U-value, is the total amount of heat loss (in watts) per square metre of building element (for example wall, roof, floor etc.) when the temperature (k) outside is at least one degree lower.


24

values required by building regulations, and the specification of these components

would be adjusted with consecutive iterations of building regulations. Currently

however, only backstop values are standard and specifiers of building envelopes are

able to design to any U-value equal to or exceeding these. Identification of optimised

insulation values for standard building envelope products is therefore difficult. This

allows design and construction flexibility to meet a host of economic, functional and

architectural criteria but is a more complex paradigm for manufacturers to address.

2.2.3 Meeting the carbon reduction targets

Building Regulations have sought to reduce the energy needs of new buildings, and

buildings subject to major alterations, by setting performance standards. Their approach

has been to focus on ‘operational energy’ whilst ignoring ‘embodied energy’.

2.2.3.1 Operational energy/carbon

Operational energy is the amount of energy consumed during the ‘in-use’ phase of

building operation. Operational energy can be considered as comprising two parts,

‘regulated’ and ‘unregulated’. Only regulated energy is considered by Building

Regulations and refers principally to the energy used for heating, hot water, cooling,

and fixed lighting. Unregulated energy includes that used by appliances such as

televisions, cookers, computers and fridges and most ‘small power’ applications.

Regulated operational energy consumption is influenced by factors such as: hours of

operation, occupation levels, building use and occupant behaviour.

2.2.3.2 Embodied energy/carbon

‘Embodied energy’ can be defined as ‘the sum of the energy requirements associated,

directly or indirectly, with the delivery of a good or service’ (Cleveland & Morris,

2009). In practice however, there are various methods of defining embodied energy

contingent on the chosen boundaries of the study. The three most common options are:


25

cradle-to-gate, cradle-to-site, and cradle-to-grave (Tingley & Davison, 2011) (refer

Chapter 3, Section 2.1 for definitions).

Embodied energy can be converted to embodied carbon using the same conversion

factors as cited in relation to operational energy. For the purposes of this study

‘embodied Carbon’ is defined to include all CO2 and CO2-equivalent emissions

associated with the above definitions (viz: cradle-to-gate, cradle-to-site, and cradle-to-

grave) excluding those associated with operational carbon as defined above.

Embodied/operational carbon and embodied/operational CO2 have been used

interchangeably in this research. Embodied carbon therefore includes burdens such as

those associated with resource extraction, transportation, and processing, and potentially

with delivery, installation, and end-of-life treatments, disposal, incineration and

recycling. Embodied carbon can also refer to the indirect emission of carbon related to

the chemical reactions in the manufacturing stages of materials such as cement (when

calcium carbonate is thermally decomposed, lime and carbon dioxide is produced).

In the 1980s operational carbon of buildings was assumed to be around ten times greater

than their embodied carbon burdens. However, as building energy efficiencies have

improved this ratio has shifted very considerably. Regulatory requirements together

with the increased use of renewables as energy sources have reduced operational carbon

whilst embodied carbon has remained essentially unchanged (apart potentially from that

associated with increased insulation). This trend appears likely to continue. If so, future

low and zero carbon buildings will achieve relative parity between operational and

embodied carbon (RICS, 2012).

Figure 2. 1 Likely embodied to operational carbon proportion for future buildings

For example, according to the RICS Information Paper ‘Methodology to Calculate the

Embodied Carbon of Materials), the embodied carbon of materials and products


26

accounted for more than a third of the total carbon emissions associated with housing

(built to 2006 Building Regulations requirements) over a 30 year service life. This

figure will have increased further under current design codes. Similarly, the ratio of

embodied carbon to operational carbon for office buildings is around 1:3, and 1:5 for

typical supermarkets where the operational carbon needs are particularly high.

Given the shift that has occurred, it is arguably no longer justifiable to consider energy

efficiency in terms of ‘Operational Carbon only’. In order to properly assess carbon

burdens, it is the contention of this study that a whole-life carbon accounting method

must be applied. It would appear entirely reasonable to suppose that such methods will

be a feature of future carbon appraisals, and indeed that consideration of Embodied

Carbon may appear, in some form, in regulations potentially including Building

Regulations.

2.2.3.3 Carbon intensity and energy to carbon conversion factors

Energy can be converted to carbon but the conversion depends on the energy source

since some sources of energy are more carbon intensive than others. Different

conversion factors therefore apply to different energy sources, for example fossil fuels

will have a far higher embodied carbon burdens than those of renewable energies such

as wind or hydroelectric power. The associated carbon intensity of different sources of

energy can affect the potential carbon savings when considering application of low and

zero carbon solutions to buildings.

This research assumes Defra’s 2015 energy to carbon conversion factors as follows:

• Natural gas: 0.184 kgCO2/kWh

• Electricity: 0.462 kgCO2/kWh

Conversion factors (expressed as kg carbon dioxide equivalents), are available at:

www.ukconversionfactorscarbonsmart.co.uk.

The UK electricity conversion factor fluctuates from year to year as the fuel mix

consumed in UK power stations (and auto-generators) and the proportion of net


27

imported electricity changes. These annual changes can be large as the factor depends

very heavily on the relative proportion of coal and natural gas as well as fluctuations in

peak demand and renewables. For example, in the 2014 GHG conversion factors there

was an 11% increase in the UK electricity factor from the previous year due to the

significant increase in coal powered electricity generation share in 2012. In 2015

however, the factor has decreased (versus 2014) by 6.5% which is due to a decrease in

coal powered electricity generation in 2013.

Note that Current conversion factors in the UK are in favour of technologies that save

electricity comparing with gas saving technologies. Electric heating systems for

instance could potentially result in different carbon savings. Also the analyses presented

in chapter 7, can be different if the carbon intensity of the source of electricity

generation is lower than fossil fuels i.e., from renewable energies such as wind or

hydroelectric powers.

This study assumes natural gas for heating and hot water systems and electricity for

lighting as the most common sources of heating and electricity consumption in the UK.

Cooling is not included in the analysis.

2.3 Total carbon (combined operational and embodied carbon) approach; the likely future requirement

At present, UK building regulations, and comparable international regulations largely

ignore embodied energy/carbon, but for the reasons already noted in the context of true

low carbon design this lack of consideration appears irrational.

This can be due to the unreliability or/and inconsistency of existing databases. The UK

Green Building Council 2015 report on ‘tackling embodied carbon from buildings’

suggests that the complexity of embodied carbon data arises from the fact that sources

of accurate and exhaustive data are based on different parameters of assessment. Carbon

factors for materials/products consider different end of life boundaries i.e., ‘cradle to

gate’, ‘cradle to grave’ and ‘cradle to cradle’. The report suggests ensuring consistency


28

of data throughout the analysis before a comprehensive and consistent database is

developed.

Proper consideration of embodied carbon will potentially have a significant effect upon

building specifications. Many common conventional products with high embodied

carbon may well become obsolete in the context of true low carbon design, being

superseded by products with lower embodied carbon but with comparable performance

characteristics. Insulation is perhaps the most obvious area in this regard (where low

U-values are required, the embodied CO2 of conventional insulation materials can

significantly offset the operational CO2 benefits, or cause a net CO2 disbenefit), but the

logic applies broadly across all areas of building specification.

Whilst there is an essentially linear relationship between U-values and heat losses

through building fabric, embodied carbon tends to increase in an accelerating fashion as

levels of insulation increase. Figure 2.2 describes a typical relationship between

operational CO2 emissions and U-value for a selected building example (a 3000m2

industrial warehouse in southern England). The operational CO2 is positively correlated

only to thermal conductance (i.e. the graph is independent of the insulation material

used).

Figure 2.2 Example of typical linear relationship between CO2 emissions associated with operational carbon, and envelope U-value.

0

4

8

12

16

20

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

U-value (W/m2 K)

Oper

atio

nal C

O 2 (k

g CO

2/m2 /yr

)


29

In contrast, embodied carbon profiles are neither linear, nor independent of insulation

material as:

a. required insulation thicknesses increase progressively more steeply as U-value is

reduced, and

b. embodied carbon and thermal conductivity of individual insulation materials

vary considerably. For example the embodied CO2 of polyurethane (PUR) is

3.48 kgCO2/kg and k-value 0.025 W/mK whilst those of mineral wool are 1.2

kgCO2/kg and 0.04 W/mK.

Figure 2.3 illustrates a typical curve for embodied CO2 (in this case associated with

PUR insulation), and also the combined operational and embodied CO2 arising for a

notional building. The key feature is that the aggregate of a linear and non-linear

relationship is by definition non-linear. Reductions in combined operational and

embodied CO2 become considerably more difficult to achieve as insulation thicknesses

increase. This introduces ‘death points’ for conventional insulation materials and ‘birth

points’ for novel products that offer significant advantages on grounds of carbon

efficiency.

The concept of ‘Death point’ is for the first time developed in this study and is defined

as the point beyond which carbon disbenefit occurs. In case of insulation material ‘death

point’ can be defined as the thickness of insulation beyond which the amount of

embodied carbon associated with thicker panel exceeds the related operational savings.

This can vary for different building types and operational scenarios but is within a range

of thicknesses that seem entirely possible to be the requirement of regulations in future.

Death point for other low and zero carbon building technologies is defined as the point

at which the carbon payback period is beyond the acceptable norms i.e., varying

depending on the related service lives.

‘Birth point’ in context is referring to the same concept as ‘death point’ but is defined as

the point at which the conventional solutions fail to comply with regulations and the

development of new novel solutions is required. The development and availability of

effective new low carbon building technologies is strategically important toward


30

achieving carbon reduction targets. Delivering new products to market however requires

significant investment and it is essential that the management and timing of research

and development (informed by death/birth point analyses), and subsequent

commercialisation is correct.

The graph for the notional building indicates an optimum thickness for PUR insulation

of approximately 260mm based on certain assumptions (including a 25 year service life

and typical building operation criteria). This equates to a U-value approximating 0.09

W/m2K. Curves of this nature tend to flatten as service life increases or as a result of the

use of lower embodied CO2 insulation. Both of these factors increase the optimum

insulation thicknesses. Conversely, if service life is decreased, or higher embodied CO2

insulation materials are used, optimum insulation thickness decreases.

Figure 2.3 Example of typical non-linear relationship between embodied CO2 (and

combined embodied and operational CO2) based on PUR insulation.

2.3.1 Previous work concerning total carbon approaches

Malmqvist et al, (2011), investigated the use of LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) methods

in buildings. According to their research, LCA is currently used to a very limited extent

in the building sector, mainly because making an LCA evaluation of buildings demands

handling large datasets and this has to be adaptable to the different decisions taken

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

PUR insulation thickness (mm)

CO2 e

mis

sion

s (k

g CO

2/m2 /y

ear)

PUR Embodied CO2

Operational CO2

Total CO2


31

throughout the life cycle of the building. They propose a simplified methodology that

adopts a systematic approach guiding the user through the Life Cycle process and

clarifying key issues such as choice of assessment tool, definition of system boundaries

and options for simplifying the process. In a similar approach, Dixit et al, 2012,

provided a literature review of the current embodied CO2 standards and determined

current interpretations of embodied CO2 to be unclear and embodied CO2 databases to

suffer from problems of variation and incomparability. They contended that current

LCA standards fail to provide complete guidance.

Yohanis and Norton (2002) discuss that improved energy efficiency measures make

embodied carbon considerations increasingly important. It is discussed that reliable and

accurate embodied carbon data is not easily accessible to do the wide variation in the

data available. The variations of life-cycle operational and embodied carbon and capital

cost as a function of building parameters (such as glazing ratio and insulation levels) are

explored in their study.

Gustavsson and Joelsson, (2010) analysed primary energy use and CO2 emissions

associated with the production and operation of conventional and low-energy residential

buildings. They demonstrated that for conventional and low-energy buildings, the

primary energy use for production can be up to 45% and 60% respectively, of total

whole life energy needs, depending on the energy supply system.

Rossi et al (2012) dealt with the development of a basic tool for life cycle assessment of

residential buildings located in three different European towns. The tool focused on the

structure and the materials of the buildings and permitted evaluation of the embodied

carbon and yearly energy consumption. The tool took account of factors such as

monthly temperatures, energy mix, heating and cooling systems.

Blengini and Di Carlo (2009) conducted a detailed life cycle assessment analysis

comparing the energy consumption of a low energy house with that of a house built to

comply with legal standard insulation in northern Italy. Whilst the operational carbon

consumption of the low energy house was one tenth of that of the conventionally

specified house (1:10), they demonstrated that factoring in the embodied CO2 of

materials and systems, shifted this ratio to 1:2.


32

Thormak (2002) studied the effect of material choice and recycling potential on the total

energy needs of a building. It was demonstrated that embodied energy accounted for

45% of total energy demand of a very energy efficient apartment housing in Sweden (45

KWh/m2) over a 50 year buiding life. The study demonstrated that through material

substitution, embodied carbon could be decreased by approximately 17% or increased

by about 6%.

Monahan and Powell (2010), Ramesh et al (2010), Yan and Zheng (2011) and Hacker et

al (2008) also carried out life cycle energy studies combining operational and embodied

carbon.

None of the existing approaches reviewed, investigated how the inclusion of embodied

CO2 into total carbon equations can push the use of mainstream conventional building

technologies to their ‘death points’ where the development of new solutions are vital

toward achieving the carbon reduction targets.

2.4 Financial justification of effective new low and zero carbon building technologies

Whilst it is very complicated to predict the future trend of the energy prices, it is highly

likely that energy prices will continue their generally upward trend in the future

(www.worldwatch.org, 2015), (www.carbonbrief.org, 2015), (www.ukpower.co.uk,

2015). Building owners therefore should logically plan ‘future-proofing’ the operational

costs of their buildings by committing to required or better than required thermal

standards in the regulations.

However, as many conventional insulation materials are proved to be unable to achieve

the anticipated performance standards due to their high associated embodied CO2, better

performing low and zero carbon solutions are required to contribute to carbon reduction

targets effectively.

http://www.worldwatch.org/

http://www.carbonbrief.org/

http://www.ukpower.co.uk/


33

There is a recognised concept, supported by suppliers and manufacturers of construction

products, of ‘market pull’ supported by ‘technology push’. ‘Technology push’ is

facilitated by products and systems that have potential to deliver better building

technologies, but which require market acceptance and demand in order to become

established. Technically the approach may be feasible but there isn’t enough market

potential for it. On the other hand, ‘market pull’ represents the genuine need for

products that satisfy demands but the available solutions fail to fully satisfy. The market

pull will drive the translation of viable technology into commercialisable products.

Products, for which there is current limited economic or other demand, may well form

the basis of future innovation as requirements create demand. Conventional 1960s

products and techniques in much of Europe such as compressed strawboard roofing

panels, steel framed single glazed windows and cementitious roof sheeting have given

over to alternative products such as insulated roof decks, thermally broken double

glazing systems and composite cladding panels. Revisions to regulations and

subsequent demand for improved performance have driven this change.

2.5 Conclusion

New products that can potentially replace conventional solutions have to be developed

and introduced in a way that is aligned to demand (market pull), and at a point where

they become commercially viable (Kennedy, Whiteman and Van den Ende, 2013),

(Davey, 2013). Accurately identifying this point is difficult as the demand is often a

consequence of regulation, and the relative competitive advantages that exist between

comparator products and solutions at any given time. Providers must therefore be

equipped to analyse regulatory frameworks in relation to existing and proposed

comparator offerings in order to inform their strategic planning processes.

Therefore in conclusion it seems to be essential that an assessment methodology is

developed through which the ‘death points’ of existing technologies can be determined

and the use of new technologies justified on grounds of both carbon efficiency and cost

effectiveness. Within this, any methodology must take into account the technical


34

feasibilities and manufacturing constraints that apply in order to ensure the practical

feasibility of assessments. Technologies are generally limited by a range of performance

or manufacturing constraints which establish ‘bounds of applicability’ for the

technology. Broadly, these may be characterised as upper and lower thresholds beyond

which the technology becomes insecure or unsuitable. For example, a basic timber beam

can span distances up to 4.5m, beyond which deflection and strength criteria will

become excessive. Limitations of this kind establish zones within which a product is

potentially competitive and consideration of the product outside of these limits is

inappropriate.

Simply stated, assessment methodologies should take account of:

• Carbon efficiency

• Economic and financial viability

• Technical constraints

35

3

CHAPTER 3: Available Cost and Carbon Quantification

Approaches

As has been discussed in Chapter 2, cost and carbon quantifications need to be

considered in the developing methodology. Available methods therefore need to be

reviewed and the most appropriate approaches adopted.

The following chapter hence, provides an overview of the available approaches

concerning cost and carbon quantification methods.

3.1 Available cost and carbon quantification methods

A comprehensive literature search has been conducted to investigate the current

available ‘whole life’ cost and carbon quantification approaches.

Available approaches include:

3.2 Life cycle approaches

These include the tools, programs and procedures used to support decisions based on

whole life analysis. They are principally categorised into two main groups: practical and

analytical approaches.

Practical life cycle approaches are designed to translate theory from the use of analytical

tools into practices such as policy programs, corporate programs and procedural tools.

Analytical approaches are used to assess the effects of planned decisions or

improvement scenarios made on a project. These approaches include analytical tools

CHAPTER 3: Available Cost and Carbon Quantification Approaches

36

such as Life Cycle Costing (LCC) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) which are of

interest to this research (UNEP, 2005).

3.2.1 Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a whole life approach aimed at investigating the

variable range of environmental impacts associated with products and services in order

to improve processes, support policies and provide an effective basis for informed

decision making (Brander, 2013). LCA approaches can specify the environmental

consequences of products or services from cradle (extraction of raw materials) to gate

(relevant processes to the factory doors), or cradle to grave (the end of life stages).

The LCA approaches have in the last decade become standard procedures for exploring

the environmental impacts of construction products and materials. Their origins

however can be traced back to analyses carried out in the 1960s and 70s aimed at

optimizing direct energy consumption. The technique was then developed to take

account of raw material consumption and emissions along the full ‘life cycle’ of a

product, from material extraction and processing, to manufacturing and installation and

the end-of-life stages. LCA is now standardised by ISO norms 14040-14044, and,

specifically for the construction sector, by the European standards EN 158044 and EN

159785.

Based on a survey of LCA practitioners carried out in 2006 (Cooper and Feva, 2006),

LCA is mostly used to support business strategy (18%), R&D (18%), as input to

product or process design (15%), in education (13%) and for labeling or product

declarations (11%).

The use of LCA for ISO Type III labels called Environmental Product Declarations is

also growing considerably (Singh and Bakshi, 2009). An environmental declaration is

defined in ISO 14025 as ‘quantified environmental data for a product with pre-set

4 Published in 2012 by the European Committee for standardisation (CEN), EN 15804 is part of a suite of standards for the assessment of the sustainability of construction works at product and building levels. 5 Sustainability of construction works - Assessment of environmental performance of buildings (calculation methods).


37

categories of parameters based on the ISO 14040 series of standards, but not excluding

additional environmental information’ (Environdec.com, 2014).

Third-party certified LCA-based labels also are more recently providing an important

basis for assessing the relative environmental merits of products and providing

credibility in industry competitiveness. Independent certification can demonstrate

companies’ dedication to environmentally friendlier products (SGS, 2013).

The ISO 14040 describes the limitations of a LCA approach as:

• The nature of choices and assumptions made in LCA (e.g. system boundary

setting, selection of data sources and impact categories) may be subjective.

• Models used for inventory analysis or to assess environmental impacts are

limited by their assumptions, and may not be available for all potential impacts

or applications.

• Results of LCA studies focused on global and regional issues may not be

appropriate for local applications, i.e. local conditions might not be adequately

represented by regional or global conditions.

• The accuracy of LCA studies may be limited by accessibility or availability of

relevant data, or by data quality, e.g. gaps, types of data, aggregation, and

average site-specific.

• The lack of spatial and temporal dimensions in the inventory data used for

impact assessment introduces uncertainty in impact results. This uncertainty

varies with the spatial and temporal characteristics of each impact category.

The limitations stated by the ISO 14040 implies that he accuracy of any LCA analysis

including embodied carbon can only be as good as the data available for embodied

carbon measures. Comparing results of different LCA studies therefore is only possible

if the assumptions, context of study and embodied carbon sources are the consistent.


38

3.2.1.1 System boundaries

System boundaries define the processes which are included/excluded in a LCA or

embodied carbon study. Different factors can be considered in a system boundary

amongst which, determining the end of life stages within the system boundary are

particularly important. Common examples of the end of life stage approaches include

‘cradle-to-gate’, ‘cradle-to-cradle’, ‘gate-to-gate’ and ‘cradle-to-grave’ (Figure 3.1).

System boundaries and specifically end of life stages need to be defined clearly when

undertaking comparative LCA or embodied carbon assessments.

Cradle-to-grave

Cradle-to-grave is the full Life Cycle Assessment from raw resource extraction (cradle)

to use and disposal phases (grave). For instance paper (produced from trees) can be

reused as low energy recycled insulation, thus operational carbon savings can be

considered against embodied carbon associated with the production of the material. In

this form of analysis all energy inputs and outputs are considered across all phases of

the life cycle.

Cradle-to-cradle (closed loop production)

Cradle-to-cradle is a type of cradle-to-grave assessment, where the end-of-life disposal

stage for the product is a recycling process.. Recycling helps effective reduction of the

environmental impacts of products and materials.

Cradle-to-gate

Cradle-to-gate is a partial assessment of a product life cycle from resource extraction

(cradle) to the factory gate (i.e., before it is delivered to the consumer). The use phase

and disposal phase of the product are omitted from cradle-to-gate assessment, hence it

has limitations. However the technique is highly useful, for instance in situations where

transportation from factory to point of use is impossible to predict or is highly variable.

The majority of the available embodied carbon databases include cradle-to-gate values.


39

Gate-to-gate

Gate-to-gate is a partial LCA looking at only the ‘manufacturing’ stage of the whole life

processes. Gate-to-gate analysis results may also be linked in their appropriate

production chain to form a complete cradle-to-gate assessment (Jiménez-González et al,

2000).

Figure 3.1 End of life scenarios

3.2.1.2 Quantifying embodied and operational carbon

As it has been discussed in Chapter 2, the UK Building Regulations and comparable

international regulations pay little attention to embodied energy. As the required

standards become more demanding this lack of consideration becomes increasingly

concerning. The proposed methodology will include quantification of carbon emissions

as an integral part of the combined operational and embodied analysis. An effective and

accurate means of quantifying both the operational and embodied components is

therefore required.

Available approaches for quantifying embodied carbon

There are a range of methods of calculating embodied CO2.

Sophisticated commercially available software exists for life cycle analysis which is

able to apportion a wide range of environmental impacts. Software includes: Envest 2,

SimaPro, Impact and Gabi. Simpler software and approaches include embodied carbon


40

calculators which simply assign embodied carbon on the basis of measured quantities of

materials and databases. Examples of this latter class are the University of Bath’s

Inventory of Carbon and Energy (ICE) and WRAP databases.

Envest II

Envest II is a software tool intended to simplify the design of low environmental impact

buildings and forecast whole life costs allowing clients and designers to optimise whole

life cost value.

The users can either use the default environmental and financial data to provide an

estimate of relative whole life costs for different designs through ‘Envest Estimator’

module or enter their own capital and lifetime financial cost information using ‘Envest

Calculator’ module.

This provides a good basis for design teams who have their own specific data available.

IMPACT

IMPACT is a database for software developers to enable consistent LCA and LCC

assessments. It was developed by BRE in collaboration with IES, Wilmott Dixon,

AEC3 and Whole Life Ltd.

It multiplies quantity information from the BIM (Building Information Modelling) by

environmental impact and cost data to produce an overall impact and cost evaluation for

the design.

The generated results allow users to analyse their design to optimise cost and

environmental impacts and compare whole-building results to a suitable benchmark to

assess performance.


41

SimaPro

SimaPro is a LCA tool aimed at quantifying and analysing environmental impacts of

processes and products.

SimaPro allows users to build complex models using different features introduced in the

tool such as Parameters (to change values and assumptions in the model) and Monte

Carlo analysis. The Ecoinvent database (the Swiss life cycle data inventory) is fully

incorporated into SimaPro. It is used for a variety of applications, such as:

• Carbon footprint calculation

• Product design and eco-design

• Environmental Product Declarations (EPD)

• Environmental impact of products or services

• Environmental reporting (GRI)

• Determining of key performance indicator

GaBi

GaBi is a Life Cycle Assessment engine aimed at product sustainability solutions.

GaBi quantifies environmental impacts of every element of a product or system to

facilitate the best informed decision making on grounds of manufacturing and life cycle

evaluations.

It provides an easily accessible cost and environmental database. GaBi also presents

alternative low impact options for manufacturing, distribution, recyclability, pollution

and sustainability.

GaBi supports the following business applications:

• Developing products that meet environmental regulations with smaller

environmental footprints such as fewer GHG emissions, reduced water

consumption and waste.


42

• Eco-efficiency: reducing material, energy and resource use in the most cost-

effective way.

• Efficient value chains: enhancing efficiency of value chains e.g. R&D, design,

production, suppliers, distribution.

• Sustainable Product Marketing: product sustainability labels & claims,

Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs).

• Sustainability Reporting: environmental communication & product

sustainability reporting.

• LCA knowledge sharing: reporting and analysis for internal departments,

management and supply chain.

Inventory of Carbon and Energy (ICE)

ICE is the University of Bath's embodied energy & embodied carbon database. It was

designed to create an inventory of embodied energy and carbon coefficients for building

materials. The data has been collected from secondary resources in the public domain,

including journal articles, Life Cycle Assessments (LCA’s), books, conference papers

etc. to create a comprehensive embodied carbon database.

ICE provides a transparent data collection methodology and can be easily incorporated

into complex weight-based carbon analyses.

WRAP database

WRAP and the UK Green Building Council have designed a database to capture

embodied carbon data for whole buildings. Their aim was to create an open, web-based

resource facilitating consistency of available data. The database focusses mainly on

building applications.

Available approaches for calculating operational (in-use phase) carbon

Building simulation concept can be traced back to the 1960s when the US government

evaluated the thermal environment in fallout shelters (Attia et al, 2012). Since then, the

principles used for building simulation have evolved considerably, and due to the


43

increasing significance of the decisions made early in the design process, dynamic

simulation tools have been developed (Hensen, 2004). In the late 90s, the building

simulation Virtual Environment (VE) tools were introduced to address measures such as

thermal comfort and energy demand of buildings.

Whole building dynamic energy simulation packages focus on essential building

performance parameters such as energy demand, temperature, humidity and cost

(Crawley et al, 2008). Dynamic simulation methods are based on hourly (or even

shorter) external data in order to solve the conduction, radiation and convective

processes in relation to heat transfer and storage in a designed space. The fluctuations of

internal and external variables are represented in the simulation methods, based on their

accurate rates of alteration (Doyle, 2008). These can be used to compare different

building specifications, service systems and control regimes.

There are several internationally accepted software packages available that calculate the

operational energy/carbon requirements, environmental performance and thermal

comfort of buildings. Leading software includes packages such as IES-VE, Tas,

DesignBuilder, TRNSYS, EnergyPlus, DOE-2, eQUEST and Ecotect (based on full

thermal dynamic simulation approaches), and simpler packages including SAP and

SBEM (based on simplified, and therefore potentially less accurate approaches). There

are also simple Excel-based calculating tools such as RETscreen for simulating the

performance of specific renewable technologies such as Transpired Solar Collectors

(TSCs).

The strengths, weaknesses and a comprehensive comparison of these software packages

have been investigated in a joint report by US Department of Energy, University of

Strathclyde, University of Wisconsin-Madison and the US National Renewable Energy

Laboratory (Crawley et al, 2008). Also another comprehensive comparison has been

provided by Stanford University considering the building energy performance

simulation tools (Maile, Fischer and Bazjanac, 2007).


44

The referenced reports conclude that all of the investigated packages are capable of

simulating the likely detailed analytical requirements in compliance with CIBSE6 and

NCM7 guidance regardless of their advantages and disadvantages. The required criteria

include the general modelling features such as;

Zone loads, building envelope and daylighting, infiltration, ventilation and multi-zone

airflow, renewable energy systems, environmental emissions, climate data availability,

results reporting, and Validation and User interface.

RETScreen

There are also simple Excel-based tools such as RETScreen that are available for

modelling various renewable technologies including Transpired Solar Collectors.

RETScreen is an Excel-based renewable technology analysis tool enabling the users to

conduct energy analysis, emission analysis, financial analysis, and sensitivity/risk

analysis (www.retscreen.net, 2014). This is facilitated by incorporating a number of

databases into the tool, including a comprehensive database of weather data obtained

from 6,700 ground-based stations and NASA's satellite data and hydrology database.

3.2.2 Life Cycle Costing

Cost effectiveness models need to be undertaken in order to assess the financial

competiveness of new and existing products. Comparative cost assessments that take

account of all relevant economic factors (e.g. initial costs and future operational costs)

are a useful method of ascertaining whether a solution is financially efficient (Gluch and

Baumann, 2004).

LCC is a financial analysis technique that considers total aggregated costs (including

the initial and on-going costs) associated with an activity during the estimated service

time of it (Manuilova et al., 2005). In case of a building, LCC analysis can be used to

6 The Chartered Institution of Building Service Engineers 7 National Calculation Method

http://www.retscreen.net/


45

take full account of the initial cost of energy efficiency improvements and the on-going

operational carbon savings associated with those improvements. When properly applied,

LCC can be used to evaluate different investment scenarios.

LCC is especially useful in analysing a project when various scenarios that potentially

meet the same performance requirements but differ in terms of initial and on-going

costs have to be compared. This can be used to calculate the most cost effective

scenario. For example, it will help determine whether the incorporation of a highly

insulated building fabric or double glazing system, which may increase initial cost but

result in potential reduced operational costs, is cost-effective or not.

Lowest life cycle cost is the simplest interpretable measure of financial evaluation when

energy efficiency scenarios are being investigated. The literature provides an extensive

variation of economic assessment methods for LCC analysis created for different

purposes (Schade, 2010). All have advantages and disadvantages but are consistent with

the lowest LCC measures if identical parameters are applied (NIBC, 2013).

There are five main economic evaluation methods for undertaking LCC analyses based

on research carried out by Gorgolewski (1995). Methods include: Net Benefit (NB) or

Net Savings (NS), Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Saving-to-

Investment Ratio (SIR) and Annual Equivalent Value (AEV).

3.2.2.1 Net benefit/Net saving

The Net Benefit (NB) approach calculates the difference between the present value of

all on-going savings and costs incurred during a project. It identifies whether a project is

cost effective or not i.e., the capital cost of the project will be recovered by on-going

savings associated with the investment. This is particularly informing when sizing a

project.


46

3.2.2.2 Internal Rate of Return

Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is the rate of growth a project is expected to achieve. The

results in this method are presented as a percentage rate of return that is expected from

an investment. The actual rate of return that is achieved often differ from its estimated

IRR rate, but a project with a substantially higher IRR value would be the best available

option. IRR is a more objective metric than NPV, as NPV depends on an arbitrarily

chosen discount rate, while IRR is determined entirely by the cash flow figures and their

timing. IRR is often used for evaluating investments and business case scenarios.

3.2.3 Saving-to-Investment Ratio

Saving to Investment Ratio (SIR) is recommended for establishing priorities among

projects for producing the largest savings for a given budget considering the ratio of

savings to investment cost. The Saving-to-Investment Ratio that provides cost

effectiveness targets of greater than 1 shows that the project is profitable; the larger the

SIR the greater its profitability.

3.2.3.1 Annual Equivalent Value

Annual Equivalent Value (AEV) is the cost per year of operating a project over its

entire lifespan. It is calculated by dividing the Net Present Value of a project by the

present value of annuity factor (cumulative discount factor when the capital cost is the

same for each year through the project). This works well for assessing alternative

projects with different expected service lives (where only the costs are relevant).

3.2.3.2 Net Present Value

Net Present Value (NPV) is a means of expressing the present value (PV) of initial and

future cash flows. Future cash flows are discounted to better reflect their value at the

point that the investment is made. When all future cash flows are incoming and the only


47

outflow of cash is the initial cost of investment, the NPV is simply the present value of

future cash flows (energy savings) minus the initial cost of insulation improvement.

3.3 Chapter summary Several approaches for cost and carbon quantifications have been explored in this

Chapter. Each of these approaches can be used for conducting research in support of

building applications. Informed by the investigated approaches and the detailed

requirements of the research, the most suitable approaches for undertaking the required

analyses will be selected and explained within the context of the developing

methodology in the next Chapter.

4

48

4 CHAPTER 4: Development and Application of Methodology

This chapter describes the assessment methodology used in the course of this research.

It describes the buildings analysed in accordance with this methodology and the

assumptions used to assess a series of case studies of low and zero carbon building

technologies.

3.4 Main principles of the developing methodology

In Chapter 2, the significance of adopting an effective ‘total carbon’ approach in any

holistic carbon reduction analysis (where all of the components of carbon footprints are

appropriately represented) was addressed. In the following chapter, the proposed

assessment methodology has been developed in relation to the aim and objectives of this

project. Main principles of the developing methodology (summarising Chapter 2,

Sections 4 and 5) is presented in Table 4.1.

• Relevant carbon efficiency of products and materials on grounds of combined

operational and embodied carbon.

Whilst current methods fail to address how the inclusion of embodied carbon

may affect the decision making process, the proposed ‘total carbon’ analysis

(associated with incremental increase in the thickness of insulation and also

application of low and zero carbon technologies) identifies materials’ ‘death

points’ beyond which embodied CO2 measures outweigh the operational CO2

savings.

The total carbon approach considers both embodied and operational carbon

emissions associated with applied thermal improvement measures.

CHAPTER 4: Development and Application of Methodology

49

Table 4. 1 Main principles of the developing methodology in summary

Approach type Approach/Source Details

Cost analysis

Life Cycle Costing

Future value

discounting procedures

Net Present Value (NPV)

Formula refer Section 4.2.2

Discount rate-r 3.5 Energy escalation rate-e 3

Cost data Table 6.1 Service life 25, 40, 60 gas price p/kWh 4.5 Electricity price p/kWh 14.5

Carbon analysis

Operational carbon quantification

Dynamic thermal

simulation IES-VE

Building types Residential, commercial, industrial

Modelling assumptions

Tables 4.7 and 4.8 and section 4.4.1.3

Building fabric specifications

Tables 4.2, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6 and 4.9

Insulation materials PUR, Mineral wool, Hemp, VIP

PV type Monocrystalline location London, UK

Heating system efficiency 85%

Embodied carbon quantification

Embodied carbon

databases ICE V2

Embodied carbon measures

PUR: 3.48 kgCO2/kg, mineral wool: 1.2 kgCO2/kg, VIP: 1.001 kgCO2/kg, hemp:-0.56 kgCO2/kg PV:242kg/m2

Material density

PUR: 40 kg/m3 Mineral wool: 50 kg/m3 VIP: 180 kg/m3 Hemp, 50 kg/m3

Manufacturing/ technical constraints

practical feasibility Bounds of applicability Industry

Insulation materials-lowest U-value

PUR: 0.13 W/m2.K, mineral wool: 0.2 W/m2.K

• Economic and financial viability of existing and new low and zero carbon

solutions.


50

Carbon efficiency graphs in combination with cost effectiveness results can

provide optimum ranges in which applied products can save CO2 in the most

cost effective way.

• Relevant technical difficulties.

The bounds of applicability (which has been described in Chapter2 section 4) of

materials and products need to be recognised and informed by practical limits to

analyses. The methodology recognises bounds of applicability (the nature of

which will be different for every technology) and within these limits establishes

the ‘optimum net benefit’ ranges of each solution, in terms of both carbon and

cost effectiveness.

3.5 The developed methodology

The developed methodology is simply applicable to a wide range of building types and

applications that benefit from carbon or cost savings in different time periods

comparable by either expressing their values in present terms (financially) or a carbon

payback period (environmentally) i.e., thermal energy improvements such as windows

upgrade or energy efficient lighting can be simply analysed using the developed

methodology.

The methodology can be defined using three main stages: The total carbon stage (which

is following a combined operational and embodied carbon approach), the financial

assessment stage (which is adopting future discounting approaches) and the current

technical restrictions stage.

Figure 4.1 clearly demonstrates how these three stages interact to inform the analysis. In

this example, adding to the thickness of insulation beyond 100mm results in financial

disbenefit (NPV purple line) whilst this improvement is beneficial in terms of CO2

savings. The analysis then explores whether the additional 15% CO2 savings associated

with adding to the thickness of insulation (from 100 to 160mm insulation) can be


51

achieved by taking a more cost effective approach (this is explained in more detail in

Chapter 7).

Figure 4. 1 Interaction between stages introduced in the methodology

The software packages and approaches adopted within the assessment methodology are

as follows:

3.5.1 Carbon efficiency

An effective and accurate means of quantifying both the operational and embodied

components has been developed based on the reliable information from the literature

review. The existing best practice where this is available is presented under the

following categories.

3.5.1.1 System boundaries

A cradle-to-gate approach has been selected. The benefit of this is that stages included

in this approach are defined and do not change, whereas project specific stages (such as

transportation and construction) once a product leaves the factory gate will differ

considerably.

Furthermore, many manufacturers provide cradle-to-gate LCA information thus this

approach is implementable with a relatively high level of data certainty. Databases such

-160000

-140000

-120000

-100000

-80000

-60000

-40000

-20000

0

20000

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400

NPV

(£)

Carb

on k

gCO

2/m

2.yr

Insulation thickness (mm)

Nat. Gas CO2 Insulation ECO2 Total CO2 NPV


52

as Bath University’s Inventory of Carbon and Energy (ICE) also presents the embodied

energy/CO2 data based on a ‘cradle to gate’ approach.

If end of life stages were included in analysis, numerous unresolved issues arise which

in themselves are specialist research areas.

As has been discussed in Chapter 3, this is however acknowledged that a combined

approach can use a cradle-to-gate measure for embodied carbon and model how a

material or component has been processed during and after its life separately and then

combining them to give a cradle-to-grave insight for further investigations. This might

be necessary for insulation materials such as hemp that end of life stages effect the

overall carbon burdens significantly.

3.5.1.2 Embodied carbon quantification

Taking into account the complex nature of the analyses and the complexity of using

related software packages to calculate the embodied CO2 of materials, the University of

Bath’s inventory of carbon and energy database has been adopted into the methodology.

Process energy calculation techniques (where reliable data is not available) and LCA

EPDs (Environmental Product Declaration) also have been used as complementary

sources.

Calculating the embodied carbon of products for which reliable data is not available,

requires compiling complete inventories of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions arising

from all the industrial processes that are directly and indirectly required for their

production, delivery, installation, and end-of-life treatment (thus notably including the

indirect emissions associated to thermal and electrical energy production and use). Non-

CO2 GHG emissions are then to be converted into CO2-equivalents by means of

appropriate equivalency factors provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Change (IPCC). Whilst some of the necessary emission data may be directly available, a

very significant proportion of that will need to be estimated by combining first principle

calculations based on ‘process energy calculation techniques’ and other criteria

including typical fuel splits and local emission factors, with database information on


53

representative background processes (e.g. nation-specific electricity generation

mixtures, etc.).

As an example, this technique has been employed to determine the minimum combined

operational and embodied carbon for VIPs (novel insulation systems), for which no data

is available from standard sources due to the uncommon nature of materials (e.g., fumed

silica and the uniqueness of the manufacturing process; refer to Appendix A).

The embodied CO2 calculations for PVs are extracted from ICE database which

complies with ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 standards. The embodied carbon data used for

PUR, mineral wool and PV are collected from the same source (ICE database) to

provide consistency in the calculations. In case of VIP also, apart from the energy

consumption during relevant manufacturing stages, the embodied carbon of the

materials are extracted from ICE database in compliance with ISO standards.

Different embodied carbon figures for the investigated materials could move the

minimum carbon point on the graphs toward thicker or thinner panel (depending on the

embodied carbon value) but do not compromise the existence of a minimum carbon

point (death point) on the graph.

3.5.1.3 Operational carbon quantification

The most suitable packages for software analysis based on appraisal of likely detailed

analytical requirements, complexity of the tool and software usage methods (compliant

with CIBSE guidance) have been selected. Taking into account the low level of

accuracy in SBEM and SAP, dynamic thermal simulation packages were employed. All

of the investigated packages are capable of generating reliable demanded data despite

the mentioned limitations. IES-VE however, as one of the most reliable existing

packages and also Tas were the financially available packages during conducting the

research and have been used for dynamic thermal analysis to calculate the operational

CO2 in investigated buildings. RETScreen (crosschecked with SWIFT and CRAFT)

also has been used for simulations related to Transpired Solar Collectors.


54

3.5.2 Cost effectiveness

Amongst various cost analysis methods, an appropriate Net Present Value component as

the most commonly used method in building related projects (Schade, 2007)(Rum and

Akasah, 2011)(UNEP, 2003)(Target zero, 2011) has been incorporated into the

developed methodology. The detail of which has been informed by review of best

practice and use of the technique in relation to parallel modelling problems.

When the only outflow is the initial/capital cost of the project and all ongoing cash

flows are incoming (savings) the NPV (Net Present Value) is simply the present value

of all on-going savings minus the capital cost.

A recommended discount rate is given by the HM Treasury Green Book each year.

Energy prices are more volatile than general inflation and tend to escalate at a higher

rate (escalation rate). This will need to be acknowledged in any cost methodology in

addition to any discounting procedures. For building services applications the CIBSE

guide recommends energy price escalation rates.

The currently recommended discount rate given by the HM Treasury Green Book 2013

is 3.5%. The CIBSE guide also recommended an energy price escalation figure of 3%

(over-and-above general inflation).

A suitable formula (Gorgolewski, 1995) to determine PV (that accounts for energy cost

escalation and discount rates) is:

PV (A) = A × [(1 + e) ÷ (r ˗ e)] × [1 ˗ {(1 + e) ÷ (1 + r)}n]

Where PV(A) is the present value of an annually occurring energy savings of A,

appearing for n number of years, with a general discount rate of r, and a constant annual

rate of change in the cost of energy compared to general inflation, of e.

Complicated spreadsheets have been designed based on initial and life cycle cost of

applying low and zero carbon products. Extracted values from spreadsheets are used to

generate graphs to demonstrate the optimum financial benefit of applying each


55

technology to buildings (a range of results in relation to various design criteria, building

type and service life scenarios is expected).

The cost analysis of low and zero carbon implementation has been carried out at the

individual building level, but the energy saving measures for which engagements with

regional scale is inevitable, such as exporting electricity from Photovoltaic cells to the

grid, have been taken into account in the cost and carbon analyses. According to the

2010 Building Regulations, to deliver the targeted improvement in new build, individual

buildings will be required to contribute to different levels of carbon efficiency based

upon cost-effectiveness. Analyses at single buildings scale can examine the initial cost

of low and zero carbon improvements, the cost of building energy price in operational

stage, or include the energy embodied in materials used to construct the building

(extraction and production stages), its services (maintenance stage) and any recycling

options (end of life stage). These analyses can be based on new build or retrofitting

existing buildings.

3.6 Application of methodology

The developed methodology has been applied to a series of case studies of low and zero

carbon building technologies such as insulation materials (including Mineral wool,

PUR, VIP and Hemp), Heat generating technologies (Transpired Solar Collectors) and

Electricity generating technologies (Photovoltaic cells) to identify the levels where these

technologies present financial and carbon advantage in a global system. The analysis is

carried out for three building types of residential (a typical semi-detached house),

industrial (standard single storey portal frame warehouse) and commercial (typical open

plan four storey office).

Selected case studies are aimed at achieving zero carbon performance on grounds of

combined operational and embodied carbon emissions. Achieving the zero carbon

building was categorised into three parts of fabric energy efficiency (insulation

materials), renewable technologies (on-site low carbon heat (TSC) and power (PV)) on

single building scale and renewable technologies on regional scale (i.e. exporting

energy from PVs to grid).


56

The results are extracted from more than 6000 computer simulations and analysed

against a range of design scenarios (variables such as airtightness, rooflight area, liners

reflectivity etc) and service life options.

Note that as thermal performance of building fabric improves the proportion of heat loss

through windows increases. The U-value of windows therefore has been assumed as 1

W/m2.K for all cases.

3.7 General building description and performance specification

Principles of thermal dynamic simulation modelling are now embodied into regulation,

whereby the energy needs and comfort standards of buildings, subject to local climates

and set operating regimes, can be predicted. A performance specification for software

analysis needs to be developed during the research based on appraisal of likely detailed

requirements and appropriate software, and software usage methods (compliant with

CIBSE8 and NCM9 guidance).

3.7.1 Domestic buildings

According to the UK Office for National statistics, 26% of the existing UK houses are

semi-detached. Hence, a typical three bedroom semi-detached house built to the latest

UK Part L Building Regulations with a total floor area of approximately 80m2 has been

used for the analyses.

8 The Chartered Institution of Building Service Engineers 9 National Calculation Method


57

Figure 4.2 Ground and first floor plan

Figure 4.3 Simulated building

3.7.1.1 Orientation Front door of the house is facing south.

3.7.1.2 Construction

External walls: Double (25mm) plasterboard/insulated frame/cavity/brick; (Table 4.1)

Party wall: Double plaster-board (25mm)/insulation in frame cavities/double plaster-

board; Dry-lined stud partitions;

Floors: Solid ground floor; framed upper floor;

Roof: ventilated roof with tiles


58

Table 4.2 External wall material layout (inside to outside)

mm

Thermal

conductivity

(W/mK)

Density

(kg/m3)

Specific heat

capacity

(J/kgK)

Plasterboard 2x12.5 0.21 960 837

Block 100 1.2 2000 960

PUR insulation 100 0.025 30 1260

Air cavity 50 - - -

Brick 102 0.77 2050 920

Table 4.3 Building specifications

Windows: Double glazed low e with timber frames (U = 1W/m2K), approximately

25% opening area.

All U-values are based on 2010 Building Regulations Part L1a (Table 4.4).

Table 4. 4 Building element U-Values

3.7.1.3 Modelling assumptions

Airtightness A value for air infiltration of 0.25 air changes per hour was used, conforming in this

case to an air permeability of 5m3/h/m2.

Semi-detached house

Ceiling area (m²) 40

Rooflight area (m²) 0

Ext. Wall area (m²) 262.8

Total floor area (m²) 80

Building height (m) 8

Building volume (m³) 668.5


59

Internal gains The house is occupied by two adults and two children (out during weekdays) who are

assumed to use lighting and appliances in the living room and kitchen during scheduled

occupancy

Heating Gas condensing boiler with radiator system (22°C for living areas, 18°C for bedrooms),

scheduled (off at nights).

Occupation Living room: 1700-2300h weekdays, 0700-2300h weekends

Bedrooms: 2300-0700h weekdays and weekends

Location London ASHRAE weather database is used for thermal simulations

Ventilation Weekdays: Living room windows start to open after 1700h when temperature exceeds

24°C, and are fully open (30% open area) when temp reaches 26°C. Closed at 2300h.

Bedroom windows start to open after 1700 when temp exceeds 18°C and are fully open

(30% open area) when temp reaches 20°C, remaining open all night until 0700h

Weekends: Living room windows open 0700-2300h (temp control as above) Bedroom

windows open 24 hours (temp control as above).

3.7.2 Non-domestic buildings Industrial and office buildings have been analysed as non-domestic buildings. Standard

single span portal frame warehouses of 1000 (25*40) and 3000 (40*75) square metre

and a similar 3000m2 retail outlet have been modelled as industrial buildings. A typical

2400 m2 four story office building (13.5*48) has been modelled. Mineral wool, PUR,

hemp and VIP as insulation materials have been used for the analysis. The office is


60

assumed to be an open-plan office as presented in Figures 4.3 and 4.4.

Figure 4. 4 Office plan

Figure 4. 5 Office building

The industrial warehouses are also as demonstrated in Figure 4.6.

Figure 4. 6 Industrial warehouse


61

3.7.2.1 Construction and modelling assumptions for industrial buildings

Built up cladding systems with mineral wool and composite PUR cladding systems as

conventional insulation materials have been used for industrial buildings. The analyses

assume the general systems parameters described in Tables 4.4 & 4.5.

Built-up cladding systems for mineral wool and composite cladding systems for PUR

insulation have been used. Built-up cladding systems comprise inner and outer profiled

metal cladding sheets (steel or aluminium), separated by spacer systems, with insulation

(normally mineral wool laid between them). Composite cladding systems also comprise

two metal sheets but are bonded together with a foam material such that all parts of the

panel are attached.

Figure 4.7 Built-up cladding system Figure 4.8 PUR composite cladding

(source: Tata Steel)

Buildings are assumed to be heated to 18°C during daytime occupation. 10-12% of the

roof area is allocated to rooflights. Generated heat from lights, appliances and occupants

(internal gains) has been taken into account when determining heating demands. The

Building Regulations Part L 2010 backstop U-value was assumed as the base-case for

calculations (Table 4.5).

Table 4.5 Building specifications

1000 m² warehouse 3000 m² warehouse & retail shed

Roof area (m²) 1003.76 3010.5

Rooflight area (m²) 110 360

Ext. wall area (m²) 1327.34 2369.991

Floor area (m²) 1000 3000

Building height (m) 6 10.5

Building volume (m³) 6000 32624


62

Table 4.6 Base case U-values and thicknesses

Mineral wool PUR

Wall Thickness : 100 mm Thickness : 70 mm

U-Value : 0.35 W/m²K

Roof Thickness : 140 mm Thickness : 100 mm

U-Value : 0.25 W/m²K

Floor U-Value fixed for all cases at 0.25 W/m²K

Rooflight U-Value fixed for all cases at 1W/m².K assumes triple glazed rooflight

Table 4.7 Operational parameters for simulation modelling

3000 m² Warehouse 1000 m² Warehouse 3000 m2 Retail shed

Heating Natural gas - Industrial heating system - heated to

18 °C from 8am-6pm

Natural gas - Industrial

heating system - heated to

18 °C from 9am-9pm

Internal gain

LED lighting up to

12000W - people with 20

m²/person density

LED lighting up to

4000W -people with

20 m²/person density

LED lighting up to

12000W and displayed

lighting up to 5W/m²

-people with 5 m²/person

density

Occupation 8am-6pm with 20 m²/person 9am-9pm with 5 m²/person

Ventilation

mechanical ventilation

with maximum flow of

3ach over 25°C

mechanical

ventilation with

maximum flow of 1.5

ach over 25°C

mechanical ventilation

with maximum flow of

3ach over 25°C

Lighting controlled by sensors set at 300 lux

controlled by sensors set at

300 lux and displayed

lighting up to 5w/m²

Airtightness

air infiltration value of

0.19 ach is used with 7.5

m³/h/m² air permeability

rate

air infiltration value

of 0.16 ach is used

with 7.5 m³/h/m² air

permeability rate

air infiltration value of

0.19 ach is used with 7.5

m³/h/m² air permeability

rate


63

3.7.2.2 Construction and modelling assumptions for offices

Stick system curtain wall has been assumed to be the construction for the office

buildings. NCM guidance has been used for simulation assumptions (Table 4.8).

Table 4. 8 Modelling assumption

The overall thickness of wall technology has been used for the base case construction

(Table 4.9):

Table 4.9 Typical external wall thickness

Aluminium sheet

Insulation (PUR)

Aluminium sheet

Cavity

Aluminium Sheet (Black painted)

1mm

55mm

0.5mm

50 mm

2.5mm

Total 109mm

U-value 0.35 W/m2K (2010 backstop U-value)

Table 4. 10 U-value specifications

Wall U-Value : 0.26 W/m²K

Roof U-Value : 0.2 W/m²K

Floor U-Value fixed for all cases at 0.22 W/m²K

Rooflight U-Value fixed for all cases at 1 W/m².K assumes triple glazed rooflight


64

3.8 Design service life The durability of building materials and products is a key component in the building

design and lifetime performance taking effect from the selection and installation of

materials and construction systems.

There are various environmental and chemical factors which can affect the durability of

a material or component during its service life (such as being periodically exposed to

moisture, humidity, temperature, wind and rain, chemical pollutants, solar radiation and

site conditions). The durability of a material or component will be affected by some or a

combination of these factors (www.sbsa.gov.uk, 2007).

Design service life according to the Scottish Building Standard Agency (SBSA) is

defined as ‘The assessment of a structure, both as a complete building and individual

components, which predicts its potential lifetime based on levels of design,

workmanship, maintenance and the environment’ (2007, BRE design life of buildings:

p1). Requirements for durability vary depending on building type (Figure 4.7) and

component and concern the intended use, finance or periods for maintenance, repair and

replacement.

Figure 4.9 Categories of design life for buildings (BS 7543:2003)

http://www.sbsa.gov.uk/


65

Specific service lives can be determined for particular buildings, provided they do not

exceed the period proposed for the next building type on the table; for instance most of

the retail and warehouse buildings are expected to have a service life of 20-30 years.

An average of 25 year service life is often used for warehouse, industrial and retail

premises but would be unusually short for housing and commercial buildings.

Traditionally housing has been constructed to a notional 60 year service life, but in all

application true service life can depart significantly and unpredictably from design life

making calculations difficult. The notional 60 year service life (based around 2

mortgage periods and adopted by the council of mortgage lenders in the UK) is in many

respects an arbitrary target but one that is nonetheless commonly adopted within the

sector. Less clear still are the appropriate service life extensions that should be delivered

by retrofit measures, whether these should essentially ‘reset the clock’, or whether they

should extend service lives by a shorter period.

For the purposes of this research building envelope refurbishment assumes 25, 40 and

60 year service lives as different possible scenarios for industrial buildings and 30 and

60 year service lives for residential and office buildings. This is critical to ‘net benefit’

carbon calculations as the shorter the service life the greater is the impact of embodied

carbon (i.e. annualising embodied carbon = total carbon / n years where n is the design

life). Refurbishment applications where service lives are of the order of 25 years can

therefore be significantly more susceptible to the effects of embodied carbon than new

build applications where design lives are longer.

The maximum service life for VIPs is unknown at present but various studies are

considering different methods of estimating the service life of VIPs. One of the most

recent studies carried out by Yrieix et al (2014) suggests that four components should

be considered with regard to lifetime of VIPs. They have demonstrated that the

characteristics of the core material, the barrier envelope, service conditions and the

thickness of the panels are considerably important when estimating the life expectancy.

Consequently, any assessment method of lifetime which does not take into account

these four components is likely to be partially wrong and thus not as reliable as

expected. Therefore due to the uncertainties and complexities of estimating the service


66

life of VIPs, in this study, it is assumed that insulation materials are not going to be

replaced during the service life of the building.

Also in case of PV panels, UK Feed-in Tariffs for PV are calculated for an economic

lifetime of 25 years, indicating that the Department of Energy and Climate Change

believes that panels will produce for at least that long. However PVs are only used in

the analyses with 25yeas design life and therefore are not required to be replaced.

3.9 Conclusion The developing methodology has been discussed in detail and its main principles as

well as the interaction between stages have been set out using an example. The

developed methodology will be applied to a series of case studies of low and zero

carbon building technologies the detail of which is described in the next Chapter.

67

4 CHAPTER 5: Total Carbon Quantification of Insulation

Materials for New and Retrofitted Buildings

The following chapter investigates the effect of inclusion of embodied CO2 in carbon

analyses associated with a highly insulated building envelope, comparing mainstream

conventional insulation materials with novel insulation materials for new and thermally

retrofitted domestic and non-domestic buildings.

4.1 New build

4.1.1 Introduction

The UK Government is adopting regulations to reduce carbon emissions which will

inevitably make low and zero carbon buildings a requirement (refer to Chapter 2). The

imperative to reduce the carbon footprint of buildings will require higher levels of

‘fabric energy efficiency’ and ‘application of low and zero carbon technologies’ to

minimise operational energy demand as an integrated part of any low and zero carbon

performance.

The DCLG phase 3 final report (DCLG, 2011) in reference to ‘zero carbon non-

domestic buildings’ supports a ‘fabric first’ approach through 4 main principles:

1. Building envelope energy efficiency measures principally involve lower whole

life cycle costs than low and zero carbon (LZC) solutions due to maintenance

and replacement costs (it is argued that the capital cost of low and zero carbon

technologies are not fully reflected in the market price of buildings normally).

2. Building envelope energy efficiency measures are not as dependent as low and

zero carbon technologies on the behaviour of occupants in achieving the targeted

carbon thrifts. For example, occupants cannot change the settings of the

insulation in an exterior wall in order to maintain its effectiveness. The

CHAPTER 5: Total Carbon Quantification of Insulation Materials for New and Retrofitted Buildings

68

complexity of zero carbon technologies and need of maintenance can also

contribute to larger gaps between predicted and actual energy consumption (real

monitored data extracted from AIMC4 project (aimc4.com, 2014) is showing up

to 3 times higher ‘as built’ energy consumption in comparison to ‘as designed’

figures in some cases).

3. Buildings are generally used for long terms, (although non-domestic buildings

such as industrial buildings and supermarkets tend to be retrofitted or rebuilt

more frequently than houses) and the cost of retrofitting is higher than building

to higher standards at the time of build.

4. Reducing energy load demands by higher fabric standards at the time of build is

more cost effective than supplying high energy demand with on-site low and

zero carbon technologies.

The argument is that a minimum fabric energy efficiency standard works as a

foundation for higher levels of carbon emission reductions using renewable

technologies. A ‘fabric first’ approach should logically be the basis of any holistic

energy efficiency strategy.

A ‘zero carbon buildings policy’ was introduced to form a part of Government’s wider

strategy to achieving carbon reduction targets. It also supports the ‘fabric first’

approach. It comprises three main principles through which a building should have net

carbon emission:

a. The fabric performance must, at a minimum, comply with the defined standard

known as the Fabric Energy Efficiency Standard (FEES)

b. Any CO2 emissions that remain after consideration of heating, cooling, fixed

lighting and ventilation, must be less than or equal to the Carbon Compliance

limit established for zero carbon homes


69

c. Any remaining CO2 emissions, from regulated energy sources (after

requirements a and b have been met), must be reduced to zero using on-site

and/or off-site solutions (known as allowable solutions).

The zero carbon policy initially required all new homes from 2016, and all new non-

domestic buildings from 2019, to be built to zero carbon standards (net carbon emission

associated with only regulated energy use). The latest revision stated that small sites

(developments with fewer than 50 homes), and also larger developers, are exempt from

having to meet the highest energy efficiency standards. Larger developers, are able to

offset carbon by paying into a Government fund for energy efficiency projects (The

Telegraph, 2014). The UK’s carbon reduction policy is in line with European policy

(specifically the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive) which requires all new

buildings to be nearly ‘zero energy’ buildings from 2020 (Zero Carbon Hub, 2014).

4.1.2 Insulation specifications for minimum carbon: mineral wool and PUR systems

Whilst cost criteria on life-cycle cost basis tend to dominate commercial specification

decisions, carbon reduction is a primary driver of building codes and regulations and

ultimately is probably the more important criterion. As already stated in Chapter 2,

current legislation is founded on control of operational energy but as this is reduced the

importance of embodied carbon becomes proportionately greater. The targets set by

future regulations should logically be formed with reference to combined operational

and embodied carbon analysis.

It is essential that the embodied carbon investments are entirely offset by operational

carbon savings (arising as a result of improved standards of thermal insulation). If

embodied carbon investments cannot be fully offset, moving to higher levels of thermal

insulation represents an overall carbon disbenefit rather than the carbon benefit which is

the over-riding aim of thermal standards. Given the relatively high embodied carbon

investment in conjunction with high thermal conductivity of many conventional

insulation materials, including mineral wool and PUR foam, overall carbon disbenefits


70

can be achieved within the ranges of U-value that may increasingly be considered in

relation to low and zero carbon performance relative to different service lives.

The point of minimum combined operational and embodied carbon, which will vary for

individual buildings and building types, and will be influenced by factors including

building operation regimes, represents the optimum building envelope specification.

Critically it will also be influenced by insulation material types that offer high levels of

thermal resistance relative to the embodied carbon investment. These are able to deliver

better standards of energy thrift than materials that offer lower levels of thermal

resistance relative to embodied carbon investments.

Applications for highly energy efficient building envelopes potentially include:

• Industrial buildings (where in terms of cost and performance any novel

insulation systems must be competitive with conventional technologies),

• Residential and commercial buildings (where the combined performance and

slimness of external walls can affect the net to gross area and consequently

rental value of buildings).

4.1.2.1 Industrial buildings

A key and obvious market where highly insulated building envelope systems are

required is industrial warehouses and retail sheds. Currently this sector produces and

installs around 16 M m2 of cladding, of which 13 M m2 comprises insulated built-up or

composite systems. These products service the industrial and retail sectors whose

building related carbon emissions represent around 7.5% of total UK carbon emissions

(Carbon Trust, 2009) i.e., a large proportion of total national energy related carbon

emissions based almost entirely on standard product offerings, the engineering and

specification of which is essential to achieving nationally agreed carbon reduction

targets.


71

Minimum aggregated carbon analyses for industrial buildings

The following graphs (Figures 5.1 to 5.6) illustrate the range of insulation thicknesses

and U-values around the point of minimum combined operational and embodied carbon

for the standard single span portal frame warehouses of 1000 and 3000m2 and similar

3000m2 retail shed, based on explained modelling assumptions in Chapter 4. Embodied

carbon measures for mineral wool and PUR insulation are extracted from the University

of Bath’s Inventory of Carbon and Energy (ICE) database. Only incremental increases

in insulations embodied carbon has been taken into account in the analyses. Thicker

insulation panels can require additional structural elements. This has been discounted in

the analyses as the effect on the overall embodied carbon is negligible.

As previously stated, the proportion of embodied to operational carbon can shift

considerably in buildings with lower operational carbon. As an example of this, Figures

5.1 and 5.2 demonstrate how lower operational carbon in 3000 m2 retail shed in

comparison to the same size warehouse, caused a life cycle carbon disbenefit beyond

260mm of mineral wool insulation panel (due to the high embodied carbon investment).

In Figure 5.3 in contrast, the smaller warehouse is showing no difference in the

optimum panel thickness comparing with the larger warehouse as the operational

scenarios and the proportion of lighting and heating demands are the same.


and 60 years design life

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1.40

7

0.79

9

0.55

8

0.42

8

0.35

0.29

3

0.25

2

0.22

2

0.19

8

0.17

9

0.16

3

0.15

0.13

8

0.12

9

0.12

0.11

3

0.10

6

0.10

1

0.09

5

0.09

1

0.08

7

0.08

31

0.07

95

0.07

63

0.07

32

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500

kgCO

2/m

2 .yr

25 years ECO2

25 years totalCO240 years ECO2


60 years totalCO2Operational CO2

Insulation Thickness (mm)

U-Value

Minimum carbon

(25 years service life)

Minimum carbon



72

Figure 5.2 Carbon results of 3000m2 retail shed insulated with mineral wool for 25, 40

and 60 years design life


and 60 years design life The conventional insulation materials investigated are high in embodied carbon relative

to their thermal resistance. For any insulation material to be justified to be used in a

building, the amount of operational carbon saved as a result of thermal performance

improvement of the cladding must be greater than its whole life carbon footprint. This is

demonstrated in Figure 5.5, where the embodied carbon of PUR at 160mm in a retail

shed outweighs the operational carbon savings and a total CO2 disbenefit occurs.

Comparing Figures 5.4 and 5.5 shows that reduced operational CO2 shifted the optimum

thickness in terms of carbon benefit from 260mm in a warehouse to 160mm in retail

shed for a 25 year design life of the building.

0

5

10

15

20

25

1.40

7

0.79

9

0.55

8

0.42

8

0.35

0.29

3

0.25

2

0.22

2

0.19

8

0.17

9

0.16

3

0.15

0.13

8

0.12

9

0.12

0.11

3

0.10

6

0.10

1

0.09

5

0.09

1

0.08

7

0.08

31

0.07

95

0.07

63

0.07

32

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500

KgCO

2/m

2 .yr

25 yearsECO225 years totalCO240 yearsECO240 years totalCO260 yearsECO260 years totalCO2OperationalCO2


U-Value

Minimum carbon


Minimum carbon


Minimum carbon


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1.40

7

0.79

9

0.55

8

0.42

8

0.35

0.29

3

0.25

2

0.22

2

0.19

8

0.17

9

0.16

3

0.15

0.13

8

0.12

9

0.12

0.11

3

0.10

6

0.10

1

0.09

5

0.09

1

0.08

7

0.08

31

0.07

95

0.07

63

0.07

32

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500

KgCO

2/m

2 .yr

25 yearsECO225 yearstotal CO240 yearsECO240 yearstotal CO260 yearsECO260 yearstotal CO2OperationalCO2


U-Value

Minimum carbon



73


years design life

Figure 5.5 Carbon results of 3000m2 retail shed insulated with PUR for 25, 40 and 60

years design life

Figure 5.6 Carbon results of 1000m2 warehouse insulated with PUR for 25, 40 and 60 years design life

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1.06

4

0.57

5

0.39

4

0.29

9

0.24

2

0.20

2

0.17

4

0.15

3

0.13

6

0.12

3

0.11

2

0.10

3

0.09

5

0.08

8

0.08

2

0.07

7

0.07

3

0.06

9

0.06

5

0.06

2

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400

KgCO

2/m

2.yr



U-Value

Minimum carbon


Minimum carbon


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

1.06

4

0.57

5

0.39

4

0.29

9

0.24

2

0.20

2

0.17

4

0.15

3

0.13

6

0.12

3

0.11

2

0.10

3

0.09

5

0.08

8

0.08

2

0.07

7

0.07

3

0.06

9

0.06

5

0.06

2

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400

KgCO

2/m

2.yr

25 years ECO2



60 years totalCO2OperationalCO2


U-Value

Minimum carbon


Minimum carbon


Minimum carbon


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1.06

4

0.57

5

0.39

4

0.29

9

0.24

2

0.20

2

0.17

4

0.15

3

0.13

6

0.12

3

0.11

2

0.10

3

0.09

5

0.08

8

0.08

2

0.07

7

0.07

3

0.06

9

0.06

5

0.06

2

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400

KgCO

2/m

2.yr



U-Value

Minimum carbon


Minimum carbon



74

For PUR insulation as well, as presented in Figure 5.6, the smaller warehouse is

performing similarly to the larger warehouse in terms of the optimum insulation

thickness associated with the minimum carbon. Interpretation of Table 5.1 presents a number of key issues associated with conventional

insulation technology:

1. A lower ratio of operational to embodied CO2 restricts the maximum carbon

benefit to thinner panels. Therefore, to reach the optimum carbon benefit,

insulation materials with higher thermal resistance and lower associated

embodied CO2 are required to keep the operational to embodied CO2 ratio high.

As a result of that, the life cycle carbon disbenefit associated with combined

operational and embodied CO2 shifts towards thicker panels. Design life is also

critical to optimum carbon benefit results as the shorter the design life the

greater is the impact of embodied carbon (annualising embodied carbon being

total embodied carbon divided by number of years life span).

2. Factoring embodied carbon into an aggregated analysis serves to limit the

minimum CO2 levels that can be justified. Higher embodied carbon insulation

materials become more difficult to justify than lower embodied carbon materials

as they more rapidly lead to a CO2 disbenefit. Lower embodied carbon

insulation materials allow for lower U-values (up to the point where the practical

engineering difficulties prohibit effective adoption) whilst still presenting a CO2

benefit, so more onerous insulation standards, giving improved energy thrift, can

be achieved.

3. The R value (thermal resistance) of particular insulation materials is also a

significant factor. It indicates how much insulation is required to deliver any

prescribed U-value. The higher the R value, the lower the amount of insulation

material needed, generating a corresponding reduction in embodied carbon.

Critically therefore insulation with low embodied carbon coupled with high R

value will achieve the lowest minimal CO2. The relative carbon intensity of the

investigated insulation materials as a measure of R-value to embodied CO2 per

metre square insulation material (associated with 0.1 W/m2.K U-value) has been


75

calculated. The level of carbon intensity is 26.1 kgCO2/m2 and 13.32 kgCO2/m2

for PUR and mineral wool respectively.

4. Greyed out cells on table 5.1 indicate where the values cannot be achieved using

currently available systems, i.e. where the insulation and building envelope

technology is unable to provide the required U-values due normally to the

physical thickness of the required insulation (causing practical engineering

difficulties). In these situations the optimal achievable values are reduced and

the lowest CO2 level is unachievable.

Table 5.1 Limits of conventional insulation materials in terms of minimum carbon emission for 25, 40 and 60 years design life

Mineral Wool PUR

3000

m2

Ret

ail s

hed

3000

m2

war

ehou

se

1000

m2

war

ehou

se

3000

m2

Ret

ail s

hed

3000

m2

war

ehou

se

1000

m2

war

ehou

se

25 Y

EA

RS

DE

SIG

N

LIF

E

Minimum CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr) 2.19 13.5 10.74 3.97 14.48 12.08

Roof Thickness (mm) 280 460 440 160 260 260

Wall Thickness (mm) 200 330 320 115 185 185

Roof U-value W/m2.K 0.13 0.08 0.08 0.15 0.09 0.09

Wall U-value W/m2.K 0.18 0.111 0.116 0.21 0.14 0.14

40 Y

EA

RS

DE

SIG

N

LIF

E

Minimum CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr) 1.71

NO MINIMUM UP

TO 500 mm AND

0.07 W/m2.K

3.28 13.5 10.69

Roof Thickness (mm) 340 220 300 300

Wall Thickness (mm) 245 155 215 215

Roof U-value W/m2.K 0.106 0.111 0.08 0.08

Wall U-value W/m2.K 0.15 0.15 0.115 0.11

60 Y

EA

RS

DE

SIG

N

LIF

E

Minimum CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr) 1.41

NO MINIMUM UP

TO 500 mm AND

0.07 W/m2.K

2.8

NO MINIMUM

UP TO 400 mm

AND 0.06 W/m2.K

Roof Thickness (mm) 380 280

Wall Thickness (mm) 270 200

Roof U-value W/m2.K 0.09 0.08

Wall U-value W/m2.K 0.13 0.12

Current manufacturing limitations

Lowest possible U-Value: 0.2

W/m2.K for wall and 0.09 for

Roof

Lowest possible U-Value:

0.13 W/m2.K for Wall and

Roof


76

Where very high levels of thermal insulation are able to deliver net carbon benefits on

the basis of aggregated operational and embodied carbon analysis, practical technical

constraints can become limiting. Two of the most common insulation materials, mineral

wool and PUR foam, both have limitations that can constrain their usage.

PUR foam relies on a reaction between its constituent chemicals to cause the formation

of cells and expansion (foaming) of the material (Jelle 2011, Al-Homoud 2005).

Beyond around 170mm this reaction is slow and becomes difficult to control. 170mm of

PUR foam equates to a U-value of 0.147 W/m2.K. The maximum thickness of PUR that

appears possible to obtain from standard sources at present appears to be around 200mm

with U-value of 0.125 W/m2.K with 170mm being significantly more common.

Mineral wool can be produced to any thickness (if necessary in multiple layers) but

where low U-values are required the necessary dimensions can become difficult to

accommodate within construction systems (the support systems in built-up cladding

becomes too large and problematic) (Papadopoulos 2005, Al-Homoud 2005). 280mm of

mineral wool is required to achieve the same U-value as 170mm of PUR, whilst to

achieve a U-value of 0.1 W/m2·K requires 360mm. This over-sizing has an adverse

effect on net to gross internal area ratios, increases cost and presents significant

engineering difficulties (including excessive eccentricities in spacer systems particularly

on walls and inclined roofs). The transportation and handling of deep insulation systems

can also be problematic. On these grounds very thick mineral wool assemblies are

usually discounted although the maximum thickness that is acceptable is more difficult

to identify precisely.

4.1.2.2 Residential buildings

Energy consumption in houses accounts for 27% of the total national energy

consumption in the UK (DECC, 2010). Building codes and compliances therefore

require performance standards to be met by residential building envelopes. This

inevitably requires incremental increases in insulation thicknesses (to reduce the heat


77

loss through building fabric) that consequently result in thick cladding systems using

conventional insulation materials.

Traditionally, the external walls of residential buildings in the UK were constructed of

solid brickwork. The cavity wall was designed to keep the majority of moisture at bay,

whilst the ventilated cavity facilitates evaporation of any moisture that does penetrate to

the cavity. The first experiments with insulated cavities however occurred in the 1950s

in the UK when regulations dictated higher levels of insulation (Energy saving trust,

2009). Over the years, Building codes and Regulations have led to an incremental

increase in the total cavity width from 35 to 100mm in accordance with insulation

requirements.

More recently however as even higher insulated building fabric is required, the

feasibility of wider cavities is being debated. The industry is keen on the 100 mm cavity

width which provides approximately 0.25-0.2 W.m2k U-value (using mineral wool and

PUR as insulation materials and when the cavity is fully filled). This makes it difficult

to achieve lower U-values using conventional insulation materials. There are number of

reasons why industry supports 100 mm cavity:

1. The first consideration is the cost effectiveness of 100mm cavities as they are

widely accepted by the industry as being easily constructed.

2. A consequence of increased wall thickness could be the loss of the area of a

house from the plot on a large building site in an extreme case. In cases where

the land size is limited, increased wall thickness could lead to loss of livable area

and to lower rental value per site. Flats and terraced houses (as most constructed

types of housing since 2003 in the UK) are not extremely affected by this

scenario.

3. In addition, thermal bridging needs to be investigated as higher number of steel

ties are required to penetrate through the insulation to support wider cavities.

A 100mm insulated cavity supported by other carbon reduction technologies, can meet

the requirements for compliance with Code for Sustainable Homes levels 3 and 4.

However to achieve levels 5 and 6, it will be necessary to improve the U-value in a cost-


78

effective way. The England and Wales Building Regulations Approved Document A

presents guidelines for cavities up to 300mm width. Evidence from the Modern

Masonry Alliance (MMA) suggests that cavities of 125-150mm are gaining acceptance

(due to energy efficiency concerns) and being used more frequently by developers in the

self-build market (energy saving trust, 2009). However, for the above reasons going

beyond 100-150 mm cavity is not seen as a preferred route by much of the construction

industry.

Calculations show limits for conventional insulation materials in achieving required low

U-values at an industry level accepted cavity width (Table 5.2).

Table 5.2 Associated U-values with insulated cavity widths (fully filled)

U-value W/m2K Insulated cavity

mm mineral

wool PUR

50 0.389 0.31 100 0.255 0.19 150 0.189 0.138

Minimum aggregated carbon analysis The following analyses illustrate the range of insulation thicknesses and U-values

around the point of minimum combined operational and embodied carbon for a semi-

detached residential building, based on NCM modelling assumptions. Embodied carbon

figures for mineral wool and PUR insulation are extracted from the University of Bath’s

Inventory of Carbon and Energy (ICE) database.

Mineral wool is limited to 0.15 W/m2K U-value for 30 years design life requiring a 200

mm cavity which is not seen as a preferred solution by industry (Figure 5.7). The U-

value for 150mm of mineral wool is approximately 0.19 W/m2K. For a 60 year design

life however, no minimum carbon point is observed due to lower embodied CO2 (Figure

5.8).


79

Figure 5.7 Carbon results of residential buildings insulated with mineral wool for 30 years design life


years design life

The graphs for the investigated residential buildings indicate an optimum thickness for

PUR insulation of approximately 100mm and 150mm for 30 and 60 years design life

assumptions respectively (Figures 5.9 and 5.10). This is based on typical building

operational criteria described in Chapter 4. This equates to a U-value of approximately

0.19 W/m2K for 30 years design life and 0.13 W/m2K for 60 years design life. Both

PUR and mineral wool are limited to 0.19 W/m2K due to the structural issues and

potential carbon disbenefit at 30 years design life. In case of 60 years design life, PUR

is limited to 0.13 W/m2K. Mineral wool is not showing any carbon disbenefit down to

0.1 W/m2K U-value.

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300

0.2845 0.2845 0.2845 0.3095 0.3345 0.3595 0.3845 0.4095 0.4345 0.4595 0.4845 0.5095 0.5345

0.7162 0.4826 0.3895 0.3083 0.2552 0.2176 0.1897 0.1682 0.151 0.137 0.1254 0.1156 0.1072

KgCO

2/m

2 .yr

Insulation thickness (mm), External wall thickness (m), Wall U-Value

OperationalCO2

InsulationEmbodiedCO2

Total CO2

Minimum combined

carbon

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300

0.2845 0.2845 0.2845 0.3095 0.3345 0.3595 0.3845 0.4095 0.4345 0.4595 0.4845 0.5095 0.5345

0.7162 0.4826 0.3895 0.3083 0.2552 0.2176 0.1897 0.1682 0.151 0.137 0.1254 0.1156 0.1072

KgCO

2/m

2.yr


OperationalCO2

InsulationEmbodiedCO2Total CO2


80

Figure 5.9 Carbon results of residential buildings insulated with PUR for 30 years design life

Figure 5.10 Carbon results of residential buildings insulated with PUR for 60 years design life

Note that curves of this nature tend to flatten as service life increases or as a result of the

use of lower embodied carbon insulation. Both of these factors increase the optimum

insulation thicknesses. Conversely, if service life is decreased, or higher embodied

carbon insulation materials are used, optimum insulation thickness decreases.

Greyed out cells on Table 5.3 indicate where the values cannot be achieved using

conventional insulation materials, i.e. where the insulation and building envelope

technology is unable to provide the required U-values due normally to the physical

thickness of the required insulation (causing the practical engineering difficulties

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300

0.2845 0.2845 0.2845 0.3095 0.3345 0.3595 0.3845 0.4095 0.4345 0.4595 0.4845 0.5095 0.5345

0.7162 0.4173 0.3109 0.2372 0.1917 0.1609 0.1386 0.1217 0.1085 0.0979 0.0892 0.0819 0.0757

KgCO

2/m

2.yr


OperationalCO2


Minimum combined

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300

0.2845 0.2845 0.2845 0.3095 0.3345 0.3595 0.3845 0.4095 0.4345 0.4595 0.4845 0.5095 0.5345

0.7162 0.4173 0.3109 0.2372 0.1917 0.1609 0.1386 0.1217 0.1085 0.0979 0.0892 0.0819 0.0757

KgCO

2/m

2.yr


OperationalCO2


Total CO2

Minimum combined

carbon


81

previously described). In these situations the optimum achievable values are reduced

and the lowest CO2 level is unachievable.

Table 5.3 Limits of conventional insulation materials in terms of minimum carbon emission for 30 and 60 years design life

Mineral Wool PUR

30 Y

EA

RS

DE

SIG

N

LIF

E

Minimum CO2 (kgCO2/m2.yr) 1.944 2.25

Total wall Thickness (mm) 434 334

Roof U-value W/m2.K 0.113 0.136

Total roof thickness 450 340

Wall U-value W/m2.K 0.151 0.191

60 Y

EA

RS

DE

SIG

N L

IFE

Minimum CO2 (kgCO2/m2.yr) NO MINIMUM CO2 UP TO 300

mm INSULATION WITH 0.1

W/m2.K U-VALUE

1.89

Total wall Thickness (mm) 334

Roof U-value W/m2.K 0.136

Wall U-value W/m2.K 0.19

4.1.2.3 Office buildings

According to the DCLG report on 2014 build rate assumptions (DCLG, 2014), 44% of

new non-domestic buildings are going to be Offices by 2050. Commercial office

buildings therefore are a key sector in achieving the committed energy thrift targets. A

survey commissioned by BCSA and Tata Steel (steelconstruction.info, 2015) shows that

on average across the last 30 years steel frames have accounted for 70% of all non-

domestic framed multi-storey UK commercial construction. Steel framed systems

coupled with novel insulation solutions can lead to the expected slimness ideal for

commercial buildings.

The slimness of cladding systems for commercial buildings and specifically offices are

crucial as when the thickness of commercial building cladding systems increase, the

ratio of net to gross floor area which is calculated on a building perimeter basis is

adversely affected. The impacts of adjustments in net to gross floor areas that may be

achieved by reducing the width of external walls are significant in rental value of

buildings.

Therefore, in order to identify the optimum thickness on grounds of carbon efficiency

and slimness of the cladding using mainstream conventional insulation materials


82

(considering meeting the fabric energy efficiency standards), thermal performance of a

typical four story office building has been modelled using dynamic thermal modelling

software (IES-VE). Mineral wool and PUR as conventional insulation materials have

been used for the analysis.

Minimum aggregated carbon analysis

The following analyses illustrate the range of insulation thicknesses and U-values

around the point of minimum combined operational and embodied carbon for an office

building, based on CIBSE modelling assumptions.

Mineral wool shows results limited to 0.13 W/m2.K U-value for 30 years design life

requiring 240 mm insulation thickness (Figure 5.11). In case of a 60 year design life, no

minimum carbon point occurs down to 0.09 W/m2.K U-value (Figure 5.12).


years design life

0123456789

10

15 25 40 55 70 85 100 115 125 140 155 170 185 200 215 225 240 255 270 285 300 320 330 340 350

290 300 315 330 345 360 375 390 400 415 430 445 460 475 490 500 515 530 545 560 575 595 605 615 625

0.820.670.530.350.320.280.250.240.21 0.2 0.180.170.160.150.140.130.130.120.110.11 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.09

External Wall footprint area (m2)

KgCO

2/m

2 .yr

Insulation thickness (mm), Wall thickness (mm), Wall U-Value (W/m2.K)

OperationalCO2

InsulationECO2

Total CO2

Minimum combined

carbon


83


years design life

The PUR insulation results for the investigated office building demonstrate an optimum

thickness of approximately 220mm and 280mm based on design life assumptions of 30

and 60 year respectively. This equates to a U-value of 0.1 and 0.08 W/m2.K respectively

(Figures 5.13 and 5.14).

Figure 5.13 Carbon results of commercial buildings insulated with PUR for 30 years design life

0123456789

10

15 25 40 55 70 85 100 115 125 140 155 170 185 200 215 225 240 255 270 285 300 320 330 340 350

290 300 315 330 345 360 375 390 400 415 430 445 460 475 490 500 515 530 545 560 575 595 605 615 625

0.82 0.67 0.53 0.35 0.32 0.28 0.25 0.24 0.21 0.2 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.09

External Wall footprint area (m2)

KgCO

2/m

2 /yr


OperationalCO2

InsulationECO2

Total CO2

0123456789

10

15 25 40 55 70 85 100 115 125 140 155 170 185 200 215 225 240 255 270 285

125 135 150 165 180 195 210 225 235 250 265 280 295 310 325 335 350 365 380 395

0.71 0.55 0.41 0.35 0.27 0.2 0.18 0.17 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.1 0.1 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08

External wall footprint area (m2)

KgCO

2/m

2 .yr


OperationalCO2


Minimum combined

carbon


84


design life

Table 5.4 indicates where the values can theoretically be achieved using conventional

insulation materials but are not normally used due to the unacceptable physical

thickness of the required insulation and also the significant amount of lost rental values

associated with thick insulation panels. In these situations the minimum achievable

values are reduced and the lowest CO2 level is unachievable.


emission for 30 and 60 years design life

Mineral Wool PUR

30 Y

EA

RS

DE

SIG

N

LIF

E Minimum CO2 (kgCO2/m2.yr) 1.007 1.87

Wall Thickness (mm) 515 330 Roof U-value W/m2.K 0.106 0.08 Wall U-value W/m2.K 0.13 0.109

60 Y

EA

RS

DE

SIG

N

LIF

E Minimum CO2 (kgCO2/m2.yr)

NO MINIMUM CO2 UP TO 350 mm INSULATION WITH 0.09

W/m2.K U-VALUE

1.29

Wall Thickness (mm) 390 Roof U-value W/m2.K 0.064 Wall U-value W/m2.K 0.086

4.1.3 Role of novel insulation materials: vacuum insulation panels and hemp

Certain modern insulation materials appear to have good potential to provide U-values

better than those provided by conventional materials such as mineral wool and PUR,

without there being a net carbon disbenefit arising from their embodied carbon. These

0123456789

10

15 25 40 55 70 85 100 115 125 140 155 170 185 200 215 225 240 255 270 285

125 135 150 165 180 195 210 225 235 250 265 280 295 310 325 335 350 365 380 395

0.71 0.55 0.41 0.35 0.27 0.2 0.18 0.17 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.1 0.1 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08


KgCO

2/m

2 .yr


OperationalCO2


Minimum combined

carbon


85

materials essentially provide higher levels of thermal insulation relative to the embodied

carbon investment. Some possible examples include Vacuum Insulation Panels and

Hemp.

4.1.3.1 Vacuum Insulation Panels

Vacuum panels typically comprise 3 components (Figure 5.15):

• A core material which provides structural integrity and resistance to heat transfer.

• A thin film barrier or envelope to preserve the vacuum and reduce radiative heat

losses.

• A ‘getter’ or desiccant material to absorb any residual water or gas inside the sealed

envelope, as well as any water vapour or gases which may permeate the envelope.

Thermal conductivities of less than 0.004 W/m.K can be achieved. U-values associated

with VIPs therefore, are typically 4-7 times better than conventional insulation

materials.

Figure 5.15 VIP panel components

Figures 5.16 and 5.17 present the differences in thickness of Vacuum Insulation Panels

(VIPs) and PUR/mineral wool insulation for equivalent U-values. It schedules the

specific dimensional reductions achieved for U-values in the range 1.1 to 0.1 W/m2 K

(the greatest differences occurring at the lowest U-values). Results are based on centre

panel calculations, i.e. without edge effects.


86

VIP Thickness

(mm)

PUR Thickness

(mm)

Difference in thickness

3.4 19.7 3.8 21.8 4.2 24.4 4.7 27.6 5.4 31.7 6.3 37.3 7.6 45.2 9.6 57.1

12.8 77.2 19.3 118.1 38.8 244.5

Figure 5.16 Comparison of thickness of VIP and PUR insulation of equivalent U-value

VIP Thickness

(mm)

MW Thickness

(mm)

3.4 28.3 3.8 31.3 4.2 35.1 4.7 39.8 5.4 45.9 6.3 54.1 7.6 65.8 9.6 83.6

12.8 113.8 19.3 175.7 38.8 369.1

Figure 5.17 Comparison of thickness of VIP and mineral wool insulation of equivalent U-value

In conventional insulation materials, such as mineral wool and PUR, a large proportion

of the total heat transfer is due to conduction across (non-convective) gas pockets within

the material. Eliminating the conduction effects of such gas pockets improves resistance

of the insulation to heat transfer (HiPTI IEA/ECBCS Annex 39, 2005). Vacuum

Insulation Panels (VIPs) are a highly efficient form of thermal insulation comprising an

open-celled core (fumed silica or mineral wool) and a sealed and evacuated air-tight

membrane (normally multiple alternating layers of metallic and polymeric materials).

Conventional vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) based on evacuated fumed silica within

metallised polymeric membranes have been considered for the analyses. This form of

vacuum panel is now used in different industries including refrigerators, packaging,

16

18

20

23

26

31

38

48

64

99

206

1.1

1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

U-va

lue

(W/m

2 K)


87

pipework wrapping and construction, to provide high levels of insulation at minimal

thickness.

This should be noted that the edge effect in conventional vacuum insulations can affect

the effective U-value of the panel significantly depending on the panel size and

thickness. Due to the uncertainties associated with quantifying the edge effect the centre

of the panel U-value has been used in the analyses.

Minimum aggregated carbon analyses of VIPs in industrial claddings

High thermal resistance of VIPs coupled with low embodied CO2 implies a net benefit

up to and beyond the levels of insulation that may be reasonably anticipated (i.e.

extremely low U-values). Figures 5.18 to 5.20 demonstrate the optimum level of carbon

efficiency which is achievable using VIP insulation.

Figure 5.18 Carbon results of 3000m2 warehouse insulated with VIP for 25, 40 and 60 years design life

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0.7 0.37 0.25 0.193 0.1565 0.1309 0.098 0.065 0.049 0.039

5 10 15 20 25 30 40 60 80 100

KgCO

2/m

2 .yr

U-Value (W/m2.K), Insulation thickness (mm)

25 years ECO2

25 years total CO2

40 years ECO2

40 years total CO2

60 years ECO2

60 years total CO2

Operational CO2


88

Figure 5.19 Carbon results of 3000m2 retail shed insulated with VIP for 25, 40 and 60

years design life


years design life Only in one of the cases analysed, that of a retail shed with a 25, 40 and 60 year design

life, embodied CO2 reaches a point where it offsets the savings associated with

incremental increase of insulation material. In all other cases increasing the level of

insulation provided by VIP continues to reduce the combined operational and embodied

carbon requirements (Table 5.5).

According to the DCLG report on 2014 build rate assumptions (DCLG, 2014), 43% of

new non-domestic buildings will be distribution and retail warehouses by 2050. This

figure equates to 3.3 million square meters of warehouse buildings. The minimum

achievable CO2 associated with using VIPs in comparison to investigated conventional

insulation materials saves about 3.8-9 thousand tonnes of CO2 per annum (depending on

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0.7 0.37 0.25 0.193 0.1565 0.1309 0.098 0.065 0.049 0.039

5 10 15 20 25 30 40 60 80 100

KgCO

2/m

2 .yr


25 years ECO2

25 years total CO2

40 years ECO2

40 years total CO2

60 years ECO2

60 years total CO2

Operational CO2

Minimum carbon

25 years design life

Minimum carbon


Minimum carbon


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0.7 0.37 0.25 0.193 0.1565 0.1309 0.098 0.065 0.049 0.039

5 10 15 20 25 30 40 60 80 100

KgCO

2/m

2 .yr


25 years ECO2

25 years total CO2

40 years ECO2

40 years total CO2

60 years ECO2

60 years total CO2

Operational CO2


89

building size and operation criteria) which is about 4-10% of total non-residential

buildings in-use phase CO2 emissions (Table 5.5) (BIS, 2010).

Table 5.5 Minimum achievable carbon emissions of conventional insulation materials

in comparison to VIP for 25 years design life

25 YEARS DESIGN LIFE (minimum achievable)

Mineral Wool PUR VIP

Ret

ail s

hed

3000

m2

war

ehou

se

1000

m2

war

ehou

se

Ret

ail s

hed

3000

m2

war

ehou

se

1000

m2

war

ehou

se

Ret

ail s

hed

3000

m2

war

ehou

se

1000

m2

war

ehou

se

Minimum CO2 (kgCO2/m2.yr) 2.25 14 11.5 3.97 14.5 12.2 1.27 11.76 11.05

Roof Thickness (mm) 280 400 400 160 170 170 80 110 110

Wall Thickness (mm) 170 170 170 115 170 170 60 100 100

Roof U-value W/m2.K 0.13 0.09 0.09 0.15 0.13 0.13 0.049 0.03 0.03

Wall U-value W/m2.K 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.21 0.13 0.13 0.068 0.039 0.039

Minimum aggregated carbon analyses of VIP in residential claddings

Vacuum Insulation Panels with 4 to 7 times better thermal resistance than conventional

insulation materials enable building owners to gain higher rental value associated with

thinner external walls. This also provides the industry with a solution to meet the

thermal performance requirements with maximum 100 mm cavity width. The results

from Figures 5.21 and 5.22 indicate a carbon disbenefit at 0.087 and 0.07 W/m2.K

U-value for VIP for 30 and 60 years design life respectively. Such low U-values were

achieved with only 40 and 60mm of insulation.


90


design life

Figure 5.22 Carbon results of residential buildings insulated with VIP for 60 years design life

The average floor area of houses in the UK is about 80 m2 (RIBA, 2008) which,

multiplied by the average 100 thousand of new houses being built each year (DCLG,

2012), results in 8M m2 of new domestic buildings. The minimum achievable combined

operational and embodied CO2 associated with VIPs in comparison to investigated

conventional insulation materials shows between 4-6 thousand tonnes CO2 savings per

annum which is about 2.7- 4 % of total residential buildings in-use phase CO2 emissions

(BIS, 2010) (Table 5.6).

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

0 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

0.2845 0.2845 0.2845 0.2845 0.2845 0.2845 0.2845 0.2945 0.3045 0.3145 0.3245 0.3345

0.7162 0.3779 0.2567 0.1563 0.1124 0.0877 0.0729 0.0617 0.0534 0.0471 0.0422 0.0381

KgCO

2/m

2.yr

Insulation thickness (mm), Wall thickness (m), U-Value (W/m2.K)

Operational CO2

InsulationEmbodied CO2

Total CO2

Minimum combined

carbon

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

0 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

0.2845 0.2845 0.2845 0.2845 0.2845 0.2845 0.2845 0.2945 0.3045 0.3145 0.3245 0.3345

0.7162 0.3779 0.2567 0.1563 0.1124 0.0877 0.0729 0.0617 0.0534 0.0471 0.0422 0.0381

KgCO

2/m

2.yr

Insulation thickness (mm), Wall thickness (m), U-Value (W/m2.K)

OperationalCO2


Minimum combined

carbon


91

Table 5.6 Limits of VIP in terms of minimum carbon emission for 25, 40 and 60 years design life (residential)

VIP

30 Y

EA

RS

DE

SIG

N

LIF

E Minimum CO2 (kgCO2/m2.yr) 1.5


60 Y

EA

RS

DE

SIG

N

LIF



Current manufacturing constraints No relevant technical limitations

Minimum aggregated carbon analyses of VIPs in office buildings

High thermal resistance of VIPs coupled with low embodied CO2 investments results in

very low achievable minimum carbon. Minimum achievable CO2 for VIPs is 3 to 4

times lower than that associated with investigated conventional insulation materials

(Figures 5.23 and 5.24). This equates to about 3000 tonnes CO2/pa. Multiplying this

figure by the 2 million m2 floor area of office buildings results in about 3% reduction in

total non-residential buildings in-use phase CO2 emissions (BIS, 2010) (Table 5.7).

Table 5.7 Limits of VIPs in terms of minimum carbon emission for 25, 40 and 60 years design life (office buildings)

VIP

30 Y

EA

RS

DE

SIG

N

LIF


Wall Thickness (mm) 320 Roof U-value W/m2.K 0.065

Wall U-value W/m2.K 0.08

60 Y

EA

RS

DE

SIG

N

LIF

E

Minimum CO2 (kgCO2/m2.yr) 0.45

Wall Thickness (mm) 342

Roof U-value W/m2.K 0.05

Wall U-value W/m2.K 0.045 Current manufacturing constraints No relevant technical limitations


92

Figure 5.23 Carbon results of commercial buildings insulated with VIP for 30 years design life

Figure 5.24 Carbon results of commercial buildings insulated with VIP for 60 years design life

4.1.3.2 Hemp insulation

What makes hemp a novel insulation material is its environmental performance. Like

other Natural Fibre Insulation (NFI) materials, hemp during its growth stage locks away

up to two tonnes of CO2 per tonne of fibre harvested which has a significant positive

impact on the environment. (www.hemptechnology.co.uk, 2013).

The CO2 will remain stored in the hemp fibre throughout the life of the product. If the

embodied CO2 of the material is calculated on a cradle to gate basis (which is the case in

this research) then the sequestered CO2 in a hemp plant in its growth stage and low

0

1

2

3

4

5

3.5 7 11 15 18 21 30 37 45 52 60 67 75

278.5 282 286 290 293 296 305 312 320 327 335 342 350

0.6 0.4 0.28 0.21 0.18 0.16 0.12 0.1 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.05

KgCO

2/m

2 .yr

Insulation thickness (mm), Wall thickness (mm), U-Value (W/m2.K)

OperationalCO2

Insulationembodied CO2

Total CO2

Minimum combined

carbon

0

1

2

3

4

5

3.5 7 11 15 18 21 30 37 45 52 60 67 75

278.5 282 286 290 293 296 305 312 320 327 335 342 350

0.6 0.4 0.28 0.21 0.18 0.16 0.12 0.1 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.05

KgCO

2/m

2 .yr

Insulation thickness (mm), Wall thickness (mm), U-Value (W/m2.K)

OperationalCO2

InsulationembodiedCO2

Total CO2

Minimum combined

carbon

http://www.hemptechnology.co.uk,/


93

energy demand in farming and processing stages results in a negative embodied CO2

value for hemp insulation (Table 5.8).

Table 5.8 Net Global Warming Potential associated with hemp farming and processing

(hemptechnology.co.uk, 2012)

Hemp farming Hemp processing Total

Energy (MJ/kg straw) 1.86 1.92 3.78

IPCC GWP 100 (kgCO2/kg straw) 0.11 0.11 0.22

Net GWP inc. sequestered carbon (kgCO2/kg straw)

-1.56 0.11 -1.46

Hemp insulation is produced from the long fibres obtained from hemp plants (Figure

5.25). After the hemp is harvested and dried, the dried hemp plant is separated into

wood, fibres (used to create insulation), leaves, seeds and leftover dust. To hold the

‘wool’ together, strengthening polyester fibres are used that cannot be composted and

should be treated as household waste (Duijve, 2012). Hemp has the ability to help

manage condensation levels which not only decreases the risk of moisture damage but

also improves indoor air quality by allowing the building to breathe. Hemp insulation is

a hygroscopic material and is able to absorb, store and release over 20% of its weight in

moisture without affecting product performance.

Figure 5.25 Hemp insulation (source: homesinharmony.co.uk)

The density of Hemp insulation is approximately 40 kg/m3 and its thermal conductivity

is 0.039 W/m.K (Hock, 2009) which in comparison to other novel insulation

technologies is high.

Minimum aggregated carbon analyses of hemp in industrial claddings Whilst the thermal conductivity of hemp insulation is similar to conventional insulation

material such as mineral wool, negative embodied carbon implies a net carbon benefit


94

down to the maximum levels of insulation that may be reasonably anticipated (i.e.

extremely low U-values) (Figures 5.26 to 5.28).


years design life


years design life

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1.80

3

1.06

47

0.83

0.63

28

0.54

45

0.44

77

0.36

41

0.33

44

0.29

63

0.27

54

0.24

9

0.23

41

0.20

35

0.18

87

0.17

6

0.16

84

0.15

5

0.14

91

0.14

1

0.13

61

0.12

72

0.11

94

0.11

59

0.11

25

0.10

94

15 30 40 55 65 80 100110125135150160185200215225245255270280300320330340350

KgCO

2/m

2/yr


OperationalCO2

InsulationECO2

Total CO2

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1.80

31.

0647

0.83

0.63

280.

5445

0.44

770.

3641

0.33

440.

2963

0.27

540.

249

0.23

410.

2035

0.18

870.

176

0.16

840.

155

0.14

910.

141

0.13

610.

1272

0.11

940.

1159

0.11

250.

1094

15 30 40 55 65 80 100110125135150160185200215225245255270280300320330340350

KgCO

2/m

2/yr


OperationalCO2

InsulationECO2

Total CO2


95

Figure 5.28 Carbon results of 3000m2 retail shed insulated with hemp for 25 years

design life

As previously stated, 3.3 M m2 of new buildings will be distribution warehouses and

retail sheds. Non-domestic buildings are responsible for 100.7 MtCO2 per year (during

their in-use phase) (BIS, 2010). The minimum achievable CO2 associated with using

hemp insulation (using the cradle to gate figure for embodied CO2) in comparison to

investigated conventional insulation materials saves about 5-7.7 kgCO2 per square

meter per annum depending on building size and operation criteria. This is about 17-25

million tonnes of CO2 for 3.3 M m2 of new non-residential buildings which is 16.8-

24.8% of total non-residential buildings in-use phase CO2 emissions (BIS, 2010).

Minimum aggregated carbon analyses of hemp in residential claddings

Approximately 8 M m2 of new domestic buildings are going to be built each year

(DCLG, 2012). The minimum achievable combined operational and embodied CO2

analyses using hemp (assuming negative embodied carbon) in comparison to

investigated conventional insulation materials shows between 1.55-1.85 kgCO2/m2

savings per annum. This multiplied by the floor area of new buildings equates to

approximately 8.5-10% of total semidetached buildings CO2 emissions associated with

heating demand (BIS, 2010) (Figures 5.29 and 5.30).

-4-202468

1012141618

1.80

3

1.06

47

0.83

0.63

28

0.54

45

0.44

77

0.36

41

0.33

44

0.29

63

0.27

54

0.24

9

0.23

41

0.20

35

0.18

87

0.17

6

0.16

84

0.15

5

0.14

91

0.14

1

0.13

61

0.12

72

0.11

94

0.11

59

0.11

25

0.10

94

15 30 40 55 65 80 100110125135150160185200215225245255270280300320330340350

KgCO

2/m

2/yr


OperationalCO2

InsulationECO2

Total CO2


96

Figure 5.29 Carbon results of residential building insulated with hemp for 30 years

design life

Figure 5. 30 Carbon results of residential building insulated with hemp for 60 years

design life Minimum aggregated carbon analyses of hemp in office buildings

Optimum CO2 values for hemp insulation in comparison to investigated conventional

insulation materials are about 1-1.15 kgCO2/m2 per annum. Multiplying this figure to 2

million m2 floor area of office buildings (build rate assumptions for 2050) saves up to

3% of total non-residential buildings in-use phase CO2 emissions (BIS, 2010) (Figures

5.31 and 5.32).

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300

0.28 0.28 0.28 0.31 0.33 0.36 0.38 0.41 0.43 0.46 0.48 0.51 0.53

0.72 0.48 0.39 0.31 0.26 0.22 0.19 0.17 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.11

KgCO

2/m

2 .yr

Insulation thickness - wall thickness - wall U-Value

OperationalCO2


Total CO2

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300

0.28 0.28 0.28 0.31 0.33 0.36 0.38 0.41 0.43 0.46 0.48 0.51 0.53

0.72 0.48 0.39 0.31 0.26 0.22 0.19 0.17 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.11

KgCO

2/m

2 .yr

Insulation thickness - wall thicknss - wall U-Value

OperationalCO2



97

Figure 5.31Carbon results of commercial building insulated with hemp for 30 years

design life

Figure5.32 Carbon results of commercial building insulated with hemp for 60 years

design life

The benefit of hemp insulation when the embodied CO2 calculation is based on the

cradle to gate approach is the negative embodied CO2 measure. At the end-of-life stage

of hemp material however, it can be remixed with new material, used as biomass or

otherwise sawn up to be returned to the soil. At this point as the hemp fibre is

biodegradable it slowly releases the carbon through decomposition while also returning

other nutrients to the soil. Because the material eventually releases the stored CO2 back

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

15 30 40 55 65 80 100 110 125 135 150 160 185 200 215 225 245 255 270 280

290 305 315 330 340 355 375 385 400 410 425 435 460 475 490 500 520 530 545 555

1.80 1.06 0.83 0.63 0.54 0.45 0.36 0.33 0.30 0.28 0.25 0.23 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.14


KgCO

2/m

2 /yr

Insulation thickness (mm) - wall thickness (mm) - wall U-Value (W/m2.K)

OperationalCO2


Total CO2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

15 30 40 55 65 80 100 110 125 135 150 160 185 200 215 225 245 255 270 280

290 305 315 330 340 355 375 385 400 410 425 435 460 475 490 500 520 530 545 555

1.80 1.06 0.83 0.63 0.54 0.45 0.36 0.33 0.30 0.28 0.25 0.23 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.14


KgCO

2/m

2 /yr

Insulation thickness (mm) - wall thickness (mm) - wall U-Value (W/m2.K)

OperationalCO2


Total CO2


98

to the environment, the actual embodied CO2 of the material taking into account the raw

material processing energy and transportation to site is not negative as all other

insulation materials. This should be taken into account in studies which are using hemp

and are based on cradle to gate life cycle analysis as assuming negative carbon footprint

for hemp insulation suggests very thick building fabric that can be misleading in a

global building performance analysis.

4.2 Thermally retrofitted buildings

4.2.1 Introduction

It is estimated that 70% of the buildings that will be in use in 2050 have already been

constructed (UNEP, 2009)(Carbon trust, 2007) and so, whilst the performance standards

of new buildings are important, it is arguably more critical that effective strategies are

found for improving the thermal performance of existing stock. However currently,

thermal retrofitting of existing buildings appears under-represented in the effort to meet

carbon reduction targets.

At present there are around 8000 dwelling demolitions per year accounting for only

0.03% of the total stock (Ravetz 2008). The equivalent rate for industrial and

commercial premises is difficult to estimate. However based on there being 597 million

m2 of industrial and commercial premises in 2007 (CLG and ONS, 2008) and £6 billion

of non-domestic construction in the same year (ONS, 2010) coupled with little net

growth in the stock, and an assumed average construction cost of £1800 per m2 the

equivalent demolition figure can be estimated as being around 0.5%. At these rates, and

recognising the inaccuracies and uncertainties of future trends, it may reasonably be

expected that replacement of 50% of the existing building stock with new construction

complying with improved current and future building standards is likely to take a period

of the order of 100 years. In view of this slow rate of change it is essential that effective

thermal retrofit strategies are developed but limitations in the existing technologies pose

serious issues not least in terms of the embodied carbon associated with insulation

materials and techniques.


99

As previously stated in Chapter 2, it is essential that embodied carbon is factored into

carbon reduction equations especially for refurbishment scenarios with particularly

shorter service lives. If so, a compelling case begins to emerge for the development of

high performance insulation materials. Of the known possible alternatives vacuum

insulation and hemp insulation are considered to be amongst the most promising as

discussed previously (DTI project 2007, Caps 2001, Fine 1989, Materna 2001, Zwerger

2005).

Even disregarding considerations of embodied carbon, many existing insulation

materials appear likely to struggle to meet future demands. Issues appear to be

particularly acute in refurbishment markets where buildings may be dimensionally

restricted or where structural issues may preclude certain solutions. Two of the most

common insulation materials, mineral wool and PUR foam, both have significant

performance limitations when used within composite or built-up systems as stated in

Section 1.2.1.

The development of novel insulation materials that combine higher thermal

performance with relatively low embodied carbon seems therefore to be essential. The

case is particularly strong for retrofit applications where design lives tend to be less than

those for new build, and where embodied carbon can offset a greater proportion of the

total operational carbon savings.

4.2.2 Quantification of the carbon limits of conventional and alternative insulation technology for industrial buildings

Generally, there are two dominant categories of building envelope refurbishment for

industrial buildings; re-sheeting and over cladding (Tata steel, 2013). In re-sheeting the

existing building envelope is replaced completely with a new cladding system, but in

over cladding, the existing envelope of the building is used as a base layer for

installation of new cladding. The choice between the two options is dependent on

individual project requirements and circumstances. One of the most commonly

employed refurbishment solution is re-sheeting with profiled built-up and composite

panel systems which are assumed to be the case for this study.


100

The following analyses are associated with re-sheeting of standard single span portal

frame warehouses of 1000 and 3000m2 and a similar 3000m2 retail sheds similar to

those analysed in Section 1 of this Chapter. As re-sheeting has been used as the

retrofitting method in the present study, the CO2 savings are assumed to be the same as

new build analysis for industrial buildings. The service life associated with thermal

retrofitting analysis is assumed to be 25 years.

According to the UK National Statistics Publication Hub, there are approximately 466

thousand warehouses and factories existing in the UK. This figure equates to 370 M m2

of warehouse buildings. The minimum achievable CO2 associated with using VIPs in

comparison to investigated conventional insulation materials saves about 0.4-1 million

tonnes of CO2 per annum (depending on building size and operation criteria) which is

about 5-12.6% of associated CO2 with total space heating demand of industrial

buildings (about 40 TWh/year) (DECC, 2013). The saving associated with improving

the fabric U-value down to 0.25 W/m2K (assuming 0.35 as the base-case) is

approximately between 2.5-9.5% and to 0.15 W/m2K is in range of 0.63-10.7%.

The minimum achievable CO2 associated with using hemp insulation in comparison to

the investigated conventional insulation materials saves about 1.9-2.5 million tonnes of

CO2 per annum (depending on building size and operation criteria) which is about 22-

29% of associated CO2 with total space heating demand of industrial buildings.

Currently about 30% of the annual market for profiled roofing and cladding is allocated

to refurbishment which is only about 1-2% of existing cladding area. This slow paced

process needs a significant change to contribute to achieving the carbon reduction

targets.

4.2.3 Quantification of the Carbon Limits of Conventional and Alternative Insulation Technology for Residential Buildings

Residential buildings are responsible for 26% of UK emissions. It is estimated that 40%

of available buildings in 2050 will be pre 1985. It is also estimated that about 30% of

current housing stock do not have cavity walls and around 42% of houses with cavity


101

walls are not insulated (Energy saving trust, 2011). The Environmental Change Institute

reports that to achieve the carbon reduction targets, 100% of cavity walls are required to

be insulated by 2050 (ECI, 2005). In 2009 30% of English homes failed the decent

home standard and in approximately a quarter of cases this was due to poor fabric

thermal performance. This highlights the importance of thermal retrofit solutions

(DCLG, 2010).

The first step in retrofitting houses is to understand that there is no single solution

applicable to all cases. Thermal retrofitting of the building fabric is fundamental in

achieving carbon reduction targets in a cost and performance effective approach. Many

basic retrofit solutions, such as loft insulation and cavity wall insulation are relatively

cheap and effective and offer reasonable payback periods which make them suitable

solutions economically. It is increasingly reported that a significant proportion of cavity

walls are not suitable for cavity wall insulation (The centre for low carbon future, 2011).

This is mainly due to potential problems such as areas of missing insulation, insulation

material slippage and variations in density or incomplete filling of cavities. This is also

believed that in the majority of existing cases, cavities are about 50mm wide which is

not sufficient in achieving lower targeted U-values using conventional insulation

materials (Table 5.9). These cases will normally require solid wall insulation as for non-

cavity wall houses.

Table 5.9 U-values associated with insulated cavity widths

Semidetached buildings account for about 26% of existing housing stock of which

about 25.5% are built with non-cavity walls and 28.9% are un-insulated cavity walls.

43.9% of existing non-cavity walls was built between years 1919 to 1944 (ONS, 2008).

A typical 1930’ semi-detached house therefore (as the most common existing non-

cavity wall building type) was selected to be simulated. It was assumed that all cases are

externally insulated with mainstream conventional insulation materials such as mineral

wool and PUR in comparison to hemp insulation and VIPs as novel solutions. The

following analyses investigate the results associated with thermal retrofitting of typical

U-value W/m2K

Insulated cavity mm

Mineral wool PUR

50 0.389 0.31


102

1930s semidetached houses assuming the general building specifications described in

Tables 4.5.

According to the UK National Statistics Publication Hub, total household energy use for

space heating is about 292.9 TWh/yr in the UK. This figure for space heating demand of

semidetached buildings is 190.9kWh/m2/yr which equates to 37.8 kgCO2/m2/yr. The

minimum achievable CO2 associated with using VIPs in comparison to investigated

conventional insulation materials (depending on material used, service life and weather

data employed) saves about 1.5-3.3% of associated CO2 with total space heating

demand of residential buildings. The saving associated with improving the building

fabric U-value to 0.25 W/m2K (assuming 0.35 as the base-case) is approximately

between 0.8-1.7% and to 0.15 W/m2K is in range of 1.2-2.2% (Table 5.10).

Table 5.10 Minimum aggregated CO2 burden associated with embodied carbon of mineral wool, PUR and VIP and operational carbon required for heating (by building type and service life).

Service life

Insulation type

Minimum CO2 Thickness

of roof insulation

Roof U-Value

Thickness of wall

insulation

Wall U-Value

(kgCO2/m2/year) (mm) (W/m2.K) (mm) (W/m2.K)

25 years

Mineral wool 11.52 300 0.12 225 0.14 PUR 11.95 300 0.12 142 0.16 VIP 10.89 300 0.12 50 0.076

Hemp 9.1 down to 0.08 W/m2.K 300 0.12 no minimum down to

0.08 W/m2.K

40 years

Mineral wool 11.17 300 0.12 325 0.1 PUR 11.45 300 0.12 195 0.12

VIP no minimum

down to 0.039 W/m2.K

300 0.12 no minimum down to 0.039 W/m2.K


0.08 W/m2.K

60 years

Mineral wool 10.97 300 0.12 350 0.09 PUR 11.09 300 0.12 235 0.1

VIP no minimum

down to 0.039 W/m2.K

300 0.12 no minimum down to 0.039 W/m2.K


0.08 W/m2.K


103

Replacing the conventional insulation materials with hemp insulation results in 6.5-

7.5% CO2 saving associated with total heating demand of investigated semidetached

buildings (assuming negative embodied CO2 for hemp insulation).

4.2.4 Quantification of the Carbon Limits of Conventional and Alternative Insulation Technology for Office Buildings

Retrofitting solutions for commercial buildings have not been widely adopted. More

than two-thirds of commercial properties are owned by short-term tenants who tend not

to be willing to sustain the high upfront cost of improvements (Energy Saving Trust,

2011). This is becoming more acute due to reducing lease terms (currently on average in

the UK, 4.8 years) which do not provide sufficient timescale for payback (Dixon, 2013).

Energy costs also account for a relatively low proportion of the operational costs of

most service sector companies (generally no greater than 6%). A further factor which

has frustrated thermal retrofitting is belief that improvements can be more effectively

achieved through replacement of existing lighting systems with low energy and efficient

control systems. Minimum energy efficiency standard aiming at carbon emission

reduction however is becoming a requirement by the Government.

There are approximately 350M m2 of office buildings existing in the UK (ONS, 2008).

Minimum achievable CO2 for novel insulation materials (when the building fabric is

upgraded from 0.35 to 0.15 W/m2.K U-Value) is approximately 0.23-1.68 kgCO2/m2

lower than that associated with investigated conventional insulation materials. This

equates to about 1-6.5% reduction in total non-residential buildings in-use phase CO2

emissions (BIS, 2010).

4.3 Technical Conclusions

The analyses demonstrate that there are limits for conventional insulation thicknesses

(varies depending on building type and size) beyond which the increase in embodied

carbon exceeds the decrease in operational carbon. These represent maximum insulation

thicknesses or ‘death points’ associated with each insulation material. If lower U-values


104

are required, the development (birth point) of alternative (low embodied carbon)

insulation materials such as VIPs are essential.

Improving the fabric energy efficiency measures significantly reduces the space heating

load demand of buildings. The maximum achievable CO2 saving associated with fabric

thermal efficiency when including the regulated energy consumption (lighting and hot

water requirements) however, contributes to a maximum of 10% for non-domestic and

15-20% saving for residential buildings (refer to appendix B for detailed calculations).

105

5 CHAPTER 6: Insulation Specifications for Minimum Life-

Cycle Costs

The following chapter presents the Life Cycle Costing analysis associated with building

fabric energy efficiency for industrial, residential and office buildings. PUR and mineral

wool as mainstream conventional insulation materials and VIPs as exemplar novel

insulation material have been used for the analyses.

5.1 Introduction

Whilst all cladding systems must deliver acceptable levels of performance, ‘first cost’

criteria (procurement and construction costs) often have primacy in the selection of

building envelope systems. This is particularly the case for industrial buildings where

subsequent on-going costs are more associated with the lighting loads rather than

heating requirements. The target therefore for the industrial building owners is to

comply with the Building Regulation standards concerning the level of insulation.

The cost Analyses for residential and office buildings, however, are more complicated.

As the thickness of building cladding systems increase as a consequence of higher

levels of insulation (to reduce the conductive heat loss through building envelope), the

ratio of net to gross floor area calculated on a building perimeter basis is adversely

affected. Hence the rental value of buildings changes considerably. This will make the

thickness of building cladding a determinant factor in achieving the optimum level of

thermal performance for residential and office building envelopes.

The use of mainstream conventional insulation materials, such as mineral wool and

PUR, would demand thicker insulation panels in the wall construction (around 200-300

mm external wall to meet the performance requirements) which will consequently affect

the financial benefit of energy savings associated with the better thermal performance of

the building envelope. A substantial improvement in energy performance and cladding

slimness is however expected to be achieved by novel insulation materials such as VIPs

CHAPTER 6: Insulation Specifications for Minimum Life-Cycle Costs

106

where low embodied CO2 is coupled with high thermal resistance and subsequently a

thinner panel can be adopted.

Life Cycle Costing (LCC) analysis has been carried out therefore to investigate the cost

effectiveness of conventional and novel insulation materials for industrial, residential

and office buildings. The price/m2 floor area was extracted from the property market

report (Valuation Office Agency, 2011). Average insulation prices provided by different

suppliers have been used for conventional insulation materials. For VIPs an estimated

reduced price has been calculated based on the price of products involved in the similar

manufacturing process (see Section 2.3 for more detail) (Table 6.1).

Table 6. 1 Average cost of renewable technologies and insulation materials supplied by various manufacturers in the UK

Wall Roof

PUR

U value Thickness mm Price/m2 U value Thickness mm Price/m2 0.25 100 67 0.2 125 47 0.21 119 68.5 0.17 147 48 0.19 132 70 0.15 167 49 0.17 147 71.5 0.12 208 50 0.15 167 73 0.11 227 51 0.11 227 79 0.1 250 55 0.1 250 82 0.08 312.5 57

Mineral wool

U value Thickness mm Price/m2 U value Thickness mm Price/m2 0.25 160 43.7 0.2 200 35.7 0.21 190 45 0.17 235 36.4 0.19 211 48.6 0.15 267 37 0.17 235 50.4 0.12 333 38.4 0.15 267 52.2 0.11 364 39 0.11 364 63 0.1 400 43 0.1 400 66.6 0.08 500 44.7

VIP

U value Thickness mm Price/m2 U value Thickness mm Price/m2 0.25 16 75 0.2 20 52.5 0.21 19 80.4 0.17 24 56.28 0.19 21 85.75 0.15 27 60.025 0.17 24 98.5 0.12 33 68.95 0.15 27 106 0.11 36 74.2 0.11 36 123 0.1 40 86.1 0.1 40 127.5 0.08 50 89.25

PV - - 183 - - -


107

5.2 Industrial buildings

5.2.1 Minimum Life Cycle Cost analyses

The following section presents the NPV results for standard single span portal frame

warehouses of 1000 and 3000m2 and similar 3000m2 retail shed using built up cladding

systems with mineral wool and composite PUR cladding systems. The analyses assume

the general system parameters described in Tables 4.1 and 4.3 (refer to Chapter 4). The

internal gains including generated heat from lighting, occupants and solar gain have

been taken into account when determining heating demands. The 2010 Building

Regulations backstop U-values for building fabric have been assumed as the basecase

for LCC calculations.

5.2.1.1 NPV analyses for conventional insulation materials: mineral wool and PUR

The following graphs illustrate the cost analysis associated with the incremental

increases in insulation levels and consequent decreases in U-values. Bars refer to the

initial cost of thermal performance improvements (left axis) and lines refer to NPV

results for 25, 40 and 60 years building service life (Right axis).

According to the results from Figures 6.1 to 6.6, improving the building fabric thermal

performance beyond the required standards (in this case the backstop U-value for

building envelope) results in small financial profit as for thicknesses where the NPV

reaches its highest level, the future energy cost savings over buildings design life will

only recover the capital cost of highly insulated envelope (except for 60 years design

life).

The Building Regulations suggest lower U-Values for Roofs compared to walls. This is

due to the higher conductive heat loss through roofs. There is a ratio of 0.7 between

current roof and wall backstop U-values in the Regulations which has been assumed to

be the case in this research.

In case of mineral wool over 25, 40 and 60 years design life:


108

• For wall U-value; Maximum NPV occurs in range of 0.18 - 0.27 W/m2K in

investigated buildings whilst the required backstop U-value is 0.35 W/m2K.

• For the relative roof U-value (calculated by multiplying wall U-value by 0.7);

Maximum NPV occurs in range of 0.13 - 0.20 W/m2K in the buildings

investigated whilst the required backstop U-value is 0.25 W/m2K.

• 12 to15% more investment on initial cost of insulating the building beyond the

required standards, results in up to £ 30k cost benefit (NPV) during 60 years of

buildings design life.

• For retail sheds however, as the energy consumption is mainly associated with

lighting, improving the building fabric (aiming at reducing the heating demand)

is not financially justifiable.

Figure 6.1NPV results of 3000m2 warehouse insulated by mineral wool for 25, 40 and


-700

-600

-500

-400

-300

-200

-100

0

100

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1.40

70.

799

0.55

80.

428

0.35

00.

293

0.25

20.

222

0.19

80.

179

0.16

30.

150

0.13

80.

129

0.12

00.

113

0.10

60.

101

0.09

50.

091

0.08

70.

083

0.08

00.

076

0.07

3

20 40 60 80 100120140160180200220240260280300320340360380400420440460480500U-Value (W/m2.K), Insulation thickness (mm)

Initialinsulationcost25 yearsdesign lifeNPV40 yearsdesign lifeNPV60 yearsdesign lifeNPV

Initi

al In

sula

tion

cost

( tho

usan

d £)

NPV

( th

ousa

nd £

)

Basecase

Maximum NPV

(25 years service

life)

Maximum NPV

(40 years service

life)

Maximum NPV

(60 years service

life)


109

Figure 6.2NPV results of 3000m2 retail shed insulated by mineral wool for 25, 40 and


Figure 6.3 NPV results of 1000m2 warehouse insulated by mineral wool for 25, 40 and 60 years design life

In the case of PUR over 25, 40 and 60 years design life:

• For wall U-value; Maximum NPV occurs in range of 0.14 - 0.24 W/m2K in

investigated buildings (the backstop U-value is 0.35 W/m2K).

• For roof U-value; Maximum NPV occurs in range of 0.1 - 0.17 W/m2K in the

buildings investigated (the backstop U-value is 0.25 W/m2K).

-700

-600

-500

-400

-300

-200

-100

0

100

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

1.40

70.

799

0.55

80.

428

0.35

00.

293

0.25

20.

222

0.19

80.

179

0.16

30.

150

0.13

80.

129

0.12

00.

113

0.10

60.

101

0.09

50.

091

0.08

70.

083

0.08

00.

076

0.07

3


Initialinsulationcost25 yearsdesign lifeNPV40 yearsdesign lifeNPV60 yearsdesign lifeNPV

Initi

al In

sula

tion

cost

( tho

usan

d £)

NPV

( th

ousa

nd £

)

Maximum NPV

(25 years service

life)

Maximum NPV

(40 years service

life)

Maximum NPV

(60 years service

life)

Basecase

-250

-200

-150

-100

-50

0

50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

1.40

70.

799

0.55

80.

428

0.35

00.

293

0.25

20.

222

0.19

80.

179

0.16

30.

150

0.13

80.

129

0.12

00.

113

0.10

60.

101

0.09

50.

091

0.08

70.

083

0.08

00.

076

0.07

3


Initialinsulationcost

25 yearsdesign lifeNPV



Initi

al In

sula

tion

cost

( tho

usan

d £)

NPV

( th

ousa

nd £

)

Maximum NPV

(40 years service

life)

Maximum NPV

(60 years service

Basecase


110

• 8 to15% more investment on initial cost of insulating the building beyond the

required standards, results in £25k to £50k cost benefit for 60 years building

design life.

Achieving the thicknesses in which the NPV reaches its highest level for PUR roof

panels seems however to be difficult as the maximum available thickness currently

produced in the market is restricted to 0.13 W/m2K U-value due to manufacturing

constraints.


design life

Figure 6.5 NPV results of 3000m2 retail shed insulated by PUR for 25, 40 and 60 years

design life

-500-450-400-350-300-250-200-150-100-50050100

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1.06

38

0.57

47

0.39

37

0.29

94

0.24

15

0.20

24

0.17

42

0.15

29

0.13

62

0.12

28

0.11

19

0.10

27

0.09

49

0.08

82

0.08

24

0.07

73

0.07

28

0.06

88

0.06

52

0.06

220 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400






Initi

al In

sula

tion

cost

( tho

usan

d £)

NPV

( th

ousa

nd

£)

Maximum NPV

(60 years service

life)

Maximum NPV

(40 years service

life)

Maximum NPV

(25 years service

life)

Basecase

-400

-350

-300

-250

-200

-150

-100

-50

0

50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

1.06

4

0.57

5

0.39

4

0.29

9

0.24

2

0.20

2

0.17

4

0.15

3

0.13

6

0.12

3

0.11

2

0.10

3

0.09

5

0.08

8

0.08

2

0.07

7

0.07

3

0.06

9

0.06

5

0.06

2

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400






Initi

al In

sula

tion

cost

( tho

usan

d £)

NPV

( th

ousa

nd £

)

Maximum NPV

(25 years service

life)

Maximum NPV

(40 years service

life)

Maximum NPV

(60 years service

life)

Basecase


111

Figure 6.6 NPV results of 1000m2 warehouse insulated by PUR for 25, 40 and 60 years design life

Interpretation of NPV analyses of novel insulation materials: VIPs

Parallel with the cost analysis of incremental increases in insulation thickness for

conventional insulation materials, the cost analyses of VIPs are presented in the

following graphs. Bars refer to the initial cost of thermal performance improvements

(left axis) and lines refer to NPV results for 25, 40 and 60 years design life of insulation

panels (Right axis).

At present, whilst there is good technical potential supporting the development of

vacuum insulation, there is limited market demand and therefore limited opportunities

for large scale economic commercialisation. Costs are therefore relatively high since

high volume production and supply chains have not thus far been established (Tenpierik

2009, Erb 2010, Tenpierik 2006). Therefore in order to make the financial comparison

of VIP with conventional mainstream insulations materials feasible, an estimated

reduced price for VIPs has been calculated based on the price of products involved in

the similar manufacturing process such as argon filled double glazed units, vacuum

double glazed units and a similar insulation material such as PUR. The lower price limit

has been assumed not to be lower than manufacturing and raw materials price taking

into account a similar commercial profit as the products mentioned. The upper price

limit is not to be higher than the price for which VIPs are competitive with PUR in

-200

-175

-150

-125

-100

-75

-50

-25

0

25

50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1.06

4

0.57

5

0.39

4

0.29

9

0.24

2

0.20

2

0.17

4

0.15

3

0.13

6

0.12

3

0.11

2

0.10

3

0.09

5

0.08

8

0.08

2

0.07

7

0.07

3

0.06

9

0.06

5

0.06

2

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400






Initi

al In

sula

tion

cost

( tho

usan

d £)

NPV

( th

ousa

nd £

)

Maximum NPV

(25 years service

life)

Maximum NPV

(40 years service

life)

Maximum NPV

(60 years service

life)

Basecase

-1000

-800

-600

-400

-200

0

200

0200400600800

100012001400160018002000

0.7 0.37 0.25 0.193 0.1565 0.1309 0.098 0.065 0.049 0.039

5 10 15 20 25 30 40 60 80 100U-Value (W/m2.K), Insulation thickness (mm)

Initialinsulation cost25 yearsdesignlife NPV40 yearsdesignlife NPV60 yearsdesignlife NPV

0

0

0Basecase

-1000

-800

-600

-400

-200

0

200

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

0.7 0.37 0.25 0.193 0.1565 0.1309 0.098 0.065 0.049 0.039

5 10 15 20 25 30 40 60 80 100U-Value (W/m2.K), Insulation thickness (mm)

Initialinsulationcost25 yearsdesign lifeNPV40 yearsdesign lifeNPV60 yearsdesign lifeNPVIn

itial

Insu

latio

n co

st( t

hous

and

£)

NPV

( th

ousa

nd £

)

Basecase


113

Figure 6.9 NPV results of 1000m2 warehouse insulated with VIP for 25, 40 and 60

years design life

5.3 Office buildings

As has been discussed in section 1 of this Chapter, increases in the thickness of

commercial building cladding systems, will adversely affect the ratio of net to gross

floor area calculated on a building perimeter basis. The impacts of adjustments in net to

gross floor areas that may be achieved by reducing the width of external walls are

significant in maximising the rental value of buildings.

Thermal performance of three insulation materials (two mainstream conventional

insulation materials and a novel solution) for a typical four-story office building in

‘central London’ has been modelled using dynamic thermal modelling software (IES-

VE). Simulation settings were assumed to be based on CIBSE 2008 guidance for office

buildings. Modelling assumptions are as presented in Chapter 4, Section 4.2.

It is believed that the rental income is becoming the key performance driver in the

central London office market (www.building.co.uk, 2012). Current rental values for

centrally located office accommodation in key areas of London (as an example location)

are given in Table 6.1 according to the property market report 2011.

-400

-350

-300

-250

-200

-150

-100

-50

0

50

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0.7 0.37 0.25 0.193 0.1565 0.1309 0.098 0.065 0.049 0.039

5 10 15 20 25 30 40 60 80 100





60 yearsdesign lifeNPVIn

itial

Insu

latio

n co

st( t

hous

and

£)

NPV

( th

ousa

nd £

)

Basecase

http://www.building.co.uk/


114

Table 6.2Typical rental values for office accommodation (property market report 2011)

Value of land for offices (£/m².yr)

London City 565

West end 860

Table 6.3 Office building specifications

Building specifications

Total floor area: 4 × 48 × 13.5 = 2592 m2

Total Perimeter length: 4 × (48 + 13.5) × 2 = 492 m

The NPV analysis for office buildings in this study takes into account the capital cost of

fabric energy efficiency improvements, the associated operational energy savings and

the additional rental income associated with the thinner external walls for 30 and 60

years design life scenarios. The NPV of the additional rental income from the

application of VIPs is compared with PUR and Mineral wool using the below

expression (Gorgolewski, 1995).

PV(C) = C. [1-(1+d)-n]/d

Where C is the rental gained as a result of the reduced external wall width.

The analysis also identifies the most cost effective insulation level assuming the

required levels of insulation in the Regulations as the basecase.

5.3.1 NPV results

Table 6.3 presents the additional rental income associated with using thin VIP panels in

comparison to investigated conventional insulation materials. Considerable economic

benefit for using VIPs is demonstrable. The lost rental value is such that even the high

price of VIPs will be fully recovered as a part of a greater saving.


115

Table 6.4 The NPV of the additional rental income of VIP in comparison to conventional insulations

City/area U-Value

W/m2.K

30 Years Design life 60 Years Design life

Mineral

Wool PUR

Mineral

Wool PUR

London-

City

0.25 503 K 425 K 1.08 M 831 K

0.2 754 K 456 K 1.50 M 913 K

0.15 1 M 630 K 2.20 M 1.30 M

0.1 Not

achievable

Not

achievable 3.98 M 2.49 M

London-

West end

0.25 865 K 677 K 1.76 M 1.30 M

0.2 1.26 M 740 K 2.52 M 1.44 M

0.15 1.8 M 1.04 M 3.59 M 2.08 M

0.1 Not

achievable

Not

achievable 3.98 M 2.49 M

The greyed out cells are not achievable using conventional insulation materials as the

embodied CO2 associated with thicker panels exceeds the overall CO2 savings and a net

carbon disbenefit occurs (as presented in Chapter 5).

Improving the building fabric beyond the backstop U-values using conventional and

novel insulation materials however is not showing any financial benefit as the

operational energy savings cannot recover the increased rental loss (Figures 6.10 to

6.15).


design life in London City

-1800-1600-1400-1200-1000

-800-600-400-200

0200400

15 25 40 55 70 85 100 115 125 140 155 170 185 200 215 225 240 255 270 285

0.71 0.55 0.41 0.35 0.27 0.2 0.18 0.17 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.1 0.1 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08

Fina

ncia

l ben

efit

(£ K

)

Insulation thickness (mm) and U-values (W/m2.K)

30 yearsdesignlife

60 yearsdesignlife

Basecase


116


design life in London West-End

Figure 6.12 NPV results of the office building insulated with mineral wool for 30 and 60 years design life in London City


60 years design life in London West End

-2700-2400-2100-1800-1500-1200

-900-600-300

0300600

15 25 40 55 70 85 100 115 125 140 155 170 185 200 215 225 240 255 270 285

0.71 0.55 0.41 0.35 0.27 0.2 0.18 0.17 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.1 0.1 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08

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)


30yearsdesignlife60yearsdesignlife

Basecase

-2400-2100-1800-1500-1200

-900-600-300

0300

15 25 40 55 70 85 100115125140155170185200215225240255270285300320330340350

0.820.670.530.350.320.280.250.240.210.20.180.170.160.150.140.130.130.120.110.110.1 0.1 0.1 0.10.09

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60yearsdesignlife

Basecase

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-800-400

0400800

15 25 40 55 70 85 100 115 125 140 155 170 185 200 215 225 240 255 270 285 300 320 330 340 350

0.820.670.530.350.320.280.250.240.21 0.2 0.180.170.160.150.140.130.130.120.110.11 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.09

Fina

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60yearsdesignlife

Basecase


117

Figure 6.14 NPV results of the office building insulated with VIP for 30 and 60 years design life in London City

Figure 6.15 NPV results of the office building insulated with VIP for 30 and 60 years design life in London West End

5.4 Residential buildings

Space heating accounts for 65% of the energy consumption in residential buildings in

the UK. Reducing heating load demands will inevitably require higher levels of fabric

energy efficiency.

According to the definition of zero carbon buildings until 2008, house owners were

required to reduce all CO2 emissions to zero through on-site solutions. Both ‘regulated’

emissions (from heating, cooling, ventilation and lighting) and ‘unregulated’ emissions

(other appliances) had to be taken into account. Various research have been undertaken

and it was recognised that building to this level of efficiency was not the most cost

-800

-700

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-500

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-300

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-100

0

100

3.5 7 9 11 15 18 21 26 30 37 45 52 60 67 75

0.6 0.4 0.35 0.28 0.21 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.1 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.05Fi

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K)


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Basecase

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0100

3.5 7 9 11 15 18 21 26 30 37 45 52 60 67 75

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118

effective approach for mainstream housing production in 2011. After a series of changes

in the definition of zero carbon homes, unregulated emissions were removed from the

definition. Recently however, in the latest definition of zero carbon new homes, the

fabric energy efficiency is required to be at a level that keeps the total energy

consumption associated with heating and cooling of buildings to maximum 46

kWh/m2/year (Zero carbon hub, 2013).

The following analysis aims to identify whether the most cost effective approach is to

simply comply with fabric thermal standards, or if increasing the thickness of insulation

beyond the backstop values would demonstrate financial benefit. The study is carried

out with and without considering the rental value losses/gains.

The rental values used in the analyses is as stated in Table 6.5.

Table 6. 5 Rental value (residential buildings)

Value of land for residential Buildings (£/m²/yr)

London Ealing 1320

Croydon 930

5.4.1 Interpretation of the NPV analyses

A similar rental value analysis as for commercial building cladding was carried out for

residential buildings and the results are presented in table 6.4. The lost rental value

associated with the thick external wall over the design life of a building is considerable

and is not easily recovered by the amount of energy savings associated with improved

thermal performance of the cladding.


119

Table 6.6The NPV of the additional rental income of VIP in comparison to conventional insulations

City/area U-Value

W/m2.K

30 Years Design life 60 Years Design life

Mineral

Wool PUR

Mineral

Wool PUR

London-

Croydon

0.25 34,000 35,500 52,000 52,600

0.2 78,000 56,000 121,000 86,500

0.15 145,000 Not

achievable 226,000 167,000

0.1 273,000 Not

achievable 419,500 279,000

London-

Ealing

0.25 48,000 47,000 74,000 74,500

0.2 114,000 83,000 173,000 123,000

0.15 211,000 Not

achievable 325,000 241,000

0.1 394,000 Not

achievable 600,000 400,000

Note that the greyed out cells in Table 6.4 show that the stated U-values are not

achievable using PUR as the embodied CO2 associated with the insulation material

outweighs the operational CO2 savings associated with improved thermal performance

of the material (thicker panel) (refer to Chapter 5).

The following analysis assumes that the rental value loss associated with the

incremental increase of insulation thickness is negligible. This raises the question as to

what level of thermal insulation, the overall energy saving over buildings’ design life

can recover and pay back the initial cost of fabric thermal improvements (Figures 6.16

to 6.18).


120

Figure 6.16 NPV results of the residential building insulated with mineral wool for 30

and 60 years design life in London- Croydon

Figure 6.17 NPV results of the residential building insulated with PUR for 30 and 60

years design life in London- Croydon

Figure 6.18 NPV results of the residential building insulated with VIP for 30 and 60

years design life in London- Croydon

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15 25 40 55 70 85 100 115 125 140 155 170 185 200 215 225 240 255 270 285 300 325 350

0.96 0.75 0.57 0.45 0.38 0.35 0.28 0.250.2390.210.1980.180.1690.1580.1480.1420.1330.1260.12 0.110.1080.1010.094

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60 yearsdesign life

Maximum NPV


Maximum NPV

(60 years service

life)

Basecase

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15 25 40 55 70 85 100 115 125 140 155 170 185 200 215 225 240 255 270 285

0.82 0.62 0.45 0.35 0.29 0.25 0.21 0.190.1780.160.1460.1340.1240.110.1080.1040.0970.0920.0870.083

Fina

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l Ben

efit

(£)


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60 yearsdesign lifeMaximum

NPV (60 years

service life)

Basecase

-20000

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3.5 7 9 11 15 18 23 30 37 45 52 60 67 75

0.67 0.42 0.35 0.29 0.229 0.19 0.15 0.12 0.1 0.084 0.073 0.064 0.057 0.051

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life)

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life)

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121

The financial benefit associated with improving the fabric energy efficiency beyond the

requirements of Building Regulations is reflected in Table 6.5 where the payback period

for investigated insulation materials for different design life scenarios is presented.

Table 6.7 Payback periods associated with initial cost of thermal performance improvements and energy savings

Fabric U-Value

W/m2.K

Payback period (years)

Mineral wool PUR VIP

London

0.25 15 33

Not within

reasonable

range of

payback

period

0.2 20 Not within

reasonable

range of

payback

period

0.15 26

0.1

Not within

reasonable

range of

payback period

Not taking into account the rental value loss, mineral wool insulation is still the best

material for insulating the residential building fabric as the lower cost of material can be

recovered in a shorter period of time by operational carbon savings.

5.5 Conclusions

The LCC analyses are supporting the case for being restricted to the thermal

performance requirements by building codes and regulations for all three types of

buildings investigated. The analyses are demonstrating that the high initial cost of

improvements cannot be recovered by associated operational energy savings. Buildings

with lower carbon emissions associated with better thermal performance (thicker panels

of conventional insulation materials) potentially do not result in a price premium to

cover the cost of improvements made to the ‘building fabric’ only.

In buildings with high rental values, the slimness of the cladding is a determinant factor

in applying construction solutions. On this basis energy savings associated with the

increased levels of insulation cannot recover initial cost of improvement and/or lost

rental value if thicker cladding had been used. Therefore, slim cladding systems using

products such as VIPs can be justified financially and environmentally and be a


122

replacement for conventional insulation materials such as PUR and mineral wool. This

requires large scale economic commercialisation and subsequent price reduction for

VIPs or other novel insulation materials.

The analyses are also providing compelling evidence supporting the view that although

the ‘fabric first’ approach is essential towards achieving zero carbon performance, it is

not necessarily the most cost effective approach. On-site low and zero carbon solutions

(such as heat and electricity generating technologies) should be adopted to contribute to

carbon savings in a more cost effective way.

It should also be stated that adding to the thickness of insulation and consequently

decreased operational energy can affect the required capacity of the heating system i.e.,

lower heat demand requires smaller heating system. This can improve the NPV of the

highly insulated cases but as it could cause further uncertainties in the analysis such as

gathering cost data from different sources for the new heating system and different

associated complexities, it has not been taken into account in this study.

123

6 CHAPTER 7: On-site low and zero carbon technologies

This chapter determines the maximum level of carbon (combined operational and

embodied) reductions achievable through a combination of fabric energy efficiency and

on-site low and zero carbon solutions. This will include the application of the developed

methodology to on-site electricity and heat generating technologies (specifically

Photovoltaics and Transpired Solar Collectors). The analyses will include industrial and

office buildings as exemplar building types for application of the methodology. PUR

and mineral wool as mainstream conventional insulation materials have been used for

the analysis. A 25 and 30 year service life have been assumed for industrial and office

buildings respectively.

6.1 Introduction

According to the analyses carried out in Chapter 5, the maximum CO2 saving associated

with improving the building fabric (only) is limited to a maximum of 10% for non-

domestic buildings (Table 7.1).

Table 7.1 Maximum CO2 savings associated with improving the building fabric U-value

Building type Max CO2 savings %

U-Value W/m2K Thickness (mm)

PUR Retail shed 6.3 0.21 115 Warehouse 7.7 0.1 240 Office 0.5 0.21 115

Mineral wool

Retail shed 9.4 0.2 180 Warehouse 9.97 0.1 360 Office 1 0.2 180

VIP Retail shed 9.75 0.15 25 Warehouse 10.05 0.1 40 Office 1.15 0.15 25

Achieving low and zero carbon performance therefore requires on-site low and zero

carbon technologies to contribute to CO2 savings. To achieve an optimum level of

CHAPTER 7: On-site low and zero carbon technologies

124

carbon reduction cost effectively through a combination of fabric energy efficiency and

onsite low and zero carbon energy, PVs and TSCs as on-site electricity and heat

generating technologies have been selected to be analysed.

6.2 Photovoltaic cells

The government’s support policies encourage development of renewable technologies at

all scales – domestic, commercial and industrial. A Roadmap was set out with defined

principles, which form the basis of the future strategy for solar PV. According to these

principles, support for solar PV should ensure that it has a role alongside other energy

generation technologies in delivering carbon reductions, energy security and

affordability for consumers.

Between May 2006 and May 2010, £45 billion has been allocated to PVs in the UK

which was about 51% of the total money allocated to all renewable technologies

(EvoEnergy Ltd, 2012). Consequently, an exceptional growth in solar electricity has

been achieved over recent years with installed capacity increasing from 94 MW at the

end of 2010 to 2,413 MW at the end of June 2013 (DECC, 2013). Solar PV is now

known as a mainstream renewable energy technology and is playing a vital role in the

UK Government’s policies to achieve the 2020 renewable energy targets.

Between 2011 and 2013 costs of solar PV have fallen by almost 50%. This price cut and

the Feed in Tariffs10 (see generation/export tariffs below) scheme are key factors

initiating solar capacity to increase dramatically to 2.4GW capacity installed (DECC,

2013).

Monocrystalline PV modules are selected for this research. The embodied CO2 of PV

panels are available from ICE database and are assumed to be 242 kgCO2/m2.

10 Feed-In Tariffs Scheme was introduced first in 2010 as UK government’s main financial incentive to encourage uptake of renewable electricity-generating technologies such as PVs (http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk).

http://www.greenspec.co.uk/


125

6.2.1 Technology options (packages)

In order to determine the cost effectiveness of using PVs for delivering maximum CO2

savings, a group of technology options (packages) are defined and discussed in the

following Section.

Packages associated with PVs are based on ‘current’ and ‘likely future’ Feed in Tariff

(FiT) scenarios.

The first scenario is the ‘current FiT’ scheme which consists two main principles:

• Generation tariff: the energy supplier pays a fixed rate for each kWh of

electricity individual buildings generate (14 p/KWh at the time of the research).

• Export tariff: Buildings are also entitled to get a further payment with a fixed

rate per kWh from the energy supplier for each unit of electricity they export

back to the grid, so that the grid can benefit from the generated but not used

electricity from the households (4.5 p/KWh at the time of the research). The

exported electricity at the moment is assumed to be 50% of the total generated

electricity.

The second scenario is the ‘likely future scenario’ which assumes that there will be no

payment on the total generated electricity (generation tariff) and the payments on

exported electricity will be limited to the actual exported amount. It is believed that at

some stage, smart meters will be installed to measure what is actually exported to the

grid. Two different payment rates have been selected as the most likely future FiT

scenarios and are presented as options 1 and 2; 10 and 4.5 p/KWh export rate

respectively.

The area of PV installed is assumed to provide the equivalent amount of electricity to 25

(I), 50 (II), 75(III) and 100(IV) % of the buildings electricity demand in all packages.

In the case of supplying 100% of building’s total annual electricity demand by PVs, it

should be noted that a significant amount of electricity is generated in the time of the


126

year which is not required (normally in spring/summer). Conversely the amount of

generated electricity in autumn/winter can be significantly below the required levels.

Thus a net electricity generation of the annual required electricity load is taken as 100%

supply case.

The selected technology packages (Table 7.2) are as follows:

• Package A is defined as: PV (current FiT) plus the notional building fabric

specification and taking full account of energy efficient services and

lighting.

• Package B is defined as: PV (current FiT) plus the improved building fabric

down to 0.1 W/m2K U-value and taking full account of energy efficient

services and lighting.

• Package C is defined as: PV (likely future FiT (option 1)) plus the notional

building fabric specification and taking full account of energy efficient


• Package D is defined as: PV (likely future FiT (option 1)) plus the improved

building fabric down to 0.1 W/m2K U-value and taking full account of

energy efficient services and lighting.

• Package E is defined as: PV (likely future FiT (option 2)) plus the notional

building fabric specification and taking full account of energy efficient


• Package F is defined as: PV (likely future FiT (option 2)) plus the improved

building fabric down to 0.1 W/m2K U-value and taking full account of

energy efficient services and lighting.


127

Table 7.2 Investigated packages in summary

Package Current FiT Future FiT option 1 Future FiT option 2

Notional Building Fabric A C E Improved fabric down to 0.1 W/m2.K B D F

The above packages have been applied to three building types: distribution warehouses,

retail sheds and offices. According to Table 7.3 the most cost effective and carbon

efficient packages have been calculated through application of the methodology. 100%

electricity demand supply demonstrates the maximum cost benefit amongst investigated

packages. These packages are the basis of more sophisticated analyses in this chapter

(Refer to Appendix B for detailed tables/calculations).

Table 7.3 NPV and CO2 savings associated with selected technology packages

PV+ Insulation assessed packages (25 years service life)

Warehouse Retail shed Office

Packages NPV (£ K) CO2 savings (%) NPV (£ K) CO2 savings

(%) NPV (£ K) CO2 savings (%)

A(I) 63.50 8.70 146.10 17.61 132.60 19.75

A(II) 116.50 18.26 267.10 35.08 252.00 39.71

A(III) 163.10 27.43 372.10 52.30 352.40 59.57

A(IV) 207.10 36.61 471.70 69.85 443.00 79.38

B(I) 61.00 15.78 132.2 20.28 133.00 21.22

B(II) 114.00 25.33 253.30 37.74 253.00 41.18

B(III) 160.00 34.50 358.30 54.96 353.00 61.03

B(IV) 212.77 43.69 472.00 72.52 444.00 80.85

C(I) 21.20 8.70 50.30 17.61 47.20 19.75

C(II) 32.50 18.26 75.20 35.08 80.30 39.71

C(III) 36.80 27.43 84.50 52.30 94.80 59.57

C(IV) 38.50 36.61 88.40 69.85 100.40 79.38 E 70.40 36.61 161.00 69.85 150.2 79.38

D(I) 18.70 15.78 36.50 20.28 48.00 21.22

D(II) 30.00 25.33 61.40 37.74 81.30 41.18

D(III) 34.30 34.50 70.60 54.96 95.80 61.03

D(IV) 44.00 43.69 88.62 72.52 71.80 80.85 F 76.10 43.69 161.30 72.52 150.00 80.85

Opt U-Value 0.15-0.21 0.15-0.21 0.18-0.26


128

6.2.1.1 Distribution warehouses

Previously in chapter 5, it was demonstrated that in a distribution warehouse, mineral

wool insulation was limited to 330 mm thick panels as the amount of embodied CO2

associated with the insulation material could exceed the operational CO2 savings. The

operational CO2 demand from the grid was reduced by the electricity generated by PV

panels. This consequently shifts the carbon disbenefit limits and continuous carbon

benefit is demonstrated down to 0.1 W/m2.K U-value.

Three financial scenarios have been investigated for a 3000m2 distribution warehouse.

According to Figure 7.1, increasing the thickness of insulation in order to decrease the

amount of heat loss through the building fabric, leads to high capital cost which will not

be recovered from savings in operational energy within 25 years of building service life.

The most cost effective fabric specification U-value in this case for roof is 0.15 W/m2.K

and for wall is 0.21 W/m2.K.

Within 5% of financial benefit, another 6% CO2 can be saved by improving the building

fabric from 0.15-0.21 W/m2.K to 0.1-0.14 W/m2.K. The analysis investigates whether

improvements in building fabric thermal performance is the most cost effective

approach towards achieving the further CO2 saving.

Furthermore, mineral wool can be produced to any thickness (if necessary in multiple

layers) but over-sizing in mineral wool panels causes significant engineering difficulties

(including extreme eccentricities in spacer systems specifically on walls and inclined

roofs). This will increase the capital cost of the construction even further.

Also, the payback period associated with improving the thermal performance of

building fabric can be increased significantly due to very high capital cost of the

improvement. In this case, the payback period increases from 12 to 17 years.


129

Figure7.1 NPV and CO2 savings associated with ‘PV+ mineral wool Insulation’

package for distribution warehouse (NB: Notional Building) According to the simulated distribution warehouse in chapter 5, PUR insulation is

limited to 185 mm thick panels (due to embodied CO2 issues). The reduction in the

operational CO2 demand from grid could not recover the high embodied CO2 associated

with PUR insulation and PV panels after 0.11 W/m2.K roof U-Value and 0.15 W/m2.K

wall U-value. Consequently, there will be a reduction in the amount of CO2 saving

beyond this point.

In terms of financial scenarios that have been investigated for the 3000m2 distribution

warehouse, according to Figure 7.2, adding to the thickness of insulation leads to high

capital cost of improvement. This increase will be recovered from savings in operational

energy up to 0.15 W/m2.K roof U-Value and 0.21 W/m2.K wall U-value within 25 years

of building service life. Beyond this point, there will be a reduction in financial benefits.

The most cost effective fabric specification U-value in this case for roof is 0.15 W/m2.K

and for wall is 0.21 W/m2.K.

Within 3% of financial benefit, another 2% CO2 can be saved by improving the building

fabric from 0.15-0.21 W/m2.K to 0.11-0.154 W/m2.K. Similar to the previous case,

improvements in building fabric thermal performance is not proved to be the most cost

effective approach towards achieving the further CO2 savings.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

PV+Current FiT NPV PV+future FiT option (1) NPV PV+future FiT option (2) NPV CO2 savings

Distribution Warehouse - CO2 savings /NPV (PV+ Insulation) Packages (Mineral wool)

CO2

Savi

ngs

(%)

NPV

(Tho

usan

d £)

roof-wall U-Value (W/m2.K)

Maximum financial benefit

Maximum CO2 saving


130

Beyond approximately 170mm, the chemical reaction of foam expansion in PUR foam

is slow and accordingly more difficult to control. At present, the maximum thickness of

PUR that is possible to obtain appears to be around 200mm with U-value of 0.125

W/m2.K (170mm being more common).

Furthermore, the payback period in this case increases from 13 years to 18 years.

Figure 7.2 NPV and CO2 savings associated with ‘PV+ PUR Insulation’ package for distribution warehouse (NB: Notional Building)

6.2.1.2 Retail sheds

According to the simulated Retail shed in Chapter 5, mineral wool insulation is limited

to 200mm thick panels on grounds of total carbon efficiency. The reduction in the

operational energy demand from the grid can recover the embodied CO2 associated with

mineral wool insulation and PV panels down to 0.1 W/m2.K wall U-value. High

embodied CO2 of the building fabric outweighs CO2 savings associated with lower

operational energy demand down to the stated U-Value. Therefore, there is no point in

going beyond the Notional Building fabric U-values as there will be a maximum of 1%

carbon saving in fabric improvements.

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

0

50

100

150

200

250

CO2 s

avin

gs (%

)

NPV

(Tho

usan

d £)


Distribution Warehouse - CO2 savings /NPV (PV+ Insulation) Packages (PUR) PV+Current FiT PV+Future FiT (option 1)

PV+Future FiT (option 2) CO2 savings

Maximum financial benefit

Maximum CO2 saving


131

In terms of financial scenarios that have been investigated for the 3000m2 retail shed,

according to Figure 7.3, adding to the thickness of insulation leads to a flat line in the

graph meaning that no financial benefit in improving the building fabric is expected as

the capital cost will not be recovered from savings in operational energy within 25 years

of building service life.

Negligible financial benefit coupled with only 1% further CO2 saving suggest that

highly insulated building fabric for investigated type and size of building is neither cost

effective nor carbon efficient.

Moreover, the payback period associated with improving the thermal performance of

building fabric in this case increases from 15 years to 21 years.

Figure 7.3 NPV and CO2 savings associated with ‘PV+ mineral wool Insulation’ package for retail shed (NB: Notional Building)

Results from the simulated retail shed in Chapter 5 shows that PUR insulation is limited

to 115 mm thick panel in terms of carbon efficiency. Even with the reduction in the

operational CO2 demand from grid, the high embodied CO2 associated with PUR

insulation and PV panels cannot be recovered for U-values lower than 0.19 W/m2.K

wall and 0.13 W/m2.K roof U-values.

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

CO2 s

avin

gs (%

)

NPV

(tho

usan

d £)


Retail shed- CO2 savings/NPV (PV+ Insulation) Mineral wool PV+Current FiT NPV PV+future FiT option (1) NPVPV+future FiT option (2) NPV CO2 savings

Maximum financial benefit Maximum CO2 saving


132

Regarding the cost effectiveness analyses that have been carried out for the 3000m2

retail shed (Figure 7.4), adding to the thickness of insulation leads to a downward line in

the graph meaning that the capital cost of improvements cannot be recovered by the

operational carbon savings through the lifetime of the building. No financial benefit

coupled with only 1.5% further CO2 saving suggests no benefit for insulating the

building beyond the Notional Building fabric specifications for the studied type and size

of building.

In addition, the payback period associated with improving the thermal performance of

building fabric in this case increases from 16 years to 22 years.

Figure 7.4 NPV and CO2 savings associated with ‘PV+ PUR Insulation’ package for retail shed (NB: Notional Building)

6.2.1.3 Office buildings

According to the simulated Office building in Chapter 5, beyond 200 mm thick panels

the amount of embodied CO2 associated with the insulation material outweighs the

operational CO2 savings for mineral wool insulation. Savings associated with

operational CO2 reduction from the grid however, almost offsets the high embodied

66.00

66.50

67.00

67.50

68.00

68.50

69.00

69.50

70.00

70.50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

CO2 s

avin

gs (%

)

NPV

(tho

usan

d £)


Retail shed - CO2 savings/NPV (PV+ Insulation) PUR PV+Current FiT PV+Future FiT (option 1)PV+Future FiT (option 2) CO2 savings


133

CO2 of the building fabric down to 0.11 W/m2.K roof U-Value and 0.15 W/m2.K wall

U-value.

The embodied CO2 associated with mineral wool insulation and PV panels cause carbon

disbenefit below 0.15 W/m2.K wall U-value. The maximum CO2 saving associated with

improving the building fabric is only 1%.

In terms of financial scenarios that have been investigated, according to figure 7.5,

adding to the thickness of insulation leads to a flat line in the graph. This suggests that,

beyond the Notional Building fabric, the high capital cost of improvement recovered

through savings associated with operational carbon within 25 years of building service

life. Negligible financial benefit coupled with only 1% further CO2 saving suggests that

a highly insulated building fabric for the investigated type and size of building is not

recommended.

Figure 7.5 NPV and CO2 savings associated with ‘PV+ mineral wool Insulation’ package for offices (NB: Notional Building)

The simulation results from Chapter 5 shows that beyond 140 mm thick panels, the

amount of embodied CO2 of the insulation material causes a carbon disbenefit for PUR

insulation. The reduction in the operational energy demand from grid cannot recover the

high embodied CO2 associated with insulation materials and PV panels beyond Notional

78.5

79.0

79.5

80.0

80.5

81.0

81.5

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

CO2 s

avin

gs (%

)

NPV

(tho

usan

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Office - CO2 savings/NPV (PV+Insulation) Mineral wool PV+Current FiT PV+future FiT option (1)PV+future FiT option (2) CO2 savings


134

Building U-value specifications. The maximum CO2 saving associated with improving

the building fabric is circa 0.8%.

Also according to Figure 7.6, adding to the thickness of insulation leads to a downward

cost line in the graph. This suggests that no financial benefit is anticipated for

improving the building fabric beyond Notional Building fabric specifications.

Financial disbenefit coupled with only 0.8% further CO2 saving suggests no

justification for insulating the building fabric beyond the Notional Building fabric for

studied type and size of building.

Figure 7.6 NPV and CO2 savings associated with ‘PV+ PUR Insulation’ package for offices (NB: Notional Building)

Cost analysis of office buildings taking into account the rental value loss

As it has been previously discussed in Chapter 5, increasing the thickness of

commercial building cladding systems adversely affects the ratio of net to gross floor

area calculated on a building perimeter basis. The impacts of reductions in net to gross

floor areas (caused by increased width of external walls) are significant on the rental

value of buildings.

76

76.5

77

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135

According to Figure 7.7, increased thickness of the external wall does not lead to

considerable CO2 savings, nor results in any financial benefits over 25 years design life

of the building.


package for offices including rental value loss

According to Figure 7.8, improving the building fabric thermal performance

consequently leads to thick cladding panels using conventional insulation materials.

This results in a significant loss in the NPV over 25 years design life of the building.


offices including rental value loss

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PV+future FiT option (2) CO2 savings


136

6.3 Summarising ‘PV + building fabric’ packages

The previous analyses present the maximum CO2 savings associated with improving the

building fabric packages plus application of PV panels in the most cost effective way.

All of the measures investigated fall short of zero carbon performance.

None of the cases investigated show significant financial benefit for improving the

building fabric specifications beyond the Notional Building fabric specification. In

terms of CO2 savings, the total savings relative to application of PV panels is different

for each building. The carbon savings for warehouses, retail sheds and offices are 35,

60.5 and 79 % respectively excluding the effect of improved fabric on CO2 savings. The

aggregate CO2 saving is presented in Table 7.4.

Table 7.4 CO2 savings associated with different packages and building types Building

type Maximum CO2 savings – ‘Insulation’ packages %

Maximum CO2 savings – ‘PV + Insulation’ packages %

Warehouse 9.97 45 Retail shed 9.43 70 Office 1 80

Hence, in order to achieve the zero carbon performance, additional on-site zero carbon

technologies are required to be coupled with the investigated packages. Transpired Solar

Collectors (TSC) as a heat generating technology has been added to the ‘technology

packages’.

6.4 Transpired Solar Collectors

The TSC was originally developed in Canada for agricultural applications (specifically

crop and process drying) and has been used successfully in the USA and Canada over

the past 20 years (Heinrich, 2007). Agricultural operators consume significant quantities

of energy which forms a substantial proportion of their total operational and capital

costs. Rising energy prices and the considerable pressure on agricultural incomes

emphasized the case for developing technologies to maximise the benefit from solar

energy for the agricultural sector.


137

Convincing performance of TSCs in agricultural applications encouraged building

manufacturers to apply the technology to other building types such as industrial

warehouses and retail sheds. Monitored data from the US Department of Energy shows

that a reduction of $10–$30 per m2 of collector wall in annual heating costs can be

achieved in the US, by preheating the incoming ventilation air using solar energy by as

much as 30°C (DOE, 2000).

In the UK the first TSC installation goes back to year 2006 where it was installed on a

single-storey industrial building and provided around 20% of the building’s heating

demand in the first year. Figures released from the Department of Energy and Climate

Change (DECC) suggest that space heating accounts for approximately 40% of the

UK’s non-transport energy consumption. This raises a compelling case for development

of renewable technologies generating heat from solar radiation. It is expected that the

success of TSCs in the USA and Canada can potentially be replicated in the UK (Hall et

al., 2011).

TSCs are specially perforated steel collector panels installed about 75mm from a south

facing wall, creating an air cavity. The metal cladding (steel sheet) is heated by solar

radiation. A ventilation fan creates negative pressure in the air cavity, drawing the solar

heated air through the panel perforations. The heated air is then ducted into the building

via a connection to the HVAC intake (Figure 7.9).

Figure 7.9 TSC performance diagram (source: Solarwall)


138

TSCs are mainly known as preheating air systems. By preheating the ventilating air

with solar energy, a substantial load from buildings conventional heating system can be

removed, saving energy and money. Research carried out at Oxford Brookes University

for 95 days during the winter of 2010/2011 show that under typical operating

conditions, TSCs heated the intake air by 10–15˚C on clear-skied days (Hall et al.,

2014). TSCs may not be able to preheat the ventilation air up to the required indoor air

temperature on cloudy days but it still can provide useful energy to reduce utility bills

(DOE, 1998).

TSCs also save energy in other ways such as recapturing the heat loss through the

building fabric and venting it back to the interior space. Also by introducing the air

through ceiling mounted ducts, the system eliminates the wasteful air stratification.

Stratified temperature can cause a high infiltration loss in addition to conduction loss

through the roof construction. In a high ceiling building, additional fans are often

required to de-stratify the air but using TSCs, the auxiliary energy associated with the

fan power can be eliminated from total energy consumption of the building.

Figure 7.10 compares floor to ceiling temperature difference for a typical distribution

warehouse with and without de-stratification fans. There is a 6 degree difference which

can negatively contribute to the overall heat loss through infiltration and conduction

loss through the roof construction.

Figure 7.10 Buildings with (left) and without (right) de-stratification fans (or TSCs)


139

6.4.1 Technology options (packages) including TSCs

The area of TSC installed is assumed to provide the equivalent amount of heat to 25 (I),

50 (II) and 75(III) % of the buildings heat demand in all packages. Providing 100% of

the heat demand by TSCs is practically unachievable as the majority of the heat

generated by TSC is in the summer when heating demand is at its lowest. The generated

heat in this period can be significantly above the required level, which is not taken into

account as delivered heat.

Two mainstream conventional insulation materials, mineral wool and PUR, have been

used for the analyses.

The selected technology packages (Table 7.5) are as follows:

• Package G is defined as: TSC plus the notional building fabric

specification and taking full account of energy efficient services and

lighting.

• Package H is defined as: TSC plus the improved building fabric down to

0.1 W/m2K U-value and taking full account of energy efficient services

and lighting.

Table 7.5 Investigated packages

Investigated packages

Fabric percentage of the heat supplied by TSC

% 25 50 75

Notional Building fabric G(I) G(II) G(III) Improved insulation H(I) H(II) H(III)

6.4.2 Application of TSCs to the investigated buildings

Package G: TSC + Notional Building fabric + energy efficient services and lighting


140

The results associated with applying TSC to industrial and office buildings are

demonstrated in Figures 7.11 and 7.12. All the investigated packages are insulated to

Notional Building fabric specifications. 25, 50 and 75% of the annual heat demand of

the building is supplied with application of TSCs (respectively G(I), G(II) and G(III)).

Figure 7.11 NPV and CO2 savings associated with package G, mineral wool

Figure 7.12 NPV and CO2 savings associated with package G, PUR

The maximum CO2 saving relative to application of TSCs is 36.5% which occurs in

warehouse buildings. The relative figure for office buildings reduces to 10.92% saving

due to the smaller annual heat demand (high internal gain from lighting, appliances and

occupants in offices leads to lower annual heat demand) (Tables 7.6 and 7.7).

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Package G, CO2 savings/NPV (Mineral wool) warehouse Opt. CO2 savings Retail shed Opt. CO2 savings Offices Opt. CO2 savings

warehouse NPV Retail shed NPV Offices NPV

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141

Table 7.6 NPV and CO2 savings associated with package G and different building types, mineral wool

warehouse Retail shed Offices

NPV (£ K) Opt. CO2 savings (%) NPV (£ K)

Opt. CO2 savings

(%) NPV (£ K)

Opt. CO2 savings

(%) G(I) -3.7 12.51 2 6.6 -2.6 3.78 G(II) -37 24.62 -8 11.97 -12 7.46 G(III) -82 36.59 -24 17.82 -37 10.92

Table 7.7 NPV and CO2 savings associated with package G and different building types, PUR



Opt. CO2 savings

(%) NPV (£ K)

Opt. CO2 savings

(%) G(I) -3.7 12.27 2.06 4.45 -2.59 3.74 G(II) -37.4 24.15 -8.62 10.36 -12.68 7.38 G(III) -82.35 35.88 -24.5 16.21 -37.77 10.80

Package H: TSC + improved fabric + energy efficient services and lighting

The optimum CO2 saving and cost effectiveness results associated with applying TSC

plus improving the building fabric U-values are demonstrated in Figures 7.13 and 7.14.

All the investigated packages are insulated down to 0.1 W/m2.K U-values. 25, 50 and

75% of the annual heat demand of the building is supplied with application of TSCs

(respectively H(I), H(II) and H(III))

Figure 7.13 NPV and CO2 savings associated with package H, mineral wool

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Package H, CO2 savings/NPV (Mineral wool) warehouse Opt. CO2 savings (%) Retail shed Opt. CO2 savings (%)Offices Opt. CO2 savings (%) warehouse NPV (Thousand £)Retail shed NPV (Thousand £) Offices NPV (Thousand £)


142

Figure 7.14 NPV and CO2 savings associated with package H, PUR

The maximum CO2 saving as a result of application of TSCs is 38% in warehouse

buildings. This figure drops to 11% saving in offices, due to the lower annual heat

demand (Tables 7.8 and 7.9).

Table 7.8 NPV and CO2 savings associated with package H and different building types, mineral wool



Opt. CO2 savings

(%) NPV (£ K)

Opt. CO2 savings

(%) H(I) -3 16.5 -5 7.25 -7.5 4.5 H(II) -35 26.5 -5.6 12.43 -7 7.94 H(III) -73 38 -22 17.86 -36 11

Table 7.9 NPV and CO2 savings associated with package H and different building types, PUR



Opt. CO2 savings

(%) NPV (£ K)

Opt. CO2 savings

(%) H(I) -0.18 14.98 2.06 4.98 -2.59 4.21 H(II) -32.4 24.92 -7.6 10.43 -12.05 7.55 H(III) -74.8 37.2 -23.4 16.21 -37.4 10.8

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warehouse Opt. CO2 savings Retail shed Opt. CO2 savings Offices Opt. CO2 savings


NPV

(Tho

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143

Financially, TSCs with current capital cost are not showing a reasonable payback period

and in most cases the capital cost of installing TSCs cannot be recovered through 25

years of buildings service life.

There are debates on the method of calculating the cost of TSCs. The first view claims

that as TSCs are preheating air systems and cannot provide the required heat demand in

peak times of the year, a main heating system should be installed in addition to TSCs so

the costs associated with the ducting etc should be taken into account in the price of

TSCs. The second view argues that TSCs are additional renewable systems that add a

certain amount towards the total cost of the heating system of buildings. Therefore only

the cost of collectors should be taken into account as the price of TSCs.

In order to take both views into account, a range of prices have been defined and a

payback period analysis has been carried out for TSCs. Results are associated with

mineral wool insulation material. Mineral wool insulation applied to Package H(II) is

used as an example in payback period study (Figure 7.15).


distribution warehouses

05

10152025303540455055

0.18-0.26 0.17-0.24 0.15-0.21 0.13-0.19 0.12-0.17 0.11-0.15 0.08-0.11 0.07-0.10

Payb

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TSC and Mineral wool - Distribution Warehouse - 50 % heat supplied by TSC

50 £/m2 75 £/m2 100 £/m2 125 £/m2 150 £/m2


144

Figure 7.16 Payback period associated with TSC and mineral wool insulation for retail

sheds


offices

In all studied cases, adding to the thickness of insulation irrespective to the price of TSC

caused a slight upward line in the payback period graph beyond 0.15 W/m2.K roof U-

Value and 0.21 W/m2.K wall U-Value. The steeply sloping line starting from 0.11

W/m2.K roof U-Value and 0.15 W/m2.K wall U-Value also demonstrates no financial

benefit beyond this point.

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145

6.5 ‘PV + TSC + Insulation’ packages

6.5.1 Technology options (packages)

All of the measures discussed in the previous sections fall short of zero carbon

performance as demonstrated in Table 7.10.

Table 7.10 Maximum CO2 savings achievable with the investigated packages for analysed building types

Building type

Max CO2 savings by 'PV+Insulation'

Packages %

Max CO2 savings by 'TSC+Insulation'

Packages %

Max CO2 savings by 'Insulation' Packages

% Warehouse 45 38 9.97 Retail shed 70 17.8 9.43 Office 80 11 1

In order to achieve the zero carbon performance, ‘PV + TSC + Insulation’ Packages

have been combined (Table 7.11). The selected technology packages are as follows:

• Package K is defined as; TSC + PV (current FiT) + the improved building

fabric and taking full account of energy efficient services and lightings.

• Package M is defined as; TSC + PV (future FiT) + the improved building

fabric and taking full account of energy efficient services and lightings.

Table 7.11 Investigated packages including current and future FiT scenarios

Investigated packages (current FiT)

Fabric percentage of heat and electricity supplied by renewables % 25 50 75 100 % PV - 75% TSC

Insulation K(I) K(II) K(III) K(IV) Investigated packages (future FiT)

Fabric percentage of heat and electricity supplied by renewables % 25 50 75 100 % PV - 75% TSC (Options 1&2)

Insulation M(I) M(II) M(III) M(IV)

6.5.1.1 Application of the introduced packages to the investigated building types

The above packages have been applied to distribution warehouses, retail sheds and

office buildings. The results of analyses are presented in the following section:


146

• Packages K&M: TSC + PV (current/future FiT) + the improved

building fabric specification and energy efficient lighting and services

NPV results associated with applying ‘PV+TSC’ packages are demonstrated in Figures 7.18 to 7.21. Warehouse

All the investigated packages are insulated down to 0.1 W/m2.K U-values. Comparing

the results from Figure 7.18 with PV only packages demonstrates that application of

TSCs is negatively affecting the NPV benefits of using renewable technologies. This is

simply due to the high capital cost of applying TSCs which is not fully recovered by

heating load savings during the service life of the building.

In terms of CO2 savings in a medium sized distribution warehouse, the combination of

studied renewables contributes to a further 38% to the overall CO2 savings comparing

with PV only packages (Table 7.12).

Table 7.12 NPV and CO2 savings associated with different packages, medium sized warehouse

Investigated packages on a medium sized distribution warehouse Maximum

saving

Optimum U-value (roof-wall U-

values) PV (Current FiT)+TSC+

+Insulation NPV (£ K) 130 0.15-0.21

CO2 savings (%) 73 0.07-0.1 PV (Future FiT (4.5p/KWh))

+TSC+Insulation NPV (£ K) -37 0.15-0.21

CO2 savings (%) 73 0.07-0.1 PV (Future FiT

(10p/KWh))+TSC+ Insulation NPV (£ K) -6 0.15-0.21

CO2 savings (%) 73 0.07-0.1


147

Figure 7.18 NPV analysis associated with different FiT scenarios in a distribution warehouse

Improving the building fabric specification beyond 0.15-0.21 W/m2.K U-Value results

in financial disbenefit whilst this improvement is beneficial in terms of CO2 savings.

The additional 5% CO2 savings associated with adding to the thickness of insulation is

likely to be achieved by taking a more cost effective approach which will be discussed

in the following sections.

Retail shed

Figure 7.19 is demonstrating a downward line for NPV and CO2 saving measures

beyond 0.17-0.24 W/m2.K U-Value. This is because lighting loads account for more

than 50% of the annual energy consumption of retail sheds. Thus, generating electricity

on-site can have much bigger effect on the overall CO2 savings than controlling the

heating loads using building fabric. Adding to the thickness of insulation in retail shed

buildings therefore, due to high electricity demand (high lighting demand), is not the

most effective solution. The CO2 embodied in thicker insulation materials will not be

recovered through energy savings associated with less heat loss through building fabric.

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PV+Future FiT (10 p/KWh)+TSC CO2 savings


148

Figure 7.19 NPV and CO2 saving analysis associated with different FiT scenarios in a retail shed

As presented in Table 7.13, the combination of studied renewables contributes a further

17% to the overall CO2 savings beyond PV only packages (Table 7.4).

Table 7.13 NPV and CO2 savings associated with different packages, retail shed

Investigated packages on a medium sized retail shed Maximum saving

Optimum U-value

PV+TSC+Current FiT+Insulation

NPV (£ K) 452 0.17-0.24 CO2 savings (%) 87.6 0.15-0.21

PV+TSC+Future FiT (4.5 p/KWh)+Insulation

NPV (£ K) 71.4 0.17-0.24 CO2 savings (%) 87.6 0.15-0.21

PV+TSC+Future FiT (10 p/KWh)+Insulation

NPV (£ K) 144.1 0.17-0.24 CO2 savings (%) 87.6 0.15-0.21

Offices In case of office buildings, due to the high internal gain generated by people, computers,

lighting and other appliances, the heating load is only about 30% of the overall energy

consumption. Lighting load on the other hand is responsible for over 60% of the annual

energy consumption in an office (excluding cooling loads).

Supplying the electricity demand on-site seems to be the most cost effective way of

saving CO2. Application of TSCs has only contributed a further 13.5% CO2 emission

reduction towards achieving the zero carbon performance (Table 7.14).

82.5083.0083.5084.0084.5085.0085.5086.0086.5087.0087.5088.00

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Retail shed - CO2 savings and NPV PV+TSC+Current FiT+Insulation PV+TSC+Future FiT (4.5 p/KWh)+InsulationPV+TSC+Future FiT (10 p/KWh)+Insulation CO2 savings


149

Table 7.14 NPV and CO2 savings associated with different packages, office

Investigated packages on an 2600m2 Office Maximum saving

Optimum U-value

PV+TSC+Current FiT+Insulation

NPV (£ K) 394.17 0.15-0.21 CO2 savings (%) 93.5 0.15-0.21

PV+TSC+Future FiT (4.5 p/KWh)+Insulation

NPV (£ K) 50.78 0.15-0.21 CO2 savings (%) 93.5 0.15-0.21

PV+TSC+Future FiT (10 p/KWh)+Insulation

NPV (£ K) 103.04 0.15-0.21 CO2 savings (%) 93.5 0.15-0.21

Adding to the thickness of insulation in order to reduce the heat loss through the

building fabric is not showing any significant financial benefit in case of investigated

office buildings (Figure 7.20).

Figure 7.20 NPV and CO2 savings associated with different packages, office

6.6 Summarising ‘PV + TSC + building fabric’ packages

None of the packages investigated thus far, could achieve zero carbon performance. In

order to achieve absolute zero carbon performance in relation to the total carbon

approach, not only annual operational carbon load, but also the carbon embodied in the

materials and products need to be fully recovered.

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Office - CO2 savings and NPV PV+TSC+Current FiT+Insulation PV+TSC+Future FiT (4.5 p/KWh)+Insulation

PV+TSC+Future FiT (10 p/KWh)+Insulation CO2 savings


150

Table 7.15 demonstrates the maximum CO2 savings associated with the investigated

packages. All packages fall short of the zero carbon performance. Therefore, the carbon

emissions which cannot be cost-effectively offset on-site, after maximum carbon

reduction has been achieved, will be tackled through remote measures (such as

exporting electricity to the grid).

Table 7.15 Maximum achievable CO2 saving associated with each package

Building type

Max CO2 savings by

'Insulation' Packages %

Max CO2 savings by

'TSC+Insulation' Packages %

Max CO2 savings by

'PV+Insulation' Packages %

Max CO2 savings by

'PV+TSC+Insulation' Packages %

Warehouse 9.97 38 45 73 Retail shed 9.43 17.8 70 87.6 Office 1 11 80 93.5

Figure 7.21 demonstrates the additional CO2 saving that is required to be made in a

retail shed (as an example) in order to achieve the zero carbon performance. This

additional CO2 saving is different for each investigated package.

Figure 7.21 Maximum achievable CO2 saving associated with each package

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CO2 s

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Retail shed - Maximum CO2 saving by each package PV + Insulation PV + TSC + Insulation Insulation TSC + Insulaton


151

6.7 Carbon offsetting through exporting electricity to the gird and conclusions

Of all the technology packages investigated to achieve zero carbon performance, PV is

the most cost effective solution (with current price range) in all three types of buildings

(distribution warehouse, retail shed and office). The results are as presented in Figures

7.22 to 7.24. Therefore the surplus carbon has been tackled through exporting

electricity, supplied by PVs, to the local energy grid above the electricity demand of the

building.

Figure 7.22 Carbon offsetting analysis, Distribution Warehouse

Figure 7.23 Carbon offsetting analysis, Retail shed

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Warehouse -Carbon Offseting - Zero carbon performance + NPV PV+Current FiT NPV PV+Future FiT (4.5 p/KWh) NPVPV+Current FiT+TSC NPV PV+Future FiT (4.5 p/KWh)+TSC NPVPV+Future FiT (10 p/KWh) NPV PV+Future FiT (10 p/KWh)+TSC NPV

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Retail shed -Carbon Offseting - Zero carbon performance + NPV PV+Current FiT NPV PV+Future FiT (4.5 p/KWh) NPV

PV+Current FiT+TSC NPV PV+Future FiT (4.5 p/KWh)+TSC NPVPV+Future FiT (10 p/KWh) NPV PV+Future FiT (10 p/KWh)+TSC NPV


152

Figure 7.24 Carbon offsetting analysis, Office

The analysis is also demonstrating that adding to the thickness of insulation beyond

0.15-0.21 W/m2.K roof and wall U-Values is not cost effective. This can be due to two

main reasons:

• The capital cost of incremental increases in the level of insulation is not

recovered by the associated operational energy savings

• Application of the low and zero carbon technologies can achieve the required

carbon reduction targets in a more cost effective way.

The ‘Total Energy Assessment Methodology’ Tool in the next Chapter will be used to

determine the embodied to operational carbon proportion when achieving zero carbon

performance in non domestic buildings (Section 8.7).

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Office -Carbon Offseting - Zero carbon performance + NPV PV+Current FiT PV+Future FiT (4.5 p/KWh)

PV+Current FiT+TSC PV+Future FiT (4.5 p/KWh)+TSCPV+Future FiT (10 p/KWh) PV+Future FiT (10 p/KWh)+TSC

153

7 CHAPTER 8: Total Energy Assessment Methodology

(TEAM) Tool To consolidate the results, an Excel-based assessment tool has been developed which

enables designers and manufacturers to determine the most cost effective ways of

achieving zero carbon non-domestic buildings using different design scenarios and

service lives at the early design stages. A total carbon analysis has also been carried out

to quantify the ratio of embodied to operational CO2 for different scenarios and when

achieving a zero carbon performance.

7.1 General description

The ‘Total Energy Assessment Methodology’ tool is an Excel-based calculator to

determine the most cost effective way of achieving zero carbon buildings (using the

total carbon approach). At present, it is designed for industrial warehouses and retail

sheds but can be developed further to include other types of buildings.

The methodological framework for the tool consists 5 main modules including:

a) Operational carbon evaluation module (database for dynamic thermal simulation

of building energy consumption)

b) Environmental evaluation module (embodied CO2 database for materials and

technologies)

c) Economic evaluation module (materials and technologies price database)

d) User Interface module (data input)

e) Results module (numerical and graphical output)

CHAPTER 8: Total Energy Assessment Methodology (TEAM) Tool

154

7.2 Operational carbon evaluation module

IES dynamic thermal simulation software has been used to create a heating and lighting

demand database for the buildings investigated (Figure 8.1). These are used to compare

different building specifications, service systems and control regimes. The lighting

analysis associated with improving the liner reflectivity has been validated with Relux

Pro software and real monitored data. The occupancy profiles, based on the National

Calculation Methodology (NCM), the UK tool for assessment of carbon compliance in

the Building Regulations, have been used for all simulations.

Figure 8.1 Screenshot of the lighting demand database for different operational scenarios

7.3 Environmental evaluation module

The environmental evaluation module consists of an embodied carbon database on the

basis of measured quantities of materials and products EPDs (Figure 8.2). These

measures are linked to different operational and envelope energy efficiency scenarios

and will be automatically updated by selecting different options.


155

Figure 8.2 Screenshot of the embodied carbon database

7.4 Economic evaluation module

The price database includes the cost of the employed renewable technologies and fabric

elements (depending on the required thicknesses associated with fabric U-value and

insulation materials used) per square metre (Refer to Chapter 6 and Appendix B). The

area of each building element is linked to the Geometry tab in the tool which takes into

account the building size and rooflight area to calculate the area of building fabric.

7.5 User Interface (UI) module

The User Interface (UI) consists of menus through which users can select from various

dropdown menus displayed on the screen (Figure 8.3). The variables introduced in the

UI page of the tool include Building type, size, fabric U-value, rooflight percentage,

liner type, air permeability level and insulation type. All scenarios can be assessed for

UK south and north locations.


156

Figure 8.3 Screenshot of the User Interface (UI) module

7.5.1 Building type

Distribution warehouses and retail sheds have been selected to be investigated as

example buildings in the tool. Industrial buildings are of interest to the sponsoring

company and it was agreed that the analysis at this level be applied to these types of

buildings in more detail.

7.5.2 Size

Three sizes of buildings, small, medium and large (1000m2, 4000m2 and 10000m2

respectively) have been included in the tool.


157

7.5.3 Rooflight percentage

According to the Building Regulations Part L 2013, the recommended area for

rooflights is 12% of the roof area. However, analysis carried out at Oxford Brookes

University (Wang et al, 2013) is also demonstrating some benefits in lighting energy

consumption savings beyond recommended figures up to 15% rooflight. According to

the analysis, the percentage of rooflight affects both the amount of useful solar gains

(winter solar gains) and the amount of heat loss through the window panes due to higher

U-values of the rooflight panes compared to the solid roof panels. Whilst the heating

demand is not increased significantly when enlarging the rooflight percentage (an

increase of around 6% from the basecase), larger percentage of rooflights have proved

to be more beneficial for saving artificial lighting energy (although the overheating risk

is likely to rise for 15% rooflight area). The overall savings though, taking into account

both lighting and heating load changes is quite close, therefore both options (12 and

15% rooflight areas) along with 10% rooflight are included in the tool.

7.5.4 Fabric U-value

Six fabric U-value scenarios have been introduced to the module including the Building

Regulation 2013 Part L notional building specification as the base-case scenario.

Backstop U-value specifications along with 4 incrementally improving U-value

specifications down to 0.1 W/m2.K U-value are also available under the ‘Fabric’

heading (Table 8.1).


158

Table 8.1 Fabric U-value scenarios

Fabric U-values Building element U-value W/m2K

Back-stop

Roof 0.25 Wall 0.35 Floor 0.25

Rooflight 2.2

Notional Building


Rooflight 1.6

Spec. a


Rooflight 1.6

Spec. b


Rooflight 1.2

Spec. c


Rooflight 1

Spec. d


Rooflight 1

7.5.5 Liner type

It has been shown that using high reflective liners can reduce the amount of energy

required for lighting industrial sheds. The reflectivity these liners in comparison to

standard ones is about 18% higher (assuming 70% for standard and 85% for reflective

liners) and are expected to save between 6 to 12% of lighting energy (depending on the

operational scenarios). Consequently, high reflective liners contribute a further 3%

reduction in the overall CO2 emissions (based on SBEM calculation under NCM

conditions for Part L compliance)(TATA Steel, 2012).


159

7.5.6 Air permeability level

The air permeability figures are selected to comply with Building Regulations Part L

2013 standards relative to the selected building size (Table 8.2).

Table 8.2 Air permeability standards for industrial buildings

Air permeability m3/m2/h Side lit or unlit (where HVAC specification is

heating only)

Side lit or unlit (where HVAC specification

include cooling) Top lit

Gross internal area less than or equal to 250m2 5 5 7

Gross internal area greater than 250m2 and less than 3500m2

3 3 7

Gross internal area greater than 3500m2 and less than 10000m2

3 3 5

Gross internal area greater than or equal to 10000m2 3 3 3

7.5.7 Insulation type

PUR and mineral wool, as two of the most commonly used insulation materials in

composite and built-up systems, have been incorporated into the tool.

7.5.8 Renewable technologies

Transpired Solar Collectors (TSCs) and PV cells as dominant renewable technologies

applicable to industrial buildings have been included in the tool. Users can change the

colour of the steel sheets on TSCs which will affect the absorptivity of the material and

consequently can either decrease or increase the amount of the heat generated by TSCs.

The area of TSC on the wall is also adjustable but is limited to the area of the south wall

and an error message box will pop up if the entered area is greater than the available

area on the south wall.

Users can include both TSCs and PVs or include one or neither of them in the analysis.

Under the PV section, the user can select the type of PV cells (monocrystalline,


160

polycrystalline, thin films and amorphous silicon) and also the PV area on the roof. The

efficiency of the PV panels will change with selecting different types of cells.

The majority of the energy generated by renewables is in the summer period when

demand is at its lowest. Therefore an actual electricity demand analysis on a daily basis

has been carried out to calculate the required generated electricity by PVs and

consequently determine the accurate amount of electricity purchased from or exported

to the grid (Figure 8.4).

Figure 8.4 Screenshot of the PV daily calculations

7.6 Results module

The Results module will give an indication of financial (NPV of energy savings) and

environmental benefits of the products and technologies over their service life. This will

determine the scenarios and energy saving packages in which a net carbon or cost

benefit/disbenefit is achieved. The methodological approach takes into account the use

of selected carbon reduction technologies that will satisfy a range of criteria such as

environmental, cost, manufacturing limitations and resource constraints (Figure 8.5).

The base case building is introduced as the 2013 Building Regulations part L Notional

Building (Table 8.3).


161

Table 8.3 Notional Building fabric U-value specifications

U-Value (W/m2.K)

Element Side lit or unlit (where HVAC specification is heating only)

Side lit or unlit (where HVAC specification includes cooling) Toplit

Roof 0.18 0.18 0.18 Wall 0.26 0.26 0.26 Floor 0.22 0.22 0.22 Windows 1.6 1.6 1.6

Figure 8.5 Screenshot of the Results module

7.7 Total carbon analyses in relation to zero carbon performance

Total carbon analyses in relation to different levels of ‘fabric energy efficiency only’

(Tabel 8.3), and a ‘zero carbon building performance including renewable technologies’


162

(Table 8.4) have been carried out using the developed calculation tool. The shift in the

ratio of embodied to operational CO2 associated with each scenario is investigated.

Table 8.4 Embodied and operational carbon proportions in relation to different building fabric only scenarios

% %

heating only operational

CO2

embodied CO2

Total operational

CO2

embodied CO2

Bui

ldin

g fa

bric

onl

y Backstop 91 9 96 4 Notional Building 84 16 93 7

Spec. a 82 18 92 8 Spec. b 73 27 90 10 Spec. c 61 39 87 13 Spec. d 48 52 83 17

According to Table 8.4, improving the building fabric from backstop to ‘Specification

d’ U-values demonstrates an incremental shift in embodied to operational CO2

proportion. Beyond ‘Specification C’ embodied CO2 exceeds the operational CO2 and a

net carbon disbenefit occurs (more insulation increases embodied CO2 with a decreasing

effect on U-value).

Table 8.5 Embodied and operational carbon proportions in relation to different scenarios in order to achieve zero carbon performance

%

Total operational CO2 Embodied CO2

Bui

ldin

g fa

bric

+

rene

wab

les

Backstop 74 26 Notional Building 68 32 Spec. a 67 33 Spec. b 62 38 Spec. c 55 45 Spec. d 50 50

Table 8.5, demonstrates that in order to achieve a zero carbon performance, using

building fabric energy efficiency and on-site renewable technologies, embodied CO2

investments can account for 25 to 50% of the total carbon emissions. 100m2 TSC and a

range of PV area between 135 to 170m2 depending on building fabric specifications

have been used for the analyses.


163

It also agrees with the result of analyses presented in the previous Chapters supporting

the case for including embodied CO2 in all carbon reduction strategies and potentially in

the Building Regulations.

164

8 CHAPTER 9: Conclusions and Recommendations for further

research

This Chapter presents the conclusions, contribution to knowledge and recommendations

for further research with reference to the aim and objectives presented in Chapter 1.

8.1 Conclusions

As it has been discussed in Chapter 1, the aim of the research was to:

‘Establish an assessment methodology for appraising the commercial and carbon

advantages of new low and zero carbon building technologies’.

An assessment methodology therefore has been developed, the detail of which is

presented in Chapter 4. It has addressed the use of combined operational and embodied

carbon analyses as means of providing more representative assessments of life cycle

carbon burdens and cost appraisals for low and zero carbon technologies. The analyses

have demonstrated the importance of combining operational and embodied carbon in

evaluating the effectiveness of carbon reduction strategies and requirements to shift

away from ‘operational carbon only’ methods (refer to Chapter 2).

Whilst energy reduction strategies have so far focused only on operational energy

(which historically has accounted for a far greater proportion of total building related

CO2 emissions than embodied carbon), the analyses demonstrated that such approaches

may not be properly representative. As operational energy reduces, the ratio of it to

embodied carbon becomes relatively evenly balanced so both must be considered (refer

to Chapters 5 and 7). Discounting embodied carbon means that results may only

partially reflect reality and optimisation processes are therefore at risk of being

unrepresentative.

CHAPTER 9: Conclusions and Recommendations for further research

165

Already many building related organizations require embodied carbon data as part of

tendering processes (often in the form of Environmental product declarations (EPDs)),

and in the future it is anticipated that such requirements will become increasingly

commonplace, and may potentially feature in legislation.

The objectives in support of the aim were to:

1. Identify and review new product development demands relating to low and zero

carbon building technologies and the economic cases on which they are based.

The development and availability of effective new low carbon building technologies is

strategically important toward achieving carbon reduction targets, but commercially is

hindered by issues of predicting future market demands. Delivering new products to

market however requires significant investment and it is essential that the management

and timing of research and development, and subsequent commercialisation is correct.

The findings of the research support the case for development of novel insulation

materials as conventional solutions such as PUR and mineral wool cannot be justified in

relation to low U-values and/or relatively short service lives. This is due to the physical

thicknesses that would be required and the associated engineering difficulties. Also,

crucial to this research, increase in thickness results in high embodied CO2. High

performance insulation materials such as vacuum insulation, that provide low U-values

relative to their embodied carbon, perform significantly better in reducing overall CO2

emissions than conventional materials over a typical service life. At present however,

whilst there is a good ‘technology push’, there is limited ‘market pull’-

commercialisation may only occur at large scale if regulatory requirements are in place

that demand improved performance.

A prime example of novel insulation of the type that might reduce embodied carbon is

Vacuum Insulation Panels (VIPs). VIPs can achieve low, or extremely low, U-values (to

0.03 W/m2.K) coupled with low embodied CO2. Emerging retrofit applications include

thermal upgrading of facades and floors where the physical thinness of the panels is

highly advantageous, limiting the amount by which the cross-sectional size of building

elements is increased.


166

It is possible that other novel insulation materials may deliver similar levels of high

performance, however few such materials have reached the same level of technical

development as vacuum insulation. The results associated with hemp are based on

cradle-to-gate life cycle analysis (refer to Chapter 5), but would be significantly

different if appraised using results with cradle-to-grave approach.

2. Identify optimal approaches to:

a. Assessing the relative financial competitiveness of comparator new and existing

products based on ‘first’ and ‘life cycle’ cost (using appropriate future value

discounting procedures).

The financial competitiveness of conventional and novel low and zero carbon building

technologies has been assessed and analysed using appropriate future value discounting

procedures as presented in Chapter 4.

According to the analyses presented in Chapters 6 and 7, there are key points beyond

which, and depending on factors such as products, building types and operational

scenarios, additional cost of adding to the thickness of insulation materials or

application of on-site energy generating technologies cannot be recovered by the

associated operational energy savings. A net cost disbenefit occurs consequently.

Also if energy generating technologies such as TSCs are to be justified as a cost

effective solution for low or zero carbon buildings, it appears essential that there should

be a considerable price reduction from 150 to 50 £/m2. A shift towards the next

generation of TSCs is required to enable them to compete with rival technologies,

particularly PV (refer to Chapter 6).

Of the technologies investigated PVs are the most cost effective way of achieving zero

carbon buildings (refer to Chapter 7). The analyses demonstrate considerable financial

benefit from ‘Feed in Tariffs’ recovering the capital cost of installing PVs easily.


167

b. Quantifying relative carbon efficiencies of new products for low and zero carbon

buildings based on computer modelling and best practice modelling assumptions.

This identifies ‘death points’ beyond which existing products become obsolete as

new products present definitive advantages on the basis of carbon

Whilst there is a considerable body of work in the literature supporting the significance

of adopting a combined embodied and operational carbon approach, none of the

investigated studies identified how the inclusion of embodied CO2 in carbon reduction

equations can suggest ‘death points’ for conventional building technologies and relative

‘birth points’ for novel products.

The analyses presented however, demonstrate how such points can be determined (for

various operational scenarios and building types) by quantified methodological

approaches that aggregate operational and embodied carbon. This approach is useful for

such things as determining the maximum levels of insulation that can be incorporated

into buildings or required by standards, or for example, setting limits to the amount by

which current approaches to energy thrift can be escalated using specific products.

c. Determining the physical limitations of comparator products such that financial

and carbon comparisons are considered only where there is genuine product

competition, and the limits of technologies are fully recognised.

As has been discussed in Chapter 5, PUR foam is limited to 170-200mm thickness as it

relies on a reaction between its constituent chemicals to cause the formation of cells and

expansion (foaming) of the material. Beyond around 200mm this reaction is slow and

becomes difficult to control. It appears that 170-200mm with U-value of 0.147 to 0.125

W/m2.K are the most common thicknesses in use.

Mineral wool can be produced to any thickness (if necessary in multiple layers) but

where low U-values are required the necessary dimensions can become difficult to

accommodate within construction systems (the support systems in built-up cladding

becomes too large and problematic). The transportation and handling of deep insulation

systems can also be problematic. On these grounds very thick mineral wool assemblies


168

are usually discounted although the maximum thickness that is acceptable is more

difficult to identify precisely.

3. Apply the methodology to a series of selected case studies of novel low and zero

carbon building technologies and identify the threshold where these technologies will

present financial advantage (in relation to energy costs), or carbon advantage (in

relation to meeting tightening regulations for energy thrift).

The findings arising from application of the methodology includes ‘methodological’

and ‘specific to case study’ findings.

The key ‘methodological’ findings arising from the analyses (as presented in Chapters 5

to 7) include:

• There is compelling evidence that a combined embodied and operational CO2

approach should logically be the basis of all strategic decision making as the

relative balance of these two components is sufficiently close that neither can be

ignored. Designs made only on the basis of operational carbon have been

quantified as unrepresentative on a life cycle basis. Given the compelling

evidence, it is recommended that both operational and embodied carbon must be

considered in the future assessment methods and potentially in regulations.

• Analyses demonstrate that there are key points beyond which, and depending on

factors such as material and building types, additional embodied carbon

investments in low and zero carbon technologies exceed operational carbon

savings. This creates net carbon disbenefits.

Findings arising from the application of the methodology to ‘specific case studies’

include:

• Highly insulated envelopes, significantly exceeding current Building Regulation

requirements, appear difficult to justify due to the carbon and cost disbenefits.


169

These disbenefits due to the additional insulation materials are difficult to be

recovered from operational carbon savings (refer to Chapter 7).

• The optimum insulation level on grounds of carbon efficiency is contingent on

the building type and size, operational patterns and insulation type. Financially

however, focus on reducing all regulated energies rather than simple

conservation of heat is required in order to identify the most cost effective

approaches to carbon reduction (refer to Chapter 7).

• If novel insulation materials can be developed with lower embodied energies

(for given thermal resistances) than those materials currently in common usage,

the optimal insulation values will increase.

• Thin high performance insulation materials also offer advantages in terms of

optimising rental values on the basis that the adjusted ‘net to gross’ floor areas

are significantly altered such that a greater floor area is made available (refer to

Chapter 6).

• For non-domestic buildings, a maximum of 10% CO2 reduction can be achieved

using ‘fabric thermal efficiency’ (only) when including the regulated energy

consumption (lighting and hot water requirements) (refer to Chapter 5).

• As discussed in Chapter 7, the majority of the heat generated by TSCs occurs

during warm periods (summer) when heating demand is low. The operational

CO2 savings associated with the ‘actual’ delivered heat therefore cannot recover

the high capital costs of TSCs.

4. Develop an Excel-based assessment tool based on the proposed methodology.

The ‘Total Energy Assessment Methodology’ as an Excel-based tool has been

developed to consolidate the results associated with the application of the methodology.


170

It was designed to determine the most cost effective way of achieving zero carbon

buildings (on grounds of total carbon approach) using fabric energy efficiency and on-

site low and zero carbon technologies.

Such a tool can be used to investigate other existing and/or novel low and zero carbon

technologies on grounds of their carbon efficiency and cost effectiveness. As the

background heating and lighting databases are based on dynamic thermal simulations,

the tool offers a high level of accuracy and therefore can be used for real case

assessments.

It allows cost and carbon analyses to be performed (similar to those of Chapters 5 to 7),

for retrofitting and new build projects.

8.2 Contribution to knowledge

The main contribution to knowledge in this study is the developed assessment

methodology based on a total carbon analysis taking account of all relevant carbon

emissions from extraction of raw materials to the manufacturing energy consumption

and in use phase carbon. The methodology provides a ‘total carbon analyses graph’

suggesting deathpoints, for conventional low and zero carbon building technologies,

beyond which the associated embodied carbon burden outweighs the potential

operational carbon savings. This for the first time introduces the concept of sensible

maximum thickness for insulation materials suggesting the likely need for development

of more carbon efficient novel products to replace conventional products available in

the market.

The developed methodology enables manufacturers and suppliers to quantify the true

carbon saving potentials of their products.


171

8.3 Limitations and recommendations for further research

8.3.1 Scale of the study

The analyses carried out in Chapter 7 were associated with non-domestic buildings due

to the high number of simulations and the three year time limit of the study. Similar

analyses can be applied to domestic buildings and also in relation to more operational

scenarios.

8.3.2 System boundaries

Cradle to gate approaches have been adopted for this research due to the uncertainty of

data associated with distances to the site and end of life scenarios. For further research,

the results from this study can be incorporated into a cradle to grave analysis (assuming

all variables are known) which would further improve accuracy of the assessments.

The inclusion of end of life stages, which may include the burdens of disposal and

benefits of recycling or reuse, requires important methodological choices. It is vital that

the pros and cons of each method for recycling are well understood so that an informed

choice can be made.

8.3.3 Total Energy Assessment Methodology

The ‘Total Energy Assessment Methodology’ tool was developed in relation to

industrial buildings and certain building specifications and operational scenarios. More

options (such as different occupancy profiles, fabric specifications, temperature set-

points etc) could appropriately be incorporated.

8.3.4 TSCs

These performance issues suggest a major agenda for future research as the systems in

their current form whilst showing carbon benefits fail to demonstrate cost benefit using


172

this form of analysis. Systems appear to need either long term heat storage capacity or

performance enhancement such that they provide for a greater proportion of the annual

heating demands.

Long term heat storage capacity would make it possible to reuse the generated heat in

cooler seasons when the output of TSCs is limited. Currently however, there are no cost

effective heat storage systems available. Coupling TSCs with technologies such as air

source heat pumps is technically possible to provide hot water in the summer but capital

costs are considerable.

Phase Change Materials (PCM) have been investigated in relation to TSC heat storage

(because of their high thermal storage capacity coupled with moderate temperature

variations) but reliable systems have not thus far been developed.

Ideas to enhance the performance of TSCs can also be investigated to provide limited

amounts of high temperature air as opposed to the current systems that provide large

volumes of low temperature air.

8.3.5 Consistent embodied CO2 database

Finding accurate and reliable data for embodied carbon analyses, especially concerning

unusual materials (such as fumed silica) or products such as PVs (due to the various

manufacturers and cell types) and TSCs is difficult. Lack of consistent information

through the supply chain is the main limitation.

Where accurate and reliable data is not available for calculating the embodied carbon of

products, it has to be estimated based on ‘process energy calculation techniques’

through a step-by-step product manufacturing energy breakdown in addition to the

embodied CO2 of materials on a weight basis (again extracted from the ICE database).

Further analyses and research would increase the range of products and materials that

could be assessed.


173

8.3.6 Cost databases

The costs of building technologies and services are usually estimated by suppliers for

each project taking into account the size and type of the building. The same or similar

products will be available for different prices. The uncertainty of available cost data

complicates analyses so assumed average figures have been used in this research, but

analyses based on actual supply costs are also feasible.

8.4 Future significance

The application of the methodology identified how the inclusion of embodied CO2 in

carbon reduction equations and taking a total carbon approach can lead to points beyond

which carbon disbenefit occurs for conventional building technologies. This can have

the following implications for future research concerning policy making, and its global

principles and practice:

• Discounting embodied carbon from carbon reduction equations in future is

misleading and does not provide a true assessment of reductions. A shift away

from ‘operational carbon only’ methods is therefore required.

• The inclusion of embodied carbon can set limits to the potential carbon saving

through building fabric energy efficiency introduced in future Building

Regulations

• If embodied carbon is included in the Building Regulation in future, building

material manufacturers and suppliers should be able to supply materials that

comply with true carbon burden requirements.

The study demonstrated the absolute significance of combining operational and

embodied carbon analyses in demonstrating the effectiveness of carbon reduction

strategies. The approach must be an integral part of any holistic appraisal of low and

zero carbon performance. Recognition of this represents an important and necessary

paradigm shift.


174

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Appendix A

Process energy calculation technique applied to VIPs

191

Process energy calculation technique applied to VIPs

• Pump energy associated with evacuation (Pump EE)

Assume vacuum pump energy is: w=p×V×k/(k-1) [(p2/p1)^((k-1)/k)-1]

= 1.0135 × 0.144 × (1.4 ÷ (1.4 ˗ 1)) × ((1.0130.05 ((1.4 ˗ 1) ÷ 1.4) ˗ 1) = 317740 J

Where:

W = Energy,

p = pressure,

V = Volume of vacuum vessel,

k = Adiabatic constant of air,

p2/p1 = Pressure ratio (atmospheric to vacuum)

Assuming normal levels of mechanical inefficiency (67% volumetric inefficiency of

pump chamber and 59% electric motor efficiency) the above figure changes to 803795J

Commonly two VIP panels are evacuated at the same time and the total typical weight

is 4.32kg (based on 2 × 1000 × 600 × 20mm panels). Evacuation energy is therefore:

(803795 ÷ 4.32) / 106 = 0.186 MJ/kg

• Drying energy

Energy required to dry panels at 150 °C = mass × specific heat capacity × temperature

difference for both air and panels = 0.108 MJ/kg + losses

Assume 20% losses total figure becomes 0.130 MJ/kg

• Total evacuation plus drying energy

Pump energy associated with evacuation plus drying energy = 0.316 MJ/kg

This equates to 0.0475 kgCO2/kg (based on 0.542 kgCO2/KWh conversion factor).

Embodied energy of fumed silica core = 0.9438 kgCO2/kg

• Embodied energy of barrier material (Barrier EE)

Again assume 1000x600x20mm panels

Fumed silica volume = 1 × 0.6 × 0.02 = 0.012 m3

192

Barrier's area = 2 × 1 × 0.6 + 0.02 × 3.2 = 1.264 m2

Assume barrier thickness of 60 micros, the volume of the barrier is (1.264 × 60) ÷ 106 =

0.00007584 m3

Ratio of percentage of barrier volume to panel volume: 0.00007584 ÷ 0.012 = 0.63%

Notional embodied CO2 of barrier material: 1.57 kgCO2/kg

• Total CO2 for panel excluding barrier

Evacuation plus drying energy + EE of core = 0.0475 + 0.9438 = 0.9913 kgCO2/kg

• Total embodied energy of panel including barrier

Assume 1 kg of fumed silica requires 0.0063 kg barrier

Total embodied energy = 0.9913 + (0.0063 × 1.57) = 1.001 kgCO2/kg

193

Appendix B Appendix B includes full background calculation tables associated with each

‘technology package’ (A to M) investigated in Chapter 7. The 2010 Notional Building

fabric has been assumed to be the basecase scenario.

The analyses have been carried out for office buildings with and without taking into

account the rental loss/gain associated with the thickness of the cladding system. Two

regions in London (City and West-End) have been used for rental value analyses

comparisons.

Mineral wool and PUR as two mainstream conventional insulation materials have been

used for the analyses in all cases.

194

Table B. 1 Distribution warehouse – PV (current FiT) + improving the building fabric U-value down to 0.07-0.1 W/m2.K (mineral wool)

provided Elec. by PV

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

generated Elec by PV

(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT

Wall Insulation price £/m2

Roof Insulation price £/m2

Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2 saving

%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 195010.00 19.53 0.00 0.80 20.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 94 57.29 10.4775 4.96 12404.8134 30259.929 203.1794 2428.549 9898.549 43.70 35.00 195010.00 17257.06 212267.06 17.46 0.30 0.80 18.56 8.70 3438.85 80775.10 63518.04 550% 187 57.29 6.985 4.96 24677.6607 23563.4558 6327.852 -564.13 6905.8697 43.70 35.00 195010.00 34514.12 229524.12 15.21 0.60 0.80 16.62 18.26 6431.53 151070.08 116555.97 5.575% 281 57.29 3.4925 4.96 37082.4741 19750.3654 14919.21 -3283.27 4186.7281 43.70 35.00 195010.00 51771.18 246781.18 13.05 0.91 0.80 14.75 27.43 9150.67 214939.95 163168.77 5.75

100% 375 57.29 0 4.96 49487.2875 17131.2544 24705.64 -5889.03 1580.9652 43.70 35.00 195010.00 69028.24 264038.24 10.88 1.21 0.80 12.89 36.61 11756.43 276146.66 207118.42 6Carbon Offset 1025 57.29 0 4.96 135265.253 8452.17178 101804.5 -23011.4 -15541.36 43.70 35.00 195010.00 222789.83 417799.83 -4.12 3.31 0.80 -0.02 100.08 28878.76 678332.63 455542.80 8


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 195010.00 19.53 0.00 0.80 20.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 94 55.4 10.4775 4.96 12404.8134 30259.929 203.1794 2428.549 9671.749 44.30 35.70 198280.00 17257.06 215537.06 17.09 0.30 0.88 18.27 10.13 3665.65 86102.40 65575.34 5.7550 187 55.4 6.985 4.96 24677.6607 23563.4558 6327.852 -564.13 6679.0697 44.30 35.70 198280.00 34514.12 232794.12 14.84 0.60 0.88 16.33 19.68 6658.33 156397.39 118613.27 5.7575 281 55.4 3.4925 4.96 37082.4741 19750.3654 14919.21 -3283.27 3959.9281 44.30 35.70 198280.00 51771.18 250051.18 12.68 0.91 0.88 14.46 28.86 9377.47 220267.25 165226.07 6100 375 55.4 0 4.96 49487.2875 17131.2544 24705.64 -5889.03 1354.1652 44.30 35.70 198280.00 69028.24 267308.24 10.51 1.21 0.88 12.60 38.04 11983.23 281473.96 209175.72 6.15

Carbon Offset 1012 55.4 0 4.96 133549.693 8562.09068 100198.9 -22675 -15431.76 44.30 35.70 198280.00 219964.20 418244.20 -4.19 3.27 0.88 -0.05 100.24 28769.16 675758.27 452524.07 7.9


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 195010.00 19.53 0.00 0.80 20.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 94 52.88 10.4775 4.96 12404.8134 30259.929 203.1794 2428.549 9369.349 45.00 36.40 201780.00 17257.06 219037.06 16.59 0.30 0.95 17.85 12.22 3968.05 93205.47 69178.41 6.1550 187 52.88 6.985 4.96 24677.6607 23563.4558 6327.852 -564.13 6376.6697 45.00 36.40 201780.00 34514.12 236294.12 14.35 0.60 0.95 15.90 21.77 6960.73 163500.45 122216.33 675 281 52.88 3.4925 4.96 37082.4741 19750.3654 14919.21 -3283.27 3657.5281 45.00 36.40 201780.00 51771.18 253551.18 12.18 0.91 0.95 14.04 30.95 9679.87 227370.31 168829.14 6.15100 375 52.88 0 4.96 49487.2875 17131.2544 24705.64 -5889.03 1051.7652 45.00 36.40 201780.00 69028.24 270808.24 10.01 1.21 0.95 12.17 40.13 12285.63 288577.03 212778.79 6.3

Carbon Offset 988 52.88 0 4.96 130382.507 8767.56876 97237.17 -22053.7 -15112.88 45.00 36.40 201780.00 214747.66 416527.66 -4.13 3.19 0.95 0.00 99.98 28450.28 668267.97 446750.31 7.95


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 195010.00 19.53 0.00 0.80 20.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 94 50.84 10.4775 4.96 12404.8134 30259.929 203.1794 2428.549 9124.549 48.60 37.00 211680.00 17257.06 228937.06 16.19 0.30 1.12 17.62 13.35 4212.85 98955.57 65028.51 8.2550 187 50.84 6.985 4.96 24677.6607 23563.4558 6327.852 -564.13 6131.8697 48.60 37.00 211680.00 34514.12 246194.12 13.95 0.60 1.12 15.67 22.90 7205.53 169250.55 118066.44 7.275 281 50.84 3.4925 4.96 37082.4741 19750.3654 14919.21 -3283.27 3412.7281 48.60 37.00 211680.00 51771.18 263451.18 11.78 0.91 1.12 13.81 32.08 9924.67 233120.42 164679.24 7.05100 375 50.84 0 4.96 49487.2875 17131.2544 24705.64 -5889.03 806.96519 48.60 37.00 211680.00 69028.24 280708.24 9.61 1.21 1.12 11.94 41.26 12530.43 294327.13 208628.89 7

Carbon Offset 975 50.84 0 4.96 128666.948 8880.38437 95700.43 -21720 -15023.97 48.60 37.00 211680.00 211922.03 423602.03 -4.25 3.15 1.12 0.02 99.90 28361.37 666179.71 437587.68 8.25


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 195010.00 19.53 0.00 0.80 20.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 94 48.8 10.4775 4.96 12404.8134 30259.929 203.1794 2428.549 8879.749 50.40 38.40 219600.00 17257.06 236857.06 15.79 0.30 1.2 17.30 14.92 4457.65 104705.67 62858.61 9.6550 187 48.8 6.985 4.96 24677.6607 23563.4558 6327.852 -564.13 5887.0697 50.40 38.40 219600.00 34514.12 254114.12 13.55 0.60 1.2 15.35 24.47 7450.33 175000.66 115896.54 8.1575 281 48.8 3.4925 4.96 37082.4741 19750.3654 14919.21 -3283.27 3167.9281 50.40 38.40 219600.00 51771.18 271371.18 11.38 0.91 1.2 13.49 33.65 10169.47 238870.52 162509.34 7.7100 375 48.8 0 4.96 49487.2875 17131.2544 24705.64 -5889.03 562.16519 50.40 38.40 219600.00 69028.24 288628.24 9.21 1.21 1.2 11.62 42.83 12775.23 300077.23 206458.99 7.5

Carbon Offset 963 48.8 0 4.96 127083.354 8985.40957 94155.86 -21406.1 -14954.94 50.40 38.40 219600.00 209313.76 428913.76 -4.36 3.11 1.2 -0.05 100.24 28292.34 664558.26 430654.50 8.45


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 195010.00 19.53 0.00 0.80 20.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 94 47.4 10.4775 4.96 12404.8134 30259.929 203.1794 2428.549 8711.749 52.20 39.00 225360.00 17257.06 242617.06 15.52 0.30 1.3 17.12 15.78 4625.65 108651.82 61044.76 10.5550 187 47.4 6.985 4.96 24677.6607 23563.4558 6327.852 -564.13 5719.0697 52.20 39.00 225360.00 34514.12 259874.12 13.28 0.60 1.3 15.18 25.33 7618.33 178946.81 114082.69 8.7575 281 47.4 3.4925 4.96 37082.4741 19750.3654 14919.21 -3283.27 2999.9281 52.20 39.00 225360.00 51771.18 277131.18 11.11 0.91 1.3 13.31 34.51 10337.47 242816.67 160695.49 8.15100 375 47.4 0 4.96 49487.2875 17131.2544 24705.64 -5889.03 394.16519 52.20 39.00 225360.00 69028.24 294388.24 8.94 1.21 1.3 11.45 43.69 12943.23 304023.38 204645.14 7.85

Carbon Offset 950 47.4 0 4.96 125367.795 9100.43548 92555.33 -21069.3 -14786.06 52.20 39.00 225360.00 206488.13 431848.13 -4.33 3.07 1.3 0.03 99.83 28123.46 660591.36 423753.22 8.6


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 195010.00 19.53 0.00 0.80 20.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 94 44 10.4775 4.96 12404.8134 30259.929 203.1794 2428.549 8303.749 63.00 43.00 261000.00 17257.06 278257.06 14.85 0.30 1.84 17.00 16.40 5033.65 118235.32 34988.27 17.350 187 44 6.985 4.96 24677.6607 23563.4558 6327.852 -564.13 5311.0697 63.00 43.00 261000.00 34514.12 295514.12 12.61 0.60 1.84 15.05 25.95 8026.33 188530.31 88026.19 1375 281 44 3.4925 4.96 37082.4741 19750.3654 14919.21 -3283.27 2591.9281 63.00 43.00 261000.00 51771.18 312771.18 10.44 0.91 1.84 13.19 35.13 10745.47 252400.17 134639.00 11.25100 375 44 0 4.96 49487.2875 17131.2544 24705.64 -5889.03 -13.83481 63.00 43.00 261000.00 69028.24 330028.24 8.27 1.21 1.84 11.32 44.31 13351.23 313606.88 178588.65 10.4

Carbon Offset 944 44 0 4.96 124575.998 9153.99913 91817.09 -20913.7 -15038.53 63.00 43.00 261000.00 205184.00 466184.00 -4.86 3.05 1.84 0.03 99.87 28375.93 666521.62 395347.62 9.8


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 195010.00 19.53 0.00 0.80 20.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 94 43 10.4775 4.96 12404.8134 30259.929 203.1794 2428.549 8183.749 66.60 44.70 273870.00 17257.06 291127.06 14.66 0.30 2 16.96 16.58 5153.65 121054.00 24936.94 19.550 187 43 6.985 4.96 24677.6607 23563.4558 6327.852 -564.13 5191.0697 66.60 44.70 273870.00 34514.12 308384.12 12.41 0.60 2 15.02 26.13 8146.33 191348.99 77974.87 14.575 281 43 3.4925 4.96 37082.4741 19750.3654 14919.21 -3283.27 2471.9281 66.60 44.70 273870.00 51771.18 325641.18 10.24 0.91 2 13.15 35.31 10865.47 255218.85 124587.67 12.45100 375 43 0 4.96 49487.2875 17131.2544 24705.64 -5889.03 -133.8348 66.60 44.70 273870.00 69028.24 342898.24 8.08 1.21 2 11.29 44.49 13471.23 316425.56 168537.32 11.3

Carbon Offset 943 43 0 4.96 124575.998 9153.99913 91817.09 -20913.7 -15158.53 66.60 44.70 273870.00 205184.00 479054.00 -5.05 3.04 2 -0.01 100.06 28495.93 669340.30 385296.30 10.25

PV + 0.08 - 0.11

PV + 0.07 - 0.10

PV + 2010 notional building fabric

Storage and Distribution Warehouse-London

PV + 0.17 - 0.24

PV + 0.15 - 0.21

PV + 0.13 - 0.19

PV + 0.12 - 0.17

PV + 0.11 - 0.15

PV (current FiT)+Insulation

195

Table B. 2 Distribution warehouse – PV (future FiT) + improving the building fabric U-value down to 0.07-0.1 W/m2.K (mineral wool)


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec Cost £Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A) £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0.00 57.29 13.97 4.96 0.00 0.00 0.00 5867.40 13337.40 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 195010.00 19.53 0.00 0.80 20.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 94.00 57.29 10.48 4.96 12404.81 30259.93 203.18 4227.25 11697.25 43.70 35.00 195010.00 17257.06 212267.06 17.46 0.30 0.80 18.56 8.70 1640.15 38525.52 21268.46 11.0050% 187.00 57.29 6.99 4.96 24677.66 23563.46 6327.85 3014.13 10484.13 43.70 35.00 195010.00 34514.12 229524.12 15.21 0.60 0.80 16.62 18.26 2853.27 67020.39 32506.27 12.5075% 281.00 57.29 3.49 4.96 37082.47 19750.37 14919.21 2093.69 9563.69 43.70 35.00 195010.00 51771.18 246781.18 13.05 0.91 0.80 14.75 27.43 3773.71 88640.67 36869.50 14.25

100% (1) 375.00 57.29 0.00 4.96 49487.29 17131.25 24705.64 1286.62 8756.62 43.70 35.00 195010.00 69028.24 264038.24 10.88 1.21 0.80 12.89 36.61 4580.78 107597.80 38569.57 15.70100% (2) 375.00 57.29 0.00 4.96 49487.29 17131.25 24705.64 -72.19 7397.81 43.70 35.00 195010.00 69028.24 264038.24 10.88 1.21 0.80 12.89 36.61 5939.59 139514.87 70486.63 12.00

Carbon Offset 1025.00 57.29 0.00 4.96 135265.25 8452.17 101804.52 -3397.90 4072.10 43.70 35.00 195010.00 222789.83 417799.83 -4.12 3.31 0.80 -0.02 100.08 9265.30 217632.43 -5157.40 25.65Carbon Offset 1025.00 57.29 0.00 4.96 135265.25 8452.17 101804.52 -8997.15 -1527.15 43.70 35.00 195010.00 222789.83 417799.83 -4.12 3.31 0.80 -0.02 100.08 14864.55 349153.07 126363.24 15.60


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)


FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %


PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 195010.00 19.53 0.00 0.80 20.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 94 55.4 10.4775 4.96 12404.8134 30259.929 203.179386 4227.247 11470.45 44.30 35.70 198280.00 17257.06 215537.06 17.09 0.30 0.88 18.27 10.13 1866.95 43852.82 23325.76 11.2550 187 55.4 6.985 4.96 24677.6607 23563.4558 6327.8518 3014.1305 10257.33 44.30 35.70 198280.00 34514.12 232794.12 14.84 0.60 0.88 16.33 19.68 3080.07 72347.69 34563.57 12.7575 281 55.4 3.4925 4.96 37082.4741 19750.3654 14919.208 2093.6868 9336.887 44.30 35.70 198280.00 51771.18 250051.18 12.68 0.91 0.88 14.46 28.86 4000.51 93967.97 38926.80 14.25

100 (1) 375 55.4 0 4.96 49487.2875 17131.2544 24705.6387 1286.6219 8529.822 44.30 35.70 198280.00 69028.24 267308.24 10.51 1.21 0.88 12.60 38.04 4807.58 112925.10 40626.87 15.7100 (2) 375 55.4 0 4.96 49487.2875 17131.2544 24705.6387 -72.18825 7171.012 44.30 35.70 198280.00 69028.24 267308.24 10.51 1.21 0.88 12.60 38.04 6166.39 144842.17 72543.93 12.1

Carbon Offset 1012 55.4 0 4.96 133549.6932 8562.09068 100198.881 -3310.257 3932.943 44.30 35.70 198280.00 219964.20 418244.20 -4.19 3.27 0.88 -0.05 100.24 9404.46 220901.10 -2333.10 25.3Carbon Offset 1012 55.4 0 4.96 133549.6932 8562.09068 100198.881 -8821.195 -1578 44.30 35.70 198280.00 219964.20 418244.20 -4.19 3.27 0.88 -0.05 100.24 14915.40 350347.42 127113.22 15.6


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)


FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %


PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 195010.00 19.53 0.00 0.80 20.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 94 52.88 10.4775 4.96 12404.8134 30259.929 203.179386 4227.247 11168.05 45.00 36.40 201780.00 17257.06 219037.06 16.59 0.30 0.96 17.86 12.17 2169.35 50955.89 26928.83 11.550 187 52.88 6.985 4.96 24677.6607 23563.4558 6327.8518 3014.1305 9954.93 45.00 36.40 201780.00 34514.12 236294.12 14.35 0.60 0.96 15.91 21.72 3382.47 79450.76 38166.64 12.6575 281 52.88 3.4925 4.96 37082.4741 19750.3654 14919.208 2093.6868 9034.487 45.00 36.40 201780.00 51771.18 253551.18 12.18 0.91 0.96 14.05 30.90 4302.91 101071.04 42529.86 14

100 (1) 375 52.88 0 4.96 49487.2875 17131.2544 24705.6387 1286.6219 8227.422 45.00 36.40 201780.00 69028.24 270808.24 10.01 1.21 0.96 12.18 40.08 5109.98 120028.17 44229.94 15.5100 (2) 375 52.88 0 4.96 49487.2875 17131.2544 24705.6387 -72.18825 6868.612 45.00 36.40 201780.00 69028.24 270808.24 10.01 1.21 0.96 12.18 40.08 6468.79 151945.24 76147.00 12.1

Carbon Offset 988 52.88 0 4.96 130382.5068 8767.56876 97237.1723 -3148.213 3792.587 45.00 36.40 201780.00 214747.66 416527.66 -4.13 3.19 0.95 0.00 99.98 9544.81 224197.92 2680.26 24.7Carbon Offset 988 52.88 0 4.96 130382.5068 8767.56876 97237.1723 -8496.258 -1555.46 45.00 36.40 201780.00 214747.66 416527.66 -4.13 3.19 0.95 0.00 99.98 14892.86 349818.03 128300.37 15.5


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)


FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %


PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 195010.00 19.53 0.00 0.80 20.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 94 50.84 10.4775 4.96 12404.8134 30259.929 203.179386 4227.247 10923.25 48.60 37.00 211680.00 17257.06 228937.06 16.19 0.30 1.12 17.62 13.35 2414.15 56705.99 22778.93 14.550 187 50.84 6.985 4.96 24677.6607 23563.4558 6327.8518 3014.1305 9710.13 48.60 37.00 211680.00 34514.12 246194.12 13.95 0.60 1.12 15.67 22.90 3627.27 85200.86 34016.74 14.7575 281 50.84 3.4925 4.96 37082.4741 19750.3654 14919.208 2093.6868 8789.687 48.60 37.00 211680.00 51771.18 263451.18 11.78 0.91 1.12 13.81 32.08 4547.71 106821.14 38379.97 15.6

100 (1) 375 50.84 0 4.96 49487.2875 17131.2544 24705.6387 1286.6219 7982.622 48.60 37.00 211680.00 69028.24 280708.24 9.61 1.21 1.12 11.94 41.26 5354.78 125778.27 40080.04 16.75100 (2) 375 50.84 0 4.96 49487.2875 17131.2544 24705.6387 -72.18825 6623.812 48.60 37.00 211680.00 69028.24 280708.24 9.61 1.21 1.12 11.94 41.26 6713.59 157695.34 71997.10 13.2

Carbon Offset 975 50.84 0 4.96 128666.9475 8880.38437 95700.4286 -3063.265 3632.735 48.60 37.00 211680.00 211922.03 423602.03 -4.25 3.15 1.12 0.02 99.90 9704.67 227952.69 -639.34 25Carbon Offset 975 50.84 0 4.96 128666.9475 8880.38437 95700.4286 -8326.789 -1630.79 48.60 37.00 211680.00 211922.03 423602.03 -4.25 3.15 1.12 0.02 99.90 14968.19 351587.49 122995.46 15.9


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)


FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %


PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 195010.00 19.53 0.00 0.80 20.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 94 48.8 10.4775 4.96 12404.8134 30259.929 203.179386 4227.247 10678.45 50.40 38.40 219600.00 17257.06 236857.06 15.79 0.30 1.2 17.30 14.92 2658.95 62456.09 20609.03 16.2550 187 48.8 6.985 4.96 24677.6607 23563.4558 6327.8518 3014.1305 9465.33 50.40 38.40 219600.00 34514.12 254114.12 13.55 0.60 1.2 15.35 24.47 3872.07 90950.96 31846.84 1675 281 48.8 3.4925 4.96 37082.4741 19750.3654 14919.208 2093.6868 8544.887 50.40 38.40 219600.00 51771.18 271371.18 11.38 0.91 1.2 13.49 33.65 4792.51 112571.24 36210.07 16.7

100 (1) 375 48.8 0 4.96 49487.2875 17131.2544 24705.6387 1286.6219 7737.822 50.40 38.40 219600.00 69028.24 288628.24 9.21 1.21 1.2 11.62 42.83 5599.58 131528.38 37910.14 17.5100 (2) 375 48.8 0 4.96 49487.2875 17131.2544 24705.6387 -72.18825 6379.012 50.40 38.40 219600.00 69028.24 288628.24 9.21 1.21 1.2 11.62 42.83 6958.39 163445.44 69827.20 13.95

Carbon Offset 963 48.8 0 4.96 127083.3543 8985.40957 94155.8606 -2979.056 3472.144 50.40 38.40 219600.00 209313.76 428913.76 -4.36 3.11 1.2 -0.05 100.24 9865.26 231724.81 -2178.95 25.25Carbon Offset 963 48.8 0 4.96 127083.3543 8985.40957 94155.8606 -8157.629 -1706.43 50.40 38.40 219600.00 209313.76 428913.76 -4.36 3.11 1.2 -0.05 100.24 15043.83 353364.19 119460.43 16.2


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)


FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %


PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 195010.00 19.53 0.00 0.80 20.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 94 47.4 10.4775 4.96 12404.8134 30259.929 203.179386 4227.247 10510.45 52.20 39.00 225360.00 17257.06 242617.06 15.52 0.30 1.3 17.12 15.78 2826.95 66402.24 18795.18 17.750 187 47.4 6.985 4.96 24677.6607 23563.4558 6327.8518 3014.1305 9297.33 52.20 39.00 225360.00 34514.12 259874.12 13.28 0.60 1.3 15.18 25.33 4040.07 94897.11 30032.99 16.7575 281 47.4 3.4925 4.96 37082.4741 19750.3654 14919.208 2093.6868 8376.887 52.20 39.00 225360.00 51771.18 277131.18 11.11 0.91 1.3 13.31 34.51 4960.51 116517.39 34396.22 17.25

100 (1) 375 47.4 0 4.96 49487.2875 17131.2544 24705.6387 1286.6219 7569.822 52.20 39.00 225360.00 69028.24 294388.24 8.94 1.21 1.3 11.45 43.69 5767.58 135474.52 36096.29 18100 (2) 375 47.4 0 4.96 49487.2875 17131.2544 24705.6387 -72.18825 6211.012 52.20 39.00 225360.00 69028.24 294388.24 8.94 1.21 1.3 11.45 43.69 7126.39 167391.59 68013.35 14.5

Carbon Offset 950 47.4 0 4.96 125367.795 9100.43548 92555.3273 -2890.929 3392.271 52.20 39.00 225360.00 206488.13 431848.13 -4.33 3.07 1.3 0.03 99.83 9945.13 233600.93 -3237.21 25.4Carbon Offset 950 47.4 0 4.96 125367.795 9100.43548 92555.3273 -7981.472 -1698.27 52.20 39.00 225360.00 206488.13 431848.13 -4.33 3.07 1.3 0.03 99.83 15035.67 353172.59 116334.45 16.45


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)


FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %


PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 195010.00 19.53 0.00 0.80 20.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 94 44 10.4775 4.96 12404.8134 30259.929 203.179386 4227.247 10102.45 63.00 43.00 261000.00 17257.06 278257.06 14.85 0.30 1.84 17.00 16.40 3234.95 75985.75 -7261.31 27.550 187 44 6.985 4.96 24677.6607 23563.4558 6327.8518 3014.1305 8889.33 63.00 43.00 261000.00 34514.12 295514.12 12.61 0.60 1.84 15.05 25.95 4448.07 104480.61 3976.50 2475 281 44 3.4925 4.96 37082.4741 19750.3654 14919.208 2093.6868 7968.887 63.00 43.00 261000.00 51771.18 312771.18 10.44 0.91 1.84 13.19 35.13 5368.51 126100.90 8339.72 23.25

100 (1) 375 44 0 4.96 49487.2875 17131.2544 24705.6387 1286.6219 7161.822 63.00 43.00 261000.00 69028.24 330028.24 8.27 1.21 1.84 11.32 44.31 6175.58 145058.03 10039.79 23.2100 (2) 375 44 0 4.96 49487.2875 17131.2544 24705.6387 -72.18825 5803.012 63.00 43.00 261000.00 69028.24 330028.24 8.27 1.21 1.84 11.32 44.31 7534.39 176975.09 41956.86 18.75

Carbon Offset 944 44 0 4.96 124575.9984 9153.99913 91817.0943 -2850.209 3024.991 63.00 43.00 261000.00 205184.00 466184.00 -4.86 3.05 1.84 0.03 99.87 10312.41 242227.97 -28946.02 28.2Carbon Offset 944 44 0 4.96 124575.9984 9153.99913 91817.0943 -7900.15 -2024.95 63.00 43.00 261000.00 205184.00 466184.00 -4.86 3.05 1.84 0.03 99.87 15362.35 360845.92 89671.92 18.5


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)


FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %


PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 195010.00 19.53 0.00 0.80 20.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 94 43 10.4775 4.96 12404.8134 30259.929 203.179386 4227.247 9982.447 66.60 44.70 273870.00 17257.06 291127.06 14.66 0.30 2 16.96 16.58 3354.95 78804.42 -17312.64 3150 187 43 6.985 4.96 24677.6607 23563.4558 6327.8518 3014.1305 8769.33 66.60 44.70 273870.00 34514.12 308384.12 12.41 0.60 2 15.02 26.13 4568.07 107299.29 -6074.83 26.575 281 43 3.4925 4.96 37082.4741 19750.3654 14919.208 2093.6868 7848.887 66.60 44.70 273870.00 51771.18 325641.18 10.24 0.91 2 13.15 35.31 5488.51 128919.57 -1711.60 25.4

100 (1) 375 43 0 4.96 49487.2875 17131.2544 24705.6387 1286.6219 7041.822 66.60 44.70 273870.00 69028.24 342898.24 8.08 1.21 2 11.29 44.49 6295.58 147876.71 -11.53 25100 (2) 375 43 0 4.96 49487.2875 17131.2544 24705.6387 -72.18825 5683.012 66.60 44.70 273870.00 69028.24 342898.24 8.08 1.21 2 11.29 44.49 7654.39 179793.77 31905.53 20.35

Carbon Offset 943 43 0 4.96 124575.9984 9153.99913 91817.0943 -2850.209 2904.991 66.60 44.70 273870.00 205184.00 479054.00 -5.05 3.04 2 -0.01 100.06 10432.41 245046.65 -38997.35 29.25Carbon Offset 943 43 0 4.96 124575.9984 9153.99913 91817.0943 -7900.15 -2144.95 66.60 44.70 273870.00 205184.00 479054.00 -5.05 3.04 2 -0.01 100.06 15482.35 363664.59 79620.60 19.25

PV + 0.08 - 0.11

PV + 0.07 - 0.10



PV + 0.17 - 0.24

PV + 0.15 - 0.21

PV + 0.13 - 0.19

PV + 0.12 - 0.17

PV + 0.11 - 0.15

PV (Future FiT)+Insulation

196

Table B. 3 Distribution warehouse – PV (current FiT) + improving the building fabric U-value down to 0.07-0.1 W/m2.K (mineral wool) + TSC

provided Elec. & heating

TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT £



Total Insulation

price £TSC cost £ PV Cost £ Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 0.00 195010.00 19.53 0.00 0.00 0.80 20.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 275 94 42.97 10.4775 4.96 0.2864 12404.8134 30259.929 203.1794 2428.549 8300.437046 43.70 35.00 195010.00 41250.00 17257.06 253517.06 14.80 0.30 0.11 0.80 16.02 21.22 5036.96 118313.12 59806.06 1250% 750 187 28.65 6.985 4.96 0.5728 24677.6607 23563.4558 6327.852 -564.13 3709.645681 43.70 35.00 195010.00 112500.00 34514.12 342024.12 9.90 0.60 0.31 0.80 11.61 42.88 9627.75 226146.12 79132.01 15.975% 1300 281 14.32 3.4925 4.96 0.8594 37082.4741 19750.3654 14919.21 -3283.27 -608.7239498 43.70 35.00 195010.00 195000.00 51771.18 441781.18 5.07 0.91 0.53 0.80 7.31 64.02 13946.12 327580.22 80809.04 18.55

75-100 1300 375 14.32 0 4.96 0.8594 49487.2875 17131.2544 24705.64 -5889.03 -3214.486809 43.70 35.00 195010.00 195000.00 69028.24 459038.24 2.91 1.21 0.53 0.80 5.45 73.20 16551.89 388786.93 124758.70 16.65Carbon Offsetting 1300 643 14.32 0 4.96 0 84722.2362 12542.2086 53801.54 -12949.9 -10636.28442 43.70 35.00 195010.00 195000.00 139542.51 529552.51 -3.44 2.07 0.53 0.80 -0.03 100.14 23973.68 563117.38 228574.88 14.5


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £




Total Insulation


Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 0.00 195010.00 19.53 0.00 0.00 0.80 20.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 250 94 41.5 10.4775 4.96 0.3158 12404.8134 30259.929 203.1794 2428.549 8136.385046 44.30 35.70 198280.00 37500.00 17257.06 253037.06 14.53 0.30 0.10 0.88 15.81 22.21 5201.01 122166.53 64139.48 11.550 700 187 27.7 6.985 4.96 0.5918 24677.6607 23563.4558 6327.852 -564.13 3603.625681 44.30 35.70 198280.00 105000.00 34514.12 337794.12 9.73 0.60 0.29 0.88 11.50 43.45 9733.77 228636.43 85852.31 15.2575 1250 281 13.42 3.4925 4.96 0.8774 37082.4741 19750.3654 14919.21 -3283.27 -709.1639498 44.30 35.70 198280.00 187500.00 51771.18 437551.18 4.91 0.91 0.51 0.88 7.21 64.55 14046.56 329939.45 87398.28 18.1

75-100 1250 375 13.42 0 4.96 0.8774 49487.2875 17131.2544 24705.64 -5889.03 -3314.926809 44.30 35.70 198280.00 187500.00 69028.24 454808.24 2.74 1.21 0.51 0.88 5.34 73.73 16652.33 391146.16 131347.93 16.25Carbon Offsetting 1250 635 13.42 0 4.96 0.8774 83798.4735 12665.7142 55651.28 -12881.9 -10307.77847 44.30 35.70 198280.00 187500.00 138021.02 523801.02 -3.45 2.05 0.51 0.88 -0.01 100.06 23645.18 555401.11 226610.10 14.45


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £




Total Insulation


Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 0.00 195010.00 19.53 0.00 0.00 0.80 20.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 235 94 39.66 10.4775 4.96 0.3526 12404.8134 30259.929 203.1794 2428.549 7931.041046 45.00 36.40 201780.00 35250.00 17257.06 254287.06 14.19 0.30 0.10 0.96 15.55 23.53 5406.36 126989.86 67712.80 11.2550 685 187 26.44 6.985 4.96 0.617 24677.6607 23563.4558 6327.852 -564.13 3463.009681 45.00 36.40 201780.00 102750.00 34514.12 339044.12 9.49 0.60 0.28 0.96 11.34 44.24 9874.39 231939.35 87905.24 15.1575 1235 281 13.22 3.4925 4.96 0.8814 37082.4741 19750.3654 14919.21 -3283.27 -731.4839498 45.00 36.40 201780.00 185250.00 51771.18 438801.18 4.87 0.91 0.51 0.96 7.24 64.37 14068.88 330463.73 86672.55 18.15

75-100 1235 375 13.22 0 4.96 0.8814 49487.2875 17131.2544 24705.64 -5889.03 -3337.246809 45.00 36.40 201780.00 185250.00 69028.24 456058.24 2.70 1.21 0.51 0.96 5.38 73.55 16674.65 391670.44 130622.20 16.3Carbon Offsetting 1235 639 13.22 0 4.96 0.8814 84326.3379 12609.5221 55822.96 -12974 -10422.23095 45.00 36.40 201780.00 185250.00 138890.44 525920.44 -3.53 2.06 0.51 0.96 0.00 100.01 23759.63 558089.49 227179.05 14.45


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £




Total Insulation


Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 0.00 195010.00 19.53 0.00 0.00 0.80 20.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 225 94 38.15 10.4775 4.96 0.3828 12404.8134 30259.929 203.1794 2428.549 7762.525046 48.60 37.00 211680.00 33750.00 17257.06 262687.06 13.91 0.30 0.09 1.12 15.42 24.14 5574.87 130948.12 63271.07 12.550 675 187 25.42 6.985 4.96 0.6374 24677.6607 23563.4558 6327.852 -564.13 3349.177681 48.60 37.00 211680.00 101250.00 34514.12 347444.12 9.30 0.60 0.28 1.12 11.30 44.40 9988.22 234613.15 82179.03 15.975 1230 281 12.7 3.4925 4.96 0.8918 37082.4741 19750.3654 14919.21 -3283.27 -789.5159498 48.60 37.00 211680.00 184500.00 51771.18 447951.18 4.77 0.91 0.50 1.12 7.31 64.07 14126.92 331826.84 78885.66 18.75

75-100 1230 375 12.7 0 4.96 0.8918 49487.2875 17131.2544 24705.64 -5889.03 -3395.278809 48.60 37.00 211680.00 184500.00 69028.24 465208.24 2.60 1.21 0.50 1.12 5.44 73.25 16732.68 393033.55 122835.32 16.9Carbon Offsetting 1230 644 12.7 0 4.96 0.8918 84722.2362 12542.2086 55801.54 -13039.9 -10546.12842 48.60 37.00 211680.00 184500.00 139542.51 535722.51 -3.64 2.08 0.50 1.12 0.07 99.67 23883.53 560999.71 220287.21 14.8


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £




Total Insulation


Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 0.00 195010.00 19.53 0.00 0.00 0.80 20.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 220 94 36.6 10.4775 4.96 0.4138 12404.8134 30259.929 203.1794 2428.549 7589.545046 50.40 38.40 219600.00 33000.00 17257.06 269857.06 13.62 0.30 0.09 1.2 15.21 25.17 5747.85 135011.25 60164.19 13.550 685 187 24.4 6.985 4.96 0.6578 24677.6607 23563.4558 6327.852 -564.13 3235.345681 50.40 38.40 219600.00 102750.00 34514.12 356864.12 9.11 0.60 0.28 1.2 11.20 44.92 10102.05 237286.95 75432.83 16.7575 1225 281 12.21 3.4925 4.96 0.9016 37082.4741 19750.3654 14919.21 -3283.27 -844.1999498 50.40 38.40 219600.00 183750.00 51771.18 455121.18 4.68 0.91 0.50 1.2 7.29 64.13 14181.60 333111.31 73000.14 19.25



TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £




Total Insulation


Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 0.00 195010.00 19.53 0.00 0.00 0.80 20.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 215 94 35.55 10.4775 4.96 0.4348 12404.8134 30259.929 203.1794 2428.549 7472.365046 52.20 39.00 225360.00 32250.00 17257.06 274867.06 13.42 0.30 0.09 1.3 15.12 25.65 5865.03 137763.69 57906.63 1450 665 187 23.7 6.985 4.96 0.6718 24677.6607 23563.4558 6327.852 -564.13 3157.225681 52.20 39.00 225360.00 99750.00 34514.12 359624.12 8.98 0.60 0.27 1.3 11.16 45.11 10180.17 239121.91 74507.79 16.975 1220 281 11.85 3.4925 4.96 0.9088 37082.4741 19750.3654 14919.21 -3283.27 -884.3759498 52.20 39.00 225360.00 183000.00 51771.18 460131.18 4.62 0.91 0.50 1.3 7.32 63.98 14221.78 334055.01 68933.83 19.6



TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £




Total Insulation


Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 0.00 195010.00 19.53 0.00 0.00 0.80 20.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 200 94 33 10.4775 4.96 0.4858 12404.8134 30259.929 203.1794 2428.549 7187.785046 63.00 43.00 261000.00 30000.00 17257.06 308257.06 12.95 0.30 0.08 1.84 15.18 25.35 6149.61 144448.18 31201.12 19.3550 660 187 22 6.985 4.96 0.7058 24677.6607 23563.4558 6327.852 -564.13 2967.505681 63.00 43.00 261000.00 99000.00 34514.12 394514.12 8.67 0.60 0.27 1.84 11.38 44.01 10369.89 243578.24 44074.12 20.2575 1215 281 11 3.4925 4.96 0.9258 37082.4741 19750.3654 14919.21 -3283.27 -979.2359498 63.00 43.00 261000.00 182250.00 51771.18 495021.18 4.46 0.91 0.50 1.84 7.70 62.11 14316.64 336283.17 36271.99 22.15

75-100 1215 375 11 0 4.96 0.9258 49487.2875 17131.2544 24705.64 -5889.03 -3584.998809 63.00 43.00 261000.00 182250.00 69028.24 512278.24 2.29 1.21 0.50 1.84 5.84 71.29 16922.40 397489.88 80221.65 19.75Carbon Offsetting 1215 665 11 0 4.96 0.9258 87757.4565 12252.2495 58596.8 -13646.4 -11342.33638 63.00 43.00 261000.00 182250.00 144541.69 587791.69 -4.49 2.15 0.50 1.84 -0.01 100.03 24679.74 579701.82 186920.13 16.6


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £




Total Insulation


Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 0.00 195010.00 19.53 0.00 0.00 0.80 20.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 195 94 32.25 10.4775 4.96 0.5008 12404.8134 30259.929 203.1794 2428.549 7104.085046 66.60 44.70 273870.00 29250.00 17257.06 320377.06 12.81 0.30 0.08 2 15.20 25.26 6233.31 146414.21 21047.15 21.2550 650 187 21.5 6.985 4.96 0.7158 24677.6607 23563.4558 6327.852 -564.13 2911.705681 66.60 44.70 273870.00 97500.00 34514.12 405884.12 8.58 0.60 0.27 2 11.45 43.70 10425.69 244888.92 34014.80 21.3575 1210 281 10.75 3.4925 4.96 0.9308 37082.4741 19750.3654 14919.21 -3283.27 -1007.13595 66.60 44.70 273870.00 181500.00 51771.18 507141.18 4.41 0.91 0.50 2 7.82 61.56 14344.54 336938.51 24807.34 23.05

75-100 1210 375 10.75 0 4.96 0.9308 49487.2875 17131.2544 24705.64 -5889.03 -3612.898809 66.60 44.70 273870.00 181500.00 69028.24 524398.24 2.24 1.21 0.50 2 5.95 70.74 16950.30 398145.22 68756.99 20.5Carbon Offsetting 1210 670 10.75 0 4.96 0.9308 88417.287 12184.9046 58689.29 -13755.6 -11479.50194 66.60 44.70 273870.00 181500.00 145628.47 600998.47 -4.56 2.16 0.50 2 0.09 99.54 24816.90 582923.70 176935.23 17.1

TSC + PV + FIT + 0.08 - 0.11

TSC + PV + FIT + 0.07 - 0.10


TSC + PV + FIT + 2010 notional building fabric

TSC + PV + FIT + 0.17 - 0.24

TSC + PV + FIT + 0.15 - 0.21

TSC + PV + FIT + 0.13 - 0.19

TSC + PV + FIT + 0.11 - 0.15

TSC + PV + FIT + 0.12 - 0.17

PV (current FiT)+Insulation+TSC

197

Table B. 4 Distribution warehouse – PV (future FiT) + improving the building fabric U-value down to 0.07-0.1 W/m2.K (mineral wool) + TSC


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £TSC cost £ PV Cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 0.00 195010.00 19.53 0.00 0.00 0.80 20.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 275 94 42.97 10.4775 4.96 0.2864 12404.813 30259.929 203.1794 4227.247 10099.13 43.70 35.00 195010.00 41250.00 17257.06 253517.06 14.80 0.30 0.11 0.80 16.02 21.22 3238.27 76063.54 17556.48 1950% 750 187 28.65 6.985 4.96 0.5728 24677.661 23563.4558 6327.852 3014.13 7287.906 43.70 35.00 195010.00 112500.00 34514.12 342024.12 9.90 0.60 0.31 0.80 11.61 42.88 6049.49 142096.43 -4917.69 2675% 1300 281 14.32 3.4925 4.96 0.8594 37082.474 19750.3654 14919.21 2093.687 4768.235 43.70 35.00 195010.00 195000.00 51771.18 441781.18 5.07 0.91 0.53 0.80 7.31 64.02 8569.17 201280.95 -45490.23 31

75-100 1300 375 14.32 0 4.96 0.8594 49487.288 17131.2544 24705.64 1286.622 3961.17 43.70 35.00 195010.00 195000.00 69028.24 459038.24 2.91 1.21 0.53 0.80 5.45 73.20 9376.23 220238.08 -43790.16 30.3575-100 (2) 1300 375 14.32 0 4.96 0.8594 49487.288 17131.2544 24705.64 -72.1883 2602.36 43.70 35.00 195010.00 195000.00 69028.24 459038.24 2.91 1.21 0.53 0.80 5.45 73.20 10735.04 252155.14 -11873.09 30.35

Carbon Offsetting 1300 643 14.32 0 4.96 0.8594 84722.236 12542.2086 53801.54 -665.16 2009.388 43.70 35.00 195010.00 195000.00 139542.51 529552.51 -2.99 2.07 0.53 0.80 0.42 97.92 11328.01 266083.45 -68459.06 30.9Carbon Offsetting 1300 643 14.32 0 4.96 0.8594 84722.236 12542.2086 53801.54 -3624.24 -949.697 43.70 35.00 195010.00 195000.00 139542.51 529552.51 -2.99 2.07 0.53 0.80 0.42 97.92 14287.10 335589.33 1046.82 24.25


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 0.00 195010.00 19.53 0.00 0.00 0.80 20.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 250 94 41.5 10.4775 4.96 0.3158 12404.813 30259.929 203.1794 4227.247 9935.083 44.30 35.70 198280.00 37500.00 17257.06 253037.06 14.53 0.30 0.10 0.88 15.81 22.21 3402.32 79916.95 21889.90 1850 700 187 27.7 6.985 4.96 0.5918 24677.661 23563.4558 6327.852 3014.13 7181.886 44.30 35.70 198280.00 105000.00 34514.12 337794.12 9.73 0.60 0.29 0.88 11.50 43.45 6155.51 144586.73 1802.61 24.775 1250 281 13.42 3.4925 4.96 0.8774 37082.474 19750.3654 14919.21 2093.687 4667.795 44.30 35.70 198280.00 187500.00 51771.18 437551.18 4.91 0.91 0.51 0.88 7.21 64.55 8669.61 203640.18 -38901.00 30.25

75-100 1250 375 13.42 0 4.96 0.8774 49487.288 17131.2544 24705.64 1286.622 3860.73 44.30 35.70 198280.00 187500.00 69028.24 454808.24 2.74 1.21 0.51 0.88 5.34 73.73 9476.67 222597.31 -37200.92 29.575-100 (2) 1250 375 13.42 0 4.96 0.8774 49487.288 17131.2544 24705.64 -72.1883 2501.92 44.30 35.70 198280.00 187500.00 69028.24 454808.24 2.74 1.21 0.51 0.88 5.34 73.73 10835.48 254514.37 -5283.86 29.5

Carbon Offsetting 1250 635 13.42 0 4.96 0.8774 83798.473 12665.7142 55651.28 -731.108 1843 44.30 35.70 198280.00 187500.00 138021.02 523801.02 -3.45 2.05 0.51 0.88 -0.01 100.06 11494.40 269991.72 -58799.29 30.9Carbon Offsetting 1250 635 13.42 0 4.96 0.8774 83798.473 12665.7142 55651.28 -3791.93 -1217.82 44.30 35.70 198280.00 187500.00 138021.02 523801.02 -3.45 2.05 0.51 0.88 -0.01 100.06 14555.22 341887.28 13096.26 24


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 0.00 195010.00 19.53 0.00 0.00 0.80 20.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 235 94 39.66 10.4775 4.96 0.3526 12404.813 30259.929 203.1794 4227.247 9729.739 45.00 36.40 201780.00 35250.00 17257.06 254287.06 14.19 0.30 0.10 0.96 15.55 23.53 3607.66 84740.28 25463.22 17.2550 685 187 26.44 6.985 4.96 0.617 24677.661 23563.4558 6327.852 3014.13 7041.27 45.00 36.40 201780.00 102750.00 34514.12 339044.12 9.49 0.60 0.28 0.96 11.34 44.24 6296.13 147889.66 3855.54 24.2575 1235 281 13.22 3.4925 4.96 0.8814 37082.474 19750.3654 14919.21 2093.687 4645.475 45.00 36.40 201780.00 185250.00 51771.18 438801.18 4.87 0.91 0.51 0.96 7.24 64.37 8691.93 204164.45 -39626.72 30.2

75-100 1235 375 13.22 0 4.96 0.8814 49487.288 17131.2544 24705.64 1286.622 3838.41 45.00 36.40 201780.00 185250.00 69028.24 456058.24 2.70 1.21 0.51 0.96 5.38 73.55 9498.99 223121.59 -37926.65 29.675-100 (2) 1235 375 13.22 0 4.96 0.8814 49487.288 17131.2544 24705.64 -72.1883 2479.6 45.00 36.40 201780.00 185250.00 69028.24 456058.24 2.70 1.21 0.51 0.96 5.38 73.55 10857.80 255038.65 -6009.59 29.6

Carbon Offsetting 1235 639 13.22 0 4.96 0.8814 84326.338 12609.5221 55822.96 -746.7 1805.088 45.00 36.40 201780.00 185250.00 138890.44 525920.44 -3.53 2.06 0.51 0.96 0.00 100.01 11532.31 270882.24 -60028.20 31Carbon Offsetting 1235 639 13.22 0 4.96 0.8814 84326.338 12609.5221 55822.96 -3816.96 -1265.17 45.00 36.40 201780.00 185250.00 138890.44 525920.44 -3.53 2.06 0.51 0.96 0.00 100.01 14602.57 342999.58 12089.14 24


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 0.00 195010.00 19.53 0.00 0.00 0.80 20.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 225 94 38.15 10.4775 4.96 0.3828 12404.813 30259.929 203.1794 4227.247 9561.223 48.60 37.00 211680.00 33750.00 17257.06 262687.06 13.91 0.30 0.09 1.12 15.42 24.14 3776.18 88698.54 21021.49 18.7550 675 187 25.42 6.985 4.96 0.6374 24677.661 23563.4558 6327.852 3014.13 6927.438 48.60 37.00 211680.00 101250.00 34514.12 347444.12 9.30 0.60 0.28 1.12 11.30 44.40 6409.96 150563.46 -1870.66 25.2575 1230 281 12.7 3.4925 4.96 0.8918 37082.474 19750.3654 14919.21 2093.687 4587.443 48.60 37.00 211680.00 184500.00 51771.18 447951.18 4.77 0.91 0.50 1.12 7.31 64.07 8749.96 205527.57 -47413.61 31.25

75-100 1230 375 12.7 0 4.96 0.8918 49487.288 17131.2544 24705.64 1286.622 3780.378 48.60 37.00 211680.00 184500.00 69028.24 465208.24 2.60 1.21 0.50 1.12 5.44 73.25 9557.02 224484.70 -45713.54 30.575-100 (2) 1230 375 12.7 0 4.96 0.8918 49487.288 17131.2544 24705.64 -72.1883 2421.568 48.60 37.00 211680.00 184500.00 69028.24 465208.24 2.60 1.21 0.50 1.12 5.44 73.25 10915.83 256401.76 -13796.47 30.5

Carbon Offsetting 1230 644 12.7 0 4.96 0.8918 84722.236 12542.2086 55801.54 -755.16 1738.596 48.60 37.00 211680.00 184500.00 139542.51 535722.51 -3.64 2.08 0.50 1.12 0.07 99.67 11598.80 272444.07 -68268.43 31.75Carbon Offsetting 1230 644 12.7 0 4.96 0.8918 84722.236 12542.2086 55801.54 -3824.24 -1330.49 48.60 37.00 211680.00 184500.00 139542.51 535722.51 -3.64 2.08 0.50 1.12 0.07 99.67 14667.89 344533.74 3821.24 24.7


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 0.00 195010.00 19.53 0.00 0.00 0.80 20.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 220 94 36.6 10.4775 4.96 0.4138 12404.813 30259.929 203.1794 4227.247 9388.243 50.40 38.40 219600.00 33000.00 17257.06 269857.06 13.62 0.30 0.09 1.2 15.21 25.17 3949.16 92761.67 17914.61 19.8550 685 187 24.4 6.985 4.96 0.6578 24677.661 23563.4558 6327.852 3014.13 6813.606 50.40 38.40 219600.00 102750.00 34514.12 356864.12 9.11 0.60 0.28 1.2 11.20 44.92 6523.79 153237.25 -8616.86 26.575 1225 281 12.21 3.4925 4.96 0.9016 37082.474 19750.3654 14919.21 2093.687 4532.759 50.40 38.40 219600.00 183750.00 51771.18 455121.18 4.68 0.91 0.50 1.2 7.29 64.13 8804.64 206812.04 -53299.14 32

75-100 1225 375 12.21 0 4.96 0.9016 49487.288 17131.2544 24705.64 1286.622 3725.694 50.40 38.40 219600.00 183750.00 69028.24 472378.24 2.51 1.21 0.50 1.2 5.43 73.31 9611.71 225769.17 -51599.07 31.275-100 (2) 1225 375 12.21 0 4.96 0.9016 49487.288 17131.2544 24705.64 -72.1883 2366.884 50.40 38.40 219600.00 183750.00 69028.24 472378.24 2.51 1.21 0.50 1.2 5.43 73.31 10970.52 257686.23 -19682.00 31.2

Carbon Offsetting 1225 645 12.21 0 4.96 0.9016 84722.236 12542.2086 56500.54 -786.615 1652.457 50.40 38.40 219600.00 183750.00 139542.51 542892.51 -3.85 2.08 0.50 1.2 -0.07 100.32 11684.94 274467.39 -73415.11 32.25Carbon Offsetting 1225 645 12.21 0 4.96 0.9016 84722.236 12542.2086 56500.54 -3894.14 -1455.07 50.40 38.40 219600.00 183750.00 139542.51 542892.51 -3.85 2.08 0.50 1.2 -0.07 100.32 14792.47 347460.10 -422.41 25


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 0.00 195010.00 19.53 0.00 0.00 0.80 20.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 215 94 35.55 10.4775 4.96 0.4348 12404.813 30259.929 203.1794 4227.247 9271.063 52.20 39.00 225360.00 32250.00 17257.06 274867.06 13.42 0.30 0.09 1.3 15.12 25.65 4066.34 95514.11 15657.05 20.7550 665 187 23.7 6.985 4.96 0.6718 24677.661 23563.4558 6327.852 3014.13 6735.486 52.20 39.00 225360.00 99750.00 34514.12 359624.12 8.98 0.60 0.27 1.3 11.16 45.11 6601.91 155072.21 -9541.91 26.775 1220 281 11.85 3.4925 4.96 0.9088 37082.474 19750.3654 14919.21 2093.687 4492.583 52.20 39.00 225360.00 183000.00 51771.18 460131.18 4.62 0.91 0.50 1.3 7.32 63.98 8844.82 207755.73 -57365.45 32.5

75-100 1220 375 11.85 0 4.96 0.9088 49487.288 17131.2544 24705.64 1286.622 3685.518 52.20 39.00 225360.00 183000.00 69028.24 477388.24 2.45 1.21 0.50 1.3 5.46 73.16 9651.88 226712.86 -55665.37 31.6575-100 (2) 1220 375 11.85 0 4.96 0.9088 49487.288 17131.2544 24705.64 -72.1883 2326.708 52.20 39.00 225360.00 183000.00 69028.24 477388.24 2.45 1.21 0.50 1.3 5.46 73.16 11010.69 258629.93 -23748.31 31.65

Carbon Offsetting 1220 646 11.85 0 4.96 0.9088 85250.101 12510.9109 56300.11 -781.977 1616.919 52.20 39.00 225360.00 183000.00 140411.93 548771.93 -3.89 2.08 0.50 1.3 0.00 100.01 11720.48 275302.15 -78459.78 32.75Carbon Offsetting 1220 646 11.85 0 4.96 0.9088 85250.101 12510.9109 56300.11 -3878.48 -1479.59 52.20 39.00 225360.00 183000.00 140411.93 548771.93 -3.89 2.08 0.50 1.3 0.00 100.01 14816.99 348035.91 -5726.02 25.5


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 0.00 195010.00 19.53 0.00 0.00 0.80 20.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 200 94 33 10.4775 4.96 0.4858 12404.813 30259.929 203.1794 4227.247 8986.483 63.00 43.00 261000.00 30000.00 17257.06 308257.06 12.95 0.30 0.08 1.84 15.18 25.35 4350.92 102198.60 -11048.46 2850 660 187 22 6.985 4.96 0.7058 24677.661 23563.4558 6327.852 3014.13 6545.766 63.00 43.00 261000.00 99000.00 34514.12 394514.12 8.67 0.60 0.27 1.84 11.38 44.01 6791.63 159528.54 -39975.58 31.7575 1215 281 11 3.4925 4.96 0.9258 37082.474 19750.3654 14919.21 2093.687 4397.723 63.00 43.00 261000.00 182250.00 51771.18 495021.18 4.46 0.91 0.50 1.84 7.70 62.11 8939.68 209983.90 -90027.28 36.75

75-100 1215 375 11 0 4.96 0.9258 49487.288 17131.2544 24705.64 1286.622 3590.658 63.00 43.00 261000.00 182250.00 69028.24 512278.24 2.29 1.21 0.50 1.84 5.84 71.29 9746.74 228941.03 -88327.21 35.575-100 (2) 1215 375 11 0 4.96 0.9258 49487.288 17131.2544 24705.64 -72.1883 2231.848 63.00 43.00 261000.00 182250.00 69028.24 512278.24 2.29 1.21 0.50 1.84 5.84 71.29 11105.55 260858.09 -56410.14 35.5

Carbon Offsetting 1215 665 11 0 4.96 0.9258 87757.457 12252.2495 58596.8 -921.541 1382.495 63.00 43.00 261000.00 182250.00 144541.69 587791.69 -4.49 2.15 0.50 1.84 -0.01 100.03 11954.91 280808.52 -111973.17 35.9Carbon Offsetting 1215 665 11 0 4.96 0.9258 87757.457 12252.2495 58596.8 -4144.37 -1840.33 63.00 43.00 261000.00 182250.00 144541.69 587791.69 -4.49 2.15 0.50 1.84 -0.01 100.03 15177.73 356509.38 -36272.32 27.7


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 0.00 195010.00 19.53 0.00 0.00 0.80 20.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 195 94 32.25 10.4775 4.96 0.5008 12404.813 30259.929 203.1794 4227.247 8902.783 66.60 44.70 273870.00 29250.00 17257.06 320377.06 12.81 0.30 0.08 2 15.20 25.26 4434.62 104164.63 -21202.43 30.550 650 187 21.5 6.985 4.96 0.7158 24677.661 23563.4558 6327.852 3014.13 6489.966 66.60 44.70 273870.00 97500.00 34514.12 405884.12 8.58 0.60 0.27 2 11.45 43.70 6847.43 160839.23 -50034.89 33.575 1210 281 10.75 3.4925 4.96 0.9308 37082.474 19750.3654 14919.21 2093.687 4369.823 66.60 44.70 273870.00 181500.00 51771.18 507141.18 4.41 0.91 0.50 2 7.82 61.56 8967.58 210639.24 -101491.94 38.2

75-100 1210 375 10.75 0 4.96 0.9308 49487.288 17131.2544 24705.64 1286.622 3562.758 66.60 44.70 273870.00 181500.00 69028.24 524398.24 2.24 1.21 0.50 2 5.95 70.74 9774.64 229596.37 -99791.87 36.975-100 (2) 1210 375 10.75 0 4.96 0.9308 49487.288 17131.2544 24705.64 -72.1883 2203.948 66.60 44.70 273870.00 181500.00 69028.24 524398.24 2.24 1.21 0.50 2 5.95 70.74 11133.45 261513.43 -67874.80 36.9

Carbon Offsetting 1210 670 10.75 0 4.96 0.9308 88417.287 12184.9046 58689.29 -935.131 1341.005 66.60 44.70 273870.00 181500.00 145628.47 600998.47 -4.56 2.16 0.50 2 0.09 99.54 11996.40 281783.09 -124205.39 37Carbon Offsetting 1210 670 10.75 0 4.96 0.9308 88417.287 12184.9046 58689.29 -4163.04 -1886.91 66.60 44.70 273870.00 181500.00 145628.47 600998.47 -4.56 2.16 0.50 2 0.09 99.54 15224.31 357603.42 -48385.05 28.65

TSC + PV + FIT + 0.08 - 0.11

TSC + PV + FIT + 0.07 - 0.10


TSC + PV + Future FIT + 2010 notional building fabric

TSC + PV + FIT + 0.17 - 0.24

TSC + PV + FIT + 0.15 - 0.21

TSC + PV + FIT + 0.13 - 0.19

TSC + PV + FIT + 0.12 - 0.17

TSC + PV + FIT + 0.11 - 0.15

PV (future FiT)+Insulation+TSC

198

Table B. 5 Retail shed – PV (current FiT) + improving the building fabric U-value down to 0.07-0.1 W/m2.K (mineral wool)


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 195010.00 23.52 0.00 0.80 24.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 213 32.9 23.85 1.98 28108.7793 68675.2667 1695.68 5462.459 9648.058743 43.70 35.00 195010.00 39282.35 234292.35 18.55 0.69 0.80 20.04 17.61 7893.54 185411.23 146128.88 550% 427 32.9 15.9 1.98 56349.5247 53315.7105 14577.04162 -1362.45 2823.151511 43.70 35.00 195010.00 78564.71 273574.71 13.61 1.38 0.80 15.79 35.08 14718.45 345721.34 267156.63 5.4575% 640 32.9 7.95 1.98 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.51628 -7505.93 -3320.33146 43.70 35.00 195010.00 117847.06 312857.06 8.74 2.07 0.80 11.60 52.30 20861.93 490025.48 372178.42 5.75100% 853 32.9 0 1.98 112567.0833 38839.5238 56318.41358 -13419 -9233.42235 43.70 35.00 195010.00 157129.41 352139.41 3.78 2.75 0.80 7.33 69.85 26775.02 628917.95 471788.54 6

Carbon offsetting 1225 32.9 0 1.98 161658.4725 32022.1112 98592.39014 -23394 -19208.4405 43.70 35.00 195010.00 266261.01 461271.01 -4.80 3.95 0.80 -0.05 100.21 36750.04 863220.95 596959.94 7.4


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 195010.00 23.52 0.00 0.80 24.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 213 31.9 23.85 1.98 28108.7793 68675.2667 1695.68 5462.459 9528.058743 44.30 35.70 198280.00 39282.35 237562.35 18.35 0.69 0.88 19.92 18.09 8013.54 188229.91 145677.55 5.450% 427 31.9 15.9 1.98 56349.5247 53315.7105 14577.04162 -1362.45 2703.151511 44.30 35.70 198280.00 78564.71 276844.71 13.41 1.38 0.88 15.67 35.55 14838.45 348540.01 266705.31 5.675% 640 31.9 7.95 1.98 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.51628 -7505.93 -3440.33146 44.30 35.70 198280.00 117847.06 316127.06 8.54 2.07 0.88 11.48 52.77 20981.93 492844.16 371727.10 5.85100% 853 31.9 0 1.98 112567.0833 38839.5238 56318.41358 -13419 -9353.42235 44.30 35.70 198280.00 157129.41 355409.41 3.58 2.75 0.88 7.22 70.33 26895.02 631736.63 471337.22 6

Carbon offsetting 1215 31.9 0 1.98 160338.8115 32185.1076 97635.72554 -23136.8 -19071.2203 44.30 35.70 198280.00 264087.45 462367.45 -4.80 3.92 0.88 0.00 100.02 36612.82 859997.79 592640.33 7.45


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 195010.00 23.52 0.00 0.80 24.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 213 30.42 23.85 1.98 28108.7793 68675.2667 1695.68 5462.459 9350.458743 45.00 36.40 201780.00 39282.35 241062.35 18.06 0.69 0.96 19.71 18.95 8191.14 192401.55 146349.20 5.7550% 427 30.42 15.9 1.98 56349.5247 53315.7105 14577.04162 -1362.45 2525.551511 45.00 36.40 201780.00 78564.71 280344.71 13.12 1.38 0.96 15.46 36.42 15016.05 352711.66 267376.95 5.7575% 640 30.42 7.95 1.98 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.51628 -7505.93 -3617.93146 45.00 36.40 201780.00 117847.06 319627.06 8.25 2.07 0.96 11.27 53.64 21159.53 497015.80 372398.74 6100% 853 30.42 0 1.98 112567.0833 38839.5238 56318.41358 -13419 -9531.02235 45.00 36.40 201780.00 157129.41 358909.41 3.29 2.75 0.96 7.01 71.19 27072.62 635908.27 472008.86 6.15



PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 195010.00 23.52 0.00 0.80 24.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 213 28.84 23.85 1.98 28108.7793 68675.2667 1695.68 5462.459 9160.858743 48.60 37.00 211680.00 39282.35 250962.35 17.75 0.69 1.12 19.56 19.57 8380.74 196855.06 140902.71 6.7550% 427 28.84 15.9 1.98 56349.5247 53315.7105 14577.04162 -1362.45 2335.951511 48.60 37.00 211680.00 78564.71 290244.71 12.81 1.38 1.12 15.31 37.03 15205.65 357165.17 261930.46 6.3575% 640 28.84 7.95 1.98 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.51628 -7505.93 -3807.53146 48.60 37.00 211680.00 117847.06 329527.06 7.94 2.07 1.12 11.13 54.25 21349.13 501469.31 366952.25 6.4100% 853 28.84 0 1.98 112567.0833 38839.5238 56318.41358 -13419 -9720.62235 48.60 37.00 211680.00 157129.41 368809.41 2.98 2.75 1.12 6.86 71.81 27262.22 640361.78 466562.37 6.5

Carbon offsetting 1200 28.84 0 1.98 158359.32 32460.4765 95728.7049 -22725.4 -19027.0264 48.60 37.00 211680.00 260827.12 472507.12 -5.02 3.87 1.12 -0.03 100.13 36568.63 858959.72 581462.60 7.75


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 195010.00 23.52 0.00 0.80 24.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 213 28 23.85 1.98 28108.7793 68675.2667 1695.68 5462.459 9060.058743 50.40 38.40 219600.00 39282.35 258882.35 17.59 0.69 1.2 19.48 19.91 8481.54 199222.75 135350.40 7.7550% 427 28 15.9 1.98 56349.5247 53315.7105 14577.04162 -1362.45 2235.151511 50.40 38.40 219600.00 78564.71 298164.71 12.65 1.38 1.2 15.23 37.38 15306.45 359532.86 256378.15 6.8575% 640 28 7.95 1.98 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.51628 -7505.93 -3908.33146 50.40 38.40 219600.00 117847.06 337447.06 7.78 2.07 1.2 11.04 54.60 21449.93 503837.00 361399.94 6.75100% 853 28 0 1.98 112567.0833 38839.5238 56318.41358 -13419 -9821.42235 50.40 38.40 219600.00 157129.41 376729.41 2.82 2.75 1.2 6.77 72.15 27363.02 642729.47 461010.06 6.75

Carbon offsetting 1194 28 0 1.98 157567.5234 32556.8816 95036.21142 -22566 -18968.357 50.40 38.40 219600.00 259522.98 479122.98 -5.05 3.85 1.2 0.00 99.99 36509.96 857581.64 573468.66 7.95


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 195010.00 23.52 0.00 0.80 24.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 213 27.04 23.85 1.98 28108.7793 68675.2667 1695.68 5462.459 8944.858743 52.20 39.00 225360.00 39282.35 264642.35 17.40 0.69 1.3 19.39 20.28 8596.74 201928.68 132296.33 8.2550% 427 27.04 15.9 1.98 56349.5247 53315.7105 14577.04162 -1362.45 2119.951511 52.20 39.00 225360.00 78564.71 303924.71 12.46 1.38 1.3 15.14 37.74 15421.65 362238.79 253324.08 7.275% 640 27.04 7.95 1.98 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.51628 -7505.93 -4023.53146 52.20 39.00 225360.00 117847.06 343207.06 7.59 2.07 1.3 10.95 54.96 21565.13 506542.93 358345.87 7100% 853 27.04 0 1.98 112567.0833 38839.5238 56318.41358 -13419 -9936.62235 52.20 39.00 225360.00 157129.41 382489.41 2.63 2.75 1.3 6.68 72.52 27478.22 645435.40 457955.99 7



PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 195010.00 23.52 0.00 0.80 24.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 213 24.8 23.85 1.98 28108.7793 68675.2667 1695.68 5462.459 8676.058743 63.00 43.00 261000.00 39282.35 300282.35 16.96 0.69 1.84 19.49 19.86 8865.54 208242.52 102970.16 12.2550% 427 24.8 15.9 1.98 56349.5247 53315.7105 14577.04162 -1362.45 1851.151511 63.00 43.00 261000.00 78564.71 339564.71 12.02 1.38 1.84 15.24 37.33 15690.45 368552.62 223997.92 9.575% 640 24.8 7.95 1.98 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.51628 -7505.93 -4292.33146 63.00 43.00 261000.00 117847.06 378847.06 7.15 2.07 1.84 11.05 54.55 21833.93 512856.77 329019.71 8.6100% 853 24.8 0 1.98 112567.0833 38839.5238 56318.41358 -13419 -10205.4224 63.00 43.00 261000.00 157129.41 418129.41 2.19 2.75 1.84 6.78 72.10 27747.02 651749.24 428629.83 8.25

Carbon offsetting 1194 24.8 0 1.98 157567.5234 32556.8816 95136.21142 -22570.5 -19356.857 63.00 43.00 261000.00 259522.98 520522.98 -5.69 3.85 1.84 0.00 100.01 36898.46 866707.10 541194.12 9


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 195010.00 23.52 0.00 0.80 24.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 213 24.22 23.85 1.98 28108.7793 68675.2667 1695.68 5462.459 8606.458743 66.60 44.70 273870.00 39282.35 313152.35 16.85 0.69 2 19.53 19.67 8935.14 209877.35 91735.00 13.7550% 427 24.22 15.9 1.98 56349.5247 53315.7105 14577.04162 -1362.45 1781.551511 66.60 44.70 273870.00 78564.71 352434.71 11.91 1.38 2 15.29 37.14 15760.05 370187.46 212762.75 10.2575% 640 24.22 7.95 1.98 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.51628 -7505.93 -4361.93146 66.60 44.70 273870.00 117847.06 391717.06 7.03 2.07 2 11.10 54.36 21903.53 514491.60 317784.54 9.2100% 853 24.22 0 1.98 112567.0833 38839.5238 56318.41358 -13419 -10275.0224 66.60 44.70 273870.00 157129.41 430999.41 2.08 2.75 2 6.83 71.91 27816.62 653384.08 417394.66 8.7

Carbon offsetting 1199 24.22 0 1.98 158227.3539 32476.8093 95613.28932 -22698.8 -19554.811 66.60 44.70 273870.00 260609.76 534479.76 -5.91 3.87 2 -0.04 100.15 37096.41 871356.84 531887.08 9.4

PV + 0.08 - 0.11

PV + 0.07 - 0.10

Retail shed - London


PV + 0.17 - 0.24

PV + 0.15 - 0.21

PV + 0.13 - 0.19

PV + 0.12 - 0.17

PV + 0.11 - 0.15

PV (current FiT) + Insulation

199

Table B. 6 Retail shed – PV (future FiT) + improving the building fabric U-value down to 0.07-0.1 W/m2.K (mineral wool)


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %


PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 195010.00 23.52 0.00 0.80 24.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 213 32.9 23.85 1.98 28108.779 68675.2667 1695.68 9538.23174 13723.83 43.70 35.00 195010.00 39282.35 234292.35 18.55 0.69 0.80 20.04 17.61 3817.77 89675.48 50393.13 10.550% 427 32.9 15.9 1.98 56349.525 53315.7105 14577.042 6808.23259 10993.83 43.70 35.00 195010.00 78564.71 273574.71 13.61 1.38 0.80 15.79 35.08 6547.77 153800.38 75235.67 12.2575% 640 32.9 7.95 1.98 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.516 4740.52262 8926.123 43.70 35.00 195010.00 117847.06 312857.06 8.74 2.07 0.80 11.60 52.30 8615.48 202368.77 84521.71 14.25

100% (1) 853 32.9 0 1.98 112567.08 38839.5238 56318.414 2903.20473 7088.805 43.70 35.00 195010.00 157129.41 352139.41 3.78 2.75 0.80 7.33 69.85 10452.80 245525.50 88396.08 15.65100% (2) 853 32.9 0 1.98 112567.08 38839.5238 56318.414 -194.30802 3991.292 43.70 35.00 195010.00 157129.41 352139.41 3.78 2.75 0.80 7.33 69.85 13550.31 318282.91 161153.50 15.65

Carbon offsetting 1225 32.9 0 1.98 161658.47 32022.1112 98592.39 46.4380101 4232.038 43.70 35.00 195010.00 266261.01 461271.01 -4.80 3.95 0.80 -0.05 100.21 13309.56 312628.03 46367.02 21.1Carbon offsetting 1225 32.9 0 1.98 161658.47 32022.1112 98592.39 -5376.1434 -1190.54 43.70 35.00 195010.00 266261.01 461271.01 -4.80 3.95 0.80 -0.05 100.21 18732.14 439998.94 173737.92 14.75


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %


PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 195010.00 23.52 0.00 0.80 24.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 213 31.9 23.85 1.98 28108.779 68675.2667 1695.68 9538.23174 13603.83 44.30 35.70 198280.00 39282.35 237562.35 18.35 0.69 0.88 19.92 18.09 3937.77 92494.16 49941.81 1150% 427 31.9 15.9 1.98 56349.525 53315.7105 14577.042 6808.23259 10873.83 44.30 35.70 198280.00 78564.71 276844.71 13.41 1.38 0.88 15.67 35.55 6667.77 156619.05 74784.35 12.775% 640 31.9 7.95 1.98 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.516 4740.52262 8806.123 44.30 35.70 198280.00 117847.06 316127.06 8.54 2.07 0.88 11.48 52.77 8735.48 205187.45 84070.39 14.4100% 853 31.9 0 1.98 112567.08 38839.5238 56318.414 2903.20473 6968.805 44.30 35.70 198280.00 157129.41 355409.41 3.58 2.75 0.88 7.22 70.33 10572.80 248344.17 87944.76 15.8

100% (2) 853 31.9 0 1.98 112567.08 38839.5238 56318.414 -194.30802 3871.292 44.30 35.70 198280.00 157129.41 355409.41 3.58 2.75 0.88 7.22 70.33 13670.31 321101.59 160702.17 15.8Carbon offsetting 1215 31.9 0 1.98 160338.81 32185.1076 97635.726 112.307413 4177.907 44.30 35.70 198280.00 264087.45 462367.45 -4.80 3.92 0.88 0.00 100.02 13363.69 313899.50 46542.05 21.1Carbon offsetting 1215 31.9 0 1.98 160338.81 32185.1076 97635.726 -5257.6575 -1192.06 44.30 35.70 198280.00 264087.45 462367.45 -4.80 3.92 0.88 0.00 100.02 18733.66 440034.50 172677.04 14.85


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %


PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 195010.00 23.52 0.00 0.80 24.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 213 30.42 23.85 1.98 28108.779 68675.2667 1695.68 9538.23174 13426.23 45.00 36.40 201780.00 39282.35 241062.35 18.06 0.69 0.96 19.71 18.95 4115.37 96665.80 50613.45 11.550% 427 30.42 15.9 1.98 56349.525 53315.7105 14577.042 6808.23259 10696.23 45.00 36.40 201780.00 78564.71 280344.71 13.12 1.38 0.96 15.46 36.42 6845.37 160790.70 75455.99 12.975% 640 30.42 7.95 1.98 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.516 4740.52262 8628.523 45.00 36.40 201780.00 117847.06 319627.06 8.25 2.07 0.96 11.27 53.64 8913.08 209359.09 84742.03 14.5100% 853 30.42 0 1.98 112567.08 38839.5238 56318.414 2903.20473 6791.205 45.00 36.40 201780.00 157129.41 358909.41 3.29 2.75 0.96 7.01 71.19 10750.40 252515.82 88616.40 15.9



PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %


PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 195010.00 23.52 0.00 0.80 24.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 213 28.84 23.85 1.98 28108.779 68675.2667 1695.68 9538.23174 13236.63 48.60 37.00 211680.00 39282.35 250962.35 17.75 0.69 1.12 19.56 19.57 4304.97 101119.31 45166.96 13.550% 427 28.84 15.9 1.98 56349.525 53315.7105 14577.042 6808.23259 10506.63 48.60 37.00 211680.00 78564.71 290244.71 12.81 1.38 1.12 15.31 37.03 7034.97 165244.21 70009.50 1475% 640 28.84 7.95 1.98 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.516 4740.52262 8438.923 48.60 37.00 211680.00 117847.06 329527.06 7.94 2.07 1.12 11.13 54.25 9102.68 213812.60 79295.54 15.35100% 853 28.84 0 1.98 112567.08 38839.5238 56318.414 2903.20473 6601.605 48.60 37.00 211680.00 157129.41 368809.41 2.98 2.75 1.12 6.86 71.81 10940.00 256969.33 83169.91 16.6

100% (2) 853 28.84 0 1.98 112567.08 38839.5238 56318.414 -194.30802 3504.092 48.60 37.00 211680.00 157129.41 368809.41 2.98 2.75 1.12 6.86 71.81 14037.51 329726.74 155927.33 16.6Carbon offsetting 1200 28.84 0 1.98 158359.32 32460.4765 95728.705 236.674991 3935.075 48.60 37.00 211680.00 260827.12 472507.12 -5.02 3.87 1.12 -0.03 100.13 13606.53 319603.39 42106.27 21.5Carbon offsetting 1200 28.84 0 1.98 158359.32 32460.4765 95728.705 -5028.4038 -1330 48.60 37.00 211680.00 260827.12 472507.12 -5.02 3.87 1.12 -0.03 100.13 18871.60 443274.72 165777.60 15.3


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %


PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 195010.00 23.52 0.00 0.80 24.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 213 28 23.85 1.98 28108.779 68675.2667 1695.68 9538.23174 13135.83 50.40 38.40 219600.00 39282.35 258882.35 17.59 0.69 1.2 19.48 19.91 4405.77 103487.00 39614.65 1550% 427 28 15.9 1.98 56349.525 53315.7105 14577.042 6808.23259 10405.83 50.40 38.40 219600.00 78564.71 298164.71 12.65 1.38 1.2 15.23 37.38 7135.77 167611.90 64457.19 1575% 640 28 7.95 1.98 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.516 4740.52262 8338.123 50.40 38.40 219600.00 117847.06 337447.06 7.78 2.07 1.2 11.04 54.60 9203.48 216180.29 73743.23 16.15100% 853 28 0 1.98 112567.08 38839.5238 56318.414 2903.20473 6500.805 50.40 38.40 219600.00 157129.41 376729.41 2.82 2.75 1.2 6.77 72.15 11040.80 259337.02 77617.60 17.2

100% (2) 853 28 0 1.98 112567.08 38839.5238 56318.414 -194.30802 3403.292 50.40 38.40 219600.00 157129.41 376729.41 2.82 2.75 1.2 6.77 72.15 14138.31 332094.43 150375.02 17.2Carbon offsetting 1194 28 0 1.98 157567.52 32556.8816 95036.211 281.333906 3878.934 50.40 38.40 219600.00 259522.98 479122.98 -5.05 3.85 1.2 0.00 99.99 13662.67 320922.09 36809.11 22Carbon offsetting 1194 28 0 1.98 157567.52 32556.8816 95036.211 -4945.6577 -1348.06 50.40 38.40 219600.00 259522.98 479122.98 -5.05 3.85 1.2 0.00 99.99 18889.66 443698.79 159585.81 15.65


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %


PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 195010.00 23.52 0.00 0.80 24.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 213 27.04 23.85 1.98 28108.779 68675.2667 1695.68 9538.23174 13020.63 52.20 39.00 225360.00 39282.35 264642.35 17.40 0.69 1.3 19.39 20.28 4520.97 106192.93 36560.58 1650% 427 27.04 15.9 1.98 56349.525 53315.7105 14577.042 6808.23259 10290.63 52.20 39.00 225360.00 78564.71 303924.71 12.46 1.38 1.3 15.14 37.74 7250.97 170317.83 61403.12 15.675% 640 27.04 7.95 1.98 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.516 4740.52262 8222.923 52.20 39.00 225360.00 117847.06 343207.06 7.59 2.07 1.3 10.95 54.96 9318.68 218886.22 70689.16 16.6100% 853 27.04 0 1.98 112567.08 38839.5238 56318.414 2903.20473 6385.605 52.20 39.00 225360.00 157129.41 382489.41 2.63 2.75 1.3 6.68 72.52 11156.00 262042.95 74563.53 17.6

100% (2) 853 27.04 0 1.98 112567.08 38839.5238 56318.414 -194.30802 3288.092 52.20 39.00 225360.00 157129.41 382489.41 2.63 2.75 1.3 6.68 72.52 14253.51 334800.36 147320.95 17.6Carbon offsetting 1190 27.04 0 1.98 157039.66 32623.0836 94574.549 311.377001 3793.777 52.20 39.00 225360.00 258653.56 484013.56 -5.15 3.84 1.3 -0.01 100.02 13747.82 322922.33 33918.78 22.25Carbon offsetting 1190 27.04 0 1.98 157039.66 32623.0836 94574.549 -4890.2232 -1407.82 52.20 39.00 225360.00 258653.56 484013.56 -5.15 3.84 1.3 -0.01 100.02 18949.42 445102.62 156099.06 15.9


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %


PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 195010.00 23.52 0.00 0.80 24.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 213 24.8 23.85 1.98 28108.779 68675.2667 1695.68 9538.23174 12751.83 63.00 43.00 261000.00 39282.35 300282.35 16.96 0.69 1.84 19.49 19.86 4789.77 112506.77 7234.42 23.350% 427 24.8 15.9 1.98 56349.525 53315.7105 14577.042 6808.23259 10021.83 63.00 43.00 261000.00 78564.71 339564.71 12.02 1.38 1.84 15.24 37.33 7519.77 176631.66 32076.96 20.2575% 640 24.8 7.95 1.98 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.516 4740.52262 7954.123 63.00 43.00 261000.00 117847.06 378847.06 7.15 2.07 1.84 11.05 54.55 9587.48 225200.06 41363.00 20.2100% 853 24.8 0 1.98 112567.08 38839.5238 56318.414 2903.20473 6116.805 63.00 43.00 261000.00 157129.41 418129.41 2.19 2.75 1.84 6.78 72.10 11424.80 268356.78 45237.37 20.6



PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %


PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 195010.00 23.52 0.00 0.80 24.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 213 24.22 23.85 1.98 28108.779 68675.2667 1695.68 9538.23174 12682.23 66.60 44.70 273870.00 39282.35 313152.35 16.85 0.69 2 19.53 19.67 4859.37 114141.60 -4000.75 2650% 427 24.22 15.9 1.98 56349.525 53315.7105 14577.042 6808.23259 9952.233 66.60 44.70 273870.00 78564.71 352434.71 11.91 1.38 2 15.29 37.14 7589.37 178266.50 20841.79 21.975% 640 24.22 7.95 1.98 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.516 4740.52262 7884.523 66.60 44.70 273870.00 117847.06 391717.06 7.03 2.07 2 11.10 54.36 9657.08 226834.89 30127.83 21.5100% 853 24.22 0 1.98 112567.08 38839.5238 56318.414 2903.20473 6047.205 66.60 44.70 273870.00 157129.41 430999.41 2.08 2.75 2 6.83 71.91 11494.40 269991.62 34002.20 21.65

100% (2) 853 24.22 0 1.98 112567.08 38839.5238 56318.414 -194.30802 2949.692 66.60 44.70 273870.00 157129.41 430999.41 2.08 2.75 2 6.83 71.91 14591.91 342749.03 106759.62 21.65Carbon offsetting 1199 24.22 0 1.98 158227.35 32476.8093 95613.289 244.155287 3388.155 66.60 44.70 273870.00 260609.76 534479.76 -5.91 3.87 2 -0.04 100.15 14153.44 332449.97 -7019.79 25.5Carbon offsetting 1199 24.22 0 1.98 158227.35 32476.8093 95613.289 -5014.5756 -1870.58 66.60 44.70 273870.00 260609.76 534479.76 -5.91 3.87 2 -0.04 100.15 19412.18 455972.20 116502.44 18.3

PV + 0.08 - 0.11

PV + 0.07 - 0.10



PV + 0.17 - 0.24

PV + 0.15 - 0.21

PV + 0.13 - 0.19

PV + 0.12 - 0.17

PV + 0.11 - 0.15

PV (future FiT) + Insulation

200

Table B. 7 Retail shed – PV (current FiT) + improving the building fabric U-value down to 0.07-0.1 W/m2.K (mineral wool) +TSC


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £Energy

cost Inc FIT £



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 0.00 195010.00 23.52 0.00 0.00 0.80 24.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 130 213 24.675 24.675 1.98 0.1645 28108.7793 68675.2667 1695.68 5462.45874 8661.0587 43.70 35.00 195010.00 19500.00 35205.88 249715.88 17.02 0.69 0.05 0.80 18.56 23.66 8880.54 208594.85 153888.97 6.2550% 345 427 16.45 16.45 1.98 0.329 56349.5247 53315.7105 14577.0416 -1362.4485 849.15151 43.70 35.00 195010.00 51750.00 75847.06 322607.06 10.56 1.38 0.14 0.80 12.88 47.04 16692.45 392088.58 264491.52 7.875% 595 640 8.225 8.225 1.98 0.4935 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.5163 -7505.9315 -6281.331 43.70 35.00 195010.00 89250.00 116488.24 400748.24 4.16 2.07 0.24 0.80 7.27 70.12 23822.93 559576.35 353838.12 8.85

75-100 595 853 8.225 0 1.98 0.4935 112567.083 38839.5238 56318.4136 -13419.022 -12194.42 43.70 35.00 195010.00 89250.00 157129.41 441389.41 -0.80 2.75 0.24 0.80 3.00 87.67 29736.02 698468.82 452089.41 8.5Carbon

offsetting595 1003 8.225 0 1.98 0.4935 132361.998 35860.2706 73242.651 -17467.971 -16243.37 43.70 35.00 195010.00 89250.00 218008.00 502268.00 -4.28 3.24 0.24 0.80 0.00 99.99 33784.97 793574.50 486316.50 9.35


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £Energy

cost Inc FIT £



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 0.00 195010.00 23.52 0.00 0.00 0.80 24.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 115 213 23.92 24.675 1.98 0.1796 28108.7793 68675.2667 1695.68 5462.45874 8570.4587 44.30 35.70 198280.00 17250.00 35205.88 250735.88 16.88 0.69 0.05 0.88 18.50 23.94 8971.14 210722.95 154997.07 6.350 315 427 15.95 16.45 1.98 0.339 56349.5247 53315.7105 14577.0416 -1362.4485 789.15151 44.30 35.70 198280.00 47250.00 75847.06 321377.06 10.47 1.38 0.13 0.88 12.85 47.15 16752.45 393497.92 267130.86 7.775 560 640 7.97 8.225 1.98 0.4986 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.5163 -7505.9315 -6311.931 44.30 35.70 198280.00 84000.00 116488.24 398768.24 4.11 2.07 0.23 0.88 7.29 70.04 23853.53 560295.11 356536.88 8.75

75-100 560 853 7.97 0 1.98 0.4986 112567.083 38839.5238 56318.4136 -13419.022 -12225.02 44.30 35.70 198280.00 84000.00 157129.41 439409.41 -0.84 2.75 0.23 0.88 3.02 87.59 29766.62 699187.59 454788.17 8.4Carbon

offsetting560 1006 7.97 0 1.98 0.4986 132757.897 35804.8269 73482.2773 -17543.922 -16349.92 44.30 35.70 198280.00 84000.00 218660.06 500940.06 -4.38 3.25 0.23 0.88 -0.02 100.09 33891.52 796077.26 490147.20 9.25


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £Energy

cost Inc FIT £



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 0.00 195010.00 23.52 0.00 0.00 0.80 24.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 113 213 22.6 24.675 1.98 0.206 28108.7793 68675.2667 1695.68 5462.45874 8412.0587 45.00 36.40 201780.00 16950.00 35205.88 253935.88 16.64 0.69 0.05 0.96 18.33 24.62 9129.54 214443.61 155517.73 6.5550 305 427 15.21 16.45 1.98 0.3538 56349.5247 53315.7105 14577.0416 -1362.4485 700.35151 45.00 36.40 201780.00 45750.00 75847.06 323377.06 10.33 1.38 0.13 0.96 12.79 47.40 16841.25 395583.74 267216.68 7.875 551 640 7.55 8.225 1.98 0.507 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.5163 -7505.9315 -6362.331 45.00 36.40 201780.00 82650.00 116488.24 400918.24 4.03 2.07 0.23 0.96 7.28 70.05 23903.93 561478.96 355570.72 8.85

75-100 551 853 7.55 0 1.98 0.507 112567.083 38839.5238 56318.4136 -13419.022 -12275.42 45.00 36.40 201780.00 82650.00 157129.41 441559.41 -0.92 2.75 0.23 0.96 3.02 87.60 29817.02 700371.43 453822.02 8.45Carbon

offsetting551 1006 7.55 0 1.98 0.507 132757.897 35804.8269 73482.2773 -17543.922 -16400.32 45.00 36.40 201780.00 82650.00 218660.06 503090.06 -4.45 3.25 0.23 0.96 -0.02 100.09 33941.92 797261.11 489181.04 9.3


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £Energy

cost Inc FIT £



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 0.00 195010.00 23.52 0.00 0.00 0.80 24.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 112 213 21.72 24.675 1.98 0.2236 28108.7793 68675.2667 1695.68 5462.45874 8306.4587 48.60 37.00 211680.00 16800.00 35205.88 263685.88 16.47 0.69 0.05 1.12 18.33 24.63 9235.14 216924.04 148248.16 7.6550 295 427 14.18 16.45 1.98 0.3744 56349.5247 53315.7105 14577.0416 -1362.4485 576.75151 48.60 37.00 211680.00 44250.00 75847.06 331777.06 10.14 1.38 0.12 1.12 12.76 47.54 16964.85 398486.98 261719.92 8.2575 542 640 7.24 8.225 1.98 0.5132 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.5163 -7505.9315 -6399.531 48.60 37.00 211680.00 81300.00 116488.24 409468.24 3.98 2.07 0.22 1.12 7.38 69.64 23941.13 562352.75 347894.51 9.2

75-100 542 853 7.24 0 1.98 0.5132 112567.083 38839.5238 56318.4136 -13419.022 -12312.62 48.60 37.00 211680.00 81300.00 157129.41 450109.41 -0.98 2.75 0.22 1.12 3.11 87.19 29854.22 701245.22 446145.81 8.75Carbon

offsetting542 1012 7.24 0 1.98 0.5132 133549.693 35693.9393 74161.5299 -17704.823 -16598.42 48.60 37.00 211680.00 81300.00 219964.20 512944.20 -4.65 3.27 0.22 1.12 -0.04 100.18 34140.02 801914.30 483980.10 9.55


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £Energy

cost Inc FIT £



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 0.00 195010.00 23.52 0.00 0.00 0.80 24.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 109 213 21 24.675 1.98 0.238 28108.7793 68675.2667 1695.68 5462.45874 8220.0587 50.40 38.40 219600.00 16350.00 35205.88 271155.88 16.34 0.69 0.04 1.2 18.27 24.86 9321.54 218953.49 142807.61 8.3550 292 427 14 16.45 1.98 0.378 56349.5247 53315.7105 14577.0416 -1362.4485 555.15151 50.40 38.40 219600.00 43800.00 75847.06 339247.06 10.10 1.38 0.12 1.2 12.80 47.36 16986.45 398994.34 254757.28 8.775 535 640 7 8.225 1.98 0.518 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.5163 -7505.9315 -6428.331 50.40 38.40 219600.00 80250.00 116488.24 416338.24 3.93 2.07 0.22 1.2 7.42 69.51 23969.93 563029.23 341701.00 9.5

75-100 535 853 7 0 1.98 0.518 112567.083 38839.5238 56318.4136 -13419.022 -12341.42 50.40 38.40 219600.00 80250.00 157129.41 456979.41 -1.02 2.75 0.22 1.2 3.15 87.06 29883.02 701921.70 439952.29 9Carbon

offsetting535 1015 7 0 1.98 0.518 133945.592 35638.4955 74501.1561 -17785.273 -16707.67 50.40 38.40 219600.00 80250.00 220616.27 520466.27 -4.76 3.28 0.22 1.2 -0.07 100.29 34249.27 804480.49 479024.22 9.75


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £Energy

cost Inc FIT £



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 0.00 195010.00 23.52 0.00 0.00 0.80 24.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 107 213 20.2 24.675 1.98 0.254 28108.7793 68675.2667 1695.68 5462.45874 8124.0587 52.20 39.00 225360.00 16050.00 35205.88 276615.88 16.19 0.69 0.04 1.3 18.22 25.06 9417.54 221208.43 139602.55 8.8550 288 427 13.52 16.45 1.98 0.3876 56349.5247 53315.7105 14577.0416 -1362.4485 497.55151 52.20 39.00 225360.00 43200.00 75847.06 344407.06 10.02 1.38 0.12 1.3 12.81 47.32 17044.05 400347.31 250950.25 975 527 640 6.76 8.225 1.98 0.5228 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.5163 -7505.9315 -6457.131 52.20 39.00 225360.00 79050.00 116488.24 420898.24 3.89 2.07 0.22 1.3 7.47 69.29 23998.73 563705.71 337817.48 9.65

75-100 527 853 6.76 0 1.98 0.5228 112567.083 38839.5238 56318.4136 -13419.022 -12370.22 52.20 39.00 225360.00 79050.00 157129.41 461539.41 -1.07 2.75 0.22 1.3 3.20 86.84 29911.82 702598.19 436068.77 9.15Carbon

offsetting527 1017 6.76 0 1.98 0.5228 134341.49 35583.0517 74740.7824 -17861.224 -16812.42 52.20 39.00 225360.00 79050.00 221268.34 525678.34 -4.86 3.28 0.22 1.3 -0.06 100.26 34354.02 806940.97 476272.63 9.9


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £Energy

cost Inc FIT £



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 0.00 195010.00 23.52 0.00 0.00 0.80 24.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 106 213 18.6 24.675 1.98 0.286 28108.7793 68675.2667 1695.68 5462.45874 7932.0587 63.00 43.00 261000.00 15900.00 35205.88 312105.88 15.90 0.69 0.04 1.84 18.47 24.06 9609.54 225718.32 108622.44 12.650 286 427 12.4 16.45 1.98 0.41 56349.5247 53315.7105 14577.0416 -1362.4485 363.15151 63.00 43.00 261000.00 42900.00 75847.06 379747.06 9.81 1.38 0.12 1.84 13.14 45.96 17178.45 403504.23 218767.17 11.175 524 640 6.2 8.225 1.98 0.534 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.5163 -7505.9315 -6524.331 63.00 43.00 261000.00 78600.00 116488.24 456088.24 3.78 2.07 0.21 1.84 7.90 67.50 24065.93 565284.17 304205.94 11.15

75-100 524 853 6.2 0 1.98 0.534 112567.083 38839.5238 56318.4136 -13419.022 -12437.42 63.00 43.00 261000.00 78600.00 157129.41 496729.41 -1.17 2.75 0.21 1.84 3.63 85.06 29979.02 704176.64 402457.23 10.35Carbon

offsetting524 1037 6.2 0 1.98 0.534 136848.846 35231.9078 76991.7489 -18375.244 -17393.64 63.00 43.00 261000.00 78600.00 225398.10 564998.10 -5.42 3.35 0.21 1.84 -0.02 100.07 34935.24 820593.24 450605.14 10.9


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £Energy

cost Inc FIT £



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 0.00 195010.00 23.52 0.00 0.00 0.80 24.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 105 213 18.17 24.675 1.98 0.2946 28108.7793 68675.2667 1695.68 5462.45874 7880.4587 66.60 44.70 273870.00 15750.00 35205.88 324825.88 15.82 0.69 0.04 2 18.55 23.73 9661.14 226930.35 97114.47 13.950 284 427 12.11 16.45 1.98 0.4158 56349.5247 53315.7105 14577.0416 -1362.4485 328.35151 66.60 44.70 273870.00 42600.00 75847.06 392317.06 9.75 1.38 0.12 2 13.25 45.52 17213.25 404321.64 207014.58 11.875 521 640 6.05 8.225 1.98 0.537 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.5163 -7505.9315 -6542.331 66.60 44.70 273870.00 78150.00 116488.24 468508.24 3.75 2.07 0.21 2 8.03 66.97 24083.93 565706.97 292208.74 11.7

75-100 521 853 6.05 0 1.98 0.537 112567.083 38839.5238 56318.4136 -13419.022 -12455.42 66.60 44.70 273870.00 78150.00 157129.41 509149.41 -1.20 2.75 0.21 2 3.77 84.52 29997.02 704599.45 390460.03 10.75Carbon

offsetting521 1045 6.05 0 1.98 0.537 137904.575 35084.0577 77897.4189 -18589.779 -17626.18 66.60 44.70 273870.00 78150.00 227136.95 579156.95 -5.63 3.37 0.21 2 -0.05 100.19 35167.78 826055.25 441908.30 11.25

TSC + PV + 0.08 - 0.11

TSC + PV + 0.07 - 0.10

Retail shed- sales -London

TSC + PV + 2010 notional building fabric

TSC + PV + 0.17 - 0.24

TSC + PV + 0.15 - 0.21

TSC + PV + 0.13 - 0.19

TSC + PV + 0.12 - 0.17

TSC + PV + 0.11 - 0.15

PV (current FiT)+Insulation+TSC

201

Table B. 8 Retail shed – PV (future FiT) + improving the building fabric U-value down to 0.07-0.1 W/m2.K (mineral wool) +TSC


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT

£



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 0.00 195010.00 23.52 0.00 0.00 0.80 24.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 130 213 24.675 24.675 1.98 0.1645 28108.779 68675.2667 1695.68 9538.2317 12736.832 43.70 35.00 195010.00 19500.00 35205.88 249715.88 17.02 0.69 0.05 0.80 18.56 23.66 4804.77 112859.10 58153.22 11.7550% 345 427 16.45 16.45 1.98 0.329 56349.525 53315.7105 14577.04 6808.2326 9019.8326 43.70 35.00 195010.00 51750.00 75847.06 322607.06 10.56 1.38 0.14 0.80 12.88 47.04 8521.77 200167.62 72570.56 15.675% 595 640 8.225 8.225 1.98 0.4935 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.52 4740.5226 5965.1226 43.70 35.00 195010.00 89250.00 116488.24 400748.24 4.16 2.07 0.24 0.80 7.27 70.12 11576.48 271919.64 66181.41 18.6

75-100 595 853 8.225 0 1.98 0.4935 112567.08 38839.5238 56318.41 2903.2047 4127.8047 43.70 35.00 195010.00 89250.00 157129.41 441389.41 -0.80 2.75 0.24 0.80 3.00 87.67 13413.80 315076.36 68696.95 19.2575-100 (2) 595 853 8.225 0 1.98 0.4935 112567.08 38839.5238 56318.41 -194.308 1030.292 43.70 35.00 195010.00 89250.00 157129.41 441389.41 -0.80 2.75 0.24 0.80 3.00 87.67 16511.31 387833.78 141454.37

Carbon offsetting

595 1003 8.225 0 1.98 0.4935 132362 35860.2706 73242.65 1724.5186 2949.1186 43.70 35.00 195010.00 89250.00 218008.00 502268.00 -4.28 3.24 0.24 0.80 0.00 99.99 14592.48 342762.50 35504.50 22.25

Carbon offsetting

595 1003 8.225 0 1.98 0.4935 132362 35860.2706 73242.65 -2303.827 -1079.227 43.70 35.00 195010.00 89250.00 218008.00 502268.00 -4.28 3.24 0.24 0.80 0.00 99.99 18620.83 437384.23 130126.23 17.25


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT

£



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 0.00 195010.00 23.52 0.00 0.00 0.80 24.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 115 213 23.92 24.675 1.98 0.1796 28108.779 68675.2667 1695.68 9538.2317 12646.232 44.30 35.70 198280.00 17250.00 35205.88 250735.88 16.88 0.69 0.05 0.88 18.50 23.94 4895.37 114987.21 59261.32 11.7550 315 427 15.95 16.45 1.98 0.339 56349.525 53315.7105 14577.04 6808.2326 8959.8326 44.30 35.70 198280.00 47250.00 75847.06 321377.06 10.47 1.38 0.13 0.88 12.85 47.15 8581.77 201576.96 75209.90 15.375 560 640 7.97 8.225 1.98 0.4986 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.52 4740.5226 5934.5226 44.30 35.70 198280.00 84000.00 116488.24 398768.24 4.11 2.07 0.23 0.88 7.29 70.04 11607.08 272638.40 68880.17 18.4

75-100 560 853 7.97 0 1.98 0.4986 112567.08 38839.5238 56318.41 2903.2047 4097.2047 44.30 35.70 198280.00 84000.00 157129.41 439409.41 -0.84 2.75 0.23 0.88 3.02 87.59 13444.40 315795.13 71395.71 19.175-100 (2) 560 853 7.97 0 1.98 0.4986 112567.08 38839.5238 56318.41 -194.308 999.69198 44.30 35.70 198280.00 84000.00 157129.41 439409.41 -0.84 2.75 0.23 0.88 3.02 87.59 16541.91 388552.54 144153.13

Carbon offsetting

560 1006 7.97 0 1.98 0.4986 132757.9 35804.8269 73482.28 1705.9733 2899.9733 44.30 35.70 198280.00 84000.00 218660.06 500940.06 -4.38 3.25 0.23 0.88 -0.02 100.09 14641.63 343916.87 37986.81 22.1

Carbon offsetting

560 1006 7.97 0 1.98 0.4986 132757.9 35804.8269 73482.28 -2335.552 -1141.552 44.30 35.70 198280.00 84000.00 218660.06 500940.06 -4.38 3.25 0.23 0.88 -0.02 100.09 18683.15 438848.18 132918.11 17.1


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT

£



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 0.00 195010.00 23.52 0.00 0.00 0.80 24.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 113 213 22.6 24.675 1.98 0.206 28108.779 68675.2667 1695.68 9538.2317 12487.832 45.00 36.40 201780.00 16950.00 35205.88 253935.88 16.64 0.69 0.05 0.96 18.33 24.62 5053.77 118707.86 59781.98 1250 305 427 15.21 16.45 1.98 0.3538 56349.525 53315.7105 14577.04 6808.2326 8871.0326 45.00 36.40 201780.00 45750.00 75847.06 323377.06 10.33 1.38 0.13 0.96 12.79 47.40 8670.57 203662.78 75295.72 15.475 551 640 7.55 8.225 1.98 0.507 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.52 4740.5226 5884.1226 45.00 36.40 201780.00 82650.00 116488.24 400918.24 4.03 2.07 0.23 0.96 7.28 70.05 11657.48 273822.25 67914.01 18.5

75-100 551 853 7.55 0 1.98 0.507 112567.08 38839.5238 56318.41 2903.2047 4046.8047 45.00 36.40 201780.00 82650.00 157129.41 441559.41 -0.92 2.75 0.23 0.96 3.02 87.60 13494.80 316978.97 70429.56 19.275-100 (2) 551 853 7.55 0 1.98 0.507 112567.08 38839.5238 56318.41 -194.308 949.29198 45.00 36.40 201780.00 82650.00 157129.41 441559.41 -0.92 2.75 0.23 0.96 3.02 87.60 16592.31 389736.38 143186.97

Carbon offsetting

551 1006 7.55 0 1.98 0.507 132757.9 35804.8269 73482.28 1705.9733 2849.5733 45.00 36.40 201780.00 82650.00 218660.06 503090.06 -4.45 3.25 0.23 0.96 -0.02 100.09 14692.03 345100.72 37020.65 22.15

Carbon offsetting

551 1006 7.55 0 1.98 0.507 132757.9 35804.8269 73482.28 -2335.552 -1191.952 45.00 36.40 201780.00 82650.00 218660.06 503090.06 -4.45 3.25 0.23 0.96 -0.02 100.09 18733.55 440032.02 131951.96 17.2


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT

£



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 0.00 195010.00 23.52 0.00 0.00 0.80 24.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 112 213 21.72 24.675 1.98 0.2236 28108.779 68675.2667 1695.68 9538.2317 12382.232 48.60 37.00 211680.00 16800.00 35205.88 263685.88 16.47 0.69 0.05 1.12 18.33 24.63 5159.37 121188.30 52512.41 13.7550 295 427 14.18 16.45 1.98 0.3744 56349.525 53315.7105 14577.04 6808.2326 8747.4326 48.60 37.00 211680.00 44250.00 75847.06 331777.06 10.14 1.38 0.12 1.12 12.76 47.54 8794.17 206566.02 69798.96 16.2575 542 640 7.24 8.225 1.98 0.5132 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.52 4740.5226 5846.9226 48.60 37.00 211680.00 81300.00 116488.24 409468.24 3.98 2.07 0.22 1.12 7.38 69.64 11694.68 274696.04 60237.80 19.25

75-100 542 853 7.24 0 1.98 0.5132 112567.08 38839.5238 56318.41 2903.2047 4009.6047 48.60 37.00 211680.00 81300.00 157129.41 450109.41 -0.98 2.75 0.22 1.12 3.11 87.19 13532.00 317852.76 62753.35 19.875-100 (2) 542 853 7.24 0 1.98 0.5132 112567.08 38839.5238 56318.41 -194.308 912.09198 48.60 37.00 211680.00 81300.00 157129.41 450109.41 -0.98 2.75 0.22 1.12 3.11 87.19 16629.51 390610.17 135510.76

Carbon offsetting

542 1012 7.24 0 1.98 0.5132 133549.69 35693.9393 74161.53 1659.8827 2766.2827 48.60 37.00 211680.00 81300.00 219964.20 512944.20 -4.65 3.27 0.22 1.12 -0.04 100.18 14775.32 347057.13 29122.93 22.75

Carbon offsetting

542 1012 7.24 0 1.98 0.5132 133549.69 35693.9393 74161.53 -2419.001 -1312.601 48.60 37.00 211680.00 81300.00 219964.20 512944.20 -4.65 3.27 0.22 1.12 -0.04 100.18 18854.20 442865.95 124931.75 17.65


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT

£



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 0.00 195010.00 23.52 0.00 0.00 0.80 24.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 109 213 21 24.675 1.98 0.238 28108.779 68675.2667 1695.68 9538.2317 12295.832 50.40 38.40 219600.00 16350.00 35205.88 271155.88 16.34 0.69 0.04 1.2 18.27 24.86 5245.77 123217.74 47071.86 15.150 292 427 14 16.45 1.98 0.378 56349.525 53315.7105 14577.04 6808.2326 8725.8326 50.40 38.40 219600.00 43800.00 75847.06 339247.06 10.10 1.38 0.12 1.2 12.80 47.36 8815.77 207073.38 62836.32 17.175 535 640 7 8.225 1.98 0.518 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.52 4740.5226 5818.1226 50.40 38.40 219600.00 80250.00 116488.24 416338.24 3.93 2.07 0.22 1.2 7.42 69.51 11723.48 275372.52 54044.29 19.85

75-100 535 853 7 0 1.98 0.518 112567.08 38839.5238 56318.41 2903.2047 3980.8047 50.40 38.40 219600.00 80250.00 157129.41 456979.41 -1.02 2.75 0.22 1.2 3.15 87.06 13560.80 318529.24 56559.83 20.3575-100 (2) 535 853 7 0 1.98 0.518 112567.08 38839.5238 56318.41 -194.308 883.29198 50.40 38.40 219600.00 80250.00 157129.41 456979.41 -1.02 2.75 0.22 1.2 3.15 87.06 16658.31 391286.66 129317.25

Carbon offsetting

535 1015 7 0 1.98 0.518 133945.59 35638.4955 74501.16 1636.8373 2714.4373 50.40 38.40 219600.00 80250.00 220616.27 520466.27 -4.76 3.28 0.22 1.2 -0.07 100.29 14827.16 348274.92 22818.65 23.25

Carbon offsetting

535 1015 7 0 1.98 0.518 133945.59 35638.4955 74501.16 -2460.726 -1383.126 50.40 38.40 219600.00 80250.00 220616.27 520466.27 -4.76 3.28 0.22 1.2 -0.07 100.29 18924.73 444522.51 119066.24 18


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT

£



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 0.00 195010.00 23.52 0.00 0.00 0.80 24.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 107 213 20.2 24.675 1.98 0.254 28108.779 68675.2667 1695.68 9538.2317 12199.832 52.20 39.00 225360.00 16050.00 35205.88 276615.88 16.19 0.69 0.04 1.3 18.22 25.06 5341.77 125472.69 43866.80 1650 288 427 13.52 16.45 1.98 0.3876 56349.525 53315.7105 14577.04 6808.2326 8668.2326 52.20 39.00 225360.00 43200.00 75847.06 344407.06 10.02 1.38 0.12 1.3 12.81 47.32 8873.37 208426.35 59029.29 17.6575 527 640 6.76 8.225 1.98 0.5228 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.52 4740.5226 5789.3226 52.20 39.00 225360.00 79050.00 116488.24 420898.24 3.89 2.07 0.22 1.3 7.47 69.29 11752.28 276049.00 50160.77 20.25

75-100 527 853 6.76 0 1.98 0.5228 112567.08 38839.5238 56318.41 2903.2047 3952.0047 52.20 39.00 225360.00 79050.00 157129.41 461539.41 -1.07 2.75 0.22 1.3 3.20 86.84 13589.60 319205.73 52676.31 20.775-100 (2) 527 853 6.76 0 1.98 0.5228 112567.08 38839.5238 56318.41 -194.308 854.49198 52.20 39.00 225360.00 79050.00 157129.41 461539.41 -1.07 2.75 0.22 1.3 3.20 86.84 16687.11 391963.14 125433.73

Carbon offsetting

527 1017 6.76 0 1.98 0.5228 134341.49 35583.0517 74740.78 1618.292 2667.092 52.20 39.00 225360.00 79050.00 221268.34 525678.34 -4.86 3.28 0.22 1.3 -0.06 100.26 14874.51 349387.01 18718.68 23.55

Carbon offsetting

527 1017 6.76 0 1.98 0.5228 134341.49 35583.0517 74740.78 -2492.451 -1443.651 52.20 39.00 225360.00 79050.00 221268.34 525678.34 -4.86 3.28 0.22 1.3 -0.06 100.26 18985.25 445944.17 115275.84 18.25


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT

£



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 0.00 195010.00 23.52 0.00 0.00 0.80 24.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 106 213 18.6 24.675 1.98 0.286 28108.779 68675.2667 1695.68 9538.2317 12007.832 63.00 43.00 261000.00 15900.00 35205.88 312105.88 15.90 0.69 0.04 1.84 18.47 24.06 5533.77 129982.57 12886.69 22.550 286 427 12.4 16.45 1.98 0.41 56349.525 53315.7105 14577.04 6808.2326 8533.8326 63.00 43.00 261000.00 42900.00 75847.06 379747.06 9.81 1.38 0.12 1.84 13.14 45.96 9007.77 211583.26 26846.21 21.6575 524 640 6.2 8.225 1.98 0.534 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.52 4740.5226 5722.1226 63.00 43.00 261000.00 78600.00 116488.24 456088.24 3.78 2.07 0.21 1.84 7.90 67.50 11819.48 277627.46 16549.23 23.45

75-100 524 853 6.2 0 1.98 0.534 112567.08 38839.5238 56318.41 2903.2047 3884.8047 63.00 43.00 261000.00 78600.00 157129.41 496729.41 -1.17 2.75 0.21 1.84 3.63 85.06 13656.80 320784.19 19064.77 23.4575-100 (2) 524 853 6.2 0 1.98 0.534 112567.08 38839.5238 56318.41 -194.308 787.29198 63.00 43.00 261000.00 78600.00 157129.41 496729.41 -1.17 2.75 0.21 1.84 3.63 85.06 16754.31 393541.60 91822.19

Carbon offsetting

524 1037 6.2 0 1.98 0.534 136848.85 35231.9078 76991.75 1467.8384 2449.4384 63.00 43.00 261000.00 78600.00 225398.10 564998.10 -5.42 3.35 0.21 1.84 -0.02 100.07 15092.16 354499.48 -15488.62 26.15

Carbon offsetting

524 1037 6.2 0 1.98 0.534 136848.85 35231.9078 76991.75 -2766.708 -1785.108 63.00 43.00 261000.00 78600.00 225398.10 564998.10 -5.42 3.35 0.21 1.84 -0.02 100.07 19326.71 453964.65 83976.55 20.15


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT

£



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 43.70 35.00 195010.00 0.00 0.00 195010.00 23.52 0.00 0.00 0.80 24.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 105 213 18.17 24.675 1.98 0.2946 28108.779 68675.2667 1695.68 9538.2317 11956.232 66.60 44.70 273870.00 15750.00 35205.88 324825.88 15.82 0.69 0.04 2 18.55 23.73 5585.37 131194.60 1378.72 24.750 284 427 12.11 16.45 1.98 0.4158 56349.525 53315.7105 14577.04 6808.2326 8499.0326 66.60 44.70 273870.00 42600.00 75847.06 392317.06 9.75 1.38 0.12 2 13.25 45.52 9042.57 212400.68 15093.62 23.1575 521 640 6.05 8.225 1.98 0.537 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.52 4740.5226 5704.1226 66.60 44.70 273870.00 78150.00 116488.24 468508.24 3.75 2.07 0.21 2 8.03 66.97 11837.48 278050.26 4552.03 24.55

75-100 521 853 6.05 0 1.98 0.537 112567.08 38839.5238 56318.41 2903.2047 3866.8047 66.60 44.70 273870.00 78150.00 157129.41 509149.41 -1.20 2.75 0.21 2 3.77 84.52 13674.80 321206.99 7067.58 24.475-100 (2) 521 853 6.05 0 1.98 0.537 112567.08 38839.5238 56318.41 -194.308 769.29198 66.60 44.70 273870.00 78150.00 157129.41 509149.41 -1.20 2.75 0.21 2 3.77 84.52 16772.31 393964.40 79824.99

Carbon offsetting

521 1045 6.05 0 1.98 0.537 137904.57 35084.0577 77897.42 1406.3842 2369.9842 66.60 44.70 273870.00 78150.00 227136.95 579156.95 -5.63 3.37 0.21 2 -0.05 100.19 15171.62 356365.77 -27781.17 27.1

Carbon offsetting

521 1045 6.05 0 1.98 0.537 137904.57 35084.0577 77897.42 -2877.974 -1914.374 66.60 44.70 273870.00 78150.00 227136.95 579156.95 -5.63 3.37 0.21 2 -0.05 100.19 19455.97 457000.97 72854.03 20.8

TSC + PV + 0.08 - 0.11

TSC + PV + 0.07 - 0.10

Retail shed -London


TSC + PV + 0.17 - 0.24

TSC + PV + 0.15 - 0.21

TSC + PV + 0.13 - 0.19

TSC + PV + 0.12 - 0.17

TSC + PV + 0.11 - 0.15

PV (future FiT)+Insulation+TSC

202

Table B. 9 Office - PV (curren FiT) + improving the building fabric U-value down to 0.07-0.1 W/m2.K (mineral wool) – not taking into account the rental loss/gain


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 190 18.73 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 7125.50664 43.70 35.00 97931.40 35168.82 133100.22 16.53 0.71 0.44 17.68 19.75 7144.85 167825.31 132656.49 550% 382 18.73 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 544.341737 43.70 35.00 97931.40 70337.65 168269.05 11.42 1.42 0.44 13.28 39.71 13726.02 322410.16 252072.52 5.275% 573 18.73 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5224.3753 43.70 35.00 97931.40 105506.47 203437.87 6.34 2.13 0.44 8.91 59.57 19494.74 457911.44 352404.97 5.5100% 764 18.73 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -10612.941 43.70 35.00 97931.40 140675.29 238606.69 1.26 2.84 0.44 4.54 79.38 24883.30 584483.34 443808.05 5.75

Carbon offsetting 964 18.73 0 3.51 127215.3204 20513.36376 62294.1 -18377.6 -16064.625 43.70 35.00 97931.40 209531.12 307462.52 -4.07 3.59 0.44 -0.04 100.20 30334.99 712537.85 503006.73 7


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 190 18.05 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 7054.78664 44.30 35.70 99418.20 35168.82 134587.02 16.40 0.71 0.48 17.59 20.17 7215.57 169486.46 132830.83 5.1550% 382 18.05 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 473.621737 44.30 35.70 99418.20 70337.65 169755.85 11.29 1.42 0.48 13.19 40.13 13796.74 324071.30 252246.86 5.375% 573 18.05 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5295.0953 44.30 35.70 99418.20 105506.47 204924.67 6.20 2.13 0.48 8.82 59.98 19565.46 459572.58 352579.31 5.55100% 764 18.05 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -10683.661 44.30 35.70 99418.20 140675.29 240093.49 1.13 2.84 0.48 4.45 79.79 24954.02 586144.48 443982.39 5.8



PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 190 17.05 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 6950.78664 45.00 36.40 101077.20 35168.82 136246.02 16.21 0.71 0.52 17.43 20.88 7319.57 171929.31 133614.69 5.350% 382 17.05 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 369.621737 45.00 36.40 101077.20 70337.65 171414.85 11.09 1.42 0.52 13.03 40.84 13900.74 326514.16 253030.71 5.475% 573 17.05 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5399.0953 45.00 36.40 101077.20 105506.47 206583.67 6.01 2.13 0.52 8.66 60.69 19669.46 462015.43 353363.16 5.6100% 764 17.05 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -10787.661 45.00 36.40 101077.20 140675.29 241752.49 0.93 2.84 0.52 4.30 80.50 25058.02 588587.34 444766.24 5.85



PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 190 16.49 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 6892.54664 48.60 37.00 107665.20 35168.82 142834.02 16.10 0.71 0.61 17.41 20.97 7377.81 173297.31 128394.68 6.1550% 382 16.49 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 311.381737 48.60 37.00 107665.20 70337.65 178002.85 10.98 1.42 0.61 13.02 40.93 13958.98 327882.16 247810.71 5.8575% 573 16.49 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5457.3353 48.60 37.00 107665.20 105506.47 213171.67 5.90 2.13 0.61 8.64 60.78 19727.70 463383.43 348143.16 5.95100% 764 16.49 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -10845.901 48.60 37.00 107665.20 140675.29 248340.49 0.82 2.84 0.61 4.28 80.59 25116.26 589955.33 439546.24 6.1



PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 190 16 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 6841.58664 50.40 38.40 111672.00 35168.82 146840.82 16.00 0.71 0.65 17.36 21.22 7428.77 174494.31 125584.88 6.7550% 382 16 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 260.421737 50.40 38.40 111672.00 70337.65 182009.65 10.89 1.42 0.65 12.96 41.18 14009.94 329079.15 245000.91 6.175% 573 16 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5508.2953 50.40 38.40 111672.00 105506.47 217178.47 5.80 2.13 0.65 8.58 61.03 19778.66 464580.43 345333.36 6.15100% 764 16 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -10896.861 50.40 38.40 111672.00 140675.29 252347.29 0.73 2.84 0.65 4.22 80.85 25167.22 591152.33 436736.44 6.25

Carbon offsetting 949 16 0 3.51 125103.8628 20814.05912 60479.62 -17947.7 -15918.635 50.40 38.40 111672.00 206053.42 317725.42 -4.18 3.53 0.65 0.00 99.98 30188.99 709108.68 489314.66 7.45


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 190 15.52 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 6791.66664 52.20 39.00 115160.40 35168.82 150329.22 15.91 0.71 0.7 17.31 21.42 7478.69 175666.88 123269.05 7.1550% 382 15.52 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 210.501737 52.20 39.00 115160.40 70337.65 185498.05 10.79 1.42 0.7 12.91 41.38 14059.86 330251.72 242685.08 6.3575% 573 15.52 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5558.2153 52.20 39.00 115160.40 105506.47 220666.87 5.71 2.13 0.7 8.54 61.23 19828.58 465753.00 343017.53 6.3100% 764 15.52 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -10946.781 52.20 39.00 115160.40 140675.29 255835.69 0.63 2.84 0.7 4.18 81.05 25217.14 592324.90 434420.61 6.4



PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 190 15 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 6737.58664 63.00 43.00 136350.00 35168.82 171518.82 15.80 0.71 1 17.51 20.52 7532.77 176937.16 103349.74 1050% 382 15 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 156.421737 63.00 43.00 136350.00 70337.65 206687.65 10.69 1.42 1 13.11 40.48 14113.94 331522.01 222765.76 7.8575% 573 15 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5612.2953 63.00 43.00 136350.00 105506.47 241856.47 5.61 2.13 1 8.74 60.34 19882.66 467023.28 323098.21 7.4100% 764 15 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -11000.861 63.00 43.00 136350.00 140675.29 277025.29 0.53 2.84 1 4.37 80.15 25271.22 593595.19 414501.29 7.25

Carbon offsetting 959 15.52 0 3.51 126555.4899 20614.05106 61750.92 -18243.4 -16264.25 63.00 43.00 136350.00 208444.34 344794.34 -4.57 3.57 1 0.00 100.00 30534.61 717226.84 470363.90 8.25


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 190 14.2 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 6654.38664 66.60 44.70 143650.80 35168.82 178819.62 15.65 0.71 1.09 17.44 20.82 7615.97 178891.44 98003.22 1150% 382 14.2 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 73.2217372 66.60 44.70 143650.80 70337.65 213988.45 10.53 1.42 1.09 13.05 40.79 14197.14 333476.29 217419.24 8.3575% 573 14.2 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5695.4953 66.60 44.70 143650.80 105506.47 249157.27 5.45 2.13 1.09 8.67 60.64 19965.86 468977.57 317751.70 7.75100% 764 14.2 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -11084.061 66.60 44.70 143650.80 140675.29 284326.09 0.37 2.84 1.09 4.31 80.45 25354.42 595549.47 409154.78 7.5


PV + 0.08 - 0.11

PV + 0.07 - 0.10


Office-London

PV + 0.17 - 0.24

PV + 0.15 - 0.21

PV + 0.13 - 0.19

PV + 0.12 - 0.17

PV + 0.11 - 0.15


203

Table B. 10 Office - PV (future FiT) + improving the building fabric U-value down to 0.07-0.1 W/m2.K (mineral wool) – not taking into account the rental loss/gain


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 190 18.73 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10761.173 43.70 35.00 97931.40 35168.82 133100.22 16.53 0.71 0.44 17.68 19.75 3509.19 82427.23 47258.41 10.2550% 382 18.73 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7853.944 43.70 35.00 97931.40 70337.65 168269.05 11.42 1.42 0.44 13.28 39.71 6416.42 150715.06 80377.42 11.2575% 573 18.73 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5740.0282 43.70 35.00 97931.40 105506.47 203437.87 6.34 2.13 0.44 8.91 59.57 8530.33 200368.79 94862.32 12.75100% 764 18.73 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 4006.2639 43.70 35.00 97931.40 140675.29 238606.69 1.26 2.84 0.44 4.54 79.38 10264.10 241093.14 100417.85 14.25100% 764 18.73 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 -531.6305 1781.3295 43.70 35.00 97931.40 140675.29 238606.69 1.26 2.84 1.44 5.54 74.84 12489.03 293354.58 152679.29 15.25



PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 190 18.05 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10690.453 44.30 35.70 99418.20 35168.82 134587.02 16.40 0.71 0.48 17.59 20.17 3579.91 84088.37 47432.75 10.550% 382 18.05 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7783.224 44.30 35.70 99418.20 70337.65 169755.85 11.29 1.42 0.48 13.19 40.13 6487.14 152376.20 80551.76 11.575% 573 18.05 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5669.3082 44.30 35.70 99418.20 105506.47 204924.67 6.20 2.13 0.48 8.82 59.98 8601.05 202029.93 95036.66 12.85100% 764 18.05 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 3935.5439 44.30 35.70 99418.20 140675.29 240093.49 1.13 2.84 0.48 4.45 79.79 10334.82 242754.28 100592.19 14.3100% 764 18.05 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 -531.6305 1710.6095 44.30 35.70 99418.20 140675.29 240093.49 1.13 2.84 1.48 5.45 75.25 12559.75 295015.72 152853.63 15.3



PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 190 17.05 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10586.453 45.00 36.40 101077.20 35168.82 136246.02 16.21 0.71 0.52 17.43 20.88 3683.91 86531.22 48216.60 10.7550% 382 17.05 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7679.224 45.00 36.40 101077.20 70337.65 171414.85 11.09 1.42 0.52 13.03 40.84 6591.14 154819.06 81335.61 11.575% 573 17.05 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5565.3082 45.00 36.40 101077.20 105506.47 206583.67 6.01 2.13 0.52 8.66 60.69 8705.05 204472.79 95820.51 12.9100% 764 17.05 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 3831.5439 45.00 36.40 101077.20 140675.29 241752.49 0.93 2.84 0.52 4.30 80.50 10438.82 245197.14 101376.04 14.3100% 764 17.05 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 -531.6305 1606.6095 45.00 36.40 101077.20 140675.29 241752.49 0.93 2.84 1.52 5.30 75.96 12663.75 297458.58 153637.48 15.3



PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 190 16.49 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10528.213 48.60 37.00 107665.20 35168.82 142834.02 16.10 0.71 0.61 17.41 20.97 3742.15 87899.22 42996.60 12.550% 382 16.49 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7620.984 48.60 37.00 107665.20 70337.65 178002.85 10.98 1.42 0.61 13.02 40.93 6649.38 156187.06 76115.61 12.575% 573 16.49 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5507.0682 48.60 37.00 107665.20 105506.47 213171.67 5.90 2.13 0.61 8.64 60.78 8763.29 205840.78 90600.51 13.65100% 764 16.49 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 3773.3039 48.60 37.00 107665.20 140675.29 248340.49 0.82 2.84 0.61 4.28 80.59 10497.06 246565.14 96156.04 14.85100% 764 16.49 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 -531.6305 1548.3695 48.60 37.00 107665.20 140675.29 248340.49 0.82 2.84 1.61 5.28 76.05 12721.99 298826.57 148417.48 15.85



PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 190 16 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10477.253 50.40 38.40 111672.00 35168.82 146840.82 16.00 0.71 0.65 17.36 21.22 3793.11 89096.22 40186.80 13.2550% 382 16 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7570.024 50.40 38.40 111672.00 70337.65 182009.65 10.89 1.42 0.65 12.96 41.18 6700.34 157384.06 73305.81 1375% 573 16 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5456.1082 50.40 38.40 111672.00 105506.47 217178.47 5.80 2.13 0.65 8.58 61.03 8814.25 207037.78 87790.71 14100% 764 16 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 3722.3439 50.40 38.40 111672.00 140675.29 252347.29 0.73 2.84 0.65 4.22 80.85 10548.02 247762.14 93346.24 15.2100% 764 16 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 -531.6305 1497.4095 50.40 38.40 111672.00 140675.29 252347.29 0.73 2.84 1.65 5.22 76.31 12772.95 300023.57 145607.68 16.2

Carbon offsetting 949 16 0 3.51 125103.863 20814.05912 60479.62 192.38538 2221.4254 50.40 38.40 111672.00 206053.42 317725.42 -4.18 3.53 0.65 0.00 99.98 12048.93 283017.18 63223.16 19.15Carbon offsetting 949 16 0 3.51 125103.863 20814.05912 60479.62 -3133.994 -1104.954 50.40 38.40 111672.00 206053.42 317725.42 -4.18 3.53 0.65 0.00 99.98 15375.31 361150.43 141356.41 14.85


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 190 15.52 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10427.333 52.20 39.00 115160.40 35168.82 150329.22 15.91 0.71 0.7 17.31 21.42 3843.03 90268.79 37870.97 14.1550% 382 15.52 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7520.104 52.20 39.00 115160.40 70337.65 185498.05 10.79 1.42 0.7 12.91 41.38 6750.26 158556.63 70989.98 13.575% 573 15.52 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5406.1882 52.20 39.00 115160.40 105506.47 220666.87 5.71 2.13 0.7 8.54 61.23 8864.17 208210.35 85474.88 14.35100% 764 15.52 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 3672.4239 52.20 39.00 115160.40 140675.29 255835.69 0.63 2.84 0.7 4.18 81.05 10597.94 248934.71 91030.41 15.5100% 764 15.52 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 -531.6305 1447.4895 52.20 39.00 115160.40 140675.29 255835.69 0.63 2.84 1.7 5.18 76.51 12822.87 301196.14 143291.85 16.5

Carbon offsetting 946 15.52 0 3.51 124839.931 20851.64604 60252.81 207.854 2186.974 52.20 39.00 115160.40 205618.71 320779.11 -4.22 3.52 0.7 0.00 99.99 12083.39 283826.41 60978.70 19.35Carbon offsetting 946 15.52 0 3.51 124839.931 20851.64604 60252.81 -3106.051 -1126.931 52.20 39.00 115160.40 205618.71 320779.11 -4.22 3.52 0.7 0.00 99.99 15397.29 361666.64 138818.93 15


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 190 15 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10373.253 63.00 43.00 136350.00 35168.82 171518.82 15.80 0.71 1 17.51 20.52 3897.11 91539.07 17951.65 19.7550% 382 15 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7466.024 63.00 43.00 136350.00 70337.65 206687.65 10.69 1.42 1 13.11 40.48 6804.34 159826.91 51070.66 16.7575% 573 15 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5352.1082 63.00 43.00 136350.00 105506.47 241856.47 5.61 2.13 1 8.74 60.34 8918.25 209480.64 65555.57 16.85100% 764 15 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 3618.3439 63.00 43.00 136350.00 140675.29 277025.29 0.53 2.84 1 4.37 80.15 10652.02 250204.99 71111.09 17.6100% 764 15 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 -531.6305 1393.4095 63.00 43.00 136350.00 140675.29 277025.29 0.53 2.84 2 5.37 75.61 12876.95 302466.43 123372.53 18.6

Carbon offsetting 959 15.52 0 3.51 126555.49 20614.05106 61750.921 107.17569 2086.2957 63.00 43.00 136350.00 208444.34 344794.34 -4.57 3.57 1 0.00 100.00 12184.06 286191.24 39328.30 21.4Carbon offsetting 959 15.52 0 3.51 126555.49 20614.05106 61750.921 -3289.125 -1310.005 63.00 43.00 136350.00 208444.34 344794.34 -4.57 3.57 1 0.00 100.00 15580.36 365966.88 119103.94 16.5


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 190 14.2 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10290.053 66.60 44.70 143650.80 35168.82 178819.62 15.65 0.71 1.09 17.44 20.82 3980.31 93493.36 12605.13 21.550% 382 14.2 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7382.824 66.60 44.70 143650.80 70337.65 213988.45 10.53 1.42 1.09 13.05 40.79 6887.54 161781.19 45724.15 17.6575% 573 14.2 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5268.9082 66.60 44.70 143650.80 105506.47 249157.27 5.45 2.13 1.09 8.67 60.64 9001.45 211434.92 60209.05 17.55100% 764 14.2 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 3535.1439 66.60 44.70 143650.80 140675.29 284326.09 0.37 2.84 1.09 4.31 80.45 10735.22 252159.27 65764.58 18.2100% 764 14.2 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 -531.6305 1310.2095 66.60 44.70 143650.80 140675.29 284326.09 0.37 2.84 2.09 5.31 75.91 12960.15 304420.71 118026.02 19.2

Carbon offsetting 952 14.2 0 3.51 125631.727 20738.88528 60933.24 161.44814 2003.2881 66.60 44.70 143650.80 206922.84 350573.64 -4.64 3.54 1.09 0.00 100.02 12267.07 288141.00 35498.76 21.75Carbon offsetting 952 14.2 0 3.51 125631.727 20738.88528 60933.24 -3189.88 -1348.04 66.60 44.70 143650.80 206922.84 350573.64 -4.64 3.54 1.09 0.00 100.02 15618.40 366860.28 114218.04 16.9

PV + 0.07 - 0.10

Office-London


PV + 0.17 - 0.24

PV + 0.15 - 0.21

PV + 0.13 - 0.19

PV + 0.12 - 0.17

PV + 0.11 - 0.15

PV + 0.08 - 0.11


204

Table B. 11 Office - PV (current FiT) + improving the building fabric U-value down to 0.07-0.1 W/m2.K (mineral wool) + TSC – not taking into account the rental loss/gain


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2

)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £

PV Cost £Fabric cost

£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 75 190 14.04 24.6375 3.51 0.0938 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6637.7466 43.70 35.00 97931.40 11250.00 35168.82 144350.22 15.66 0.71 0.04 0.44 16.85 23.53 7632.61 179282.30 132863.48 6.250% 200 382 9.365 16.425 3.51 0.1873 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -429.6183 43.70 35.00 97931.40 30000.00 70337.65 198269.05 9.68 1.42 0.09 0.44 11.64 47.17 14699.98 345287.49 244949.84 6.9575% 425 573 4.68 8.2125 3.51 0.281 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6685.575 43.70 35.00 97931.40 63750.00 105506.47 267187.87 3.73 2.13 0.20 0.44 6.50 70.48 20955.94 492233.54 322977.07 8.25100% 650 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 43.70 35.00 97931.40 97500.00 140675.29 336106.69 -2.21 2.84 0.31 0.44 1.38 93.76 26831.22 630238.00 392062.70 9.1

Carbon offsetting

650 823 0 0 3.51 0.3746 108608.1 23453.9279 46753.1629 -14568.5 -14203.48 43.70 35.00 97931.40 97500.00 178883.93 374315.33 -3.82 3.06 0.31 0.44 -0.01 100.03 28473.84 668821.38 392437.45 10


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2

)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 72 190 13.53 24.6375 3.51 0.104 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6584.7066 44.30 35.70 99418.20 10800.00 35168.82 145387.02 15.57 0.71 0.03 0.48 16.79 23.79 7685.65 180528.16 133072.53 6.350% 185 382 9.025 16.425 3.51 0.1941 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -464.9783 44.30 35.70 99418.20 27750.00 70337.65 197505.85 9.62 1.42 0.09 0.48 11.61 47.30 14735.34 346118.06 246543.61 6.975% 410 573 4.51 8.2125 3.51 0.2844 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6703.255 44.30 35.70 99418.20 61500.00 105506.47 266424.67 3.70 2.13 0.19 0.48 6.51 70.47 20973.62 492648.82 324155.55 8.2100% 630 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 44.30 35.70 99418.20 94500.00 140675.29 334593.49 -2.21 2.84 0.30 0.48 1.41 93.61 26831.22 630238.00 393575.90 9.05

Carbon offsetting

630 825 0 0 3.51 0.3746 108872.033 23407.2466 46970.1049 -14623.1 -14258.04 44.30 35.70 99418.20 94500.00 179318.64 373236.84 -3.87 3.07 0.30 0.48 -0.02 100.09 28528.40 670103.12 394797.68 9.9


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2

)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 69 190 12.78 24.6375 3.51 0.119 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6506.7066 45.00 36.40 101077.20 10350.00 35168.82 146596.02 15.43 0.71 0.03 0.52 16.69 24.24 7763.65 182360.30 133695.67 6.450% 172 382 8.52 16.425 3.51 0.2042 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -517.4983 45.00 36.40 101077.20 25800.00 70337.65 197214.85 9.53 1.42 0.08 0.52 11.55 47.57 14787.86 347351.70 248068.25 6.8575% 400 573 4.26 8.2125 3.51 0.2894 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6729.255 45.00 36.40 101077.20 60000.00 105506.47 266583.67 3.65 2.13 0.19 0.52 6.49 70.52 20999.62 493259.53 324607.26 8.2100% 615 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 45.00 36.40 101077.20 92250.00 140675.29 334002.49 -2.21 2.84 0.29 0.52 1.44 93.46 26831.22 630238.00 394166.90 9

Carbon offsetting

615 827 0 0 3.51 0.3746 109135.965 23360.5653 47187.047 -14677.7 -14312.61 45.00 36.40 101077.20 92250.00 179753.35 373080.55 -3.92 3.08 0.29 0.52 -0.03 100.15 28582.97 671384.87 396235.71 9.9


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2

)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 66 190 12.36 24.6375 3.51 0.1274 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6463.0266 48.60 37.00 107665.20 9900.00 35168.82 152734.02 15.35 0.71 0.03 0.61 16.70 24.19 7807.33 183386.29 128583.67 7.1550% 165 382 8.24 16.425 3.51 0.2098 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -546.6183 48.60 37.00 107665.20 24750.00 70337.65 202752.85 9.48 1.42 0.08 0.61 11.59 47.41 14816.98 348035.70 243214.25 7.275% 392 573 4.12 8.2125 3.51 0.2922 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6743.815 48.60 37.00 107665.20 58800.00 105506.47 271971.67 3.63 2.13 0.19 0.61 6.56 70.25 21014.18 493601.53 319561.26 8.5100% 605 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 48.60 37.00 107665.20 90750.00 140675.29 339090.49 -2.21 2.84 0.29 0.61 1.53 93.07 26831.22 630238.00 389078.90 9.2

Carbon offsetting

605 830 0 0 3.51 0.3746 109663.829 23267.2027 47420.931 -14777.8 -14412.75 48.60 37.00 107665.20 90750.00 180622.78 379037.98 -3.99 3.09 0.29 0.61 0.00 100.01 28683.11 673736.96 392630.38 10.05


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2

)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 63 190 12 24.6375 3.51 0.1346 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6425.5866 50.40 38.40 111672.00 9450.00 35168.82 156290.82 15.29 0.71 0.03 0.65 16.67 24.32 7844.77 184265.72 125906.30 7.650% 160 382 8 16.425 3.51 0.2146 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -571.5783 50.40 38.40 111672.00 24000.00 70337.65 206009.65 9.43 1.42 0.08 0.65 11.58 47.44 14841.94 348621.99 240543.74 7.4575% 382 573 4 8.2125 3.51 0.2946 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6756.295 50.40 38.40 111672.00 57300.00 105506.47 274478.47 3.60 2.13 0.18 0.65 6.57 70.19 21026.66 493894.68 317347.61 8.6100% 595 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 50.40 38.40 111672.00 89250.00 140675.29 341597.29 -2.21 2.84 0.28 0.65 1.56 92.91 26831.22 630238.00 386572.10 9.3

Carbon offsetting

595 832 0 0 3.51 0.3746 109795.795 23243.862 47629.4021 -14809.6 -14444.53 50.40 38.40 111672.00 89250.00 180840.13 381762.13 -4.04 3.10 0.28 0.65 -0.01 100.03 28714.89 674483.53 390652.80 10.15


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2

)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 60 190 11.64 24.6375 3.51 0.1418 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6388.1466 52.20 39.00 115160.40 9000.00 35168.82 159329.22 15.22 0.71 0.03 0.7 16.66 24.41 7882.21 185145.15 123747.33 850% 156 382 7.76 16.425 3.51 0.2194 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -596.5383 52.20 39.00 115160.40 23400.00 70337.65 208898.05 9.39 1.42 0.07 0.7 11.58 47.43 14866.90 349208.27 238241.62 7.6575% 377 573 3.88 8.2125 3.51 0.297 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6768.775 52.20 39.00 115160.40 56550.00 105506.47 277216.87 3.58 2.13 0.18 0.7 6.59 70.07 21039.14 494187.82 314902.35 8.75100% 589 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 52.20 39.00 115160.40 88350.00 140675.29 344185.69 -2.21 2.84 0.28 0.7 1.61 92.70 26831.22 630238.00 383983.70 9.4

Carbon offsetting

589 834 0 0 3.51 0.3746 110059.727 23197.1807 47946.3441 -14868.6 -14503.6 52.20 39.00 115160.40 88350.00 181274.85 384785.25 -4.11 3.11 0.28 0.7 -0.03 100.12 28773.96 675870.98 389017.13 10.25


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2

)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 57 190 11.25 24.6375 3.51 0.1496 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6347.5866 63.00 43.00 136350.00 8550.00 35168.82 180068.82 15.15 0.71 0.03 1 16.88 23.38 7922.77 186097.86 103960.44 10.6550% 153 382 7.5 16.425 3.51 0.2246 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -623.5783 63.00 43.00 136350.00 22950.00 70337.65 229637.65 9.34 1.42 0.07 1 11.83 46.29 14893.94 349843.41 218137.17 9.0575% 371 573 3.75 8.2125 3.51 0.2996 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6782.295 63.00 43.00 136350.00 55650.00 105506.47 297506.47 3.56 2.13 0.18 1 6.87 68.83 21052.66 494505.39 294930.32 9.75100% 582 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 63.00 43.00 136350.00 87300.00 140675.29 364325.29 -2.21 2.84 0.28 1 1.91 91.35 26831.22 630238.00 363844.10 10.2

Carbon offsetting

582 847 0 0 3.51 0.3746 111775.287 22893.7521 49356.4674 -15223.3 -14858.29 63.00 43.00 136350.00 87300.00 184100.47 407750.47 -4.45 3.15 0.28 1 -0.03 100.12 29128.65 684202.32 374383.25 10.95


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2

)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 55 190 10.65 24.6375 3.51 0.1616 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6285.1866 66.60 44.70 143650.80 8250.00 35168.82 187069.62 15.04 0.71 0.03 1.09 16.86 23.48 7985.17 187563.57 98425.35 11.5550% 150 382 7.1 16.425 3.51 0.2326 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -665.1783 66.60 44.70 143650.80 22500.00 70337.65 236488.45 9.26 1.42 0.07 1.09 11.85 46.23 14935.54 350820.55 212263.51 9.575% 365 573 3.55 8.2125 3.51 0.3036 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6803.095 66.60 44.70 143650.80 54750.00 105506.47 303907.27 3.52 2.13 0.17 1.09 6.92 68.61 21073.46 494993.96 289018.09 10.05100% 575 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 66.60 44.70 143650.80 86250.00 140675.29 370576.09 -2.21 2.84 0.27 1.09 1.99 90.96 26831.22 630238.00 357593.30 10.45

Carbon offsetting

575 850 0 0 3.51 0.3746 112039.219 22847.0708 49673.4094 -15282.4 -14917.36 66.60 44.70 143650.80 86250.00 184535.18 414435.98 -4.53 3.16 0.27 1.09 0.00 100.01 29187.72 685589.77 369085.18 11.15

TSC + PV + 0.08 - 0.11

TSC + PV + 0.07 - 0.10

Office-London


TSC + PV + 0.17 - 0.24

TSC + PV + 0.15 - 0.21

TSC + PV + 0.13 - 0.19

TSC + PV + 0.12 - 0.17

TSC + PV + 0.11 - 0.15

PV (current FiT) + Insulation + TSC

205

Table B. 12 Office - PV (future FiT) + improving the building fabric U-value down to 0.07-0.1 W/m2.K (mineral wool) + TSC – not taking into account the rental loss/gain


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 75 190 14.04 24.6375 3.51 0.0938 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 10273.413 43.70 35.00 97931.40 11250.00 35168.82 144350.22 15.66 0.71 0.04 0.44 16.85 23.53 3996.95 93884.21 47465.39 1250% 200 382 9.365 16.425 3.51 0.1873 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6879.984 43.70 35.00 97931.40 30000.00 70337.65 198269.05 9.68 1.42 0.09 0.44 11.64 47.17 7390.38 173592.39 73254.74 14.175% 425 573 4.68 8.2125 3.51 0.281 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4278.8282 43.70 35.00 97931.40 63750.00 105506.47 267187.87 3.73 2.13 0.20 0.44 6.50 70.48 9991.53 234690.89 65434.42 17.75100% 650 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 43.70 35.00 97931.40 97500.00 140675.29 336106.69 -2.21 2.84 0.31 0.44 1.38 93.76 12212.02 286847.80 48672.50 20.55200% 650 764 0 0 4.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 -531.63 -166.5905 43.70 35.00 97931.40 97500.00 140675.29 336106.69 -2.21 2.84 0.31 1.44 2.38 89.22 14436.95 339109.23 100933.94

Carbon offsetting

650 823 0 0 3.51 0.3746 108608.1 23453.9279 46753.163 1179.658 1544.6976 43.70 35.00 97931.40 97500.00 178883.93 374315.33 -3.82 3.06 0.31 0.44 -0.01 100.03 12725.66 298912.83 22528.90 23

Carbon offsetting

650 823 0 0 3.51 0.3746 108608.1 23453.9279 46753.163 -1391.77 -1026.726 43.70 35.00 97931.40 97500.00 178883.93 374315.33 -3.82 3.06 0.31 0.44 -0.01 100.03 15297.09 359312.95 82929.02 18.95


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 72 190 13.53 24.6375 3.51 0.104 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 10220.373 44.30 35.70 99418.20 10800.00 35168.82 145387.02 15.57 0.71 0.03 0.48 16.79 23.79 4049.99 95130.07 47674.45 12.150% 185 382 9.025 16.425 3.51 0.1941 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6844.624 44.30 35.70 99418.20 27750.00 70337.65 197505.85 9.62 1.42 0.09 0.48 11.61 47.30 7425.74 174422.96 74848.51 13.975% 410 573 4.51 8.2125 3.51 0.2844 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4261.1482 44.30 35.70 99418.20 61500.00 105506.47 266424.67 3.70 2.13 0.19 0.48 6.51 70.47 10009.21 235106.17 66612.90 17.6100% 630 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 44.30 35.70 99418.20 94500.00 140675.29 334593.49 -2.21 2.84 0.30 0.48 1.41 93.61 12212.02 286847.80 50185.70 20.4100% 630 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 -531.63 -166.5905 44.30 35.70 99418.20 94500.00 140675.29 334593.49 -2.21 2.84 0.30 0.48 1.41 93.61 14436.95 339109.23 102447.14 20.4

Carbon offsetting

630 825 0 0 3.51 0.3746 108872.033 23407.2466 46970.105 1163.36 1528.3998 44.30 35.70 99418.20 94500.00 179318.64 373236.84 -3.87 3.07 0.30 0.48 -0.02 100.09 12741.96 299295.64 23990.20 22.9

Carbon offsetting

630 825 0 0 3.51 0.3746 108872.033 23407.2466 46970.105 -1420 -1054.956 44.30 35.70 99418.20 94500.00 179318.64 373236.84 -3.87 3.07 0.30 0.48 -0.02 100.09 15325.32 359976.03 84670.59 18.85


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 69 190 12.78 24.6375 3.51 0.119 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 10142.373 45.00 36.40 101077.20 10350.00 35168.82 146596.02 15.43 0.71 0.03 0.52 16.69 24.24 4127.99 96962.21 48297.59 12.1550% 172 382 8.52 16.425 3.51 0.2042 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6792.104 45.00 36.40 101077.20 25800.00 70337.65 197214.85 9.53 1.42 0.08 0.52 11.55 47.57 7478.26 175656.60 76373.16 13.7575% 400 573 4.26 8.2125 3.51 0.2894 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4235.1482 45.00 36.40 101077.20 60000.00 105506.47 266583.67 3.65 2.13 0.19 0.52 6.49 70.52 10035.21 235716.89 67064.62 17.55100% 615 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 45.00 36.40 101077.20 92250.00 140675.29 334002.49 -2.21 2.84 0.29 0.52 1.44 93.46 12212.02 286847.80 50776.70 20.35100% 615 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 -531.63 -166.5905 45.00 36.40 101077.20 92250.00 140675.29 334002.49 -2.21 2.84 0.29 0.52 1.44 93.46 14436.95 339109.23 103038.14 20.35

Carbon offsetting

615 827 0 0 3.51 0.3746 109135.965 23360.5653 47187.047 1147.062 1512.102 45.00 36.40 101077.20 92250.00 179753.35 373080.55 -3.92 3.08 0.29 0.52 -0.03 100.15 12758.26 299678.46 24529.31 22.85

Carbon offsetting

615 827 0 0 3.51 0.3746 109135.965 23360.5653 47187.047 -1448.23 -1083.186 45.00 36.40 101077.20 92250.00 179753.35 373080.55 -3.92 3.08 0.29 0.52 -0.03 100.15 15353.55 360639.12 85489.96 18.8


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 66 190 12.36 24.6375 3.51 0.1274 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 10098.693 48.60 37.00 107665.20 9900.00 35168.82 152734.02 15.35 0.71 0.03 0.61 16.70 24.19 4171.67 97988.21 43185.58 13.650% 165 382 8.24 16.425 3.51 0.2098 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6762.984 48.60 37.00 107665.20 24750.00 70337.65 202752.85 9.48 1.42 0.08 0.61 11.59 47.41 7507.38 176340.60 71519.15 14.575% 392 573 4.12 8.2125 3.51 0.2922 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4220.5882 48.60 37.00 107665.20 58800.00 105506.47 271971.67 3.63 2.13 0.19 0.61 6.56 70.25 10049.77 236058.89 62018.62 18.15100% 605 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 48.60 37.00 107665.20 90750.00 140675.29 339090.49 -2.21 2.84 0.29 0.61 1.53 93.07 12212.02 286847.80 45688.70 20.8100% 605 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 -531.63 -166.5905 48.60 37.00 107665.20 90750.00 140675.29 339090.49 -2.21 2.84 0.29 0.61 1.53 93.07 14436.95 339109.23 97950.14 20.8

Carbon offsetting

605 830 0 0 3.51 0.3746 109663.829 23267.2027 47420.931 1123.466 1488.5065 48.60 37.00 107665.20 90750.00 180622.78 379037.98 -3.99 3.09 0.29 0.61 0.00 100.01 12781.85 300232.70 19126.12 23.3

Carbon offsetting

605 830 0 0 3.51 0.3746 109663.829 23267.2027 47420.931 -1484.68 -1119.645 48.60 37.00 107665.20 90750.00 180622.78 379037.98 -3.99 3.09 0.29 0.61 0.00 100.01 15390.00 361495.51 80388.93 19.2


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 63 190 12 24.6375 3.51 0.1346 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 10061.253 50.40 38.40 111672.00 9450.00 35168.82 156290.82 15.29 0.71 0.03 0.65 16.67 24.32 4209.11 98867.64 40508.21 14.450% 160 382 8 16.425 3.51 0.2146 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6738.024 50.40 38.40 111672.00 24000.00 70337.65 206009.65 9.43 1.42 0.08 0.65 11.58 47.44 7532.34 176926.89 68848.64 14.975% 382 573 4 8.2125 3.51 0.2946 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4208.1082 50.40 38.40 111672.00 57300.00 105506.47 274478.47 3.60 2.13 0.18 0.65 6.57 70.19 10062.25 236352.03 59804.96 18.4100% 595 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 50.40 38.40 111672.00 89250.00 140675.29 341597.29 -2.21 2.84 0.28 0.65 1.56 92.91 12212.02 286847.80 43181.90 21.05100% 595 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 -531.63 -166.5905 50.40 38.40 111672.00 89250.00 140675.29 341597.29 -2.21 2.84 0.28 0.65 1.56 92.91 14436.95 339109.23 95443.34 21.05

Carbon offsetting

595 832 0 0 3.51 0.3746 109795.795 23243.862 47629.402 1110.818 1475.8576 50.40 38.40 111672.00 89250.00 180840.13 381762.13 -4.04 3.10 0.28 0.65 -0.01 100.03 12794.50 300529.81 16699.07 23.55

Carbon offsetting

595 832 0 0 3.51 0.3746 109795.795 23243.862 47629.402 -1508.8 -1143.76 50.40 38.40 111672.00 89250.00 180840.13 381762.13 -4.04 3.10 0.28 0.65 -0.01 100.03 15414.12 362061.94 78231.21 19.35


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 60 190 11.64 24.6375 3.51 0.1418 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 10023.813 52.20 39.00 115160.40 9000.00 35168.82 159329.22 15.22 0.71 0.03 0.7 16.66 24.41 4246.55 99747.06 38349.24 1550% 156 382 7.76 16.425 3.51 0.2194 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6713.064 52.20 39.00 115160.40 23400.00 70337.65 208898.05 9.39 1.42 0.07 0.7 11.58 47.43 7557.30 177513.17 66546.52 15.375% 377 573 3.88 8.2125 3.51 0.297 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4195.6282 52.20 39.00 115160.40 56550.00 105506.47 277216.87 3.58 2.13 0.18 0.7 6.59 70.07 10074.73 236645.17 57359.70 18.65100% 589 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 52.20 39.00 115160.40 88350.00 140675.29 344185.69 -2.21 2.84 0.28 0.7 1.61 92.70 12212.02 286847.80 40593.50 21.25100% 589 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 -531.63 -166.5905 52.20 39.00 115160.40 88350.00 140675.29 344185.69 -2.21 2.84 0.28 0.7 1.61 92.70 14436.95 339109.23 92854.94 21.25

Carbon offsetting

589 834 0 0 3.51 0.3746 110059.727 23197.1807 47946.344 1090.02 1455.0598 52.20 39.00 115160.40 88350.00 181274.85 384785.25 -4.11 3.11 0.28 0.7 -0.03 100.12 12815.30 301018.32 14164.48 23.75

Carbon offsetting

589 834 0 0 3.51 0.3746 110059.727 23197.1807 47946.344 -1547.03 -1181.989 52.20 39.00 115160.40 88350.00 181274.85 384785.25 -4.11 3.11 0.28 0.7 -0.03 100.12 15452.35 362959.91 76106.07 19.5


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 57 190 11.25 24.6375 3.51 0.1496 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 9983.2527 63.00 43.00 136350.00 8550.00 35168.82 180068.82 15.15 0.71 0.03 1 16.88 23.38 4287.11 100699.78 18562.35 20.1550% 153 382 7.5 16.425 3.51 0.2246 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6686.024 63.00 43.00 136350.00 22950.00 70337.65 229637.65 9.34 1.42 0.07 1 11.83 46.29 7584.34 178148.31 46442.07 18.275% 371 573 3.75 8.2125 3.51 0.2996 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4182.1082 63.00 43.00 136350.00 55650.00 105506.47 297506.47 3.56 2.13 0.18 1 6.87 68.83 10088.25 236962.74 37387.67 20.85100% 582 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 63.00 43.00 136350.00 87300.00 140675.29 364325.29 -2.21 2.84 0.28 1 1.91 91.35 12212.02 286847.80 20453.90 23.15100% 582 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 -531.63 -166.5905 63.00 43.00 136350.00 87300.00 140675.29 364325.29 -2.21 2.84 0.28 1 1.91 91.35 14436.95 339109.23 72715.34 23.15

Carbon offsetting

582 847 0 0 3.51 0.3746 111775.287 22893.7521 49356.467 984.0843 1349.1243 63.00 43.00 136350.00 87300.00 184100.47 407750.47 -4.45 3.15 0.28 1 -0.03 100.12 12921.24 303506.64 -6312.43 25.55

Carbon offsetting

582 847 0 0 3.51 0.3746 111775.287 22893.7521 49356.467 -1730.52 -1365.481 63.00 43.00 136350.00 87300.00 184100.47 407750.47 -4.45 3.15 0.28 1 -0.03 100.12 15635.84 367269.96 57450.89 20.9


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 55 190 10.65 24.6375 3.51 0.1616 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 9920.8527 66.60 44.70 143650.80 8250.00 35168.82 187069.62 15.04 0.71 0.03 1.09 16.86 23.48 4349.51 102165.49 13027.26 21.650% 150 382 7.1 16.425 3.51 0.2326 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6644.424 66.60 44.70 143650.80 22500.00 70337.65 236488.45 9.26 1.42 0.07 1.09 11.85 46.23 7625.94 179125.45 40568.41 19.175% 365 573 3.55 8.2125 3.51 0.3036 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4161.3082 66.60 44.70 143650.80 54750.00 105506.47 303907.27 3.52 2.13 0.17 1.09 6.92 68.61 10109.05 237451.31 31475.44 21.5100% 575 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 66.60 44.70 143650.80 86250.00 140675.29 370576.09 -2.21 2.84 0.27 1.09 1.99 90.96 12212.02 286847.80 14203.10 23.7100% 575 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 -531.63 -166.5905 66.60 44.70 143650.80 86250.00 140675.29 370576.09 -2.21 2.84 0.27 1.09 1.99 90.96 14436.95 339109.23 66464.54 23.7

Carbon offsetting

575 850 0 0 3.51 0.3746 112039.219 22847.0708 49673.409 963.2865 1328.3265 66.60 44.70 143650.80 86250.00 184535.18 414435.98 -4.53 3.16 0.27 1.09 0.00 100.01 12942.03 303995.16 -12509.42 26.1

Carbon offsetting

575 850 0 0 3.51 0.3746 112039.219 22847.0708 49673.409 -1768.75 -1403.711 66.60 44.70 143650.80 86250.00 184535.18 414435.98 -4.53 3.16 0.27 1.09 0.00 100.01 15674.07 368167.93 51663.35 21.3

TSC + PV + 0.08 - 0.11

TSC + PV + 0.07 - 0.10

Office-London


TSC + PV + 0.17 - 0.24

TSC + PV + 0.15 - 0.21

TSC + PV + 0.13 - 0.19

TSC + PV + 0.12 - 0.17

TSC + PV + 0.11 - 0.15

PV (future FiT) + Insulation + TSC

206

Table B. 13 Office - PV (current FiT) + improving the building fabric U-value down to 0.07-0.1 W/m2.K (mineral wool) – taking into account the rental loss/gain- City


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

Value of external footprint

area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 88119.66 0.00 0.00 025% 190 18.73 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 7125.50664 43.70 35.00 97931.40 35168.82 133100.22 16.53 0.71 0.44 17.68 19.75 7144.85 88119.66 167825.31 132656.49 550% 382 18.73 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 544.341737 43.70 35.00 97931.40 70337.65 168269.05 11.42 1.42 0.44 13.28 39.71 13726.02 88119.66 322410.16 252072.52 5.275% 573 18.73 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5224.3753 43.70 35.00 97931.40 105506.47 203437.87 6.34 2.13 0.44 8.91 59.57 19494.74 88119.66 457911.44 352404.97 5.5100% 764 18.73 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -10612.941 43.70 35.00 97931.40 140675.29 238606.69 1.26 2.84 0.44 4.54 79.38 24883.30 88119.66 584483.34 443808.05 5.75

Carbon offsetting 964 18.73 0 3.51 127215.3204 20513.36376 62294.1 -18377.6 -16064.625 43.70 35.00 97931.40 209531.12 307462.52 -4.07 3.59 0.44 -0.04 100.20 30334.99 88119.66 712537.85 503006.73 7


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 190 18.05 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 7054.78664 44.30 35.70 99418.20 35168.82 134587.02 16.40 0.71 0.48 17.59 20.17 7215.57 90400.00 131903.00 95247.38 5.1550% 382 18.05 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 473.621737 44.30 35.70 99418.20 70337.65 169755.85 11.29 1.42 0.48 13.19 40.13 13796.74 90400.00 286487.85 214663.40 5.375% 573 18.05 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5295.0953 44.30 35.70 99418.20 105506.47 204924.67 6.20 2.13 0.48 8.82 59.98 19565.46 90400.00 421989.12 314995.85 5.55100% 764 18.05 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -10683.661 44.30 35.70 99418.20 140675.29 240093.49 1.13 2.84 0.48 4.45 79.79 24954.02 90400.00 548561.03 406398.93 5.8

Carbon offsetting 960 18.05 0 3.51 126687.456 20588.5376 61840.48 -18270.1 -16027.867 44.30 35.70 99418.20 208661.69 308079.89 -4.10 3.57 0.48 -0.04 100.20 30298.23 90400.00 674090.99 463942.50 7.1


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 190 17.05 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 6950.78664 45.00 36.40 101077.20 35168.82 136246.02 16.21 0.71 0.52 17.43 20.88 7319.57 96050.00 41225.29 2910.67 5.350% 382 17.05 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 369.621737 45.00 36.40 101077.20 70337.65 171414.85 11.09 1.42 0.52 13.03 40.84 13900.74 96050.00 195810.14 122326.70 5.475% 573 17.05 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5399.0953 45.00 36.40 101077.20 105506.47 206583.67 6.01 2.13 0.52 8.66 60.69 19669.46 96050.00 331311.42 222659.15 5.6100% 764 17.05 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -10787.661 45.00 36.40 101077.20 140675.29 241752.49 0.93 2.84 0.52 4.30 80.50 25058.02 96050.00 457883.32 314062.23 5.85



PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 190 16.49 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 6892.54664 48.60 37.00 107665.20 35168.82 142834.02 16.10 0.71 0.61 17.41 20.97 7377.81 101700.00 -50527.26 -95429.89 6.1550% 382 16.49 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 311.381737 48.60 37.00 107665.20 70337.65 178002.85 10.98 1.42 0.61 13.02 40.93 13958.98 101700.00 104057.58 23986.14 5.8575% 573 16.49 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5457.3353 48.60 37.00 107665.20 105506.47 213171.67 5.90 2.13 0.61 8.64 60.78 19727.70 101700.00 239558.86 124318.59 5.95100% 764 16.49 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -10845.901 48.60 37.00 107665.20 140675.29 248340.49 0.82 2.84 0.61 4.28 80.59 25116.26 101700.00 366130.76 215721.67 6.1



PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 190 16 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 6841.58664 50.40 38.40 111672.00 35168.82 146840.82 16.00 0.71 0.65 17.36 21.22 7428.77 107350.00 -142450.82 -191360.25 6.7550% 382 16 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 260.421737 50.40 38.40 111672.00 70337.65 182009.65 10.89 1.42 0.65 12.96 41.18 14009.94 107350.00 12134.02 -71944.22 6.175% 573 16 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5508.2953 50.40 38.40 111672.00 105506.47 217178.47 5.80 2.13 0.65 8.58 61.03 19778.66 107350.00 147635.30 28388.23 6.15100% 764 16 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -10896.861 50.40 38.40 111672.00 140675.29 252347.29 0.73 2.84 0.65 4.22 80.85 25167.22 107350.00 274207.20 119791.31 6.25

Carbon offsetting 949 16 0 3.51 125103.8628 20814.05912 60479.62 -17947.7 -15918.635 50.40 38.40 111672.00 206053.42 317725.42 -4.18 3.53 0.65 0.00 99.98 30188.99 107350.00 392163.55 172369.53 7.45


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 190 15.52 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 6791.66664 52.20 39.00 115160.40 35168.82 150329.22 15.91 0.71 0.7 17.31 21.42 7478.69 115825.00 -280959.09 -333356.91 7.1550% 382 15.52 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 210.501737 52.20 39.00 115160.40 70337.65 185498.05 10.79 1.42 0.7 12.91 41.38 14059.86 115825.00 -126374.24 -213940.89 6.3575% 573 15.52 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5558.2153 52.20 39.00 115160.40 105506.47 220666.87 5.71 2.13 0.7 8.54 61.23 19828.58 115825.00 9127.03 -113608.44 6.3100% 764 15.52 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -10946.781 52.20 39.00 115160.40 140675.29 255835.69 0.63 2.84 0.7 4.18 81.05 25217.14 115825.00 135698.94 -22205.36 6.4

Carbon offsetting 946 15.52 0 3.51 124839.9306 20851.64604 60252.81 -17893.9 -15914.816 52.20 39.00 115160.40 205618.71 320779.11 -4.22 3.52 0.7 0.00 99.99 30185.18 115825.00 252393.02 29545.31 7.55


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 190 15 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 6737.58664 63.00 43.00 136350.00 35168.82 171518.82 15.80 0.71 1 17.51 20.52 7532.77 138142.50 -647515.01 -721102.43 1050% 382 15 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 156.421737 63.00 43.00 136350.00 70337.65 206687.65 10.69 1.42 1 13.11 40.48 14113.94 138142.50 -492930.16 -601686.41 7.8575% 573 15 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5612.2953 63.00 43.00 136350.00 105506.47 241856.47 5.61 2.13 1 8.74 60.34 19882.66 138142.50 -357428.88 -501353.95 7.4100% 764 15 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -11000.861 63.00 43.00 136350.00 140675.29 277025.29 0.53 2.84 1 4.37 80.15 25271.22 138142.50 -230856.98 -409950.87 7.25

Carbon offsetting 959 15.52 0 3.51 126555.4899 20614.05106 61750.92 -18243.4 -16264.25 63.00 43.00 136350.00 208444.34 344794.34 -4.57 3.57 1 0.00 100.00 30534.61 138142.50 -107225.33 -354088.26 8.25


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 190 14.2 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 6654.38664 66.60 44.70 143650.80 35168.82 178819.62 15.65 0.71 1.09 17.44 20.82 7615.97 149273.00 -829008.22 -909896.45 1150% 382 14.2 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 73.2217372 66.60 44.70 143650.80 70337.65 213988.45 10.53 1.42 1.09 13.05 40.79 14197.14 149273.00 -674423.37 -790480.42 8.3575% 573 14.2 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5695.4953 66.60 44.70 143650.80 105506.47 249157.27 5.45 2.13 1.09 8.67 60.64 19965.86 149273.00 -538922.10 -690147.97 7.75100% 764 14.2 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -11084.061 66.60 44.70 143650.80 140675.29 284326.09 0.37 2.84 1.09 4.31 80.45 25354.42 149273.00 -412350.20 -598744.89 7.5

Carbon offsetting 952 14.2 0 3.51 125631.7272 20738.88528 60933.24 -18055.2 -16213.312 66.60 44.70 143650.80 206922.84 350573.64 -4.64 3.54 1.09 0.00 100.02 30483.67 149273.00 -291869.31 -544511.55 8.5

PV + 0.08 - 0.11

PV + 0.07 - 0.10


Office-London (City)

PV + 0.17 - 0.24

PV + 0.15 - 0.21

PV + 0.13 - 0.19

PV + 0.12 - 0.17

PV + 0.11 - 0.15


207

Table B. 14 Office - PV (future FiT) + improving the building fabric U-value down to 0.07-0.1 W/m2.K (mineral wool) – taking into account the rental loss/gain- City


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2

)

Lighting (KWh/m2

)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2

.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %



area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 88119.66 0.00 0.00 025% 190 18.73 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10761.173 43.70 35.00 97931.40 35168.82 133100.22 16.53 0.71 0.44 17.68 19.75 3509.19 88119.66 82427.23 47258.41 10.2550% 382 18.73 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7853.944 43.70 35.00 97931.40 70337.65 168269.05 11.42 1.42 0.44 13.28 39.71 6416.42 88119.66 150715.06 80377.42 11.2575% 573 18.73 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5740.0282 43.70 35.00 97931.40 105506.47 203437.87 6.34 2.13 0.44 8.91 59.57 8530.33 88119.66 200368.79 94862.32 12.75100% 764 18.73 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 4006.2639 43.70 35.00 97931.40 140675.29 238606.69 1.26 2.84 0.44 4.54 79.38 10264.10 88119.66 241093.14 100417.85 14.25

100% (2) 764 18.73 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 -531.6305 1781.3295 43.70 35.00 97931.40 140675.29 238606.69 1.26 2.84 0.44 4.54 79.38 12489.03 88119.66 293354.58 152679.29 14.25Carbon offsetting 964 18.73 0 3.51 127215.32 20513.36376 62294.101 68.636402 2381.5964 43.70 35.00 97931.40 209531.12 307462.52 -4.07 3.59 0.44 -0.04 100.20 11888.76 88119.66 279254.93 69723.81 18.5Carbon offsetting 964 18.73 0 3.51 127215.32 20513.36376 62294.101 -3357.539 -1044.579 43.70 35.00 97931.40 209531.12 307462.52 -4.07 3.59 0.44 -0.04 100.20 15314.94 88119.66 359732.29 150201.18 14.15


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2

)

Lighting (KWh/m2

)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2

.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %



area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 190 18.05 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10690.453 44.30 35.70 99418.20 35168.82 134587.02 16.40 0.71 0.48 17.59 20.17 3579.91 90400.00 46504.91 9849.29 10.550% 382 18.05 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7783.224 44.30 35.70 99418.20 70337.65 169755.85 11.29 1.42 0.48 13.19 40.13 6487.14 90400.00 114792.75 42968.30 11.575% 573 18.05 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5669.3082 44.30 35.70 99418.20 105506.47 204924.67 6.20 2.13 0.48 8.82 59.98 8601.05 90400.00 164446.47 57453.20 12.85100% 764 18.05 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 3935.5439 44.30 35.70 99418.20 140675.29 240093.49 1.13 2.84 0.48 4.45 79.79 10334.82 90400.00 205170.83 63008.73 14.3

100% (2) 764 18.05 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 -531.6305 1710.6095 44.30 35.70 99418.20 140675.29 240093.49 1.13 2.84 0.48 4.45 79.79 12559.75 90400.00 257432.27 115270.17 14.3Carbon offsetting 960 18.05 0 3.51 126687.456 20588.5376 61840.48 99.573646 2341.8136 44.30 35.70 99418.20 208661.69 308079.89 -4.10 3.57 0.48 -0.04 100.20 11928.55 90400.00 242605.93 32457.43 18.5Carbon offsetting 960 18.05 0 3.51 126687.456 20588.5376 61840.48 -3301.653 -1059.413 44.30 35.70 99418.20 208661.69 308079.89 -4.10 3.57 0.48 -0.04 100.20 15329.77 90400.00 322497.26 112348.77 14.25


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2

)

Lighting (KWh/m2

)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2

.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %



area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 190 17.05 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10586.453 45.00 36.40 101077.20 35168.82 136246.02 16.21 0.71 0.52 17.43 20.88 3683.91 96050.00 -44172.79 -82487.41 10.7550% 382 17.05 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7679.224 45.00 36.40 101077.20 70337.65 171414.85 11.09 1.42 0.52 13.03 40.84 6591.14 96050.00 24115.04 -49368.40 11.575% 573 17.05 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5565.3082 45.00 36.40 101077.20 105506.47 206583.67 6.01 2.13 0.52 8.66 60.69 8705.05 96050.00 73768.77 -34883.50 12.9100% 764 17.05 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 3831.5439 45.00 36.40 101077.20 140675.29 241752.49 0.93 2.84 0.52 4.30 80.50 10438.82 96050.00 114493.12 -29327.97 14.3

100% (2) 764 17.05 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 -531.6305 1606.6095 45.00 36.40 101077.20 140675.29 241752.49 0.93 2.84 0.52 4.30 80.50 12663.75 96050.00 166754.56 22933.47 14.3Carbon offsetting 954 17.05 0 3.51 125895.659 20701.29836 61160.05 145.97951 2284.2195 45.00 36.40 101077.20 207357.56 308434.76 -4.13 3.55 0.52 -0.06 100.28 11986.14 96050.00 150838.20 -59665.16 18.4Carbon offsetting 954 17.05 0 3.51 125895.659 20701.29836 61160.05 -3217.823 -1079.583 45.00 36.40 101077.20 207357.56 308434.76 -4.13 3.55 0.52 -0.06 100.28 15349.94 96050.00 229850.49 19347.13 14.25


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2

)

Lighting (KWh/m2

)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2

.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %



area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 190 16.49 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10528.213 48.60 37.00 107665.20 35168.82 142834.02 16.10 0.71 0.61 17.41 20.97 3742.15 101700.00 -135925.35 -180827.97 12.550% 382 16.49 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7620.984 48.60 37.00 107665.20 70337.65 178002.85 10.98 1.42 0.61 13.02 40.93 6649.38 101700.00 -67637.51 -147708.96 12.575% 573 16.49 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5507.0682 48.60 37.00 107665.20 105506.47 213171.67 5.90 2.13 0.61 8.64 60.78 8763.29 101700.00 -17983.79 -133224.06 13.65100% 764 16.49 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 3773.3039 48.60 37.00 107665.20 140675.29 248340.49 0.82 2.84 0.61 4.28 80.59 10497.06 101700.00 22740.56 -127668.53 14.85

100% (2) 764 16.49 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 -531.6305 1548.3695 48.60 37.00 107665.20 140675.29 248340.49 0.82 2.84 0.61 4.28 80.59 12721.99 101700.00 75002.00 -75407.09 14.85Carbon offsetting 952 16.49 0 3.51 125631.727 20738.88528 60933.24 161.44814 2241.4481 48.60 37.00 107665.20 206922.84 314588.04 -4.19 3.54 0.61 -0.04 100.16 12028.91 101700.00 58722.29 -157934.35 18.9Carbon offsetting 952 16.49 0 3.51 125631.727 20738.88528 60933.24 -3189.88 -1109.88 48.60 37.00 107665.20 206922.84 314588.04 -4.19 3.54 0.61 -0.04 100.16 15380.24 101700.00 137441.57 -79215.07 14.65


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2

)

Lighting (KWh/m2

)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2

.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %



area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 190 16 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10477.253 50.40 38.40 111672.00 35168.82 146840.82 16.00 0.71 0.65 17.36 21.22 3793.11 107350.00 -227848.91 -276758.33 13.2550% 382 16 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7570.024 50.40 38.40 111672.00 70337.65 182009.65 10.89 1.42 0.65 12.96 41.18 6700.34 107350.00 -159561.07 -243639.32 1375% 573 16 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5456.1082 50.40 38.40 111672.00 105506.47 217178.47 5.80 2.13 0.65 8.58 61.03 8814.25 107350.00 -109907.35 -229154.42 14100% 764 16 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 3722.3439 50.40 38.40 111672.00 140675.29 252347.29 0.73 2.84 0.65 4.22 80.85 10548.02 107350.00 -69182.99 -223598.89 15.2

100% (2) 764 16 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 -531.6305 1497.4095 50.40 38.40 111672.00 140675.29 252347.29 0.73 2.84 0.65 4.22 80.85 12772.95 107350.00 -16921.56 -171337.45 15.2Carbon offsetting 949 16 0 3.51 125103.863 20814.05912 60479.62 192.38538 2221.4254 50.40 38.40 111672.00 206053.42 317725.42 -4.18 3.53 0.65 0.00 99.98 12048.93 107350.00 -33927.95 -253721.97 19.15Carbon offsetting 949 16 0 3.51 125103.863 20814.05912 60479.62 -3133.994 -1104.954 50.40 38.40 111672.00 206053.42 317725.42 -4.18 3.53 0.65 0.00 99.98 15375.31 107350.00 44205.30 -175588.72 14.85


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2

)

Lighting (KWh/m2

)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2

.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %



area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 190 15.52 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10427.333 52.20 39.00 115160.40 35168.82 150329.22 15.91 0.71 0.7 17.31 21.42 3843.03 115825.00 -366357.18 -418755.00 14.1550% 382 15.52 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7520.104 52.20 39.00 115160.40 70337.65 185498.05 10.79 1.42 0.7 12.91 41.38 6750.26 115825.00 -298069.34 -385635.99 13.575% 573 15.52 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5406.1882 52.20 39.00 115160.40 105506.47 220666.87 5.71 2.13 0.7 8.54 61.23 8864.17 115825.00 -248415.61 -371151.08 14.35100% 764 15.52 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 3672.4239 52.20 39.00 115160.40 140675.29 255835.69 0.63 2.84 0.7 4.18 81.05 10597.94 115825.00 -207691.26 -365595.55 15.5

100% (2) 764 15.52 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 -531.6305 1447.4895 52.20 39.00 115160.40 140675.29 255835.69 0.63 2.84 0.7 4.18 81.05 12822.87 115825.00 -155429.82 -313334.12 15.5Carbon offsetting 946 15.52 0 3.51 124839.931 20851.64604 60252.81 207.854 2186.974 52.20 39.00 115160.40 205618.71 320779.11 -4.22 3.52 0.7 0.00 99.99 12083.39 115825.00 -172799.56 -395647.27 19.35Carbon offsetting 946 15.52 0 3.51 124839.931 20851.64604 60252.81 -3106.051 -1126.931 52.20 39.00 115160.40 205618.71 320779.11 -4.22 3.52 0.7 0.00 99.99 15397.29 115825.00 -94959.32 -317807.03 15


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2

)

Lighting (KWh/m2

)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2

.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %



area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 190 15 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10373.253 63.00 43.00 136350.00 35168.82 171518.82 15.80 0.71 1 17.51 20.52 3897.11 138142.50 -732913.09 -806500.52 19.7550% 382 15 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7466.024 63.00 43.00 136350.00 70337.65 206687.65 10.69 1.42 1 13.11 40.48 6804.34 138142.50 -664625.26 -773381.51 16.7575% 573 15 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5352.1082 63.00 43.00 136350.00 105506.47 241856.47 5.61 2.13 1 8.74 60.34 8918.25 138142.50 -614971.53 -758896.60 16.85100% 764 15 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 3618.3439 63.00 43.00 136350.00 140675.29 277025.29 0.53 2.84 1 4.37 80.15 10652.02 138142.50 -574247.18 -753341.07 17.6

100% (2) 764 15 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 -531.6305 1393.4095 63.00 43.00 136350.00 140675.29 277025.29 0.53 2.84 1 4.37 80.15 12876.95 138142.50 -521985.74 -701079.63 17.6Carbon offsetting 959 15.52 0 3.51 126555.49 20614.05106 61750.921 107.17569 2086.2957 63.00 43.00 136350.00 208444.34 344794.34 -4.57 3.57 1 0.00 100.00 12184.06 138142.50 -538260.93 -785123.87 21.4Carbon offsetting 959 15.52 0 3.51 126555.49 20614.05106 61750.921 -3289.125 -1310.005 63.00 43.00 136350.00 208444.34 344794.34 -4.57 3.57 1 0.00 100.00 15580.36 138142.50 -458485.29 -705348.23 16.5


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2

)

Lighting (KWh/m2

)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2

.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %



area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 190 14.2 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10290.053 66.60 44.70 143650.80 35168.82 178819.62 15.65 0.71 1.09 17.44 20.82 3980.31 149273.00 -914406.31 -995294.53 21.550% 382 14.2 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7382.824 66.60 44.70 143650.80 70337.65 213988.45 10.53 1.42 1.09 13.05 40.79 6887.54 149273.00 -846118.47 -962175.52 17.6575% 573 14.2 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5268.9082 66.60 44.70 143650.80 105506.47 249157.27 5.45 2.13 1.09 8.67 60.64 9001.45 149273.00 -796464.75 -947690.62 17.55100% 764 14.2 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 3535.1439 66.60 44.70 143650.80 140675.29 284326.09 0.37 2.84 1.09 4.31 80.45 10735.22 149273.00 -755740.39 -942135.09 18.2

100% (2) 764 14.2 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 -531.6305 1310.2095 66.60 44.70 143650.80 140675.29 284326.09 0.37 2.84 1.09 4.31 80.45 12960.15 149273.00 -703478.96 -889873.65 18.2Carbon offsetting 952 14.2 0 3.51 125631.727 20738.88528 60933.24 161.44814 2003.2881 66.60 44.70 143650.80 206922.84 350573.64 -4.64 3.54 1.09 0.00 100.02 12267.07 149273.00 -719758.66 -972400.91 21.75Carbon offsetting 952 14.2 0 3.51 125631.727 20738.88528 60933.24 -3189.88 -1348.04 66.60 44.70 143650.80 206922.84 350573.64 -4.64 3.54 1.09 0.00 100.02 15618.40 149273.00 -641039.38 -893681.63 16.9

PV + 0.07 - 0.10



PV + 0.17 - 0.24

PV + 0.15 - 0.21

PV + 0.13 - 0.19

PV + 0.12 - 0.17

PV + 0.11 - 0.15

PV + 0.08 - 0.11


208

Table B. 15 Office - PV (current FiT) + improving the building fabric U-value down to 0.07-0.1 W/m2.K (mineral wool) + TSC – taking into account the rental loss/gain- City


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2

)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 88119.66 0.00 0.00 025% 75 190 14.04 24.6375 3.51 0.0938 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6637.7466 43.70 35.00 97931.40 11250.00 35168.82 144350.22 15.66 0.71 0.04 0.44 16.85 23.53 7632.61 88119.66 179282.30 132863.48 6.250% 200 382 9.365 16.425 3.51 0.1873 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -429.6183 43.70 35.00 97931.40 30000.00 70337.65 198269.05 9.68 1.42 0.09 0.44 11.64 47.17 14699.98 88119.66 345287.49 244949.84 6.9575% 425 573 4.68 8.2125 3.51 0.281 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6685.575 43.70 35.00 97931.40 63750.00 105506.47 267187.87 3.73 2.13 0.20 0.44 6.50 70.48 20955.94 88119.66 492233.54 322977.07 8.25100% 650 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 43.70 35.00 97931.40 97500.00 140675.29 336106.69 -2.21 2.84 0.31 0.44 1.38 93.76 26831.22 88119.66 630238.00 392062.70 9.1

Carbon offsetting

650 823 0 0 3.51 0.3746 108608.1 23453.9279 46753.1629 -14568.5 -14203.48 43.70 35.00 97931.40 97500.00 178883.93 374315.33 -3.82 3.06 0.31 0.44 -0.01 100.03 28473.84 88119.66 668821.38 392437.45 10


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2

)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 72 190 13.53 24.6375 3.51 0.104 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6584.7066 44.30 35.70 99418.20 10800.00 35168.82 145387.02 15.57 0.71 0.03 0.48 16.79 23.79 7685.65 90400.00 142944.70 95489.07 6.350% 185 382 9.025 16.425 3.51 0.1941 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -464.9783 44.30 35.70 99418.20 27750.00 70337.65 197505.85 9.62 1.42 0.09 0.48 11.61 47.30 14735.34 90400.00 308534.60 208960.16 6.975% 410 573 4.51 8.2125 3.51 0.2844 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6703.255 44.30 35.70 99418.20 61500.00 105506.47 266424.67 3.70 2.13 0.19 0.48 6.51 70.47 20973.62 90400.00 455065.36 286572.09 8.2100% 630 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 44.30 35.70 99418.20 94500.00 140675.29 334593.49 -2.21 2.84 0.30 0.48 1.41 93.61 26831.22 90400.00 592654.54 355992.44 9.05

Carbon offsetting

630 825 0 0 3.51 0.3746 108872.033 23407.2466 46970.1049 -14623.1 -14258.04 44.30 35.70 99418.20 94500.00 179318.64 373236.84 -3.87 3.07 0.30 0.48 -0.02 100.09 28528.40 90400.00 632519.66 357214.22 9.9


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2

)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 69 190 12.78 24.6375 3.51 0.119 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6506.7066 45.00 36.40 101077.20 10350.00 35168.82 146596.02 15.43 0.71 0.03 0.52 16.69 24.24 7763.65 96050.00 51656.28 2991.66 6.450% 172 382 8.52 16.425 3.51 0.2042 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -517.4983 45.00 36.40 101077.20 25800.00 70337.65 197214.85 9.53 1.42 0.08 0.52 11.55 47.57 14787.86 96050.00 216647.69 117364.24 6.8575% 400 573 4.26 8.2125 3.51 0.2894 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6729.255 45.00 36.40 101077.20 60000.00 105506.47 266583.67 3.65 2.13 0.19 0.52 6.49 70.52 20999.62 96050.00 362555.52 193903.25 8.2100% 615 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 45.00 36.40 101077.20 92250.00 140675.29 334002.49 -2.21 2.84 0.29 0.52 1.44 93.46 26831.22 96050.00 499533.98 263462.89 9

Carbon offsetting

615 827 0 0 3.51 0.3746 109135.965 23360.5653 47187.047 -14677.7 -14312.61 45.00 36.40 101077.20 92250.00 179753.35 373080.55 -3.92 3.08 0.29 0.52 -0.03 100.15 28582.97 96050.00 540680.85 265531.70 9.9


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2

)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 66 190 12.36 24.6375 3.51 0.1274 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6463.0266 48.60 37.00 107665.20 9900.00 35168.82 152734.02 15.35 0.71 0.03 0.61 16.70 24.19 7807.33 101700.00 -40438.28 -95240.90 7.1550% 165 382 8.24 16.425 3.51 0.2098 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -546.6183 48.60 37.00 107665.20 24750.00 70337.65 202752.85 9.48 1.42 0.08 0.61 11.59 47.41 14816.98 101700.00 124211.13 19389.68 7.275% 392 573 4.12 8.2125 3.51 0.2922 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6743.815 48.60 37.00 107665.20 58800.00 105506.47 271971.67 3.63 2.13 0.19 0.61 6.56 70.25 21014.18 101700.00 269776.96 95736.69 8.5100% 605 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 48.60 37.00 107665.20 90750.00 140675.29 339090.49 -2.21 2.84 0.29 0.61 1.53 93.07 26831.22 101700.00 406413.42 165254.33 9.2

Carbon offsetting

605 830 0 0 3.51 0.3746 109663.829 23267.2027 47420.931 -14777.8 -14412.75 48.60 37.00 107665.20 90750.00 180622.78 379037.98 -3.99 3.09 0.29 0.61 0.00 100.01 28683.11 101700.00 449912.38 168805.81 10.05


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2

)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 63 190 12 24.6375 3.51 0.1346 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6425.5866 50.40 38.40 111672.00 9450.00 35168.82 156290.82 15.29 0.71 0.03 0.65 16.67 24.32 7844.77 107350.00 -132679.41 -191038.83 7.650% 160 382 8 16.425 3.51 0.2146 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -571.5783 50.40 38.40 111672.00 24000.00 70337.65 206009.65 9.43 1.42 0.08 0.65 11.58 47.44 14841.94 107350.00 31676.86 -76401.39 7.4575% 382 573 4 8.2125 3.51 0.2946 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6756.295 50.40 38.40 111672.00 57300.00 105506.47 274478.47 3.60 2.13 0.18 0.65 6.57 70.19 21026.66 107350.00 176949.55 402.48 8.6100% 595 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 50.40 38.40 111672.00 89250.00 140675.29 341597.29 -2.21 2.84 0.28 0.65 1.56 92.91 26831.22 107350.00 313292.87 69626.97 9.3

Carbon offsetting

595 832 0 0 3.51 0.3746 109795.795 23243.862 47629.4021 -14809.6 -14444.53 50.40 38.40 111672.00 89250.00 180840.13 381762.13 -4.04 3.10 0.28 0.65 -0.01 100.03 28714.89 107350.00 357538.40 73707.67 10.15


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2

)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 60 190 11.64 24.6375 3.51 0.1418 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6388.1466 52.20 39.00 115160.40 9000.00 35168.82 159329.22 15.22 0.71 0.03 0.7 16.66 24.41 7882.21 115825.00 -271480.82 -332878.64 850% 156 382 7.76 16.425 3.51 0.2194 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -596.5383 52.20 39.00 115160.40 23400.00 70337.65 208898.05 9.39 1.42 0.07 0.7 11.58 47.43 14866.90 115825.00 -107417.70 -218384.34 7.6575% 377 573 3.88 8.2125 3.51 0.297 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6768.775 52.20 39.00 115160.40 56550.00 105506.47 277216.87 3.58 2.13 0.18 0.7 6.59 70.07 21039.14 115825.00 37561.85 -141723.62 8.75100% 589 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 52.20 39.00 115160.40 88350.00 140675.29 344185.69 -2.21 2.84 0.28 0.7 1.61 92.70 26831.22 115825.00 173612.03 -72642.26 9.4

Carbon offsetting

589 834 0 0 3.51 0.3746 110059.727 23197.1807 47946.3441 -14868.6 -14503.6 52.20 39.00 115160.40 88350.00 181274.85 384785.25 -4.11 3.11 0.28 0.7 -0.03 100.12 28773.96 115825.00 219245.01 -67608.84 10.25


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2

)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 57 190 11.25 24.6375 3.51 0.1496 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6347.5866 63.00 43.00 136350.00 8550.00 35168.82 180068.82 15.15 0.71 0.03 1 16.88 23.38 7922.77 138142.50 -638354.31 -720491.73 10.6550% 153 382 7.5 16.425 3.51 0.2246 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -623.5783 63.00 43.00 136350.00 22950.00 70337.65 229637.65 9.34 1.42 0.07 1 11.83 46.29 14893.94 138142.50 -474608.76 -606315.00 9.0575% 371 573 3.75 8.2125 3.51 0.2996 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6782.295 63.00 43.00 136350.00 55650.00 105506.47 297506.47 3.56 2.13 0.18 1 6.87 68.83 21052.66 138142.50 -329946.78 -529521.85 9.75100% 582 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 63.00 43.00 136350.00 87300.00 140675.29 364325.29 -2.21 2.84 0.28 1 1.91 91.35 26831.22 138142.50 -194214.17 -460608.07 10.2

Carbon offsetting

582 847 0 0 3.51 0.3746 111775.287 22893.7521 49356.4674 -15223.3 -14858.29 63.00 43.00 136350.00 87300.00 184100.47 407750.47 -4.45 3.15 0.28 1 -0.03 100.12 29128.65 138142.50 -140249.85 -450068.92 10.95


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2

)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 55 190 10.65 24.6375 3.51 0.1616 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6285.1866 66.60 44.70 143650.80 8250.00 35168.82 187069.62 15.04 0.71 0.03 1.09 16.86 23.48 7985.17 149273.00 -820336.09 -909474.31 11.5550% 150 382 7.1 16.425 3.51 0.2326 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -665.1783 66.60 44.70 143650.80 22500.00 70337.65 236488.45 9.26 1.42 0.07 1.09 11.85 46.23 14935.54 149273.00 -657079.11 -795636.16 9.575% 365 573 3.55 8.2125 3.51 0.3036 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6803.095 66.60 44.70 143650.80 54750.00 105506.47 303907.27 3.52 2.13 0.17 1.09 6.92 68.61 21073.46 149273.00 -512905.70 -718881.58 10.05100% 575 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 66.60 44.70 143650.80 86250.00 140675.29 370576.09 -2.21 2.84 0.27 1.09 1.99 90.96 26831.22 149273.00 -377661.67 -650306.36 10.45

Carbon offsetting

575 850 0 0 3.51 0.3746 112039.219 22847.0708 49673.4094 -15282.4 -14917.36 66.60 44.70 143650.80 86250.00 184535.18 414435.98 -4.53 3.16 0.27 1.09 0.00 100.01 29187.72 149273.00 -322309.90 -638814.48 11.15

TSC + PV + 0.08 - 0.11

TSC + PV + 0.07 - 0.10



TSC + PV + 0.17 - 0.24

TSC + PV + 0.15 - 0.21

TSC + PV + 0.13 - 0.19

TSC + PV + 0.12 - 0.17

TSC + PV + 0.11 - 0.15


209

Table B. 16 Office - PV (future FiT) + improving the building fabric U-value down to 0.07-0.1 W/m2.K (mineral wool) + TSC – taking into account the rental loss/gain-City

(Y16*(1.03/0.005)*(1-(1.03/1.035)^25))+((Z6-Z16)*(1-(1+0.035)^-25))/0.035


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 88119.66 0.00 0.00 025% 75 190 14.04 24.6375 3.51 0.0938 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 10273.413 43.70 35.00 97931.40 11250.00 35168.82 144350.22 15.66 0.71 0.04 0.44 16.85 23.53 3996.95 88119.66 93884.21 47465.39 1250% 200 382 9.365 16.425 3.51 0.1873 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6879.984 43.70 35.00 97931.40 30000.00 70337.65 198269.05 9.68 1.42 0.09 0.44 11.64 47.17 7390.38 88119.66 173592.39 73254.74 14.1

75% 425 573 4.68 8.2125 3.51 0.281 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4278.8282 43.70 35.00 97931.40 63750.00 105506.47 267187.87 3.73 2.13 0.20 0.44 6.50 70.48 9991.53 88119.66 234690.89 65434.42 17.75100% 650 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 43.70 35.00 97931.40 97500.00 140675.29 336106.69 -2.21 2.84 0.31 0.44 1.38 93.76 12212.02 88119.66 286847.80 48672.50 20.55

Carbon offsetting

650 823 0 0 3.51 0.3746 108608.1 23453.9279 46753.163 1179.658 1544.6976 43.70 35.00 97931.40 97500.00 178883.93 374315.33 -3.82 3.06 0.31 0.44 -0.01 100.03 12725.66 88119.66 298912.83 22528.90 23

Carbon offsetting

650 823 0 0 3.51 0.3746 108608.1 23453.9279 46753.163 -1391.77 -1026.726 43.70 35.00 97931.40 97500.00 178883.93 374315.33 -3.82 3.06 0.31 0.44 -0.01 100.03 15297.09 88119.66 359312.95 82929.02 18.95


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 72 190 13.53 24.6375 3.51 0.104 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 10220.373 44.30 35.70 99418.20 10800.00 35168.82 145387.02 15.57 0.71 0.03 0.48 16.79 23.79 4049.99 90400.00 57546.61 10090.99 21.150% 185 382 9.025 16.425 3.51 0.1941 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6844.624 44.30 35.70 99418.20 27750.00 70337.65 197505.85 9.62 1.42 0.09 0.48 11.61 47.30 7425.74 90400.00 136839.50 37265.06 18.3575% 410 573 4.51 8.2125 3.51 0.2844 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4261.1482 44.30 35.70 99418.20 61500.00 105506.47 266424.67 3.70 2.13 0.19 0.48 6.51 70.47 10009.21 90400.00 197522.72 29029.45 21.3100% 630 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 44.30 35.70 99418.20 94500.00 140675.29 334593.49 -2.21 2.84 0.30 0.48 1.41 93.61 12212.02 90400.00 249264.34 12602.25 23.75

Carbon offsetting

630 825 0 0 3.51 0.3746 108872.033 23407.2466 46970.105 1163.36 1528.3998 44.30 35.70 99418.20 94500.00 179318.64 373236.84 -3.87 3.07 0.30 0.48 -0.02 100.09 12741.96 90400.00 261712.19 -13593.26 26.25

Carbon offsetting

630 825 0 0 3.51 0.3746 108872.033 23407.2466 46970.105 -1420 -1054.956 44.30 35.70 99418.20 94500.00 179318.64 373236.84 -3.87 3.07 0.30 0.48 -0.02 100.09 15325.32 90400.00 275566.62 261.18 21.3


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 69 190 12.78 24.6375 3.51 0.119 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 10142.373 45.00 36.40 101077.20 10350.00 35168.82 146596.02 15.43 0.71 0.03 0.52 16.69 24.24 4127.99 96050.00 -33741.80 -82406.4350% 172 382 8.52 16.425 3.51 0.2042 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6792.104 45.00 36.40 101077.20 25800.00 70337.65 197214.85 9.53 1.42 0.08 0.52 11.55 47.57 7478.26 96050.00 44952.59 -54330.8675% 400 573 4.26 8.2125 3.51 0.2894 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4235.1482 45.00 36.40 101077.20 60000.00 105506.47 266583.67 3.65 2.13 0.19 0.52 6.49 70.52 10035.21 96050.00 105012.87 -63639.40100% 615 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 45.00 36.40 101077.20 92250.00 140675.29 334002.49 -2.21 2.84 0.29 0.52 1.44 93.46 12212.02 96050.00 156143.78 -79927.31

Carbon offsetting

615 827 0 0 3.51 0.3746 109135.965 23360.5653 47187.047 1147.062 1512.102 45.00 36.40 101077.20 92250.00 179753.35 373080.55 -3.92 3.08 0.29 0.52 -0.03 100.15 12758.26 96050.00 168974.45 -106174.71

Carbon offsetting

615 827 0 0 3.51 0.3746 109135.965 23360.5653 47187.047 -1448.23 -1083.186 45.00 36.40 101077.20 92250.00 179753.35 373080.55 -3.92 3.08 0.29 0.52 -0.03 100.15 15353.55 96050.00 229935.10 -45214.05


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 66 190 12.36 24.6375 3.51 0.1274 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 10098.693 48.60 37.00 107665.20 9900.00 35168.82 152734.02 15.35 0.71 0.03 0.61 16.70 24.19 4171.67 101700.00 -125836.36 -180638.9950% 165 382 8.24 16.425 3.51 0.2098 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6762.984 48.60 37.00 107665.20 24750.00 70337.65 202752.85 9.48 1.42 0.08 0.61 11.59 47.41 7507.38 101700.00 -47483.97 -152305.4275% 392 573 4.12 8.2125 3.51 0.2922 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4220.5882 48.60 37.00 107665.20 58800.00 105506.47 271971.67 3.63 2.13 0.19 0.61 6.56 70.25 10049.77 101700.00 12234.31 -161805.96100% 605 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 48.60 37.00 107665.20 90750.00 140675.29 339090.49 -2.21 2.84 0.29 0.61 1.53 93.07 12212.02 101700.00 63023.23 -178135.87

Carbon offsetting

605 830 0 0 3.51 0.3746 109663.829 23267.2027 47420.931 1123.466 1488.5065 48.60 37.00 107665.20 90750.00 180622.78 379037.98 -3.99 3.09 0.29 0.61 0.00 100.01 12781.85 101700.00 76408.12 -204698.45

Carbon offsetting

605 830 0 0 3.51 0.3746 109663.829 23267.2027 47420.931 -1484.68 -1119.645 48.60 37.00 107665.20 90750.00 180622.78 379037.98 -3.99 3.09 0.29 0.61 0.00 100.01 15390.00 101700.00 137670.94 -143435.64


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 63 190 12 24.6375 3.51 0.1346 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 10061.253 50.40 38.40 111672.00 9450.00 35168.82 156290.82 15.29 0.71 0.03 0.65 16.67 24.32 4209.11 107350.00 -218077.49 -276436.9250% 160 382 8 16.425 3.51 0.2146 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6738.024 50.40 38.40 111672.00 24000.00 70337.65 206009.65 9.43 1.42 0.08 0.65 11.58 47.44 7532.34 107350.00 -140018.24 -248096.4975% 382 573 4 8.2125 3.51 0.2946 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4208.1082 50.40 38.40 111672.00 57300.00 105506.47 274478.47 3.60 2.13 0.18 0.65 6.57 70.19 10062.25 107350.00 -80593.10 -257140.17100% 595 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 50.40 38.40 111672.00 89250.00 140675.29 341597.29 -2.21 2.84 0.28 0.65 1.56 92.91 12212.02 107350.00 -30097.33 -273763.23

Carbon offsetting

595 832 0 0 3.51 0.3746 109795.795 23243.862 47629.402 1110.818 1475.8576 50.40 38.40 111672.00 89250.00 180840.13 381762.13 -4.04 3.10 0.28 0.65 -0.01 100.03 12794.50 107350.00 -16415.32 -300246.06

Carbon offsetting

595 832 0 0 3.51 0.3746 109795.795 23243.862 47629.402 -1508.8 -1143.76 50.40 38.40 111672.00 89250.00 180840.13 381762.13 -4.04 3.10 0.28 0.65 -0.01 100.03 15414.12 107350.00 45116.81 -238713.92


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 60 190 11.64 24.6375 3.51 0.1418 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 10023.813 52.20 39.00 115160.40 9000.00 35168.82 159329.22 15.22 0.71 0.03 0.7 16.66 24.41 4246.55 115825.00 -356878.90 -418276.7350% 156 382 7.76 16.425 3.51 0.2194 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6713.064 52.20 39.00 115160.40 23400.00 70337.65 208898.05 9.39 1.42 0.07 0.7 11.58 47.43 7557.30 115825.00 -279112.79 -390079.4475% 377 573 3.88 8.2125 3.51 0.297 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4195.6282 52.20 39.00 115160.40 56550.00 105506.47 277216.87 3.58 2.13 0.18 0.7 6.59 70.07 10074.73 115825.00 -219980.79 -399266.27100% 589 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 52.20 39.00 115160.40 88350.00 140675.29 344185.69 -2.21 2.84 0.28 0.7 1.61 92.70 12212.02 115825.00 -169778.17 -416032.46

Carbon offsetting

589 834 0 0 3.51 0.3746 110059.727 23197.1807 47946.344 1090.02 1455.0598 52.20 39.00 115160.40 88350.00 181274.85 384785.25 -4.11 3.11 0.28 0.7 -0.03 100.12 12815.30 115825.00 -155607.64 -442461.49

Carbon offsetting

589 834 0 0 3.51 0.3746 110059.727 23197.1807 47946.344 -1547.03 -1181.989 52.20 39.00 115160.40 88350.00 181274.85 384785.25 -4.11 3.11 0.28 0.7 -0.03 100.12 15452.35 115825.00 -93666.05 -380519.90


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 57 190 11.25 24.6375 3.51 0.1496 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 9983.2527 63.00 43.00 136350.00 8550.00 35168.82 180068.82 15.15 0.71 0.03 1 16.88 23.38 4287.11 138142.50 -723752.39 -805889.8150% 153 382 7.5 16.425 3.51 0.2246 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6686.024 63.00 43.00 136350.00 22950.00 70337.65 229637.65 9.34 1.42 0.07 1 11.83 46.29 7584.34 138142.50 -646303.85 -778010.1075% 371 573 3.75 8.2125 3.51 0.2996 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4182.1082 63.00 43.00 136350.00 55650.00 105506.47 297506.47 3.56 2.13 0.18 1 6.87 68.83 10088.25 138142.50 -587489.43 -787064.50100% 582 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 63.00 43.00 136350.00 87300.00 140675.29 364325.29 -2.21 2.84 0.28 1 1.91 91.35 12212.02 138142.50 -537604.37 -803998.26

Carbon offsetting

582 847 0 0 3.51 0.3746 111775.287 22893.7521 49356.467 984.0843 1349.1243 63.00 43.00 136350.00 87300.00 184100.47 407750.47 -4.45 3.15 0.28 1 -0.03 100.12 12921.24 138142.50 -520945.52 -830764.60

Carbon offsetting

582 847 0 0 3.51 0.3746 111775.287 22893.7521 49356.467 -1730.52 -1365.481 63.00 43.00 136350.00 87300.00 184100.47 407750.47 -4.45 3.15 0.28 1 -0.03 100.12 15635.84 138142.50 -457182.21 -767001.28


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 55 190 10.65 24.6375 3.51 0.1616 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 9920.8527 66.60 44.70 143650.80 8250.00 35168.82 187069.62 15.04 0.71 0.03 1.09 16.86 23.48 4349.51 149273.00 -905734.18 -994872.4050% 150 382 7.1 16.425 3.51 0.2326 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6644.424 66.60 44.70 143650.80 22500.00 70337.65 236488.45 9.26 1.42 0.07 1.09 11.85 46.23 7625.94 149273.00 -828774.21 -967331.2675% 365 573 3.55 8.2125 3.51 0.3036 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4161.3082 66.60 44.70 143650.80 54750.00 105506.47 303907.27 3.52 2.13 0.17 1.09 6.92 68.61 10109.05 149273.00 -770448.35 -976424.22100% 575 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 66.60 44.70 143650.80 86250.00 140675.29 370576.09 -2.21 2.84 0.27 1.09 1.99 90.96 12212.02 149273.00 -721051.87 -993696.56

Carbon offsetting

575 850 0 0 3.51 0.3746 112039.219 22847.0708 49673.409 963.2865 1328.3265 66.60 44.70 143650.80 86250.00 184535.18 414435.98 -4.53 3.16 0.27 1.09 0.00 100.01 12942.03 149273.00 -703904.50 -1020409.09

Carbon offsetting

575 850 0 0 3.51 0.3746 112039.219 22847.0708 49673.409 -1768.75 -1403.711 66.60 44.70 143650.80 86250.00 184535.18 414435.98 -4.53 3.16 0.27 1.09 0.00 100.01 15674.07 149273.00 -639731.73 -956236.31

TSC + PV + 0.08 - 0.11

TSC + PV + 0.07 - 0.10

Office-London (city)


TSC + PV + 0.17 - 0.24

TSC + PV + 0.15 - 0.21

TSC + PV + 0.13 - 0.19

TSC + PV + 0.12 - 0.17

TSC + PV + 0.11 - 0.15


210

Table B. 17 Office - PV (current FiT) + improving the building fabric U-value down to 0.07-0.1 W/m2.K (mineral wool) – taking into account the rental loss/gain- West-End


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 134129.04 0.00 0.00 025% 190 18.73 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 7125.50664 43.70 35.00 97931.40 35168.82 133100.22 16.53 0.71 0.44 17.68 19.75 7144.85 134129.04 167825.31 132656.49 550% 382 18.73 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 544.341737 43.70 35.00 97931.40 70337.65 168269.05 11.42 1.42 0.44 13.28 39.71 13726.02 134129.04 322410.16 252072.52 5.275% 573 18.73 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5224.3753 43.70 35.00 97931.40 105506.47 203437.87 6.34 2.13 0.44 8.91 59.57 19494.74 134129.04 457911.44 352404.97 5.5100% 764 18.73 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -10612.941 43.70 35.00 97931.40 140675.29 238606.69 1.26 2.84 0.44 4.54 79.38 24883.30 134129.04 584483.34 443808.05 5.75

Carbon offsetting 964 18.73 0 3.51 127215.3204 20513.36376 62294.1 -18377.6 -16064.625 43.70 35.00 97931.40 209531.12 307462.52 -4.07 3.59 0.44 -0.04 100.20 30334.99 134129.04 712537.85 503006.73 7


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 190 18.05 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 7054.78664 44.30 35.70 99418.20 35168.82 134587.02 16.40 0.71 0.48 17.59 20.17 7215.57 137600.00 112279.78 75624.15 5.1550% 382 18.05 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 473.621737 44.30 35.70 99418.20 70337.65 169755.85 11.29 1.42 0.48 13.19 40.13 13796.74 137600.00 266864.63 195040.18 5.375% 573 18.05 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5295.0953 44.30 35.70 99418.20 105506.47 204924.67 6.20 2.13 0.48 8.82 59.98 19565.46 137600.00 402365.90 295372.63 5.55100% 764 18.05 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -10683.661 44.30 35.70 99418.20 140675.29 240093.49 1.13 2.84 0.48 4.45 79.79 24954.02 137600.00 528937.80 386775.71 5.8



PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 190 17.05 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 6950.78664 45.00 36.40 101077.20 35168.82 136246.02 16.21 0.71 0.52 17.43 20.88 7319.57 146200.00 -27018.39 -65333.02 5.350% 382 17.05 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 369.621737 45.00 36.40 101077.20 70337.65 171414.85 11.09 1.42 0.52 13.03 40.84 13900.74 146200.00 127566.45 54083.01 5.475% 573 17.05 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5399.0953 45.00 36.40 101077.20 105506.47 206583.67 6.01 2.13 0.52 8.66 60.69 19669.46 146200.00 263067.73 154415.46 5.6100% 764 17.05 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -10787.661 45.00 36.40 101077.20 140675.29 241752.49 0.93 2.84 0.52 4.30 80.50 25058.02 146200.00 389639.63 245818.54 5.85



PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 190 16.49 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 6892.54664 48.60 37.00 107665.20 35168.82 142834.02 16.10 0.71 0.61 17.41 20.97 7377.81 154800.00 -167391.42 -212294.04 6.1550% 382 16.49 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 311.381737 48.60 37.00 107665.20 70337.65 178002.85 10.98 1.42 0.61 13.02 40.93 13958.98 154800.00 -12806.57 -92878.02 5.8575% 573 16.49 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5457.3353 48.60 37.00 107665.20 105506.47 213171.67 5.90 2.13 0.61 8.64 60.78 19727.70 154800.00 122694.70 7454.43 5.95100% 764 16.49 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -10845.901 48.60 37.00 107665.20 140675.29 248340.49 0.82 2.84 0.61 4.28 80.59 25116.26 154800.00 249266.61 98857.51 6.1



PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 190 16 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 6841.58664 50.40 38.40 111672.00 35168.82 146840.82 16.00 0.71 0.65 17.36 21.22 7428.77 163400.00 -307935.45 -356844.87 6.7550% 382 16 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 260.421737 50.40 38.40 111672.00 70337.65 182009.65 10.89 1.42 0.65 12.96 41.18 14009.94 163400.00 -153350.60 -237428.85 6.175% 573 16 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5508.2953 50.40 38.40 111672.00 105506.47 217178.47 5.80 2.13 0.65 8.58 61.03 19778.66 163400.00 -17849.32 -137096.39 6.15100% 764 16 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -10896.861 50.40 38.40 111672.00 140675.29 252347.29 0.73 2.84 0.65 4.22 80.85 25167.22 163400.00 108722.58 -45693.32 6.25

Carbon offsetting 949 16 0 3.51 125103.8628 20814.05912 60479.62 -17947.7 -15918.635 50.40 38.40 111672.00 206053.42 317725.42 -4.18 3.53 0.65 0.00 99.98 30188.99 163400.00 226678.93 6884.91 7.45


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 190 15.52 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 6791.66664 52.20 39.00 115160.40 35168.82 150329.22 15.91 0.71 0.7 17.31 21.42 7478.69 176300.00 -519374.42 -571772.24 7.1550% 382 15.52 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 210.501737 52.20 39.00 115160.40 70337.65 185498.05 10.79 1.42 0.7 12.91 41.38 14059.86 176300.00 -364789.57 -452356.22 6.3575% 573 15.52 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5558.2153 52.20 39.00 115160.40 105506.47 220666.87 5.71 2.13 0.7 8.54 61.23 19828.58 176300.00 -229288.29 -352023.76 6.3100% 764 15.52 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -10946.781 52.20 39.00 115160.40 140675.29 255835.69 0.63 2.84 0.7 4.18 81.05 25217.14 176300.00 -102716.39 -260620.68 6.4

Carbon offsetting 946 15.52 0 3.51 124839.9306 20851.64604 60252.81 -17893.9 -15914.816 52.20 39.00 115160.40 205618.71 320779.11 -4.22 3.52 0.7 0.00 99.99 30185.18 176300.00 13977.69 -208870.02 7.55


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 190 15 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 6737.58664 63.00 43.00 136350.00 35168.82 171518.82 15.80 0.71 1 17.51 20.52 7532.77 210270.00 -1077981.18 -1151568.61 1050% 382 15 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 156.421737 63.00 43.00 136350.00 70337.65 206687.65 10.69 1.42 1 13.11 40.48 14113.94 210270.00 -923396.34 -1032152.58 7.8575% 573 15 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5612.2953 63.00 43.00 136350.00 105506.47 241856.47 5.61 2.13 1 8.74 60.34 19882.66 210270.00 -787895.06 -931820.13 7.4100% 764 15 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -11000.861 63.00 43.00 136350.00 140675.29 277025.29 0.53 2.84 1 4.37 80.15 25271.22 210270.00 -661323.16 -840417.05 7.25

Carbon offsetting 959 15.52 0 3.51 126555.4899 20614.05106 61750.92 -18243.4 -16264.25 63.00 43.00 136350.00 208444.34 344794.34 -4.57 3.57 1 0.00 100.00 30534.61 210270.00 -537691.50 -784554.44 8.25


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 190 14.2 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 6654.38664 66.60 44.70 143650.80 35168.82 178819.62 15.65 0.71 1.09 17.44 20.82 7615.97 227212.00 -1355256.72 -1436144.94 1150% 382 14.2 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 73.2217372 66.60 44.70 143650.80 70337.65 213988.45 10.53 1.42 1.09 13.05 40.79 14197.14 227212.00 -1200671.87 -1316728.92 8.3575% 573 14.2 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5695.4953 66.60 44.70 143650.80 105506.47 249157.27 5.45 2.13 1.09 8.67 60.64 19965.86 227212.00 -1065170.60 -1216396.47 7.75100% 764 14.2 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -11084.061 66.60 44.70 143650.80 140675.29 284326.09 0.37 2.84 1.09 4.31 80.45 25354.42 227212.00 -938598.69 -1124993.39 7.5

Carbon offsetting 952 14.2 0 3.51 125631.7272 20738.88528 60933.24 -18055.2 -16213.312 66.60 44.70 143650.80 206922.84 350573.64 -4.64 3.54 1.09 0.00 100.02 30483.67 227212.00 -818117.81 -1070760.05 8.5

PV + 0.08 - 0.11

PV + 0.07 - 0.10


Office-London (West End)

PV + 0.17 - 0.24

PV + 0.15 - 0.21

PV + 0.13 - 0.19

PV + 0.12 - 0.17

PV + 0.11 - 0.15


211

Table B. 18 Office - PV (future FiT) + improving the building fabric U-value down to 0.07-0.1 W/m2.K (mineral wool) – taking into account the rental loss/gain- West-End


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 134129.04 0.00 0.00 025% 190 18.73 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10761.173 43.70 35.00 97931.40 35168.82 133100.22 16.53 0.71 0.44 17.68 19.75 3509.19 134129.04 82427.23 47258.41 10.2550% 382 18.73 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7853.944 43.70 35.00 97931.40 70337.65 168269.05 11.42 1.42 0.44 13.28 39.71 6416.42 134129.04 150715.06 80377.42 11.2575% 573 18.73 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5740.0282 43.70 35.00 97931.40 105506.47 203437.87 6.34 2.13 0.44 8.91 59.57 8530.33 134129.04 200368.79 94862.32 12.75100% 764 18.73 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 4006.2639 43.70 35.00 97931.40 140675.29 238606.69 1.26 2.84 0.44 4.54 79.38 10264.10 134129.04 241093.14 100417.85 14.25

Carbon offsetting 964 18.73 0 3.51 127215.32 20513.36376 62294.101 68.636402 2381.5964 43.70 35.00 97931.40 209531.12 307462.52 -4.07 3.59 0.44 -0.04 100.20 11888.76 134129.04 279254.93 69723.81 18.5Carbon offsetting 964 18.73 0 3.51 127215.32 20513.36376 62294.101 -3357.539 -1044.579 43.70 35.00 97931.40 209531.12 307462.52 -4.07 3.59 0.44 -0.04 100.20 15314.94 134129.04 359732.29 150201.18 14.15


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 190 18.05 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10690.453 44.30 35.70 99418.20 35168.82 134587.02 16.40 0.71 0.48 17.59 20.17 3579.91 137600.00 26881.69 -9773.93 10.550% 382 18.05 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7783.224 44.30 35.70 99418.20 70337.65 169755.85 11.29 1.42 0.48 13.19 40.13 6487.14 137600.00 95169.53 23345.08 11.575% 573 18.05 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5669.3082 44.30 35.70 99418.20 105506.47 204924.67 6.20 2.13 0.48 8.82 59.98 8601.05 137600.00 144823.25 37829.98 12.85100% 764 18.05 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 3935.5439 44.30 35.70 99418.20 140675.29 240093.49 1.13 2.84 0.48 4.45 79.79 10334.82 137600.00 185547.61 43385.51 14.3

Carbon offsetting 960 18.05 0 3.51 126687.456 20588.5376 61840.48 99.573646 2341.8136 44.30 35.70 99418.20 208661.69 308079.89 -4.10 3.57 0.48 -0.04 100.20 11928.55 137600.00 222982.70 12834.21 18.5Carbon offsetting 960 18.05 0 3.51 126687.456 20588.5376 61840.48 -3301.653 -1059.413 44.30 35.70 99418.20 208661.69 308079.89 -4.10 3.57 0.48 -0.04 100.20 15329.77 137600.00 302874.04 92725.55 14.25


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 190 17.05 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10586.453 45.00 36.40 101077.20 35168.82 136246.02 16.21 0.71 0.52 17.43 20.88 3683.91 146200.00 -112416.48 -150731.10 10.7550% 382 17.05 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7679.224 45.00 36.40 101077.20 70337.65 171414.85 11.09 1.42 0.52 13.03 40.84 6591.14 146200.00 -44128.64 -117612.09 11.575% 573 17.05 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5565.3082 45.00 36.40 101077.20 105506.47 206583.67 6.01 2.13 0.52 8.66 60.69 8705.05 146200.00 5525.08 -103127.19 12.9100% 764 17.05 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 3831.5439 45.00 36.40 101077.20 140675.29 241752.49 0.93 2.84 0.52 4.30 80.50 10438.82 146200.00 46249.44 -97571.66 14.3

Carbon offsetting 954 17.05 0 3.51 125895.659 20701.29836 61160.05 145.97951 2284.2195 45.00 36.40 101077.20 207357.56 308434.76 -4.13 3.55 0.52 -0.06 100.28 11986.14 146200.00 82594.51 -127908.85 18.4Carbon offsetting 954 17.05 0 3.51 125895.659 20701.29836 61160.05 -3217.823 -1079.583 45.00 36.40 101077.20 207357.56 308434.76 -4.13 3.55 0.52 -0.06 100.28 15349.94 146200.00 161606.80 -48896.56 14.25


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 190 16.49 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10528.213 48.60 37.00 107665.20 35168.82 142834.02 16.10 0.71 0.61 17.41 20.97 3742.15 154800.00 -252789.51 -297692.13 12.550% 382 16.49 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7620.984 48.60 37.00 107665.20 70337.65 178002.85 10.98 1.42 0.61 13.02 40.93 6649.38 154800.00 -184501.67 -264573.12 12.575% 573 16.49 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5507.0682 48.60 37.00 107665.20 105506.47 213171.67 5.90 2.13 0.61 8.64 60.78 8763.29 154800.00 -134847.95 -250088.22 13.65100% 764 16.49 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 3773.3039 48.60 37.00 107665.20 140675.29 248340.49 0.82 2.84 0.61 4.28 80.59 10497.06 154800.00 -94123.59 -244532.69 14.85

Carbon offsetting 952 16.49 0 3.51 125631.727 20738.88528 60933.24 161.44814 2241.4481 48.60 37.00 107665.20 206922.84 314588.04 -4.19 3.54 0.61 -0.04 100.16 12028.91 154800.00 -58141.86 -274798.51 18.9Carbon offsetting 952 16.49 0 3.51 125631.727 20738.88528 60933.24 -3189.88 -1109.88 48.60 37.00 107665.20 206922.84 314588.04 -4.19 3.54 0.61 -0.04 100.16 15380.24 154800.00 20577.42 -196079.23 14.65


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 190 16 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10477.253 50.40 38.40 111672.00 35168.82 146840.82 16.00 0.71 0.65 17.36 21.22 3793.11 163400.00 -393333.53 -442242.96 13.2550% 382 16 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7570.024 50.40 38.40 111672.00 70337.65 182009.65 10.89 1.42 0.65 12.96 41.18 6700.34 163400.00 -325045.70 -409123.95 1375% 573 16 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5456.1082 50.40 38.40 111672.00 105506.47 217178.47 5.80 2.13 0.65 8.58 61.03 8814.25 163400.00 -275391.97 -394639.04 14100% 764 16 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 3722.3439 50.40 38.40 111672.00 140675.29 252347.29 0.73 2.84 0.65 4.22 80.85 10548.02 163400.00 -234667.62 -389083.51 15.2

Carbon offsetting 949 16 0 3.51 125103.863 20814.05912 60479.62 192.38538 2221.4254 50.40 38.40 111672.00 206053.42 317725.42 -4.18 3.53 0.65 0.00 99.98 12048.93 163400.00 -199412.57 -419206.60 19.15Carbon offsetting 949 16 0 3.51 125103.863 20814.05912 60479.62 -3133.994 -1104.954 50.40 38.40 111672.00 206053.42 317725.42 -4.18 3.53 0.65 0.00 99.98 15375.31 163400.00 -121279.32 -341073.35 14.85


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 190 15.52 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10427.333 52.20 39.00 115160.40 35168.82 150329.22 15.91 0.71 0.7 17.31 21.42 3843.03 176300.00 -604772.50 -657170.33 14.1550% 382 15.52 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7520.104 52.20 39.00 115160.40 70337.65 185498.05 10.79 1.42 0.7 12.91 41.38 6750.26 176300.00 -536484.67 -624051.31 13.575% 573 15.52 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5406.1882 52.20 39.00 115160.40 105506.47 220666.87 5.71 2.13 0.7 8.54 61.23 8864.17 176300.00 -486830.94 -609566.41 14.35100% 764 15.52 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 3672.4239 52.20 39.00 115160.40 140675.29 255835.69 0.63 2.84 0.7 4.18 81.05 10597.94 176300.00 -446106.59 -604010.88 15.5

Carbon offsetting 946 15.52 0 3.51 124839.931 20851.64604 60252.81 207.854 2186.974 52.20 39.00 115160.40 205618.71 320779.11 -4.22 3.52 0.7 0.00 99.99 12083.39 176300.00 -411214.89 -634062.59 19.35Carbon offsetting 946 15.52 0 3.51 124839.931 20851.64604 60252.81 -3106.051 -1126.931 52.20 39.00 115160.40 205618.71 320779.11 -4.22 3.52 0.7 0.00 99.99 15397.29 176300.00 -333374.65 -556222.36 15


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 190 15 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10373.253 63.00 43.00 136350.00 35168.82 171518.82 15.80 0.71 1 17.51 20.52 3897.11 210270.00 -1163379.27 -1236966.69 19.7550% 382 15 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7466.024 63.00 43.00 136350.00 70337.65 206687.65 10.69 1.42 1 13.11 40.48 6804.34 210270.00 -1095091.43 -1203847.68 16.7575% 573 15 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5352.1082 63.00 43.00 136350.00 105506.47 241856.47 5.61 2.13 1 8.74 60.34 8918.25 210270.00 -1045437.71 -1189362.78 16.85100% 764 15 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 3618.3439 63.00 43.00 136350.00 140675.29 277025.29 0.53 2.84 1 4.37 80.15 10652.02 210270.00 -1004713.35 -1183807.25 17.6

Carbon offsetting 959 15.52 0 3.51 126555.49 20614.05106 61750.921 107.17569 2086.2957 63.00 43.00 136350.00 208444.34 344794.34 -4.57 3.57 1 0.00 100.00 12184.06 210270.00 -968727.11 -1215590.04 21.4Carbon offsetting 959 15.52 0 3.51 126555.49 20614.05106 61750.921 -3289.125 -1310.005 63.00 43.00 136350.00 208444.34 344794.34 -4.57 3.57 1 0.00 100.00 15580.36 210270.00 -888951.47 -1135814.40 16.5


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 190 14.2 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10290.053 66.60 44.70 143650.80 35168.82 178819.62 15.65 0.71 1.09 17.44 20.82 3980.31 227212.00 -1440654.81 -1521543.03 21.550% 382 14.2 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7382.824 66.60 44.70 143650.80 70337.65 213988.45 10.53 1.42 1.09 13.05 40.79 6887.54 227212.00 -1372366.97 -1488424.02 17.6575% 573 14.2 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5268.9082 66.60 44.70 143650.80 105506.47 249157.27 5.45 2.13 1.09 8.67 60.64 9001.45 227212.00 -1322713.24 -1473939.12 17.55100% 764 14.2 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 3535.1439 66.60 44.70 143650.80 140675.29 284326.09 0.37 2.84 1.09 4.31 80.45 10735.22 227212.00 -1281988.89 -1468383.59 18.2

Carbon offsetting 952 14.2 0 3.51 125631.727 20738.88528 60933.24 161.44814 2003.2881 66.60 44.70 143650.80 206922.84 350573.64 -4.64 3.54 1.09 0.00 100.02 12267.07 227212.00 -1246007.16 -1498649.41 21.75Carbon offsetting 952 14.2 0 3.51 125631.727 20738.88528 60933.24 -3189.88 -1348.04 66.60 44.70 143650.80 206922.84 350573.64 -4.64 3.54 1.09 0.00 100.02 15618.40 227212.00 -1167287.88 -1419930.13 16.9

PV + 0.07 - 0.10



PV + 0.17 - 0.24

PV + 0.15 - 0.21

PV + 0.13 - 0.19

PV + 0.12 - 0.17

PV + 0.11 - 0.15

PV + 0.08 - 0.11


212

Table B. 19 Office - PV (current FiT) + improving the building fabric U-value down to 0.07-0.1 W/m2.K (mineral wool) + TSC – taking into account the rental loss/gain- West-End


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 134129.04 0.00 0.00 025% 75 190 14.04 24.6375 3.51 0.0938 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6637.7466 43.70 35.00 97931.40 11250.00 35168.82 144350.22 15.66 0.71 0.04 0.44 16.85 23.53 7632.61 134129.04 179282.30 132863.48 6.250% 200 382 9.365 16.425 3.51 0.1873 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -429.6183 43.70 35.00 97931.40 30000.00 70337.65 198269.05 9.68 1.42 0.09 0.44 11.64 47.17 14699.98 134129.04 345287.49 244949.84 6.9575% 425 573 4.68 8.2125 3.51 0.281 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6685.575 43.70 35.00 97931.40 63750.00 105506.47 267187.87 3.73 2.13 0.20 0.44 6.50 70.48 20955.94 134129.04 492233.54 322977.07 8.25100% 650 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 43.70 35.00 97931.40 97500.00 140675.29 336106.69 -2.21 2.84 0.31 0.44 1.38 93.76 26831.22 134129.04 630238.00 392062.70 9.1

Carbon offsetting

650 823 0 0 3.51 0.3746 108608.1 23453.9279 46753.1629 -14568.5 -14203.48 43.70 35.00 97931.40 97500.00 178883.93 374315.33 -3.82 3.06 0.31 0.44 -0.01 100.03 28473.84 134129.04 668821.38 392437.45 10


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 72 190 13.53 24.6375 3.51 0.104 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6584.7066 44.30 35.70 99418.20 10800.00 35168.82 145387.02 15.57 0.71 0.03 0.48 16.79 23.79 7685.65 137600.00 123321.48 75865.85 6.350% 185 382 9.025 16.425 3.51 0.1941 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -464.9783 44.30 35.70 99418.20 27750.00 70337.65 197505.85 9.62 1.42 0.09 0.48 11.61 47.30 14735.34 137600.00 288911.38 189336.94 6.975% 410 573 4.51 8.2125 3.51 0.2844 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6703.255 44.30 35.70 99418.20 61500.00 105506.47 266424.67 3.70 2.13 0.19 0.48 6.51 70.47 20973.62 137600.00 435442.14 266948.87 8.2100% 630 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 44.30 35.70 99418.20 94500.00 140675.29 334593.49 -2.21 2.84 0.30 0.48 1.41 93.61 26831.22 137600.00 573031.32 336369.22 9.05

Carbon offsetting

630 825 0 0 3.51 0.3746 108872.033 23407.2466 46970.1049 -14623.1 -14258.04 44.30 35.70 99418.20 94500.00 179318.64 373236.84 -3.87 3.07 0.30 0.48 -0.02 100.09 28528.40 137600.00 612896.44 337591.00 9.9


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 69 190 12.78 24.6375 3.51 0.119 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6506.7066 45.00 36.40 101077.20 10350.00 35168.82 146596.02 15.43 0.71 0.03 0.52 16.69 24.24 7763.65 146200.00 -16587.41 -65252.03 6.450% 172 382 8.52 16.425 3.51 0.2042 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -517.4983 45.00 36.40 101077.20 25800.00 70337.65 197214.85 9.53 1.42 0.08 0.52 11.55 47.57 14787.86 146200.00 148404.00 49120.55 6.8575% 400 573 4.26 8.2125 3.51 0.2894 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6729.255 45.00 36.40 101077.20 60000.00 105506.47 266583.67 3.65 2.13 0.19 0.52 6.49 70.52 20999.62 146200.00 294311.83 125659.56 8.2100% 615 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 45.00 36.40 101077.20 92250.00 140675.29 334002.49 -2.21 2.84 0.29 0.52 1.44 93.46 26831.22 146200.00 431290.29 195219.20 9

Carbon offsetting

615 827 0 0 3.51 0.3746 109135.965 23360.5653 47187.047 -14677.7 -14312.61 45.00 36.40 101077.20 92250.00 179753.35 373080.55 -3.92 3.08 0.29 0.52 -0.03 100.15 28582.97 146200.00 472437.16 197288.01 9.9


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 66 190 12.36 24.6375 3.51 0.1274 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6463.0266 48.60 37.00 107665.20 9900.00 35168.82 152734.02 15.35 0.71 0.03 0.61 16.70 24.19 7807.33 154800.00 -157302.43 -212105.06 7.1550% 165 382 8.24 16.425 3.51 0.2098 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -546.6183 48.60 37.00 107665.20 24750.00 70337.65 202752.85 9.48 1.42 0.08 0.61 11.59 47.41 14816.98 154800.00 7346.97 -97474.48 7.275% 392 573 4.12 8.2125 3.51 0.2922 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6743.815 48.60 37.00 107665.20 58800.00 105506.47 271971.67 3.63 2.13 0.19 0.61 6.56 70.25 21014.18 154800.00 152912.81 -21127.47 8.5100% 605 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 48.60 37.00 107665.20 90750.00 140675.29 339090.49 -2.21 2.84 0.29 0.61 1.53 93.07 26831.22 154800.00 289549.27 48390.17 9.2

Carbon offsetting

605 830 0 0 3.51 0.3746 109663.829 23267.2027 47420.931 -14777.8 -14412.75 48.60 37.00 107665.20 90750.00 180622.78 379037.98 -3.99 3.09 0.29 0.61 0.00 100.01 28683.11 154800.00 333048.23 51941.65 10.05


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 63 190 12 24.6375 3.51 0.1346 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6425.5866 50.40 38.40 111672.00 9450.00 35168.82 156290.82 15.29 0.71 0.03 0.65 16.67 24.32 7844.77 163400.00 -298164.03 -356523.46 7.650% 160 382 8 16.425 3.51 0.2146 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -571.5783 50.40 38.40 111672.00 24000.00 70337.65 206009.65 9.43 1.42 0.08 0.65 11.58 47.44 14841.94 163400.00 -133807.77 -241886.02 7.4575% 382 573 4 8.2125 3.51 0.2946 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6756.295 50.40 38.40 111672.00 57300.00 105506.47 274478.47 3.60 2.13 0.18 0.65 6.57 70.19 21026.66 163400.00 11464.92 -165082.15 8.6100% 595 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 50.40 38.40 111672.00 89250.00 140675.29 341597.29 -2.21 2.84 0.28 0.65 1.56 92.91 26831.22 163400.00 147808.24 -95857.65 9.3

Carbon offsetting

595 832 0 0 3.51 0.3746 109795.795 23243.862 47629.4021 -14809.6 -14444.53 50.40 38.40 111672.00 89250.00 180840.13 381762.13 -4.04 3.10 0.28 0.65 -0.01 100.03 28714.89 163400.00 192053.78 -91776.96 10.15


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 60 190 11.64 24.6375 3.51 0.1418 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6388.1466 52.20 39.00 115160.40 9000.00 35168.82 159329.22 15.22 0.71 0.03 0.7 16.66 24.41 7882.21 176300.00 -509896.14 -571293.97 850% 156 382 7.76 16.425 3.51 0.2194 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -596.5383 52.20 39.00 115160.40 23400.00 70337.65 208898.05 9.39 1.42 0.07 0.7 11.58 47.43 14866.90 176300.00 -345833.02 -456799.67 7.6575% 377 573 3.88 8.2125 3.51 0.297 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6768.775 52.20 39.00 115160.40 56550.00 105506.47 277216.87 3.58 2.13 0.18 0.7 6.59 70.07 21039.14 176300.00 -200853.47 -380138.94 8.75100% 589 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 52.20 39.00 115160.40 88350.00 140675.29 344185.69 -2.21 2.84 0.28 0.7 1.61 92.70 26831.22 176300.00 -64803.30 -311057.59 9.4

Carbon offsetting

589 834 0 0 3.51 0.3746 110059.727 23197.1807 47946.3441 -14868.6 -14503.6 52.20 39.00 115160.40 88350.00 181274.85 384785.25 -4.11 3.11 0.28 0.7 -0.03 100.12 28773.96 176300.00 -19170.32 -306024.16 10.25


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 57 190 11.25 24.6375 3.51 0.1496 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6347.5866 63.00 43.00 136350.00 8550.00 35168.82 180068.82 15.15 0.71 0.03 1 16.88 23.38 7922.77 210270.00 -1068820.48 -1150957.90 10.6550% 153 382 7.5 16.425 3.51 0.2246 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -623.5783 63.00 43.00 136350.00 22950.00 70337.65 229637.65 9.34 1.42 0.07 1 11.83 46.29 14893.94 210270.00 -905074.93 -1036781.18 9.0575% 371 573 3.75 8.2125 3.51 0.2996 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6782.295 63.00 43.00 136350.00 55650.00 105506.47 297506.47 3.56 2.13 0.18 1 6.87 68.83 21052.66 210270.00 -760412.95 -959988.02 9.75100% 582 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 63.00 43.00 136350.00 87300.00 140675.29 364325.29 -2.21 2.84 0.28 1 1.91 91.35 26831.22 210270.00 -624680.35 -891074.24 10.2

Carbon offsetting

582 847 0 0 3.51 0.3746 111775.287 22893.7521 49356.4674 -15223.3 -14858.29 63.00 43.00 136350.00 87300.00 184100.47 407750.47 -4.45 3.15 0.28 1 -0.03 100.12 29128.65 210270.00 -570716.02 -880535.10 10.95


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 55 190 10.65 24.6375 3.51 0.1616 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6285.1866 66.60 44.70 143650.80 8250.00 35168.82 187069.62 15.04 0.71 0.03 1.09 16.86 23.48 7985.17 227212.00 -1346584.59 -1435722.81 11.5550% 150 382 7.1 16.425 3.51 0.2326 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -665.1783 66.60 44.70 143650.80 22500.00 70337.65 236488.45 9.26 1.42 0.07 1.09 11.85 46.23 14935.54 227212.00 -1183327.61 -1321884.66 9.575% 365 573 3.55 8.2125 3.51 0.3036 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6803.095 66.60 44.70 143650.80 54750.00 105506.47 303907.27 3.52 2.13 0.17 1.09 6.92 68.61 21073.46 227212.00 -1039154.20 -1245130.07 10.05100% 575 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 66.60 44.70 143650.80 86250.00 140675.29 370576.09 -2.21 2.84 0.27 1.09 1.99 90.96 26831.22 227212.00 -903910.17 -1176554.86 10.45

Carbon offsetting

575 850 0 0 3.51 0.3746 112039.219 22847.0708 49673.4094 -15282.4 -14917.36 66.60 44.70 143650.80 86250.00 184535.18 414435.98 -4.53 3.16 0.27 1.09 0.00 100.01 29187.72 227212.00 -848558.40 -1165062.98 11.15

TSC + PV + 0.08 - 0.11

TSC + PV + 0.07 - 0.10



TSC + PV + 0.17 - 0.24

TSC + PV + 0.15 - 0.21

TSC + PV + 0.13 - 0.19

TSC + PV + 0.12 - 0.17

TSC + PV + 0.11 - 0.15


213

Table B. 20 Office - PV (future FiT) + improving the building fabric U-value down to 0.07-0.1 W/m2.K (mineral wool) + TSC – taking into account the rental loss/gain- West-End


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2

)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %



area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 134129.04 0.00 0.00 025% 75 190 14.04 24.6375 3.51 0.0938 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 10273.413 43.70 35.00 97931.40 11250.00 35168.82 144350.22 15.66 0.71 0.04 0.44 16.85 23.53 3996.95 134129.04 93884.21 47465.39 1250% 200 382 9.365 16.425 3.51 0.1873 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6879.984 43.70 35.00 97931.40 30000.00 70337.65 198269.05 9.68 1.42 0.09 0.44 11.64 47.17 7390.38 134129.04 173592.39 73254.74 14.175% 425 573 4.68 8.2125 3.51 0.281 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4278.8282 43.70 35.00 97931.40 63750.00 105506.47 267187.87 3.73 2.13 0.20 0.44 6.50 70.48 9991.53 134129.04 234690.89 65434.42 17.75100% 650 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 43.70 35.00 97931.40 97500.00 140675.29 336106.69 -2.21 2.84 0.31 0.44 1.38 93.76 12212.02 134129.04 286847.80 48672.50 20.55

Carbon offsetting

650 823 0 0 3.51 0.3746 108608.1 23453.9279 46753.163 1179.658 1544.6976 43.70 35.00 97931.40 97500.00 178883.93 374315.33 -3.82 3.06 0.31 0.44 -0.01 100.03 12725.66 134129.04 298912.83 22528.90 23

Carbon offsetting

650 823 0 0 3.51 0.3746 108608.1 23453.9279 46753.163 -1391.77 -1026.726 43.70 35.00 97931.40 97500.00 178883.93 374315.33 -3.82 3.06 0.31 0.44 -0.01 100.03 15297.09 134129.04 359312.95 82929.02 18.95


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2

)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %



area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 72 190 13.53 24.6375 3.51 0.104 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 10220.373 44.30 35.70 99418.20 10800.00 35168.82 145387.02 15.57 0.71 0.03 0.48 16.79 23.79 4049.99 137600.00 37923.39 -9532.23 12.150% 185 382 9.025 16.425 3.51 0.1941 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6844.624 44.30 35.70 99418.20 27750.00 70337.65 197505.85 9.62 1.42 0.09 0.48 11.61 47.30 7425.74 137600.00 117216.28 17641.84 13.975% 410 573 4.51 8.2125 3.51 0.2844 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4261.1482 44.30 35.70 99418.20 61500.00 105506.47 266424.67 3.70 2.13 0.19 0.48 6.51 70.47 10009.21 137600.00 177899.50 9406.22 17.6100% 630 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 44.30 35.70 99418.20 94500.00 140675.29 334593.49 -2.21 2.84 0.30 0.48 1.41 93.61 12212.02 137600.00 229641.12 -7020.97 20.4

Carbon offsetting

630 825 0 0 3.51 0.3746 108872.033 23407.2466 46970.105 1163.36 1528.3998 44.30 35.70 99418.20 94500.00 179318.64 373236.84 -3.87 3.07 0.30 0.48 -0.02 100.09 12741.96 137600.00 242088.97 -33216.48 22.9

Carbon offsetting

630 825 0 0 3.51 0.3746 108872.033 23407.2466 46970.105 -1420 -1054.956 44.30 35.70 99418.20 94500.00 179318.64 373236.84 -3.87 3.07 0.30 0.48 -0.02 100.09 15325.32 137600.00 302769.36 27463.91 18.85


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2

)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %



area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 69 190 12.78 24.6375 3.51 0.119 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 10142.373 45.00 36.40 101077.20 10350.00 35168.82 146596.02 15.43 0.71 0.03 0.52 16.69 24.24 4127.99 146200.00 -101985.49 -150650.12 12.1550% 172 382 8.52 16.425 3.51 0.2042 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6792.104 45.00 36.40 101077.20 25800.00 70337.65 197214.85 9.53 1.42 0.08 0.52 11.55 47.57 7478.26 146200.00 -23291.10 -122574.55 13.7575% 400 573 4.26 8.2125 3.51 0.2894 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4235.1482 45.00 36.40 101077.20 60000.00 105506.47 266583.67 3.65 2.13 0.19 0.52 6.49 70.52 10035.21 146200.00 36769.18 -131883.09 17.55100% 615 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 45.00 36.40 101077.20 92250.00 140675.29 334002.49 -2.21 2.84 0.29 0.52 1.44 93.46 12212.02 146200.00 87900.09 -148171.00 20.35

Carbon offsetting

615 827 0 0 3.51 0.3746 109135.965 23360.5653 47187.047 1147.062 1512.102 45.00 36.40 101077.20 92250.00 179753.35 373080.55 -3.92 3.08 0.29 0.52 -0.03 100.15 12758.26 146200.00 100730.76 -174418.40 22.85

Carbon offsetting

615 827 0 0 3.51 0.3746 109135.965 23360.5653 47187.047 -1448.23 -1083.186 45.00 36.40 101077.20 92250.00 179753.35 373080.55 -3.92 3.08 0.29 0.52 -0.03 100.15 15353.55 146200.00 161691.42 -113457.74 18.8


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2

)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %



area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 66 190 12.36 24.6375 3.51 0.1274 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 10098.693 48.60 37.00 107665.20 9900.00 35168.82 152734.02 15.35 0.71 0.03 0.61 16.70 24.19 4171.67 154800.00 -242700.52 -297503.14 13.650% 165 382 8.24 16.425 3.51 0.2098 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6762.984 48.60 37.00 107665.20 24750.00 70337.65 202752.85 9.48 1.42 0.08 0.61 11.59 47.41 7507.38 154800.00 -164348.13 -269169.57 14.575% 392 573 4.12 8.2125 3.51 0.2922 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4220.5882 48.60 37.00 107665.20 58800.00 105506.47 271971.67 3.63 2.13 0.19 0.61 6.56 70.25 10049.77 154800.00 -104629.84 -278670.11 18.15100% 605 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 48.60 37.00 107665.20 90750.00 140675.29 339090.49 -2.21 2.84 0.29 0.61 1.53 93.07 12212.02 154800.00 -53840.93 -295000.03 20.8

Carbon offsetting

605 830 0 0 3.51 0.3746 109663.829 23267.2027 47420.931 1123.466 1488.5065 48.60 37.00 107665.20 90750.00 180622.78 379037.98 -3.99 3.09 0.29 0.61 0.00 100.01 12781.85 154800.00 -40456.03 -321562.61 23.3

Carbon offsetting

605 830 0 0 3.51 0.3746 109663.829 23267.2027 47420.931 -1484.68 -1119.645 48.60 37.00 107665.20 90750.00 180622.78 379037.98 -3.99 3.09 0.29 0.61 0.00 100.01 15390.00 154800.00 20806.78 -260299.80 19.2


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2

)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %



area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 63 190 12 24.6375 3.51 0.1346 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 10061.253 50.40 38.40 111672.00 9450.00 35168.82 156290.82 15.29 0.71 0.03 0.65 16.67 24.32 4209.11 163400.00 -383562.12 -441921.54 14.450% 160 382 8 16.425 3.51 0.2146 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6738.024 50.40 38.40 111672.00 24000.00 70337.65 206009.65 9.43 1.42 0.08 0.65 11.58 47.44 7532.34 163400.00 -305502.87 -413581.12 14.975% 382 573 4 8.2125 3.51 0.2946 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4208.1082 50.40 38.40 111672.00 57300.00 105506.47 274478.47 3.60 2.13 0.18 0.65 6.57 70.19 10062.25 163400.00 -246077.73 -422624.80 18.4100% 595 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 50.40 38.40 111672.00 89250.00 140675.29 341597.29 -2.21 2.84 0.28 0.65 1.56 92.91 12212.02 163400.00 -195581.96 -439247.85 21.05

Carbon offsetting

595 832 0 0 3.51 0.3746 109795.795 23243.862 47629.402 1110.818 1475.8576 50.40 38.40 111672.00 89250.00 180840.13 381762.13 -4.04 3.10 0.28 0.65 -0.01 100.03 12794.50 163400.00 -181899.95 -465730.68 23.55

Carbon offsetting

595 832 0 0 3.51 0.3746 109795.795 23243.862 47629.402 -1508.8 -1143.76 50.40 38.40 111672.00 89250.00 180840.13 381762.13 -4.04 3.10 0.28 0.65 -0.01 100.03 15414.12 163400.00 -120367.82 -404198.55 19.35


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2

)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %



area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 60 190 11.64 24.6375 3.51 0.1418 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 10023.813 52.20 39.00 115160.40 9000.00 35168.82 159329.22 15.22 0.71 0.03 0.7 16.66 24.41 4246.55 176300.00 -595294.23 -656692.05 1550% 156 382 7.76 16.425 3.51 0.2194 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6713.064 52.20 39.00 115160.40 23400.00 70337.65 208898.05 9.39 1.42 0.07 0.7 11.58 47.43 7557.30 176300.00 -517528.12 -628494.77 15.375% 377 573 3.88 8.2125 3.51 0.297 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4195.6282 52.20 39.00 115160.40 56550.00 105506.47 277216.87 3.58 2.13 0.18 0.7 6.59 70.07 10074.73 176300.00 -458396.12 -637681.59 18.65100% 589 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 52.20 39.00 115160.40 88350.00 140675.29 344185.69 -2.21 2.84 0.28 0.7 1.61 92.70 12212.02 176300.00 -408193.50 -654447.79 21.25

Carbon offsetting

589 834 0 0 3.51 0.3746 110059.727 23197.1807 47946.344 1090.02 1455.0598 52.20 39.00 115160.40 88350.00 181274.85 384785.25 -4.11 3.11 0.28 0.7 -0.03 100.12 12815.30 176300.00 -394022.97 -680876.81 23.75

Carbon offsetting

589 834 0 0 3.51 0.3746 110059.727 23197.1807 47946.344 -1547.03 -1181.989 52.20 39.00 115160.40 88350.00 181274.85 384785.25 -4.11 3.11 0.28 0.7 -0.03 100.12 15452.35 176300.00 -332081.38 -618935.22 19.5


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2

)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %



area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 57 190 11.25 24.6375 3.51 0.1496 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 9983.2527 63.00 43.00 136350.00 8550.00 35168.82 180068.82 15.15 0.71 0.03 1 16.88 23.38 4287.11 210270.00 -1154218.57 -1236355.99 20.1550% 153 382 7.5 16.425 3.51 0.2246 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6686.024 63.00 43.00 136350.00 22950.00 70337.65 229637.65 9.34 1.42 0.07 1 11.83 46.29 7584.34 210270.00 -1076770.03 -1208476.28 18.275% 371 573 3.75 8.2125 3.51 0.2996 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4182.1082 63.00 43.00 136350.00 55650.00 105506.47 297506.47 3.56 2.13 0.18 1 6.87 68.83 10088.25 210270.00 -1017955.60 -1217530.67 20.85100% 582 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 63.00 43.00 136350.00 87300.00 140675.29 364325.29 -2.21 2.84 0.28 1 1.91 91.35 12212.02 210270.00 -968070.55 -1234464.44 23.15

Carbon offsetting

582 847 0 0 3.51 0.3746 111775.287 22893.7521 49356.467 984.0843 1349.1243 63.00 43.00 136350.00 87300.00 184100.47 407750.47 -4.45 3.15 0.28 1 -0.03 100.12 12921.24 210270.00 -951411.70 -1261230.77 25.55

Carbon offsetting

582 847 0 0 3.51 0.3746 111775.287 22893.7521 49356.467 -1730.52 -1365.481 63.00 43.00 136350.00 87300.00 184100.47 407750.47 -4.45 3.15 0.28 1 -0.03 100.12 15635.84 210270.00 -887648.38 -1197467.45 20.9


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2

)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %



area £

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 43.70 35.00 97931.40 0.00 0.00 97931.40 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.44 22.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 55 190 10.65 24.6375 3.51 0.1616 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 9920.8527 66.60 44.70 143650.80 8250.00 35168.82 187069.62 15.04 0.71 0.03 1.09 16.86 23.48 4349.51 227212.00 -1431982.68 -1521120.90 21.650% 150 382 7.1 16.425 3.51 0.2326 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6644.424 66.60 44.70 143650.80 22500.00 70337.65 236488.45 9.26 1.42 0.07 1.09 11.85 46.23 7625.94 227212.00 -1355022.71 -1493579.76 19.175% 365 573 3.55 8.2125 3.51 0.3036 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4161.3082 66.60 44.70 143650.80 54750.00 105506.47 303907.27 3.52 2.13 0.17 1.09 6.92 68.61 10109.05 227212.00 -1296696.85 -1502672.72 21.5100% 575 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 66.60 44.70 143650.80 86250.00 140675.29 370576.09 -2.21 2.84 0.27 1.09 1.99 90.96 12212.02 227212.00 -1247300.37 -1519945.06 23.7

Carbon offsetting

575 850 0 0 3.51 0.3746 112039.219 22847.0708 49673.409 963.2865 1328.3265 66.60 44.70 143650.80 86250.00 184535.18 414435.98 -4.53 3.16 0.27 1.09 0.00 100.01 12942.03 227212.00 -1230153.00 -1546657.59 26.1

Carbon offsetting

575 850 0 0 3.51 0.3746 112039.219 22847.0708 49673.409 -1768.75 -1403.711 66.60 44.70 143650.80 86250.00 184535.18 414435.98 -4.53 3.16 0.27 1.09 0.00 100.01 15674.07 227212.00 -1165980.23 -1482484.81 21.3

TSC + PV + 0.08 - 0.11

TSC + PV + 0.07 - 0.10



TSC + PV + 0.17 - 0.24

TSC + PV + 0.15 - 0.21

TSC + PV + 0.13 - 0.19

TSC + PV + 0.12 - 0.17

TSC + PV + 0.11 - 0.15


214

Table B. 21 Distribution warehouse - PV (current FiT) + improving the building fabric U-value down to 0.07-0.1 W/m2.K (PUR)


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 276000.00 19.53 0.00 1.20 20.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 94 57.29 10.4775 4.96 12404.8134 30259.929 203.1794 2428.549 9898.549 66.00 46.00 276000.00 17257.06 293257.06 17.46 0.30 1.20 18.96 8.54 3438.85 80775.10 63518.04 5.1550% 187 57.29 6.985 4.96 24677.6607 23563.4558 6327.852 -564.13 6905.8697 66.00 46.00 276000.00 34514.12 310514.12 15.21 0.60 1.20 17.02 17.90 6431.53 151070.08 116555.97 5.4575% 281 57.29 3.4925 4.96 37082.4741 19750.3654 14919.21 -3283.27 4186.7281 66.00 46.00 276000.00 51771.18 327771.18 13.05 0.91 1.20 15.15 26.90 9150.67 214939.95 163168.77 5.75

100% 375 57.29 0 4.96 49487.2875 17131.2544 24705.64 -5889.03 1580.9652 66.00 46.00 276000.00 69028.24 345028.24 10.88 1.21 1.20 13.29 35.91 11756.43 276146.66 207118.42 6Carbon Offset 1045 57.29 0 4.96 137904.575 8287.42383 104279.1 -23528.5 -16058.48 66.00 46.00 276000.00 227136.95 503136.95 -4.58 3.37 1.20 -0.01 100.06 29395.88 690479.30 463342.36 7.9


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 276000.00 19.53 0.00 1.20 20.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 94 55.4 10.4775 4.96 12404.8134 30259.929 203.1794 2428.549 9671.749 67.00 47.00 281000.00 17257.06 298257.06 17.09 0.30 1.3 18.69 9.84 3665.65 86102.40 63845.34 6.250 187 55.4 6.985 4.96 24677.6607 23563.4558 6327.852 -564.13 6679.0697 67.00 47.00 281000.00 34514.12 315514.12 14.84 0.60 1.3 16.75 19.21 6658.33 156397.39 116883.27 675 281 55.4 3.4925 4.96 37082.4741 19750.3654 14919.21 -3283.27 3959.9281 67.00 47.00 281000.00 51771.18 332771.18 12.68 0.91 1.3 14.88 28.21 9377.47 220267.25 163496.07 6.15100 375 55.4 0 4.96 49487.2875 17131.2544 24705.64 -5889.03 1354.1652 67.00 47.00 281000.00 69028.24 350028.24 10.51 1.21 1.3 13.02 37.21 11983.23 281473.96 207445.72 6.3

Carbon Offset 1032 55.4 0 4.96 136189.015 8392.98468 102669.1 -23192.5 -15949.3 67.00 47.00 281000.00 224311.32 505311.32 -4.66 3.33 1.3 -0.03 100.12 29286.70 687914.67 458603.35 8


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 276000.00 19.53 0.00 1.20 20.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 94 52.88 10.4775 4.96 12404.8134 30259.929 203.1794 2428.549 9369.349 68.50 48.00 287150.00 17257.06 304407.06 16.59 0.30 1.49 18.39 11.31 3968.05 93205.47 64798.41 7.2550 187 52.88 6.985 4.96 24677.6607 23563.4558 6327.852 -564.13 6376.6697 68.50 48.00 287150.00 34514.12 321664.12 14.35 0.60 1.49 16.44 20.67 6960.73 163500.45 117836.33 6.775 281 52.88 3.4925 4.96 37082.4741 19750.3654 14919.21 -3283.27 3657.5281 68.50 48.00 287150.00 51771.18 338921.18 12.18 0.91 1.49 14.58 29.67 9679.87 227370.31 164449.14 6.65100 375 52.88 0 4.96 49487.2875 17131.2544 24705.64 -5889.03 1051.7652 68.50 48.00 287150.00 69028.24 356178.24 10.01 1.21 1.49 12.71 38.68 12285.63 288577.03 208398.79 6.65

Carbon Offset 1015 52.88 0 4.96 133945.592 8533.03983 100665.7 -22757.4 -15816.64 68.50 48.00 287150.00 220616.27 507766.27 -4.77 3.28 1.49 -0.01 100.04 29154.04 684798.72 453032.45 8.1


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 276000.00 19.53 0.00 1.20 20.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 94 50.84 10.4775 4.96 12404.8134 30259.929 203.1794 2428.549 9124.549 70.00 49.00 293300.00 17257.06 310557.06 16.19 0.30 1.67 18.17 12.37 4212.85 98955.57 64398.51 8.4550 187 50.84 6.985 4.96 24677.6607 23563.4558 6327.852 -564.13 6131.8697 70.00 49.00 293300.00 34514.12 327814.12 13.95 0.60 1.67 16.22 21.73 7205.53 169250.55 117436.44 7.3575 281 50.84 3.4925 4.96 37082.4741 19750.3654 14919.21 -3283.27 3412.7281 70.00 49.00 293300.00 51771.18 345071.18 11.78 0.91 1.67 14.36 30.74 9924.67 233120.42 164049.24 7.1100 375 50.84 0 4.96 49487.2875 17131.2544 24705.64 -5889.03 806.96519 70.00 49.00 293300.00 69028.24 362328.24 9.61 1.21 1.67 12.49 39.74 12530.43 294327.13 207998.89 7

Carbon Offset 1005 50.84 0 4.96 132625.931 8614.91183 99327.94 -22494.4 -15798.43 70.00 49.00 293300.00 218442.71 511742.71 -4.93 3.24 1.67 -0.01 100.06 29135.83 684370.91 448628.20 8.275


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 276000.00 19.53 0.00 1.20 20.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 94 48.8 10.4775 4.96 12404.8134 30259.929 203.1794 2428.549 8879.749 71.50 50.00 299450.00 17257.06 316707.06 15.79 0.30 1.86 17.96 13.38 4457.65 104705.67 63998.61 9.3550 187 48.8 6.985 4.96 24677.6607 23563.4558 6327.852 -564.13 5887.0697 71.50 50.00 299450.00 34514.12 333964.12 13.55 0.60 1.86 16.01 22.75 7450.33 175000.66 117036.54 875 281 48.8 3.4925 4.96 37082.4741 19750.3654 14919.21 -3283.27 3167.9281 71.50 50.00 299450.00 51771.18 351221.18 11.38 0.91 1.86 14.15 31.75 10169.47 238870.52 163649.34 7.55100 375 48.8 0 4.96 49487.2875 17131.2544 24705.64 -5889.03 562.16519 71.50 50.00 299450.00 69028.24 368478.24 9.21 1.21 1.86 12.28 40.75 12775.23 300077.23 207598.99 7.4

Carbon Offset 995 48.8 0 4.96 131306.27 8707.33698 98100.7 -22234.9 -15783.71 71.50 50.00 299450.00 216269.15 515719.15 -5.09 3.21 1.86 -0.02 100.12 29121.11 684025.24 444306.09 8.425


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 276000.00 19.53 0.00 1.20 20.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 94 47.4 10.4775 4.96 12404.8134 30259.929 203.1794 2428.549 8711.749 73.00 51.00 305600.00 17257.06 322857.06 15.52 0.30 2.04 17.86 13.83 4625.65 108651.82 61794.76 10.4550 187 47.4 6.985 4.96 24677.6607 23563.4558 6327.852 -564.13 5719.0697 73.00 51.00 305600.00 34514.12 340114.12 13.28 0.60 2.04 15.92 23.20 7618.33 178946.81 114832.69 8.6575 281 47.4 3.4925 4.96 37082.4741 19750.3654 14919.21 -3283.27 2999.9281 73.00 51.00 305600.00 51771.18 357371.18 11.11 0.91 2.04 14.05 32.20 10337.47 242816.67 161445.49 8100 375 47.4 0 4.96 49487.2875 17131.2544 24705.64 -5889.03 394.16519 73.00 51.00 305600.00 69028.24 374628.24 8.94 1.21 2.04 12.19 41.20 12943.23 304023.38 205395.14 7.8

Carbon Offset 990 47.4 0 4.96 130646.439 8750.35968 97483.9 -22105.5 -15822.26 73.00 51.00 305600.00 215182.37 520782.37 -5.25 3.19 2.04 -0.02 100.09 29159.66 684930.63 440148.26 8.6


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 276000.00 19.53 0.00 1.20 20.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 94 44 10.4775 4.96 12404.8134 30259.929 203.1794 2428.549 8303.749 79.00 55.00 330200.00 17257.06 347457.06 14.85 0.30 2.79 17.95 13.43 5033.65 118235.32 46778.27 14.7550 187 44 6.985 4.96 24677.6607 23563.4558 6327.852 -564.13 5311.0697 79.00 55.00 330200.00 34514.12 364714.12 12.61 0.60 2.79 16.00 22.80 8026.33 188530.31 99816.19 11.475 281 44 3.4925 4.96 37082.4741 19750.3654 14919.21 -3283.27 2591.9281 79.00 55.00 330200.00 51771.18 381971.18 10.44 0.91 2.79 14.14 31.80 10745.47 252400.17 146429.00 10.15100 375 44 0 4.96 49487.2875 17131.2544 24705.64 -5889.03 -13.83481 79.00 55.00 330200.00 69028.24 399228.24 8.27 1.21 2.79 12.27 40.80 13351.23 313606.88 190378.65 9.5

Carbon Offset 993 44 0 4.96 131042.337 8724.54606 97853.98 -22183.1 -16307.93 79.00 55.00 330200.00 215834.44 546034.44 -5.99 3.20 2.79 0.00 99.98 29645.33 696338.59 426304.15 9.35


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 276000.00 19.53 0.00 1.20 20.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 94 43 10.4775 4.96 12404.8134 30259.929 203.1794 2428.549 8183.749 82.00 57.00 342500.00 17257.06 359757.06 14.66 0.30 3.16 18.12 12.59 5153.65 121054.00 37296.94 1750 187 43 6.985 4.96 24677.6607 23563.4558 6327.852 -564.13 5191.0697 82.00 57.00 342500.00 34514.12 377014.12 12.41 0.60 3.16 16.18 21.96 8146.33 191348.99 90334.87 12.8575 281 43 3.4925 4.96 37082.4741 19750.3654 14919.21 -3283.27 2471.9281 82.00 57.00 342500.00 51771.18 394271.18 10.24 0.91 3.16 14.31 30.96 10865.47 255218.85 136947.67 11.2100 375 43 0 4.96 49487.2875 17131.2544 24705.64 -5889.03 -133.8348 82.00 57.00 342500.00 69028.24 411528.24 8.08 1.21 3.16 12.45 39.96 13471.23 316425.56 180897.32 10.37

Carbon Offset 1002 43 0 4.96 132230.032 8647.1052 98964.23 -22416.2 -16660.95 82.00 57.00 342500.00 217790.64 560290.64 -6.39 3.23 3.16 0.00 100.00 29998.35 704630.64 420340.00 9.75

PV + 0.08 - 0.11

PV + 0.07 - 0.10


Distribution Warehouse - London

PV + 0.17 - 0.24

PV + 0.15 - 0.21

PV + 0.13 - 0.19

PV + 0.12 - 0.17

PV + 0.11 - 0.15


215

Table B. 22 Distribution warehouse - PV (future FiT) + improving the building fabric U-value down to 0.07-0.1 W/m2.K (PUR)


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)


FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 276000.00 19.53 0.00 1.20 20.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 94 57.29 10.4775 4.96 12404.813 30259.929 203.179386 4227.247 11697.25 66.00 46.00 276000.00 17257.06 293257.06 17.46 0.30 1.20 18.96 8.54 1640.15 38525.52 21268.46 10.850% 187 57.29 6.985 4.96 24677.661 23563.4558 6327.8518 3014.1305 10484.13 66.00 46.00 276000.00 34514.12 310514.12 15.21 0.60 1.20 17.02 17.90 2853.27 67020.39 32506.27 12.575% 281 57.29 3.4925 4.96 37082.474 19750.3654 14919.208 2093.6868 9563.687 66.00 46.00 276000.00 51771.18 327771.18 13.05 0.91 1.20 15.15 26.90 3773.71 88640.67 36869.50 14.25100% 375 57.29 0 4.96 49487.288 17131.2544 24705.6387 1286.6219 8756.622 66.00 46.00 276000.00 69028.24 345028.24 10.88 1.21 1.20 13.29 35.91 4580.78 107597.80 38569.57 15.75

Carbon Offset 1045 57.29 0 4.96 137904.57 8287.42383 104279.095 -3532.32 3937.68 66.00 46.00 276000.00 227136.95 503136.95 -4.58 3.37 1.20 -0.01 100.06 9399.72 220789.83 -6347.12 25.75Carbon Offset 1045 57.29 0 4.96 137904.57 8287.42383 104279.095 -9267.67 -1797.67 66.00 46.00 276000.00 227136.95 503136.95 -4.58 3.37 1.20 -0.01 100.06 15135.07 355507.35 128370.41 15.625


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)


FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 276000.00 19.53 0.00 1.20 20.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 94 55.4 10.4775 4.96 12404.813 30259.929 203.179386 4227.247 11470.45 67.00 47.00 281000.00 17257.06 298257.06 17.09 0.30 1.3 18.69 9.84 1866.95 43852.82 21595.76 12.350 187 55.4 6.985 4.96 24677.661 23563.4558 6327.8518 3014.1305 10257.33 67.00 47.00 281000.00 34514.12 315514.12 14.84 0.60 1.3 16.75 19.21 3080.07 72347.69 32833.57 13.2575 281 55.4 3.4925 4.96 37082.474 19750.3654 14919.208 2093.6868 9336.887 67.00 47.00 281000.00 51771.18 332771.18 12.68 0.91 1.3 14.88 28.21 4000.51 93967.97 37196.80 14.75

100 375 55.4 0 4.96 49487.288 17131.2544 24705.6387 1286.6219 8529.822 67.00 47.00 281000.00 69028.24 350028.24 10.51 1.21 1.3 13.02 37.21 4807.58 112925.10 38896.87 16Carbon Offset 1032 55.4 0 4.96 136189.02 8392.98468 102669.097 -3445.091 3798.109 67.00 47.00 281000.00 224311.32 505311.32 -4.66 3.33 1.3 -0.03 100.12 9539.29 224068.22 -5243.10 25.65Carbon Offset 1032 55.4 0 4.96 136189.02 8392.98468 102669.097 -9091.892 -1848.69 67.00 47.00 281000.00 224311.32 505311.32 -4.66 3.33 1.3 -0.03 100.12 15186.09 356705.80 127394.48 15.75


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)


FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 276000.00 19.53 0.00 1.20 20.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 94 52.88 10.4775 4.96 12404.813 30259.929 203.179386 4227.247 11168.05 68.50 48.00 287150.00 17257.06 304407.06 16.59 0.30 1.49 18.39 11.31 2169.35 50955.89 22548.83 13.550 187 52.88 6.985 4.96 24677.661 23563.4558 6327.8518 3014.1305 9954.93 68.50 48.00 287150.00 34514.12 321664.12 14.35 0.60 1.49 16.44 20.67 3382.47 79450.76 33786.64 1475 281 52.88 3.4925 4.96 37082.474 19750.3654 14919.208 2093.6868 9034.487 68.50 48.00 287150.00 51771.18 338921.18 12.18 0.91 1.49 14.58 29.67 4302.91 101071.04 38149.86 15.25

100 375 52.88 0 4.96 49487.288 17131.2544 24705.6387 1286.6219 8227.422 68.50 48.00 287150.00 69028.24 356178.24 10.01 1.21 1.49 12.71 38.68 5109.98 120028.17 39849.94 16.4Carbon Offset 1015 52.88 0 4.96 133945.59 8533.03983 100665.728 -3335.332 3605.468 68.50 48.00 287150.00 220616.27 507766.27 -4.77 3.28 1.49 -0.01 100.04 9731.93 228593.16 -3173.11 25.4Carbon Offset 1015 52.88 0 4.96 133945.59 8533.03983 100665.728 -8871.947 -1931.15 68.50 48.00 287150.00 220616.27 507766.27 -4.77 3.28 1.49 -0.01 100.04 15268.55 358642.59 126876.33 15.8


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)


FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 276000.00 19.53 0.00 1.20 20.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 94 50.84 10.4775 4.96 12404.813 30259.929 203.179386 4227.247 10923.25 70.00 49.00 293300.00 17257.06 310557.06 16.19 0.30 1.67 18.17 12.37 2414.15 56705.99 22148.93 14.8550 187 50.84 6.985 4.96 24677.661 23563.4558 6327.8518 3014.1305 9710.13 70.00 49.00 293300.00 34514.12 327814.12 13.95 0.60 1.67 16.22 21.73 3627.27 85200.86 33386.74 14.975 281 50.84 3.4925 4.96 37082.474 19750.3654 14919.208 2093.6868 8789.687 70.00 49.00 293300.00 51771.18 345071.18 11.78 0.91 1.67 14.36 30.74 4547.71 106821.14 37749.97 15.8

100 375 50.84 0 4.96 49487.288 17131.2544 24705.6387 1286.6219 7982.622 70.00 49.00 293300.00 69028.24 362328.24 9.61 1.21 1.67 12.49 39.74 5354.78 125778.27 39450.04 16.8Carbon Offset 1005 50.84 0 4.96 132625.93 8614.91183 99327.9391 -3263.67 3432.33 70.00 49.00 293300.00 218442.71 511742.71 -4.93 3.24 1.67 -0.01 100.06 9905.07 232659.98 -3082.73 25.35Carbon Offset 1005 50.84 0 4.96 132625.93 8614.91183 99327.9391 -8726.706 -2030.71 70.00 49.00 293300.00 218442.71 511742.71 -4.93 3.24 1.67 -0.01 100.06 15368.11 360981.13 125238.43 16


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)


FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 276000.00 19.53 0.00 1.20 20.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 94 48.8 10.4775 4.96 12404.813 30259.929 203.179386 4227.247 10678.45 71.50 50.00 299450.00 17257.06 316707.06 15.79 0.30 1.86 17.96 13.38 2658.95 62456.09 21749.03 1650 187 48.8 6.985 4.96 24677.661 23563.4558 6327.8518 3014.1305 9465.33 71.50 50.00 299450.00 34514.12 333964.12 13.55 0.60 1.86 16.01 22.75 3872.07 90950.96 32986.84 15.675 281 48.8 3.4925 4.96 37082.474 19750.3654 14919.208 2093.6868 8544.887 71.50 50.00 299450.00 51771.18 351221.18 11.38 0.91 1.86 14.15 31.75 4792.51 112571.24 37350.07 16.4



PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)


FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 276000.00 19.53 0.00 1.20 20.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 94 47.4 10.4775 4.96 12404.813 30259.929 203.179386 4227.247 10510.45 73.00 51.00 305600.00 17257.06 322857.06 15.52 0.30 2.04 17.86 13.83 2826.95 66402.24 19545.18 17.2550 187 47.4 6.985 4.96 24677.661 23563.4558 6327.8518 3014.1305 9297.33 73.00 51.00 305600.00 34514.12 340114.12 13.28 0.60 2.04 15.92 23.20 4040.07 94897.11 30782.99 16.575 281 47.4 3.4925 4.96 37082.474 19750.3654 14919.208 2093.6868 8376.887 73.00 51.00 305600.00 51771.18 357371.18 11.11 0.91 2.04 14.05 32.20 4960.51 116517.39 35146.22 17.15



PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)


FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 276000.00 19.53 0.00 1.20 20.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 94 44 10.4775 4.96 12404.813 30259.929 203.179386 4227.247 10102.45 79.00 55.00 330200.00 17257.06 347457.06 14.85 0.30 2.79 17.95 13.43 3234.95 75985.75 4528.69 23.550 187 44 6.985 4.96 24677.661 23563.4558 6327.8518 3014.1305 8889.33 79.00 55.00 330200.00 34514.12 364714.12 12.61 0.60 2.79 16.00 22.80 4448.07 104480.61 15766.50 2175 281 44 3.4925 4.96 37082.474 19750.3654 14919.208 2093.6868 7968.887 79.00 55.00 330200.00 51771.18 381971.18 10.44 0.91 2.79 14.14 31.80 5368.51 126100.90 20129.72 20.8

100 375 44 0 4.96 49487.288 17131.2544 24705.6387 1286.6219 7161.822 79.00 55.00 330200.00 69028.24 399228.24 8.27 1.21 2.79 12.27 40.80 6175.58 145058.03 21829.79 21Carbon Offset 993 44 0 4.96 131042.34 8724.54606 97853.9801 -3181.993 2693.207 79.00 55.00 330200.00 215834.44 546034.44 -5.99 3.20 2.79 0.00 99.98 10644.19 250021.22 -20013.21 27.15Carbon Offset 993 44 0 4.96 131042.34 8724.54606 97853.9801 -8563.962 -2688.76 79.00 55.00 330200.00 215834.44 546034.44 -5.99 3.20 2.79 0.00 99.98 16026.16 376438.18 106403.74 17.65


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)


FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 276000.00 19.53 0.00 1.20 20.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 94 43 10.4775 4.96 12404.813 30259.929 203.179386 4227.247 9982.447 82.00 57.00 342500.00 17257.06 359757.06 14.66 0.30 3.16 18.12 12.59 3354.95 78804.42 -4952.64 26.7550 187 43 6.985 4.96 24677.661 23563.4558 6327.8518 3014.1305 8769.33 82.00 57.00 342500.00 34514.12 377014.12 12.41 0.60 3.16 16.18 21.96 4568.07 107299.29 6285.17 23.575 281 43 3.4925 4.96 37082.474 19750.3654 14919.208 2093.6868 7848.887 82.00 57.00 342500.00 51771.18 394271.18 10.24 0.91 3.16 14.31 30.96 5488.51 128919.57 10648.40 22.85

100 375 43 0 4.96 49487.288 17131.2544 24705.6387 1286.6219 7041.822 82.00 57.00 342500.00 69028.24 411528.24 8.08 1.21 3.16 12.45 39.96 6295.58 147876.71 12348.47 22.75Carbon Offset 1002 43 0 4.96 132230.03 8647.1052 98964.2342 -3242.796 2512.404 82.00 57.00 342500.00 217790.64 560290.64 -6.39 3.23 3.16 0.00 100.00 10825.00 254268.11 -30022.54 28.15Carbon Offset 1002 43 0 4.96 132230.03 8647.1052 98964.2342 -8685.829 -2930.63 82.00 57.00 342500.00 217790.64 560290.64 -6.39 3.23 3.16 0.00 100.00 16268.03 382119.39 97828.75 18.3

PV + 0.08 - 0.11

PV + 0.07 - 0.10


Distribution Warehouse - London

PV + 0.17 - 0.24

PV + 0.15 - 0.21

PV + 0.13 - 0.19

PV + 0.12 - 0.17

PV + 0.11 - 0.15


216

Table B. 23 Distribution warehouse - PV (current FiT) + improving the building fabric U-value down to 0.07-0.1 W/m2.K (PUR) + TSC


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation


Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 0.00 276000.00 19.53 0.00 0.00 1.20 20.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 275 94 42.97 10.4775 4.96 0.2864 12404.8134 30259.929 203.1794 2428.549 8300.437 66.00 46.00 276000.00 41250.00 17257.06 334507.06 14.80 0.30 0.11 1.20 16.42 20.81 5036.96 118313.12 59806.06 1250% 750 187 28.65 6.985 4.96 0.5728 24677.6607 23563.4558 6327.852 -564.13 3709.646 66.00 46.00 276000.00 112500.00 34514.12 423014.12 9.90 0.60 0.31 1.20 12.01 42.05 9627.75 226146.12 79132.01 15.975% 1300 281 14.32 3.4925 4.96 0.8594 37082.4741 19750.3654 14919.21 -3283.27 -608.724 66.00 46.00 276000.00 195000.00 51771.18 522771.18 5.07 0.91 0.53 1.20 7.71 62.79 13946.12 327580.22 80809.04 18.55

75-100 1300 375 14.32 0 4.96 0.8594 49487.2875 17131.2544 24705.64 -5889.03 -3214.49 66.00 46.00 276000.00 195000.00 69028.24 540028.24 2.91 1.21 0.53 1.20 5.85 71.79 16551.89 388786.93 124758.70 16.65Carbon Offsetting 1300 650 14.32 0 4.96 0 85777.965 12455.3763 56320.44 -13228.5 -10914.9 66.00 46.00 276000.00 195000.00 141281.35 612281.35 -3.89 2.10 0.53 1.20 -0.06 100.30 24252.27 569661.12 233379.77 14.4


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation


Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 0.00 276000.00 19.53 0.00 0.00 1.20 20.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 250 94 41.5 10.4775 4.96 0.3158 12404.8134 30259.929 203.1794 2428.549 8136.385 67.00 47.00 281000.00 37500.00 17257.06 335757.06 14.53 0.30 0.10 1.3 16.23 21.69 5201.01 122166.53 62409.48 11.8550 700 187 27.7 6.985 4.96 0.5918 24677.6607 23563.4558 6327.852 -564.13 3603.626 67.00 47.00 281000.00 105000.00 34514.12 420514.12 9.73 0.60 0.29 1.3 11.92 42.52 9733.77 228636.43 84122.31 15.4575 1250 281 13.42 3.4925 4.96 0.8774 37082.4741 19750.3654 14919.21 -3283.27 -709.164 67.00 47.00 281000.00 187500.00 51771.18 520271.18 4.91 0.91 0.51 1.3 7.63 63.21 14046.56 329939.45 85668.28 18.2



TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation


Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 0.00 276000.00 19.53 0.00 0.00 1.20 20.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 235 94 39.66 10.4775 4.96 0.3526 12404.8134 30259.929 203.1794 2428.549 7931.041 68.50 48.00 287150.00 35250.00 17257.06 339657.06 14.19 0.30 0.10 1.49 16.08 22.45 5406.36 126989.86 63332.80 12.1550 685 187 26.44 6.985 4.96 0.617 24677.6607 23563.4558 6327.852 -564.13 3463.01 68.50 48.00 287150.00 102750.00 34514.12 424414.12 9.49 0.60 0.28 1.49 11.87 42.76 9874.39 231939.35 83525.24 15.6575 1235 281 13.22 3.4925 4.96 0.8814 37082.4741 19750.3654 14919.21 -3283.27 -731.484 68.50 48.00 287150.00 185250.00 51771.18 524171.18 4.87 0.91 0.51 1.49 7.77 62.50 14068.88 330463.73 82292.55 18.5



TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation


Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 0.00 276000.00 19.53 0.00 0.00 1.20 20.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 225 94 38.15 10.4775 4.96 0.3828 12404.8134 30259.929 203.1794 2428.549 7762.525 70.00 49.00 293300.00 33750.00 17257.06 344307.06 13.91 0.30 0.09 1.67 15.97 22.95 5574.87 130948.12 62641.07 12.6550 675 187 25.42 6.985 4.96 0.6374 24677.6607 23563.4558 6327.852 -564.13 3349.178 70.00 49.00 293300.00 101250.00 34514.12 429064.12 9.30 0.60 0.28 1.67 11.85 42.82 9988.22 234613.15 81549.03 15.9575 1230 281 12.7 3.4925 4.96 0.8918 37082.4741 19750.3654 14919.21 -3283.27 -789.516 70.00 49.00 293300.00 184500.00 51771.18 529571.18 4.77 0.91 0.50 1.67 7.86 62.11 14126.92 331826.84 78255.66 18.825



TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation


Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 0.00 276000.00 19.53 0.00 0.00 1.20 20.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 220 94 36.6 10.4775 4.96 0.4138 12404.8134 30259.929 203.1794 2428.549 7589.545 71.50 50.00 299450.00 33000.00 17257.06 349707.06 13.62 0.30 0.09 1.86 15.87 23.43 5747.85 135011.25 61304.19 13.2550 685 187 24.4 6.985 4.96 0.6578 24677.6607 23563.4558 6327.852 -564.13 3235.346 71.50 50.00 299450.00 102750.00 34514.12 436714.12 9.11 0.60 0.28 1.86 11.86 42.80 10102.05 237286.95 76572.83 16.675 1225 281 12.21 3.4925 4.96 0.9016 37082.4741 19750.3654 14919.21 -3283.27 -844.2 71.50 50.00 299450.00 183750.00 51771.18 534971.18 4.68 0.91 0.50 1.86 7.95 61.64 14181.60 333111.31 74140.14 19.15



TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation


Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 0.00 276000.00 19.53 0.00 0.00 1.20 20.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 215 94 35.55 10.4775 4.96 0.4348 12404.8134 30259.929 203.1794 2428.549 7472.365 73.00 51.00 305600.00 32250.00 17257.06 355107.06 13.42 0.30 0.09 2.04 15.86 23.51 5865.03 137763.69 58656.63 1450 665 187 23.7 6.985 4.96 0.6718 24677.6607 23563.4558 6327.852 -564.13 3157.226 73.00 51.00 305600.00 99750.00 34514.12 439864.12 8.98 0.60 0.27 2.04 11.90 42.60 10180.17 239121.91 75257.79 16.875 1220 281 11.85 3.4925 4.96 0.9088 37082.4741 19750.3654 14919.21 -3283.27 -884.376 73.00 51.00 305600.00 183000.00 51771.18 540371.18 4.62 0.91 0.50 2.04 8.06 61.10 14221.78 334055.01 69683.83 19.55



TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation


Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 0.00 276000.00 19.53 0.00 0.00 1.20 20.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 200 94 33 10.4775 4.96 0.4858 12404.8134 30259.929 203.1794 2428.549 7187.785 79.00 55.00 330200.00 30000.00 17257.06 377457.06 12.95 0.30 0.08 2.79 16.13 22.21 6149.61 144448.18 42991.12 17.2550 660 187 22 6.985 4.96 0.7058 24677.6607 23563.4558 6327.852 -564.13 2967.506 79.00 55.00 330200.00 99000.00 34514.12 463714.12 8.67 0.60 0.27 2.79 12.33 40.51 10369.89 243578.24 55864.12 1975 1215 281 11 3.4925 4.96 0.9258 37082.4741 19750.3654 14919.21 -3283.27 -979.236 79.00 55.00 330200.00 182250.00 51771.18 564221.18 4.46 0.91 0.50 2.79 8.65 58.26 14316.64 336283.17 48061.99 21.25

75-100 1215 375 11 0 4.96 0.9258 49487.2875 17131.2544 24705.64 -5889.03 -3585 79.00 55.00 330200.00 182250.00 69028.24 581478.24 2.29 1.21 0.50 2.79 6.79 67.26 16922.40 397489.88 92011.65 18.95Carbon Offsetting 1215 717 11 0 4.96 0.9258 94619.6937 11567.1196 64253.54 -14991.9 -12687.8 79.00 55.00 330200.00 182250.00 155844.20 668294.20 -5.60 2.31 0.50 2.79 0.00 99.99 26025.23 611306.15 219011.95 15.7


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation


Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 0.00 276000.00 19.53 0.00 0.00 1.20 20.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 195 94 32.25 10.4775 4.96 0.5008 12404.8134 30259.929 203.1794 2428.549 7104.085 82.00 57.00 342500.00 29250.00 17257.06 389007.06 12.81 0.30 0.08 3.16 16.36 21.10 6233.31 146414.21 33407.15 1950 650 187 21.5 6.985 4.96 0.7158 24677.6607 23563.4558 6327.852 -564.13 2911.706 82.00 57.00 342500.00 97500.00 34514.12 474514.12 8.58 0.60 0.27 3.16 12.61 39.19 10425.69 244888.92 46374.80 2075 1210 281 10.75 3.4925 4.96 0.9308 37082.4741 19750.3654 14919.21 -3283.27 -1007.14 82.00 57.00 342500.00 181500.00 51771.18 575771.18 4.41 0.91 0.50 3.16 8.98 56.70 14344.54 336938.51 37167.34 22.1

75-100 1210 375 10.75 0 4.96 0.9308 49487.2875 17131.2544 24705.64 -5889.03 -3612.9 82.00 57.00 342500.00 181500.00 69028.24 593028.24 2.24 1.21 0.50 3.16 7.11 65.71 16950.30 398145.22 81116.99 19.65Carbon Offsetting 1210 735 10.75 0 4.96 0.9308 96995.0835 11331.2073 66379.03 -15465 -13188.8 82.00 57.00 342500.00 181500.00 159756.61 683756.61 -6.06 2.37 0.50 3.16 -0.03 100.15 26526.24 623074.27 215317.66 16

TSC + PV + FIT + 0.08 - 0.11

TSC + PV + FIT + 0.07 - 0.10

Distribution Warehouse-London

TSC + PV + FIT + 2010 notional building fabric

TSC + PV + FIT + 0.17 - 0.24

TSC + PV + FIT + 0.15 - 0.21

TSC + PV + FIT + 0.13 - 0.19

TSC + PV + FIT + 0.11 - 0.15

TSC + PV + FIT + 0.12 - 0.17


217

Table B. 24 Distribution warehouse - PV (future FiT) + improving the building fabric U-value down to 0.07-0.1 W/m2.K (PUR) + TSC


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 0.00 276000.00 19.53 0.00 0.00 1.20 20.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 275 94 42.97 10.4775 4.96 0.2864 12404.813 30259.929 203.1794 4227.247 10099.13 66.00 46.00 276000.00 41250.00 17257.06 334507.06 14.80 0.30 0.11 1.20 16.42 20.81 3238.27 76063.54 17556.48 1950% 750 187 28.65 6.985 4.96 0.5728 24677.661 23563.4558 6327.852 3014.13 7287.906 66.00 46.00 276000.00 112500.00 34514.12 423014.12 9.90 0.60 0.31 1.20 12.01 42.05 6049.49 142096.43 -4917.69 25.975% 1300 281 14.32 3.4925 4.96 0.8594 37082.474 19750.3654 14919.21 2093.687 4768.235 66.00 46.00 276000.00 195000.00 51771.18 522771.18 5.07 0.91 0.53 1.20 7.71 62.79 8569.17 201280.95 -45490.23 31.1

75-100 1300 375 14.32 0 4.96 0.8594 49487.288 17131.2544 24705.64 1286.622 3961.17 66.00 46.00 276000.00 195000.00 69028.24 540028.24 2.91 1.21 0.53 1.20 5.85 71.79 9376.23 220238.08 -43790.16 30.35Carbon Offsetting 1300 650 14.32 0 4.96 0 85777.965 12455.3763 56320.44 -790.667 1522.933 66.00 46.00 276000.00 195000.00 141281.35 612281.35 -3.89 2.10 0.53 1.20 -0.06 100.30 11814.47 277509.78 -58771.58 30.75Carbon Offsetting 1300 650 14.32 0 4.96 0 85777.965 12455.3763 56320.44 -3888.29 -1574.69 66.00 46.00 276000.00 195000.00 141281.35 612281.35 -3.89 2.10 0.53 1.20 -0.06 100.30 14912.09 350269.80 13988.45 23.95


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 0.00 276000.00 19.53 0.00 0.00 1.20 20.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 250 94 41.5 10.4775 4.96 0.3158 12404.813 30259.929 203.1794 4227.247 9935.083 67.00 47.00 281000.00 37500.00 17257.06 335757.06 14.53 0.30 0.10 1.3 16.23 21.69 3402.32 79916.95 20159.90 18.550 700 187 27.7 6.985 4.96 0.5918 24677.661 23563.4558 6327.852 3014.13 7181.886 67.00 47.00 281000.00 105000.00 34514.12 420514.12 9.73 0.60 0.29 1.3 11.92 42.52 6155.51 144586.73 72.61 2575 1250 281 13.42 3.4925 4.96 0.8774 37082.474 19750.3654 14919.21 2093.687 4667.795 67.00 47.00 281000.00 187500.00 51771.18 520271.18 4.91 0.91 0.51 1.3 7.63 63.21 8669.61 203640.18 -40631.00 30.35

75-100 1250 375 13.42 0 4.96 0.8774 49487.288 17131.2544 24705.64 1286.622 3860.73 67.00 47.00 281000.00 187500.00 69028.24 537528.24 2.74 1.21 0.51 1.3 5.76 72.21 9476.67 222597.31 -38930.92 29.7Carbon Offsetting 1250 665 13.42 0 4.96 0.8774 87757.457 12247.1214 58091.67 -899.528 1674.58 67.00 47.00 281000.00 187500.00 144541.69 613041.69 -3.95 2.15 0.51 1.3 0.00 99.98 11662.82 273947.75 -63093.94 31.25Carbon Offsetting 1250 665 13.42 0 4.96 0.8774 87757.457 12247.1214 58091.67 -4094.57 -1520.46 67.00 47.00 281000.00 187500.00 144541.69 613041.69 -3.95 2.15 0.51 1.3 0.00 99.98 14857.86 348996.03 11954.34 24.1


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 0.00 276000.00 19.53 0.00 0.00 1.20 20.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 235 94 39.66 10.4775 4.96 0.3526 12404.813 30259.929 203.1794 4227.247 9729.739 68.50 48.00 287150.00 35250.00 17257.06 339657.06 14.19 0.30 0.10 1.49 16.08 22.45 3607.66 84740.28 21083.22 18.550 685 187 26.44 6.985 4.96 0.617 24677.661 23563.4558 6327.852 3014.13 7041.27 68.50 48.00 287150.00 102750.00 34514.12 424414.12 9.49 0.60 0.28 1.49 11.87 42.76 6296.13 147889.66 -524.46 25.175 1235 281 13.22 3.4925 4.96 0.8814 37082.474 19750.3654 14919.21 2093.687 4645.475 68.50 48.00 287150.00 185250.00 51771.18 524171.18 4.87 0.91 0.51 1.49 7.77 62.50 8691.93 204164.45 -44006.72 30.8

75-100 1235 375 13.22 0 4.96 0.8814 49487.288 17131.2544 24705.64 1286.622 3838.41 68.50 48.00 287150.00 185250.00 69028.24 541428.24 2.70 1.21 0.51 1.49 5.91 71.50 9498.99 223121.59 -42306.65 30.1Carbon Offsetting 1235 673 13.22 0 4.96 0.8814 88813.185 12136.0521 59036.33 -957.588 1594.2 68.50 48.00 287150.00 185250.00 146280.54 618680.54 -4.18 2.17 0.51 1.49 -0.01 100.04 11743.20 275835.78 -66844.76 31.55Carbon Offsetting 1235 673 13.22 0 4.96 0.8814 88813.185 12136.0521 59036.33 -4204.59 -1652.8 68.50 48.00 287150.00 185250.00 146280.54 618680.54 -4.18 2.17 0.51 1.49 -0.01 100.04 14990.20 352104.46 9423.92 24.3


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 0.00 276000.00 19.53 0.00 0.00 1.20 20.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 225 94 38.15 10.4775 4.96 0.3828 12404.813 30259.929 203.1794 4227.247 9561.223 70.00 49.00 293300.00 33750.00 17257.06 344307.06 13.91 0.30 0.09 1.67 15.97 22.95 3776.18 88698.54 20391.49 1950 675 187 25.42 6.985 4.96 0.6374 24677.661 23563.4558 6327.852 3014.13 6927.438 70.00 49.00 293300.00 101250.00 34514.12 429064.12 9.30 0.60 0.28 1.67 11.85 42.82 6409.96 150563.46 -2500.66 25.4575 1230 281 12.7 3.4925 4.96 0.8918 37082.474 19750.3654 14919.21 2093.687 4587.443 70.00 49.00 293300.00 184500.00 51771.18 529571.18 4.77 0.91 0.50 1.67 7.86 62.11 8749.96 205527.57 -48043.61 31.3

75-100 1230 375 12.7 0 4.96 0.8918 49487.288 17131.2544 24705.64 1286.622 3780.378 70.00 49.00 293300.00 184500.00 69028.24 546828.24 2.60 1.21 0.50 1.67 5.99 71.11 9557.02 224484.70 -46343.54 30.55Carbon Offsetting 1230 677 12.7 0 4.96 0.8918 89341.05 12080.5175 59508.66 -986.617 1507.139 70.00 49.00 293300.00 184500.00 147149.96 624949.96 -4.36 2.18 0.50 1.67 -0.01 100.03 11830.26 277880.77 -71069.19 31.9Carbon Offsetting 1230 677 12.7 0 4.96 0.8918 89341.05 12080.5175 59508.66 -4259.59 -1765.84 70.00 49.00 293300.00 184500.00 147149.96 624949.96 -4.36 2.18 0.50 1.67 -0.01 100.03 15103.24 354759.65 5809.68 24.55


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 0.00 276000.00 19.53 0.00 0.00 1.20 20.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 220 94 36.6 10.4775 4.96 0.4138 12404.813 30259.929 203.1794 4227.247 9388.243 71.50 50.00 299450.00 33000.00 17257.06 349707.06 13.62 0.30 0.09 1.86 15.87 23.43 3949.16 92761.67 19054.61 19.650 685 187 24.4 6.985 4.96 0.6578 24677.661 23563.4558 6327.852 3014.13 6813.606 71.50 50.00 299450.00 102750.00 34514.12 436714.12 9.11 0.60 0.28 1.86 11.86 42.80 6523.79 153237.25 -7476.86 26.2575 1225 281 12.21 3.4925 4.96 0.9016 37082.474 19750.3654 14919.21 2093.687 4532.759 71.50 50.00 299450.00 183750.00 51771.18 534971.18 4.68 0.91 0.50 1.86 7.95 61.64 8804.64 206812.04 -52159.14 31.85

75-100 1225 375 12.21 0 4.96 0.9016 49487.288 17131.2544 24705.64 1286.622 3725.694 71.50 50.00 299450.00 183750.00 69028.24 552228.24 2.51 1.21 0.50 1.86 6.09 70.64 9611.71 225769.17 -50459.07 31Carbon Offsetting 1225 682 12.21 0 4.96 0.9016 90132.846 12003.1919 60222.36 -1029.56 1409.513 71.50 50.00 299450.00 183750.00 148454.10 631654.10 -4.59 2.20 0.50 1.86 -0.03 100.15 11927.89 280173.90 -75480.20 32.3Carbon Offsetting 1225 682 12.21 0 4.96 0.9016 90132.846 12003.1919 60222.36 -4341.79 -1902.72 71.50 50.00 299450.00 183750.00 148454.10 631654.10 -4.59 2.20 0.50 1.86 -0.03 100.15 15240.12 357974.80 2320.70 24.85


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 0.00 276000.00 19.53 0.00 0.00 1.20 20.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 215 94 35.55 10.4775 4.96 0.4348 12404.813 30259.929 203.1794 4227.247 9271.063 73.00 51.00 305600.00 32250.00 17257.06 355107.06 13.42 0.30 0.09 2.04 15.86 23.51 4066.34 95514.11 16407.05 20.550 665 187 23.7 6.985 4.96 0.6718 24677.661 23563.4558 6327.852 3014.13 6735.486 73.00 51.00 305600.00 99750.00 34514.12 439864.12 8.98 0.60 0.27 2.04 11.90 42.60 6601.91 155072.21 -8791.91 26.575 1220 281 11.85 3.4925 4.96 0.9088 37082.474 19750.3654 14919.21 2093.687 4492.583 73.00 51.00 305600.00 183000.00 51771.18 540371.18 4.62 0.91 0.50 2.04 8.06 61.10 8844.82 207755.73 -56615.45 32.35

75-100 1220 375 11.85 0 4.96 0.9088 49487.288 17131.2544 24705.64 1286.622 3685.518 73.00 51.00 305600.00 183000.00 69028.24 557628.24 2.45 1.21 0.50 2.04 6.20 70.10 9651.88 226712.86 -54915.37 31.55Carbon Offsetting 1220 687 11.85 0 4.96 0.9088 90660.711 11949.0147 60694.69 -1058.4 1340.497 73.00 51.00 305600.00 183000.00 149323.52 637923.52 -4.75 2.22 0.50 2.04 0.00 99.98 11996.90 281795.01 -80128.52 32.7Carbon Offsetting 1220 687 11.85 0 4.96 0.9088 90660.711 11949.0147 60694.69 -4396.61 -1997.71 73.00 51.00 305600.00 183000.00 149323.52 637923.52 -4.75 2.22 0.50 2.04 0.00 99.98 15335.11 360206.10 -1717.42 25.125


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 0.00 276000.00 19.53 0.00 0.00 1.20 20.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 200 94 33 10.4775 4.96 0.4858 12404.813 30259.929 203.1794 4227.247 8986.483 79.00 55.00 330200.00 30000.00 17257.06 377457.06 12.95 0.30 0.08 2.79 16.13 22.21 4350.92 102198.60 741.54 24.850 660 187 22 6.985 4.96 0.7058 24677.661 23563.4558 6327.852 3014.13 6545.766 79.00 55.00 330200.00 99000.00 34514.12 463714.12 8.67 0.60 0.27 2.79 12.33 40.51 6791.63 159528.54 -28185.58 29.7575 1215 281 11 3.4925 4.96 0.9258 37082.474 19750.3654 14919.21 2093.687 4397.723 79.00 55.00 330200.00 182250.00 51771.18 564221.18 4.46 0.91 0.50 2.79 8.65 58.26 8939.68 209983.90 -78237.28 35.15

75-100 1215 375 11 0 4.96 0.9258 49487.288 17131.2544 24705.64 1286.622 3590.658 79.00 55.00 330200.00 182250.00 69028.24 581478.24 2.29 1.21 0.50 2.79 6.79 67.26 9746.74 228941.03 -76537.21 34.1Carbon Offsetting 1215 717 11 0 4.96 0.9258 94619.694 11567.1196 64253.54 -1272.01 1032.023 79.00 55.00 330200.00 182250.00 155844.20 668294.20 -5.60 2.31 0.50 2.79 0.00 99.99 12305.38 289040.74 -103253.46 34.7Carbon Offsetting 1215 717 11 0 4.96 0.9258 94619.694 11567.1196 64253.54 -4805.96 -2501.92 79.00 55.00 330200.00 182250.00 155844.20 668294.20 -5.60 2.31 0.50 2.79 0.00 99.99 15839.32 372049.50 -20244.70 26.45


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

CO2 saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 57.29 13.97 4.96 0 0 0 0 5867.4 13337.4 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 0.00 276000.00 19.53 0.00 0.00 1.20 20.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 195 94 32.25 10.4775 4.96 0.5008 12404.813 30259.929 203.1794 4227.247 8902.783 82.00 57.00 342500.00 29250.00 17257.06 389007.06 12.81 0.30 0.08 3.16 16.36 21.10 4434.62 104164.63 -8842.43 27.2550 650 187 21.5 6.985 4.96 0.7158 24677.661 23563.4558 6327.852 3014.13 6489.966 82.00 57.00 342500.00 97500.00 34514.12 474514.12 8.58 0.60 0.27 3.16 12.61 39.19 6847.43 160839.23 -37674.89 31.375 1210 281 10.75 3.4925 4.96 0.9308 37082.474 19750.3654 14919.21 2093.687 4369.823 82.00 57.00 342500.00 181500.00 51771.18 575771.18 4.41 0.91 0.50 3.16 8.98 56.70 8967.58 210639.24 -89131.94 36.55

75-100 1210 375 10.75 0 4.96 0.9308 49487.288 17131.2544 24705.64 1286.622 3562.758 82.00 57.00 342500.00 181500.00 69028.24 593028.24 2.24 1.21 0.50 3.16 7.11 65.71 9774.64 229596.37 -87431.87 35.35Carbon Offsetting 1210 735 10.75 0 4.96 0.9308 96995.084 11331.2073 66379.03 -1400.69 875.4489 82.00 57.00 342500.00 181500.00 159756.61 683756.61 -6.06 2.37 0.50 3.16 -0.03 100.15 12461.95 292718.52 -115038.09 35.7Carbon Offsetting 1210 735 10.75 0 4.96 0.9308 96995.084 11331.2073 66379.03 -5051.53 -2775.4 82.00 57.00 342500.00 181500.00 159756.61 683756.61 -6.06 2.37 0.50 3.16 -0.03 100.15 16112.80 378473.17 -29283.44 27.1

TSC + PV + FIT + 0.08 - 0.11

TSC + PV + FIT + 0.07 - 0.10

Distribution Warehouse-London

TSC + PV + Future FIT + 2010 notional building fabric

TSC + PV + FIT + 0.17 - 0.24

TSC + PV + FIT + 0.15 - 0.21

TSC + PV + FIT + 0.13 - 0.19

TSC + PV + FIT + 0.12 - 0.17

TSC + PV + FIT + 0.11 - 0.15


218

Table B. 25 Retail shed - PV (current FiT) + improving the building fabric U-value down to 0.07-0.1 W/m2.K (PUR)


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 276000.00 23.52 0.00 1.20 24.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 213 32.9 23.85 1.98 28108.7793 68675.2667 1695.68 5462.459 9648.058743 66.00 46.00 276000.00 39282.35 315282.35 18.55 0.69 1.20 20.44 17.32 7893.54 185411.23 146128.88 5.150% 427 32.9 15.9 1.98 56349.5247 53315.7105 14577.04162 -1362.45 2823.151511 66.00 46.00 276000.00 78564.71 354564.71 13.61 1.38 1.20 16.19 34.51 14718.45 345721.34 267156.63 5.475% 640 32.9 7.95 1.98 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.51628 -7505.93 -3320.33146 66.00 46.00 276000.00 117847.06 393847.06 8.74 2.07 1.20 12.00 51.45 20861.93 490025.48 372178.42 5.75100% 853 32.9 0 1.98 112567.0833 38839.5238 56318.41358 -13419 -9233.42235 66.00 46.00 276000.00 157129.41 433129.41 3.78 2.75 1.20 7.73 68.72 26775.02 628917.95 471788.54 6



PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 276000.00 23.52 0.00 1.20 24.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 213 31.9 23.85 1.98 28108.7793 68675.2667 1695.68 5462.459 9528.058743 67.00 47.00 281000.00 39282.35 320282.35 18.35 0.69 1.3 20.34 17.71 8013.54 188229.91 143947.55 5.650% 427 31.9 15.9 1.98 56349.5247 53315.7105 14577.04162 -1362.45 2703.151511 67.00 47.00 281000.00 78564.71 359564.71 13.41 1.38 1.3 16.09 34.90 14838.45 348540.01 264975.31 5.7575% 640 31.9 7.95 1.98 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.51628 -7505.93 -3440.33146 67.00 47.00 281000.00 117847.06 398847.06 8.54 2.07 1.3 11.90 51.84 20981.93 492844.16 369997.10 5.95100% 853 31.9 0 1.98 112567.0833 38839.5238 56318.41358 -13419 -9353.42235 67.00 47.00 281000.00 157129.41 438129.41 3.58 2.75 1.3 7.64 69.11 26895.02 631736.63 469607.22 6.15



PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 276000.00 23.52 0.00 1.20 24.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 213 30.42 23.85 1.98 28108.7793 68675.2667 1695.68 5462.459 9350.458743 68.50 48.00 287150.00 39282.35 326432.35 18.06 0.69 1.49 20.24 18.12 8191.14 192401.55 141969.20 6.2550% 427 30.42 15.9 1.98 56349.5247 53315.7105 14577.04162 -1362.45 2525.551511 68.50 48.00 287150.00 78564.71 365714.71 13.12 1.38 1.49 15.99 35.30 15016.05 352711.66 262996.95 6.175% 640 30.42 7.95 1.98 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.51628 -7505.93 -3617.93146 68.50 48.00 287150.00 117847.06 404997.06 8.25 2.07 1.49 11.80 52.24 21159.53 497015.80 368018.74 6.2100% 853 30.42 0 1.98 112567.0833 38839.5238 56318.41358 -13419 -9531.02235 68.50 48.00 287150.00 157129.41 444279.41 3.29 2.75 1.49 7.54 69.51 27072.62 635908.27 467628.86 6.35

Carbon offsetting 1233 30.42 0 1.98 162714.2013 31891.7141 99517.72182 -23607 -19719.0167 68.50 48.00 287150.00 267999.86 555149.86 -5.48 3.98 1.49 -0.01 100.03 37260.62 875213.87 596064.00 7.65


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 276000.00 23.52 0.00 1.20 24.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 213 28.84 23.85 1.98 28108.7793 68675.2667 1695.68 5462.459 9160.858743 70.00 49.00 293300.00 39282.35 332582.35 17.75 0.69 1.67 20.11 18.64 8380.74 196855.06 140272.71 6.950% 427 28.84 15.9 1.98 56349.5247 53315.7105 14577.04162 -1362.45 2335.951511 70.00 49.00 293300.00 78564.71 371864.71 12.81 1.38 1.67 15.86 35.83 15205.65 357165.17 261300.46 6.4575% 640 28.84 7.95 1.98 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.51628 -7505.93 -3807.53146 70.00 49.00 293300.00 117847.06 411147.06 7.94 2.07 1.67 11.68 52.77 21349.13 501469.31 366322.25 6.45100% 853 28.84 0 1.98 112567.0833 38839.5238 56318.41358 -13419 -9720.62235 70.00 49.00 293300.00 157129.41 450429.41 2.98 2.75 1.67 7.41 70.04 27262.22 640361.78 465932.37 6.5



PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 276000.00 23.52 0.00 1.20 24.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 213 28 23.85 1.98 28108.7793 68675.2667 1695.68 5462.459 9060.058743 71.50 50.00 299450.00 39282.35 338732.35 17.59 0.69 1.86 20.14 18.54 8481.54 199222.75 136490.40 7.5550% 427 28 15.9 1.98 56349.5247 53315.7105 14577.04162 -1362.45 2235.151511 71.50 50.00 299450.00 78564.71 378014.71 12.65 1.38 1.86 15.89 35.73 15306.45 359532.86 257518.15 6.875% 640 28 7.95 1.98 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.51628 -7505.93 -3908.33146 71.50 50.00 299450.00 117847.06 417297.06 7.78 2.07 1.86 11.70 52.67 21449.93 503837.00 362539.94 6.7100% 853 28 0 1.98 112567.0833 38839.5238 56318.41358 -13419 -9821.42235 71.50 50.00 299450.00 157129.41 456579.41 2.82 2.75 1.86 7.43 69.93 27363.02 642729.47 462150.06 6.72

Carbon offsetting 1228 28 0 1.98 162054.3708 31973.2123 98939.38952 -23473.9 -19876.3066 71.50 50.00 299450.00 266913.08 566363.08 -5.83 3.96 1.86 -0.01 100.05 37417.91 878908.44 588545.36 7.93


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 276000.00 23.52 0.00 1.20 24.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 213 27.04 23.85 1.98 28108.7793 68675.2667 1695.68 5462.459 8944.858743 73.00 51.00 305600.00 39282.35 344882.35 17.40 0.69 2.04 20.13 18.57 8596.74 201928.68 133046.33 8.250% 427 27.04 15.9 1.98 56349.5247 53315.7105 14577.04162 -1362.45 2119.951511 73.00 51.00 305600.00 78564.71 384164.71 12.46 1.38 2.04 15.88 35.76 15421.65 362238.79 254074.08 7.1575% 640 27.04 7.95 1.98 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.51628 -7505.93 -4023.53146 73.00 51.00 305600.00 117847.06 423447.06 7.59 2.07 2.04 11.69 52.70 21565.13 506542.93 359095.87 7100% 853 27.04 0 1.98 112567.0833 38839.5238 56318.41358 -13419 -9936.62235 73.00 51.00 305600.00 157129.41 462729.41 2.63 2.75 2.04 7.42 69.97 27478.22 645435.40 458705.99 6.92



PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 276000.00 23.52 0.00 1.20 24.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 213 24.8 23.85 1.98 28108.7793 68675.2667 1695.68 5462.459 8676.058743 79.00 55.00 330200.00 39282.35 369482.35 16.96 0.69 2.79 20.44 17.32 8865.54 208242.52 114760.16 10.8550% 427 24.8 15.9 1.98 56349.5247 53315.7105 14577.04162 -1362.45 1851.151511 79.00 55.00 330200.00 78564.71 408764.71 12.02 1.38 2.79 16.19 34.50 15690.45 368552.62 235787.92 8.6575% 640 24.8 7.95 1.98 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.51628 -7505.93 -4292.33146 79.00 55.00 330200.00 117847.06 448047.06 7.15 2.07 2.79 12.00 51.44 21833.93 512856.77 340809.71 8.05100% 853 24.8 0 1.98 112567.0833 38839.5238 56318.41358 -13419 -10205.4224 79.00 55.00 330200.00 157129.41 487329.41 2.19 2.75 2.79 7.73 68.71 27747.02 651749.24 440419.83 7.8



PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 276000.00 23.52 0.00 1.20 24.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 213 24.22 23.85 1.98 28108.7793 68675.2667 1695.68 5462.459 8606.458743 82.00 57.00 342500.00 39282.35 381782.35 16.85 0.69 3.16 20.69 16.28 8935.14 209877.35 104095.00 12.250% 427 24.22 15.9 1.98 56349.5247 53315.7105 14577.04162 -1362.45 1781.551511 82.00 57.00 342500.00 78564.71 421064.71 11.91 1.38 3.16 16.45 33.46 15760.05 370187.46 225122.75 9.4575% 640 24.22 7.95 1.98 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.51628 -7505.93 -4361.93146 82.00 57.00 342500.00 117847.06 460347.06 7.03 2.07 3.16 12.26 50.40 21903.53 514491.60 330144.54 8.6100% 853 24.22 0 1.98 112567.0833 38839.5238 56318.41358 -13419 -10275.0224 82.00 57.00 342500.00 157129.41 499629.41 2.08 2.75 3.16 7.99 67.67 27816.62 653384.08 429754.66 8.25

Carbon offsetting 1257 24.22 0 1.98 165881.3877 31500.5227 102293.7169 -24245.9 -21101.9453 82.00 57.00 342500.00 273216.40 615716.40 -7.24 4.06 3.16 -0.03 100.11 38643.55 907697.45 567981.04 9

PV + 0.08 - 0.11

PV + 0.07 - 0.10



PV + 0.17 - 0.24

PV + 0.15 - 0.21

PV + 0.13 - 0.19

PV + 0.12 - 0.17

PV + 0.11 - 0.15

PV (curent FiT) + Insulation

219

Table B. 26 Retail shed - PV (future FiT) + improving the building fabric U-value down to 0.07-0.1 W/m2.K (PUR)


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 276000.00 23.52 0.00 1.20 24.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 213 32.9 23.85 1.98 28108.779 68675.2667 1695.68 9538.23174 13723.83 66.00 46.00 276000.00 39282.35 315282.35 18.55 0.69 1.20 20.44 17.32 3817.77 89675.48 50393.13 10.550% 427 32.9 15.9 1.98 56349.525 53315.7105 14577.042 6808.23259 10993.83 66.00 46.00 276000.00 78564.71 354564.71 13.61 1.38 1.20 16.19 34.51 6547.77 153800.38 75235.67 12.475% 640 32.9 7.95 1.98 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.516 4740.52262 8926.123 66.00 46.00 276000.00 117847.06 393847.06 8.74 2.07 1.20 12.00 51.45 8615.48 202368.77 84521.71 14.2100% 853 32.9 0 1.98 112567.08 38839.5238 56318.414 2903.20473 7088.805 66.00 46.00 276000.00 157129.41 433129.41 3.78 2.75 1.20 7.73 68.72 10452.80 245525.50 88396.08 15.65

Carbon offsetting 1243 32.9 0 1.98 164033.86 31728.7177 100674.39 -88.326915 4097.273 66.00 46.00 276000.00 270173.42 546173.42 -5.22 4.01 1.20 -0.01 100.04 13444.33 315793.52 45620.10 21.2Carbon offsetting 1243 32.9 0 1.98 164033.86 31728.7177 100674.39 -5625.4182 -1439.82 66.00 46.00 276000.00 270173.42 546173.42 -5.22 4.01 1.20 -0.01 100.04 18981.42 445854.14 175680.72 14.8


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 276000.00 23.52 0.00 1.20 24.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 213 31.9 23.85 1.98 28108.779 68675.2667 1695.68 9538.23174 13603.83 67.00 47.00 281000.00 39282.35 320282.35 18.35 0.69 1.3 20.34 17.71 3937.77 92494.16 48211.81 11.5550% 427 31.9 15.9 1.98 56349.525 53315.7105 14577.042 6808.23259 10873.83 67.00 47.00 281000.00 78564.71 359564.71 13.41 1.38 1.3 16.09 34.90 6667.77 156619.05 73054.35 12.9575% 640 31.9 7.95 1.98 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.516 4740.52262 8806.123 67.00 47.00 281000.00 117847.06 398847.06 8.54 2.07 1.3 11.90 51.84 8735.48 205187.45 82340.39 14.6100% 853 31.9 0 1.98 112567.08 38839.5238 56318.414 2903.20473 6968.805 67.00 47.00 281000.00 157129.41 438129.41 3.58 2.75 1.3 7.64 69.11 10572.80 248344.17 86214.76 16

Carbon offsetting 1238 31.9 0 1.98 163506 31793.9162 100211.72 -58.379154 4007.221 67.00 47.00 281000.00 269304.00 550304.00 -5.32 3.99 1.3 -0.03 100.12 13534.38 317908.76 43604.76 21.4Carbon offsetting 1238 31.9 0 1.98 163506 31793.9162 100211.72 -5570.0238 -1504.42 67.00 47.00 281000.00 269304.00 550304.00 -5.32 3.99 1.3 -0.03 100.12 19046.02 447371.66 173067.67 14.95


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 276000.00 23.52 0.00 1.20 24.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 213 30.42 23.85 1.98 28108.779 68675.2667 1695.68 9538.23174 13426.23 68.50 48.00 287150.00 39282.35 326432.35 18.06 0.69 1.49 20.24 18.12 4115.37 96665.80 46233.45 12.750% 427 30.42 15.9 1.98 56349.525 53315.7105 14577.042 6808.23259 10696.23 68.50 48.00 287150.00 78564.71 365714.71 13.12 1.38 1.49 15.99 35.30 6845.37 160790.70 71075.99 13.675% 640 30.42 7.95 1.98 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.516 4740.52262 8628.523 68.50 48.00 287150.00 117847.06 404997.06 8.25 2.07 1.49 11.80 52.24 8913.08 209359.09 80362.03 15.05100% 853 30.42 0 1.98 112567.08 38839.5238 56318.414 2903.20473 6791.205 68.50 48.00 287150.00 157129.41 444279.41 3.29 2.75 1.49 7.54 69.51 10750.40 252515.82 84236.40 16.35



PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 276000.00 23.52 0.00 1.20 24.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 213 28.84 23.85 1.98 28108.779 68675.2667 1695.68 9538.23174 13236.63 70.00 49.00 293300.00 39282.35 332582.35 17.75 0.69 1.67 20.11 18.64 4304.97 101119.31 44536.96 13.6550% 427 28.84 15.9 1.98 56349.525 53315.7105 14577.042 6808.23259 10506.63 70.00 49.00 293300.00 78564.71 371864.71 12.81 1.38 1.67 15.86 35.83 7034.97 165244.21 69379.50 14.175% 640 28.84 7.95 1.98 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.516 4740.52262 8438.923 70.00 49.00 293300.00 117847.06 411147.06 7.94 2.07 1.67 11.68 52.77 9102.68 213812.60 78665.54 15.45100% 853 28.84 0 1.98 112567.08 38839.5238 56318.414 2903.20473 6601.605 70.00 49.00 293300.00 157129.41 450429.41 2.98 2.75 1.67 7.41 70.04 10940.00 256969.33 82539.91 16.65



PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 276000.00 23.52 0.00 1.20 24.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 213 28 23.85 1.98 28108.779 68675.2667 1695.68 9538.23174 13135.83 71.50 50.00 299450.00 39282.35 338732.35 17.59 0.69 1.86 20.14 18.54 4405.77 103487.00 40754.65 14.7550% 427 28 15.9 1.98 56349.525 53315.7105 14577.042 6808.23259 10405.83 71.50 50.00 299450.00 78564.71 378014.71 12.65 1.38 1.86 15.89 35.73 7135.77 167611.90 65597.19 14.8575% 640 28 7.95 1.98 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.516 4740.52262 8338.123 71.50 50.00 299450.00 117847.06 417297.06 7.78 2.07 1.86 11.70 52.67 9203.48 216180.29 74883.23 16100% 853 28 0 1.98 112567.08 38839.5238 56318.414 2903.20473 6500.805 71.50 50.00 299450.00 157129.41 456579.41 2.82 2.75 1.86 7.43 69.93 11040.80 259337.02 78757.60 17.1

Carbon offsetting 1228 28 0 1.98 162054.37 31973.2123 98939.39 23.9771892 3621.577 71.50 50.00 299450.00 266913.08 566363.08 -5.83 3.96 1.86 -0.01 100.05 13920.02 326967.13 36604.05 22.05Carbon offsetting 1228 28 0 1.98 162054.37 31973.2123 98939.39 -5417.6892 -1820.09 71.50 50.00 299450.00 266913.08 566363.08 -5.83 3.96 1.86 -0.01 100.05 19361.69 454786.32 164423.24 15.6


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 276000.00 23.52 0.00 1.20 24.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 213 27.04 23.85 1.98 28108.779 68675.2667 1695.68 9538.23174 13020.63 73.00 51.00 305600.00 39282.35 344882.35 17.40 0.69 2.04 20.13 18.57 4520.97 106192.93 37310.58 15.8550% 427 27.04 15.9 1.98 56349.525 53315.7105 14577.042 6808.23259 10290.63 73.00 51.00 305600.00 78564.71 384164.71 12.46 1.38 2.04 15.88 35.76 7250.97 170317.83 62153.12 15.575% 640 27.04 7.95 1.98 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.516 4740.52262 8222.923 73.00 51.00 305600.00 117847.06 423447.06 7.59 2.07 2.04 11.69 52.70 9318.68 218886.22 71439.16 16.5100% 853 27.04 0 1.98 112567.08 38839.5238 56318.414 2903.20473 6385.605 73.00 51.00 305600.00 157129.41 462729.41 2.63 2.75 2.04 7.42 69.97 11156.00 262042.95 75313.53 17.5



PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 276000.00 23.52 0.00 1.20 24.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 213 24.8 23.85 1.98 28108.779 68675.2667 1695.68 9538.23174 12751.83 79.00 55.00 330200.00 39282.35 369482.35 16.96 0.69 2.79 20.44 17.32 4789.77 93247.60 -234.75 20.5550% 427 24.8 15.9 1.98 56349.525 53315.7105 14577.042 6808.23259 10021.83 79.00 55.00 330200.00 78564.71 408764.71 12.02 1.38 2.79 16.19 34.50 7519.77 132744.17 -20.53 18.575% 640 24.8 7.95 1.98 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.516 4740.52262 7954.123 79.00 55.00 330200.00 117847.06 448047.06 7.15 2.07 2.79 12.00 51.44 9587.48 172302.88 255.82 18.85100% 853 24.8 0 1.98 112567.08 38839.5238 56318.414 2903.20473 6116.805 79.00 55.00 330200.00 157129.41 487329.41 2.19 2.75 2.79 7.73 68.71 11424.80 211555.19 225.78 19.45

Carbon offsetting 1243 24.8 0 1.98 164033.86 31728.7177 100674.39 -88.326915 3125.273 79.00 55.00 330200.00 270173.42 600373.42 -6.81 4.01 2.79 -0.01 100.03 14416.33 324571.63 198.21 23.9Carbon offsetting 1243 24.8 0 1.98 164033.86 31728.7177 100674.39 -5625.4182 -2411.82 79.00 55.00 330200.00 270173.42 600373.42 -6.81 4.01 2.79 -0.01 100.03 19953.42 322999.47 -1373.95 17


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 276000.00 23.52 0.00 1.20 24.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 213 24.22 23.85 1.98 28108.779 68675.2667 1695.68 9538.23174 12682.23 82.00 57.00 342500.00 39282.35 381782.35 16.85 0.69 3.16 20.69 16.28 4859.37 114141.60 8359.25 2350% 427 24.22 15.9 1.98 56349.525 53315.7105 14577.042 6808.23259 9952.233 82.00 57.00 342500.00 78564.71 421064.71 11.91 1.38 3.16 16.45 33.46 7589.37 178266.50 33201.79 20.1275% 640 24.22 7.95 1.98 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.516 4740.52262 7884.523 82.00 57.00 342500.00 117847.06 460347.06 7.03 2.07 3.16 12.26 50.40 9657.08 226834.89 42487.83 20.1100% 853 24.22 0 1.98 112567.08 38839.5238 56318.414 2903.20473 6047.205 82.00 57.00 342500.00 157129.41 499629.41 2.08 2.75 3.16 7.99 67.67 11494.40 269991.62 46362.20 20.5


PV + 0.08 - 0.11

PV + 0.07 - 0.10



PV + 0.17 - 0.24

PV + 0.15 - 0.21

PV + 0.13 - 0.19

PV + 0.12 - 0.17

PV + 0.11 - 0.15


220

Table B. 27 Retail shed - PV (current FiT) + improving the building fabric U-value down to 0.07-0.1 W/m2.K (PUR) + TSC


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £Energy

cost Inc FIT £



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 0.00 276000.00 23.52 0.00 0.00 1.20 24.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 130 213 24.675 24.675 1.98 0.1645 28108.7793 68675.2667 1695.68 5462.45874 8661.0587 66.00 46.00 276000.00 19500.00 35205.88 330705.88 17.02 0.69 0.05 1.20 18.96 23.28 8880.54 208594.85 153888.97 6.2550% 345 427 16.45 16.45 1.98 0.329 56349.5247 53315.7105 14577.0416 -1362.4485 849.15151 66.00 46.00 276000.00 51750.00 75847.06 403597.06 10.56 1.38 0.14 1.20 13.28 46.28 16692.45 392088.58 264491.52 7.875% 595 640 8.225 8.225 1.98 0.4935 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.5163 -7505.9315 -6281.331 66.00 46.00 276000.00 89250.00 116488.24 481738.24 4.16 2.07 0.24 1.20 7.67 68.98 23822.93 559576.35 353838.12 8.85

75-100 595 853 8.225 0 1.98 0.4935 112567.083 38839.5238 56318.4136 -13419.022 -12194.42 66.00 46.00 276000.00 89250.00 157129.41 522379.41 -0.80 2.75 0.24 1.20 3.40 86.25 29736.02 698468.82 452089.41 8.5Carbon

offsetting595 1025 8.225 0 1.98 0.4935 135265.253 35453.6829 75633.2437 -18053.442 -16828.84 66.00 46.00 276000.00 89250.00 222789.83 588039.83 -4.77 3.31 0.24

1.20-0.02 100.06 34370.44 807326.61 495286.78 9.3


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £Energy

cost Inc FIT £



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 0.00 276000.00 23.52 0.00 0.00 1.20 24.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 115 213 23.92 24.675 1.98 0.1796 28108.7793 68675.2667 1695.68 5462.45874 8570.4587 67.00 47.00 281000.00 17250.00 35205.88 333455.88 16.88 0.69 0.05 1.3 18.92 23.47 8971.14 210722.95 153267.07 6.550 315 427 15.95 16.45 1.98 0.339 56349.5247 53315.7105 14577.0416 -1362.4485 789.15151 67.00 47.00 281000.00 47250.00 75847.06 404097.06 10.47 1.38 0.13 1.3 13.27 46.30 16752.45 393497.92 265400.86 7.875 560 640 7.97 8.225 1.98 0.4986 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.5163 -7505.9315 -6311.931 67.00 47.00 281000.00 84000.00 116488.24 481488.24 4.11 2.07 0.23 1.3 7.71 68.83 23853.53 560295.11 354806.88 8.825

75-100 560 853 7.97 0 1.98 0.4986 112567.083 38839.5238 56318.4136 -13419.022 -12225.02 67.00 47.00 281000.00 84000.00 157129.41 522129.41 -0.84 2.75 0.23 1.3 3.44 86.09 29766.62 699187.59 453058.17 8.45Carbon

offsetting560 1027 7.97 0 1.98 0.4986 135529.185 35416.7204 75859.6613 -18107.076 -16913.08 67.00 47.00 281000.00 84000.00 223224.54 588224.54 -4.86 3.31 0.23 1.3 -0.02 100.07 34454.68 809305.17 497080.64 9.3


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £Energy

cost Inc FIT £



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 0.00 276000.00 23.52 0.00 0.00 1.20 24.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 113 213 22.6 24.675 1.98 0.206 28108.7793 68675.2667 1695.68 5462.45874 8412.0587 68.50 48.00 287150.00 16950.00 35205.88 339305.88 16.64 0.69 0.05 1.49 18.86 23.69 9129.54 214443.61 151137.73 7.150 305 427 15.21 16.45 1.98 0.3538 56349.5247 53315.7105 14577.0416 -1362.4485 700.35151 68.50 48.00 287150.00 45750.00 75847.06 408747.06 10.33 1.38 0.13 1.49 13.32 46.11 16841.25 395583.74 262836.68 8.0575 551 640 7.55 8.225 1.98 0.507 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.5163 -7505.9315 -6362.331 68.50 48.00 287150.00 82650.00 116488.24 486288.24 4.03 2.07 0.23 1.49 7.81 68.39 23903.93 561478.96 351190.72 9

75-100 551 853 7.55 0 1.98 0.507 112567.083 38839.5238 56318.4136 -13419.022 -12275.42 68.50 48.00 287150.00 82650.00 157129.41 526929.41 -0.92 2.75 0.23 1.49 3.55 85.66 29817.02 700371.43 449442.02 8.6Carbon

offsetting551 1032 7.55 0 1.98 0.507 136189.015 35324.3141 76425.7051 -18241.16 -17097.56 68.50 48.00 287150.00 82650.00 224311.32 594111.32 -5.05 3.33 0.23 1.49 -0.01 100.03 34639.16 813638.52 495527.20 9.4


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £Energy

cost Inc FIT £



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 0.00 276000.00 23.52 0.00 0.00 1.20 24.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 112 213 21.72 24.675 1.98 0.2236 28108.7793 68675.2667 1695.68 5462.45874 8306.4587 70.00 49.00 293300.00 16800.00 35205.88 345305.88 16.47 0.69 0.05 1.67 18.88 23.63 9235.14 216924.04 147618.16 7.750 295 427 14.18 16.45 1.98 0.3744 56349.5247 53315.7105 14577.0416 -1362.4485 576.75151 70.00 49.00 293300.00 44250.00 75847.06 413397.06 10.14 1.38 0.12 1.67 13.31 46.17 16964.85 398486.98 261089.92 8.375 542 640 7.24 8.225 1.98 0.5132 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.5163 -7505.9315 -6399.531 70.00 49.00 293300.00 81300.00 116488.24 491088.24 3.98 2.07 0.22 1.67 7.93 67.91 23941.13 562352.75 347264.51 9.2

75-100 542 853 7.24 0 1.98 0.5132 112567.083 38839.5238 56318.4136 -13419.022 -12312.62 70.00 49.00 293300.00 81300.00 157129.41 531729.41 -0.98 2.75 0.22 1.67 3.66 85.18 29854.22 701245.22 445515.81 8.8Carbon

offsetting542 1038 7.24 0 1.98 0.5132 136980.812 35213.4265 77104.9576 -18402.061 -17295.66 70.00 49.00 293300.00 81300.00 225615.45 600215.45 -5.25 3.35 0.22 1.67 -0.01 100.03 34837.26 818291.72 494076.26 9.55


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £Energy

cost Inc FIT £



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 0.00 276000.00 23.52 0.00 0.00 1.20 24.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 109 213 21 24.675 1.98 0.238 28108.7793 68675.2667 1695.68 5462.45874 8220.0587 71.50 50.00 299450.00 16350.00 35205.88 351005.88 16.34 0.69 0.04 1.86 18.93 23.40 9321.54 218953.49 143947.61 8.250 292 427 14 16.45 1.98 0.378 56349.5247 53315.7105 14577.0416 -1362.4485 555.15151 71.50 50.00 299450.00 43800.00 75847.06 419097.06 10.10 1.38 0.12 1.86 13.46 45.54 16986.45 398994.34 255897.28 8.675 535 640 7 8.225 1.98 0.518 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.5163 -7505.9315 -6428.331 71.50 50.00 299450.00 80250.00 116488.24 496188.24 3.93 2.07 0.22 1.86 8.08 67.33 23969.93 563029.23 342841.00 9.45

75-100 535 853 7 0 1.98 0.518 112567.083 38839.5238 56318.4136 -13419.022 -12341.42 71.50 50.00 299450.00 80250.00 157129.41 536829.41 -1.02 2.75 0.22 1.86 3.81 84.60 29883.02 701921.70 441092.29 8.95Carbon

offsetting535 1046 7 0 1.98 0.518 138036.541 35065.5765 78010.6277 -18616.596 -17539 71.50 50.00 299450.00 80250.00 227354.30 607054.30 -5.48 3.38 0.22 1.86 -0.02 100.09 35080.60 824007.40 492953.10 9.7


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £Energy

cost Inc FIT £



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 0.00 276000.00 23.52 0.00 0.00 1.20 24.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 107 213 20.2 24.675 1.98 0.254 28108.7793 68675.2667 1695.68 5462.45874 8124.0587 73.00 51.00 305600.00 16050.00 35205.88 356855.88 16.19 0.69 0.04 2.04 18.96 23.28 9417.54 221208.43 140352.55 8.7550 288 427 13.52 16.45 1.98 0.3876 56349.5247 53315.7105 14577.0416 -1362.4485 497.55151 73.00 51.00 305600.00 43200.00 75847.06 424647.06 10.02 1.38 0.12 2.04 13.55 45.18 17044.05 400347.31 251700.25 8.9575 527 640 6.76 8.225 1.98 0.5228 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.5163 -7505.9315 -6457.131 73.00 51.00 305600.00 79050.00 116488.24 501138.24 3.89 2.07 0.22 2.04 8.21 66.80 23998.73 563705.71 338567.48 9.65

75-100 527 853 6.76 0 1.98 0.5228 112567.083 38839.5238 56318.4136 -13419.022 -12370.22 73.00 51.00 305600.00 79050.00 157129.41 541779.41 -1.07 2.75 0.22 2.04 3.94 84.06 29911.82 702598.19 436818.77 9.1Carbon

offsetting527 1052 6.76 0 1.98 0.5228 138828.337 34954.6889 78689.8803 -18777.497 -17728.7 73.00 51.00 305600.00 79050.00 228658.44 613308.44 -5.66 3.39 0.22 2.04 -0.01 100.04 35270.30 828463.29 491154.85 9.8


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £Energy

cost Inc FIT £



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 0.00 276000.00 23.52 0.00 0.00 1.20 24.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025 106 213 18.6 24.675 1.98 0.286 28108.7793 68675.2667 1695.68 5462.45874 7932.0587 79.00 55.00 330200.00 15900.00 35205.88 381305.88 15.90 0.69 0.04 2.79 19.42 21.45 9609.54 225718.32 120412.44 11.350 286 427 12.4 16.45 1.98 0.41 56349.5247 53315.7105 14577.0416 -1362.4485 363.15151 79.00 55.00 330200.00 42900.00 75847.06 448947.06 9.81 1.38 0.12 2.79 14.09 42.99 17178.45 403504.23 230557.17 10.3575 524 640 6.2 8.225 1.98 0.534 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.5163 -7505.9315 -6524.331 79.00 55.00 330200.00 78600.00 116488.24 525288.24 3.78 2.07 0.21 2.79 8.85 64.19 24065.93 565284.17 315995.94 10.65

75-100 524 853 6.2 0 1.98 0.534 112567.083 38839.5238 56318.4136 -13419.022 -12437.42 79.00 55.00 330200.00 78600.00 157129.41 565929.41 -1.17 2.75 0.21 2.79 4.58 81.45 29979.02 704176.64 414247.23 9.95Carbon

offsetting524 1085 6.2 0 1.98 0.534 143183.219 34409.6016 82490.5393 -19656.297 -18674.7 79.00 55.00 330200.00 78600.00 235831.18 644631.18 -6.52 3.50 0.21 2.79 -0.02 100.08 36216.30 850683.86 482052.67 10.45


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £Energy

cost Inc FIT £



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 0.00 276000.00 23.52 0.00 0.00 1.20 24.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 105 213 18.17 24.675 1.98 0.2946 28108.7793 68675.2667 1695.68 5462.45874 7880.4587 82.00 57.00 342500.00 15750.00 35205.88 393455.88 15.82 0.69 0.04 3.16 19.71 20.28 9661.14 226930.35 109474.47 12.650 284 427 12.11 16.45 1.98 0.4158 56349.5247 53315.7105 14577.0416 -1362.4485 328.35151 82.00 57.00 342500.00 42600.00 75847.06 460947.06 9.75 1.38 0.12 3.16 14.41 41.71 17213.25 404321.64 219374.58 11.0575 521 640 6.05 8.225 1.98 0.537 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.5163 -7505.9315 -6542.331 82.00 57.00 342500.00 78150.00 116488.24 537138.24 3.75 2.07 0.21 3.16 9.19 62.81 24083.93 565706.97 304568.74 11.15

75-100 521 853 6.05 0 1.98 0.537 112567.083 38839.5238 56318.4136 -13419.022 -12455.42 82.00 57.00 342500.00 78150.00 157129.41 577779.41 -1.20 2.75 0.21 3.16 4.93 80.08 29997.02 704599.45 402820.03 10.35Carbon

offsetting521 1103 6.05 0 1.98 0.537 145558.608 34094.8964 84534.737 -20136.776 -19173.18 82.00 57.00 342500.00 78150.00 239743.59 660393.59 -6.96 3.56 0.21 3.16 -0.03 100.13 36714.78 862392.62 477999.03 10.77

TSC + PV + 0.08 - 0.11

TSC + PV + 0.07 - 0.10

Retail shed- London


TSC + PV + 0.17 - 0.24

TSC + PV + 0.15 - 0.21

TSC + PV + 0.13 - 0.19

TSC + PV + 0.12 - 0.17

TSC + PV + 0.11 - 0.15


221

Table B. 28 Retail shed - PV (future FiT) + improving the building fabric U-value down to 0.07-0.1 W/m2.K (PUR) + TSC


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT

£



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 0.00 276000.00 23.52 0.00 0.00 1.20 24.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025% 130 213 24.675 24.675 1.98 0.1645 28108.779 68675.2667 1695.68 9538.2317 12736.832 66.00 46.00 276000.00 19500.00 35205.88 330705.88 17.02 0.69 0.05 1.20 18.96 23.28 4804.77 54747.09 41.21 11.7550% 345 427 16.45 16.45 1.98 0.329 56349.525 53315.7105 14577.04 6808.2326 9019.8326 66.00 46.00 276000.00 51750.00 75847.06 403597.06 10.56 1.38 0.14 1.20 13.28 46.28 8521.77 127732.43 135.37 15.675% 595 640 8.225 8.225 1.98 0.4935 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.52 4740.5226 5965.1226 66.00 46.00 276000.00 89250.00 116488.24 481738.24 4.16 2.07 0.24 1.20 7.67 68.98 11576.48 205939.30 201.06 18.65

75-100 595 853 8.225 0 1.98 0.4935 112567.08 38839.5238 56318.41 2903.2047 4127.8047 66.00 46.00 276000.00 89250.00 157129.41 522379.41 -0.80 2.75 0.24 1.20 3.40 86.25 13413.80 246558.45 179.04 19.3Carbon

offsetting595 1025 8.225 0 1.98 0.4935 135265.25 35453.6829 75633.24 1560.0196 2784.6196 66.00 46.00 276000.00 89250.00 222789.83 588039.83 -4.77 3.31 0.24

1.20-0.02 100.06 14756.98 311840.54 -199.29 22.35

Carbon offsetting

595 1025 8.225 0 1.98 0.4935 135265.25 35453.6829 75633.24 -2599.809 -1375.209 66.00 46.00 276000.00 89250.00 222789.83 588039.83 -4.77 3.31 0.241.20

-0.02 100.06 18916.81 312299.87 260.04 17.25


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT

£



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 0.00 276000.00 23.52 0.00 0.00 1.20 24.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 115 213 23.92 24.675 1.98 0.1796 28108.779 68675.2667 1695.68 9538.2317 12646.232 67.00 47.00 281000.00 17250.00 35205.88 333455.88 16.88 0.69 0.05 1.3 18.92 23.47 4895.37 57392.74 -63.14 12.150 315 427 15.95 16.45 1.98 0.339 56349.525 53315.7105 14577.04 6808.2326 8959.8326 67.00 47.00 281000.00 47250.00 75847.06 404097.06 10.47 1.38 0.13 1.3 13.27 46.30 8581.77 128234.82 137.76 15.5575 560 640 7.97 8.225 1.98 0.4986 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.52 4740.5226 5934.5226 67.00 47.00 281000.00 84000.00 116488.24 481488.24 4.11 2.07 0.23 1.3 7.71 68.83 11607.08 205425.49 -62.74 18.55

75-100 560 853 7.97 0 1.98 0.4986 112567.08 38839.5238 56318.41 2903.2047 4097.2047 67.00 47.00 281000.00 84000.00 157129.41 522129.41 -0.84 2.75 0.23 1.3 3.44 86.09 13444.40 246143.51 14.10 19.22Carbon

offsetting560 1027 7.97 0 1.98 0.4986 135529.18 35416.7204 75859.66 1544.6561 2738.6561 67.00 47.00 281000.00 84000.00 223224.54 588224.54 -4.86 3.31 0.23 1.3 -0.02 100.07 14802.94 312149.13 -75.41 22.3

Carbon offsetting

560 1027 7.97 0 1.98 0.4986 135529.18 35416.7204 75859.66 -2627.625 -1433.625 67.00 47.00 281000.00 84000.00 223224.54 588224.54 -4.86 3.31 0.23 1.3 -0.02 100.07 18975.23 312393.55 169.01 17.2


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT

£



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 0.00 276000.00 23.52 0.00 0.00 1.20 24.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 113 213 22.6 24.675 1.98 0.206 28108.779 68675.2667 1695.68 9538.2317 12487.832 68.50 48.00 287150.00 16950.00 35205.88 339305.88 16.64 0.69 0.05 1.49 18.86 23.69 5053.77 63282.92 -22.96 12.9550 305 427 15.21 16.45 1.98 0.3538 56349.525 53315.7105 14577.04 6808.2326 8871.0326 68.50 48.00 287150.00 45750.00 75847.06 408747.06 10.33 1.38 0.13 1.49 13.32 46.11 8670.57 132767.49 20.43 15.9575 551 640 7.55 8.225 1.98 0.507 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.52 4740.5226 5884.1226 68.50 48.00 287150.00 82650.00 116488.24 486288.24 4.03 2.07 0.23 1.49 7.81 68.39 11657.48 210034.89 -253.35 18.9

75-100 551 853 7.55 0 1.98 0.507 112567.08 38839.5238 56318.41 2903.2047 4046.8047 68.50 48.00 287150.00 82650.00 157129.41 526929.41 -0.92 2.75 0.23 1.49 3.55 85.66 13494.80 251110.69 181.28 19.55Carbon

offsetting551 1032 7.55 0 1.98 0.507 136189.02 35324.3141 76425.71 1506.2472 2649.8472 68.50 48.00 287150.00 82650.00 224311.32 594111.32 -5.05 3.33 0.23 1.49 -0.01 100.03 14891.75 318019.45 -91.87 22.6

Carbon offsetting

551 1032 7.55 0 1.98 0.507 136189.02 35324.3141 76425.71 -2697.167 -1553.567 68.50 48.00 287150.00 82650.00 224311.32 594111.32 -5.05 3.33 0.23 1.49 -0.01 100.03 19095.17 318221.97 110.65 17.42


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT

£



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 0.00 276000.00 23.52 0.00 0.00 1.20 24.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 112 213 21.72 24.675 1.98 0.2236 28108.779 68675.2667 1695.68 9538.2317 12382.232 70.00 49.00 293300.00 16800.00 35205.88 345305.88 16.47 0.69 0.05 1.67 18.88 23.63 5159.37 69668.08 362.20 1450 295 427 14.18 16.45 1.98 0.3744 56349.525 53315.7105 14577.04 6808.2326 8747.4326 70.00 49.00 293300.00 44250.00 75847.06 413397.06 10.14 1.38 0.12 1.67 13.31 46.17 8794.17 137499.97 102.92 16.375 542 640 7.24 8.225 1.98 0.5132 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.52 4740.5226 5846.9226 70.00 49.00 293300.00 81300.00 116488.24 491088.24 3.98 2.07 0.22 1.67 7.93 67.91 11694.68 214959.41 -128.82 19.3

75-100 542 853 7.24 0 1.98 0.5132 112567.08 38839.5238 56318.41 2903.2047 4009.6047 70.00 49.00 293300.00 81300.00 157129.41 531729.41 -0.98 2.75 0.22 1.67 3.66 85.18 13532.00 255484.20 -245.22 19.85Carbon

offsetting542 1038 7.24 0 1.98 0.5132 136980.81 35213.4265 77104.96 1460.1566 2566.5566 70.00 49.00 293300.00 81300.00 225615.45 600215.45 -5.25 3.35 0.22 1.67 -0.01 100.03 14975.04 324480.74 265.28 22.95

Carbon offsetting

542 1038 7.24 0 1.98 0.5132 136980.81 35213.4265 77104.96 -2780.616 -1674.216 70.00 49.00 293300.00 81300.00 225615.45 600215.45 -5.25 3.35 0.22 1.67 -0.01 100.03 19215.82 324282.61 67.16 17.65


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT

£



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 0.00 276000.00 23.52 0.00 0.00 1.20 24.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 109 213 21 24.675 1.98 0.238 28108.779 68675.2667 1695.68 9538.2317 12295.832 71.50 50.00 299450.00 16350.00 35205.88 351005.88 16.34 0.69 0.04 1.86 18.93 23.40 5245.77 74982.76 -23.12 14.8550 292 427 14 16.45 1.98 0.378 56349.525 53315.7105 14577.04 6808.2326 8725.8326 71.50 50.00 299450.00 43800.00 75847.06 419097.06 10.10 1.38 0.12 1.86 13.46 45.54 8815.77 143516.93 419.87 1775 535 640 7 8.225 1.98 0.518 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.52 4740.5226 5818.1226 71.50 50.00 299450.00 80250.00 116488.24 496188.24 3.93 2.07 0.22 1.86 8.08 67.33 11723.48 220276.78 88.54 19.75

75-100 535 853 7 0 1.98 0.518 112567.08 38839.5238 56318.41 2903.2047 3980.8047 71.50 50.00 299450.00 80250.00 157129.41 536829.41 -1.02 2.75 0.22 1.86 3.81 84.60 13560.80 260938.44 109.03 20.25Carbon

offsetting535 1046 7 0 1.98 0.518 138036.54 35065.5765 78010.63 1398.7025 2476.3025 71.50 50.00 299450.00 80250.00 227354.30 607054.30 -5.48 3.38 0.22 1.86 -0.02 100.09 15065.30 331139.20 84.90 23.3

Carbon offsetting

535 1046 7 0 1.98 0.518 138036.54 35065.5765 78010.63 -2891.882 -1814.282 71.50 50.00 299450.00 80250.00 227354.30 607054.30 -5.48 3.38 0.22 1.86 -0.02 100.09 19355.88 331075.47 21.17 17.9


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT

£



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 0.00 276000.00 23.52 0.00 0.00 1.20 24.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 107 213 20.2 24.675 1.98 0.254 28108.779 68675.2667 1695.68 9538.2317 12199.832 73.00 51.00 305600.00 16050.00 35205.88 356855.88 16.19 0.69 0.04 2.04 18.96 23.28 5341.77 81055.29 199.41 15.850 288 427 13.52 16.45 1.98 0.3876 56349.525 53315.7105 14577.04 6808.2326 8668.2326 73.00 51.00 305600.00 43200.00 75847.06 424647.06 10.02 1.38 0.12 2.04 13.55 45.18 8873.37 148525.88 -121.18 17.575 527 640 6.76 8.225 1.98 0.5228 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.52 4740.5226 5789.3226 73.00 51.00 305600.00 79050.00 116488.24 501138.24 3.89 2.07 0.22 2.04 8.21 66.80 11752.28 225075.59 -62.65 20.15

75-100 527 853 6.76 0 1.98 0.5228 112567.08 38839.5238 56318.41 2903.2047 3952.0047 73.00 51.00 305600.00 79050.00 157129.41 541779.41 -1.07 2.75 0.22 2.04 3.94 84.06 13589.60 265790.61 11.20 20.6Carbon

offsetting527 1052 6.76 0 1.98 0.5228 138828.34 34954.6889 78689.88 1352.6118 2401.4118 73.00 51.00 305600.00 79050.00 228658.44 613308.44 -5.66 3.39 0.22 2.04 -0.01 100.04 15140.19 337503.52 195.08 23.65

Carbon offsetting

527 1052 6.76 0 1.98 0.5228 138828.34 34954.6889 78689.88 -2975.332 -1926.532 73.00 51.00 305600.00 79050.00 228658.44 613308.44 -5.66 3.39 0.22 2.04 -0.01 100.04 19468.13 337444.88 136.44 18.15


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT

£



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 0.00 276000.00 23.52 0.00 0.00 1.20 24.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 106 213 18.6 24.675 1.98 0.286 28108.779 68675.2667 1695.68 9538.2317 12007.832 79.00 55.00 330200.00 15900.00 35205.88 381305.88 15.90 0.69 0.04 2.79 19.42 21.45 5533.77 105229.49 -76.39 2050 286 427 12.4 16.45 1.98 0.41 56349.525 53315.7105 14577.04 6808.2326 8533.8326 79.00 55.00 330200.00 42900.00 75847.06 448947.06 9.81 1.38 0.12 2.79 14.09 42.99 9007.77 172921.15 -25.90 20.275 524 640 6.2 8.225 1.98 0.534 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.52 4740.5226 5722.1226 79.00 55.00 330200.00 78600.00 116488.24 525288.24 3.78 2.07 0.21 2.79 8.85 64.19 11819.48 249236.88 -51.35 22.3

75-100 524 853 6.2 0 1.98 0.534 112567.08 38839.5238 56318.41 2903.2047 3884.8047 79.00 55.00 330200.00 78600.00 157129.41 565929.41 -1.17 2.75 0.21 2.79 4.58 81.45 13656.80 289814.05 -115.36 22.45Carbon

offsetting524 1085 6.2 0 1.98 0.534 143183.22 34409.6016 82490.54 1105.2699 2086.8699 79.00 55.00 330200.00 78600.00 235831.18 644631.18 -6.52 3.50 0.21 2.79 -0.02 100.08 15454.73 368474.31 -156.88 25.4

Carbon offsetting

524 1085 6.2 0 1.98 0.534 143183.22 34409.6016 82490.54 -3431.71 -2450.11 79.00 55.00 330200.00 78600.00 235831.18 644631.18 -6.52 3.50 0.21 2.79 -0.02 100.08 19991.71 368374.93 -256.26 19.35


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT

£



Total Insulation


Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)CO2

saving %

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £


0 0 0 32.9 31.8 1.98 0 0 0 0 13356 17541.6 66.00 46.00 276000.00 0.00 0.00 276000.00 23.52 0.00 0.00 1.20 24.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 025 105 213 18.17 24.675 1.98 0.2946 28108.779 68675.2667 1695.68 9538.2317 11956.232 82.00 57.00 342500.00 15750.00 35205.88 393455.88 15.82 0.69 0.04 3.16 19.71 20.28 5585.37 117528.35 72.47 22.2550 284 427 12.11 16.45 1.98 0.4158 56349.525 53315.7105 14577.04 6808.2326 8499.0326 82.00 57.00 342500.00 42600.00 75847.06 460947.06 9.75 1.38 0.12 3.16 14.41 41.71 9042.57 185002.56 55.50 21.675 521 640 6.05 8.225 1.98 0.537 84458.304 44755.5418 33894.52 4740.5226 5704.1226 82.00 57.00 342500.00 78150.00 116488.24 537138.24 3.75 2.07 0.21 3.16 9.19 62.81 11837.48 261245.49 107.26 23.4

75-100 521 853 6.05 0 1.98 0.537 112567.08 38839.5238 56318.41 2903.2047 3866.8047 82.00 57.00 342500.00 78150.00 157129.41 577779.41 -1.20 2.75 0.21 3.16 4.93 80.08 13674.80 301793.91 14.50 23.4Carbon

offsetting521 1103 6.05 0 1.98 0.537 145558.61 34094.8964 84534.74 969.22233 1932.8223 82.00 57.00 342500.00 78150.00 239743.59 660393.59 -6.96 3.56 0.21 3.16 -0.03 100.13 15608.78 384512.13 118.54 26.3

Carbon offsetting

521 1103 6.05 0 1.98 0.537 145558.61 34094.8964 84534.74 -3680.188 -2716.588 82.00 57.00 342500.00 78150.00 239743.59 660393.59 -6.96 3.56 0.21 3.16 -0.03 100.13 20258.19 384310.04 -83.55 19.95

TSC + PV + 0.08 - 0.11

TSC + PV + 0.07 - 0.10



TSC + PV + 0.17 - 0.24

TSC + PV + 0.15 - 0.21

TSC + PV + 0.13 - 0.19

TSC + PV + 0.12 - 0.17

TSC + PV + 0.11 - 0.15


222

Table B. 29 Office - PV (curren FiT) + improving the building fabric U-value down to 0.07-0.1 W/m2.K (PUR) – not taking into account the rental loss/gain


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.000.66

22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

25% 190 18.73 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 7125.50664 66.00 46.00 143460.00 35168.82 178628.82 16.53 0.71 0.66 17.90 19.55 7144.85 167825.31 132656.4950% 382 18.73 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 544.341737 66.00 46.00 143460.00 70337.65 213797.65 11.42 1.42 0.66 13.50 39.31 13726.02 322410.16 252072.5275% 573 18.73 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5224.3753 66.00 46.00 143460.00 105506.47 248966.47 6.34 2.13 0.66 9.13 58.97 19494.74 457911.44 352404.97100% 764 18.73 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -10612.941 66.00 46.00 143460.00 140675.29 284135.29 1.26 2.84 0.66 4.77 78.59 24883.30 584483.34 443808.05

Carbon offsetting 972 18.73 0 3.51 128271.0492 20369.73608 63219.18 -18592.4 -16279.442 66.00 46.00 143460.00 211269.96 354729.96 -4.29 3.62 0.66 -0.01 100.04 30549.80 717583.68 506313.72


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 18.05 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 7054.78664 67.00 47.00 145830.00 35168.82 180998.82 16.40 0.71 0.71 17.82 19.92 7215.57 169486.46 131947.6350% 382 18.05 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 473.621737 67.00 47.00 145830.00 70337.65 216167.65 11.29 1.42 0.71 13.42 39.69 13796.74 324071.30 251363.6675% 573 18.05 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5295.0953 67.00 47.00 145830.00 105506.47 251336.47 6.20 2.13 0.71 9.05 59.34 19565.46 459572.58 351696.11100% 764 18.05 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -10683.661 67.00 47.00 145830.00 140675.29 286505.29 1.13 2.84 0.71 4.68 78.96 24954.02 586144.48 443099.19

Carbon offsetting 968 18.05 0 3.51 127743.1848 20444.90992 62767.41 -18485 -16242.768 67.00 47.00 145830.00 210400.54 356230.54 -4.31 3.60 0.71 0.00 100.00 30513.13 716722.24 503951.70


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 17.05 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 6950.78664 68.50 48.00 149061.00 35168.82 184229.82 16.21 0.71 0.81 17.72 20.35 7319.57 171929.31 131159.4950% 382 17.05 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 369.621737 68.50 48.00 149061.00 70337.65 219398.65 11.09 1.42 0.81 13.32 40.12 13900.74 326514.16 250575.5175% 573 17.05 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5399.0953 68.50 48.00 149061.00 105506.47 254567.47 6.01 2.13 0.81 8.95 59.78 19669.46 462015.43 350907.96100% 764 17.05 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -10787.661 68.50 48.00 149061.00 140675.29 289736.29 0.93 2.84 0.81 4.59 79.39 25058.02 588587.34 442311.04

Carbon offsetting 964 17.05 0 3.51 127215.3204 20520.08376 62315.64 -18377.6 -16239.373 68.50 48.00 149061.00 209531.12 358592.12 -4.40 3.59 0.81 0.00 100.02 30509.73 716642.50 501510.39


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 16.49 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 6892.54664 70.00 49.00 152292.00 35168.82 187460.82 16.10 0.71 0.91 17.71 20.40 7377.81 173297.31 129296.4850% 382 16.49 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 311.381737 70.00 49.00 152292.00 70337.65 222629.65 10.98 1.42 0.91 13.32 40.16 13958.98 327882.16 248712.5175% 573 16.49 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5457.3353 70.00 49.00 152292.00 105506.47 257798.47 5.90 2.13 0.91 8.94 59.82 19727.70 463383.43 349044.96100% 764 16.49 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -10845.901 70.00 49.00 152292.00 140675.29 292967.29 0.82 2.84 0.91 4.58 79.43 25116.26 589955.33 440448.04



PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 16 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 6841.58664 71.50 50.00 155523.00 35168.82 190691.82 16.00 0.71 1.01 17.72 20.38 7428.77 174494.31 127262.4850% 382 16 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 260.421737 71.50 50.00 155523.00 70337.65 225860.65 10.89 1.42 1.01 13.32 40.14 14009.94 329079.15 246678.5175% 573 16 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5508.2953 71.50 50.00 155523.00 105506.47 261029.47 5.80 2.13 1.01 8.94 59.80 19778.66 464580.43 347010.96100% 764 16 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -10896.861 71.50 50.00 155523.00 140675.29 296198.29 0.73 2.84 1.01 4.58 79.42 25167.22 591152.33 438414.04

Carbon offsetting 964 16 0 3.51 127215.3204 20520.08376 62315.64 -18377.6 -16348.573 71.50 50.00 155523.00 209531.12 365054.12 -4.61 3.59 1.01 -0.01 100.05 30618.93 719207.50 497613.38


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 15.52 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 6791.66664 73.00 51.00 158754.00 35168.82 193922.82 15.91 0.71 1.11 17.72 20.35 7478.69 175666.88 125204.0550% 382 15.52 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 210.501737 73.00 51.00 158754.00 70337.65 229091.65 10.79 1.42 1.11 13.32 40.12 14059.86 330251.72 244620.0875% 573 15.52 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5558.2153 73.00 51.00 158754.00 105506.47 264260.47 5.71 2.13 1.11 8.95 59.78 19828.58 465753.00 344952.53100% 764 15.52 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -10946.781 73.00 51.00 158754.00 140675.29 299429.29 0.63 2.84 1.11 4.59 79.39 25217.14 592324.90 436355.61

Carbon offsetting 964 15.52 0 3.51 127215.3204 20520.08376 62315.64 -18377.6 -16398.493 73.00 51.00 158754.00 209531.12 368285.12 -4.70 3.59 1.11 0.00 100.02 30668.85 720380.07 495554.95


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 15 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 6737.58664 79.00 55.00 171678.00 35168.82 206846.82 15.80 0.71 1.62 18.13 18.52 7532.77 176937.16 113550.3450% 382 15 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 156.421737 79.00 55.00 171678.00 70337.65 242015.65 10.69 1.42 1.62 13.73 38.28 14113.94 331522.01 232966.3675% 573 15 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5612.2953 79.00 55.00 171678.00 105506.47 277184.47 5.61 2.13 1.62 9.36 57.94 19882.66 467023.28 333298.81100% 764 15 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -11000.861 79.00 55.00 171678.00 140675.29 312353.29 0.53 2.84 1.62 4.99 77.56 25271.22 593595.19 424701.89



PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 14.2 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 6654.38664 82.00 57.00 178140.00 35168.82 213308.82 15.65 0.71 1.72 18.07 18.78 7615.97 178891.44 109042.6250% 382 14.2 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 73.2217372 82.00 57.00 178140.00 70337.65 248477.65 10.53 1.42 1.72 13.68 38.54 14197.14 333476.29 228458.6475% 573 14.2 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5695.4953 82.00 57.00 178140.00 105506.47 283646.47 5.45 2.13 1.72 9.30 58.20 19965.86 468977.57 328791.10100% 764 14.2 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -11084.061 82.00 57.00 178140.00 140675.29 318815.29 0.37 2.84 1.72 4.94 77.81 25354.42 595549.47 420194.18


PV + 0.08 - 0.11

PV + 0.07 - 0.10


Office-London

PV + 0.17 - 0.24

PV + 0.15 - 0.21

PV + 0.13 - 0.19

PV + 0.12 - 0.17

PV + 0.11 - 0.15


223

Table B. 30 Office - PV (future FiT) + improving the building fabric U-value down to 0.07-0.1 W/m2.K (PUR) – not taking into account the rental loss/gain


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%Energy

saving (A) £PV(A)

£NPV

£

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 18.73 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10761.173 66.00 46.00 143460.00 35168.82 178628.82 16.53 0.71 0.66 17.90 19.55 3509.19 82427.23 47258.4150% 382 18.73 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7853.944 66.00 46.00 143460.00 70337.65 213797.65 11.42 1.42 0.66 13.50 39.31 6416.42 150715.06 80377.4275% 573 18.73 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5740.0282 66.00 46.00 143460.00 105506.47 248966.47 6.34 2.13 0.66 9.13 58.97 8530.33 200368.79 94862.32100% 764 18.73 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 4006.2639 66.00 46.00 143460.00 140675.29 284135.29 1.26 2.84 0.66 4.77 78.59 10264.10 241093.14 100417.85100% 764 18.73 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 -531.6305 1781.3295 66.00 46.00 143460.00 140675.29 284135.29 1.26 2.84 1.66 5.77 74.09 12489.03 293354.58 152679.29

Carbon offsetting 972 18.73 0 3.51 128271.049 20369.73608 63219.179 6.8999979 2319.86 66.00 46.00 143460.00 211269.96 354729.96 -4.29 3.62 0.66 -0.01 100.04 11950.50 280705.05 69435.09Carbon offsetting 972 18.73 0 3.51 128271.049 20369.73608 63219.179 -3470.155 -1157.195 66.00 46.00 143460.00 211269.96 354729.96 -4.29 3.62 0.66 -0.01 100.04 15427.55 362377.52 151107.56


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%Energy

saving (A) £PV(A)

£NPV

£

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 18.05 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10690.453 67.00 47.00 145830.00 35168.82 180998.82 16.40 0.71 0.71 17.82 19.92 3579.91 84088.37 46549.5550% 382 18.05 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7783.224 67.00 47.00 145830.00 70337.65 216167.65 11.29 1.42 0.71 13.42 39.69 6487.14 152376.20 79668.5675% 573 18.05 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5669.3082 67.00 47.00 145830.00 105506.47 251336.47 6.20 2.13 0.71 9.05 59.34 8601.05 202029.93 94153.46100% 764 18.05 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 3935.5439 67.00 47.00 145830.00 140675.29 286505.29 1.13 2.84 0.71 4.68 78.96 10334.82 242754.28 99708.99100% 764 18.05 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 -531.6305 1710.6095 67.00 47.00 145830.00 140675.29 286505.29 1.13 2.84 1.71 5.68 74.47 12559.75 295015.72 151970.43

Carbon offsetting 968 18.05 0 3.51 127743.185 20444.90992 62767.407 37.754058 2279.9941 67.00 47.00 145830.00 210400.54 356230.54 -4.31 3.60 0.71 0.00 100.00 11990.37 281641.46 68870.92Carbon offsetting 968 18.05 0 3.51 127743.185 20444.90992 62767.407 -3414.453 -1172.213 67.00 47.00 145830.00 210400.54 356230.54 -4.31 3.60 0.71 0.00 100.00 15442.57 362730.29 149959.75


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%Energy

saving (A) £PV(A)

£NPV

£

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 17.05 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10586.453 68.50 48.00 149061.00 35168.82 184229.82 16.21 0.71 0.81 17.72 20.35 3683.91 86531.22 45761.4050% 382 17.05 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7679.224 68.50 48.00 149061.00 70337.65 219398.65 11.09 1.42 0.81 13.32 40.12 6591.14 154819.06 78880.4175% 573 17.05 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5565.3082 68.50 48.00 149061.00 105506.47 254567.47 6.01 2.13 0.81 8.95 59.78 8705.05 204472.79 93365.31100% 764 17.05 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 3831.5439 68.50 48.00 149061.00 140675.29 289736.29 0.93 2.84 0.81 4.59 79.39 10438.82 245197.14 98920.84100% 764 17.05 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 -531.6305 1606.6095 68.50 48.00 149061.00 140675.29 289736.29 0.93 2.84 1.81 5.59 74.90 12663.75 297458.58 151182.28



PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%Energy

saving (A) £PV(A)

£NPV

£

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 16.49 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10528.213 70.00 49.00 152292.00 35168.82 187460.82 16.10 0.71 0.91 17.71 20.40 3742.15 87899.22 43898.4050% 382 16.49 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7620.984 70.00 49.00 152292.00 70337.65 222629.65 10.98 1.42 0.91 13.32 40.16 6649.38 156187.06 77017.4175% 573 16.49 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5507.0682 70.00 49.00 152292.00 105506.47 257798.47 5.90 2.13 0.91 8.94 59.82 8763.29 205840.78 91502.31100% 764 16.49 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 3773.3039 70.00 49.00 152292.00 140675.29 292967.29 0.82 2.84 0.91 4.58 79.43 10497.06 246565.14 97057.84100% 764 16.49 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 -531.6305 1548.3695 70.00 49.00 152292.00 140675.29 292967.29 0.82 2.84 1.91 5.58 74.94 12721.99 298826.57 149319.28

Carbon offsetting 964 16.49 0 3.51 127215.32 20520.08376 62315.636 68.608117 2148.6081 70.00 49.00 152292.00 209531.12 361823.12 -4.51 3.59 0.91 -0.01 100.06 12121.75 284727.58 66364.47Carbon offsetting 964 16.49 0 3.51 127215.32 20520.08376 62315.636 -3358.752 -1278.752 70.00 49.00 152292.00 209531.12 361823.12 -4.51 3.59 0.91 -0.01 100.06 15549.11 365232.77 146869.66


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%Energy

saving (A) £PV(A)

£NPV

£

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 16 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10477.253 71.50 50.00 155523.00 35168.82 190691.82 16.00 0.71 1.01 17.72 20.38 3793.11 89096.22 41864.4050% 382 16 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7570.024 71.50 50.00 155523.00 70337.65 225860.65 10.89 1.42 1.01 13.32 40.14 6700.34 157384.06 74983.4175% 573 16 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5456.1082 71.50 50.00 155523.00 105506.47 261029.47 5.80 2.13 1.01 8.94 59.80 8814.25 207037.78 89468.31100% 764 16 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 3722.3439 71.50 50.00 155523.00 140675.29 296198.29 0.73 2.84 1.01 4.58 79.42 10548.02 247762.14 95023.84100% 764 16 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 -531.6305 1497.4095 71.50 50.00 155523.00 140675.29 296198.29 0.73 2.84 2.01 5.58 74.92 12772.95 300023.57 147285.28

Carbon offsetting 964 16 0 3.51 127215.32 20520.08376 62315.636 68.608117 2097.6481 71.50 50.00 155523.00 209531.12 365054.12 -4.61 3.59 1.01 -0.01 100.05 12172.71 285924.58 64330.47Carbon offsetting 964 16 0 3.51 127215.32 20520.08376 62315.636 -3358.752 -1329.712 71.50 50.00 155523.00 209531.12 365054.12 -4.61 3.59 1.01 -0.01 100.05 15600.07 366429.77 144835.65


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%Energy

saving (A) £PV(A)

£NPV

£

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 15.52 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10427.333 73.00 51.00 158754.00 35168.82 193922.82 15.91 0.71 1.11 17.72 20.35 3843.03 90268.79 39805.9750% 382 15.52 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7520.104 73.00 51.00 158754.00 70337.65 229091.65 10.79 1.42 1.11 13.32 40.12 6750.26 158556.63 72924.9875% 573 15.52 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5406.1882 73.00 51.00 158754.00 105506.47 264260.47 5.71 2.13 1.11 8.95 59.78 8864.17 208210.35 87409.88100% 764 15.52 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 3672.4239 73.00 51.00 158754.00 140675.29 299429.29 0.63 2.84 1.11 4.59 79.39 10597.94 248934.71 92965.41100% 764 15.52 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 -531.6305 1447.4895 73.00 51.00 158754.00 140675.29 299429.29 0.63 2.84 2.11 5.59 74.90 12822.87 301196.14 145226.85



PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%Energy

saving (A) £PV(A)

£NPV

£

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 15 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10373.253 79.00 55.00 171678.00 35168.82 206846.82 15.80 0.71 1.62 18.13 18.52 3897.11 91539.07 28152.2550% 382 15 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7466.024 79.00 55.00 171678.00 70337.65 242015.65 10.69 1.42 1.62 13.73 38.28 6804.34 159826.91 61271.2675% 573 15 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5352.1082 79.00 55.00 171678.00 105506.47 277184.47 5.61 2.13 1.62 9.36 57.94 8918.25 209480.64 75756.17100% 764 15 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 3618.3439 79.00 55.00 171678.00 140675.29 312353.29 0.53 2.84 1.62 4.99 77.56 10652.02 250204.99 81311.69100% 764 15 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 -531.6305 1393.4095 79.00 55.00 171678.00 140675.29 312353.29 0.53 2.84 2.62 5.99 73.06 12876.95 302466.43 133573.13

Carbon offsetting 987 15.52 0 3.51 130250.541 20087.83418 64913.322 -108.8027 1870.3173 79.00 55.00 171678.00 214530.30 386208.30 -5.31 3.67 1.62 -0.02 100.09 12400.04 291264.35 48516.05Carbon offsetting 987 15.52 0 3.51 130250.541 20087.83418 64913.322 -3679.035 -1699.915 79.00 55.00 171678.00 214530.30 386208.30 -5.31 3.67 1.62 -0.02 100.09 15970.28 375125.47 132377.17


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%Energy

saving (A) £PV(A)

£NPV

£

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 14.2 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10290.053 82.00 57.00 178140.00 35168.82 213308.82 15.65 0.71 1.72 18.07 18.78 3980.31 93493.36 23644.5350% 382 14.2 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7382.824 82.00 57.00 178140.00 70337.65 248477.65 10.53 1.42 1.72 13.68 38.54 6887.54 161781.19 56763.5575% 573 14.2 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5268.9082 82.00 57.00 178140.00 105506.47 283646.47 5.45 2.13 1.72 9.30 58.20 9001.45 211434.92 71248.45100% 764 14.2 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 3535.1439 82.00 57.00 178140.00 140675.29 318815.29 0.37 2.84 1.72 4.94 77.81 10735.22 252159.27 76803.98100% 764 14.2 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 -531.6305 1310.2095 82.00 57.00 178140.00 140675.29 318815.29 0.37 2.84 2.72 5.94 73.32 12960.15 304420.71 129065.42

Carbon offsetting 980 14.2 0 3.51 129326.778 20219.3884 64122.722 -54.80812 1787.0319 82.00 57.00 178140.00 213008.81 391148.81 -5.39 3.65 1.72 -0.02 100.08 12483.33 293220.64 45531.83Carbon offsetting 980 14.2 0 3.51 129326.778 20219.3884 64122.722 -3581.558 -1739.718 82.00 57.00 178140.00 213008.81 391148.81 -5.39 3.65 1.72 -0.02 100.08 16010.08 376060.39 128371.58

PV + 0.07 - 0.10

Office-London


PV + 0.17 - 0.24

PV + 0.15 - 0.21

PV + 0.13 - 0.19

PV + 0.12 - 0.17

PV + 0.11 - 0.15

PV + 0.08 - 0.11


224

Table B. 31 Office - PV (current FiT) + improving the building fabric U-value down to 0.07-0.1 W/m2.K (PUR) + TSC– not taking into account the rental loss/gain


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2

)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 75 190 14.04 24.6375 3.51 0.0938 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6637.7466 66.00 46.00 143460.00 11250.00 35168.82 189878.82 15.66 0.71 0.04 0.66 17.07 23.30 7632.61 179282.30 132863.4850% 200 382 9.365 16.425 3.51 0.1873 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -429.6183 66.00 46.00 143460.00 30000.00 70337.65 243797.65 9.68 1.42 0.09 0.66 11.86 46.70 14699.98 345287.49 244949.8475% 425 573 4.68 8.2125 3.51 0.281 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6685.575 66.00 46.00 143460.00 63750.00 105506.47 312716.47 3.73 2.13 0.20 0.66 6.72 69.78 20955.94 492233.54 322977.07100% 650 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 66.00 46.00 143460.00 97500.00 140675.29 381635.29 -2.21 2.84 0.31 0.66 1.60 92.82 26831.22 630238.00 392062.70

Carbon offsetting

650 832 0 0 3.51 0.3746 109795.795 23243.862 47729.4021 -14814.1 -14449.03 66.00 46.00 143460.00 97500.00 180840.13 421800.13 -4.06 3.10 0.310.66

0.01 99.96 28719.39 674589.23 396249.10


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2

)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 72 190 13.53 24.6375 3.51 0.104 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6584.7066 67.00 47.00 145830.00 10800.00 35168.82 191798.82 15.57 0.71 0.03 0.71 17.02 23.51 7685.65 180528.16 132189.3350% 185 382 9.025 16.425 3.51 0.1941 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -464.9783 67.00 47.00 145830.00 27750.00 70337.65 243917.65 9.62 1.42 0.09 0.71 11.84 46.79 14735.34 346118.06 245660.4175% 410 573 4.51 8.2125 3.51 0.2844 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6703.255 67.00 47.00 145830.00 61500.00 105506.47 312836.47 3.70 2.13 0.19 0.71 6.74 69.73 20973.62 492648.82 323272.35100% 630 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 67.00 47.00 145830.00 94500.00 140675.29 381005.29 -2.21 2.84 0.30 0.71 1.64 92.64 26831.22 630238.00 392692.70

Carbon offsetting

630 835 0 0 3.51 0.3746 110191.694 23173.84 48054.8151 -14895.9 -14530.88 67.00 47.00 145830.00 94500.00 181492.20 421822.20 -4.14 3.11 0.30 0.71 -0.02 100.09 28801.24 676511.85 398149.65


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2

)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 69 190 12.78 24.6375 3.51 0.119 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6506.7066 68.50 48.00 149061.00 10350.00 35168.82 194579.82 15.43 0.71 0.03 0.81 16.98 23.69 7763.65 182360.30 131240.4750% 172 382 8.52 16.425 3.51 0.2042 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -517.4983 68.50 48.00 149061.00 25800.00 70337.65 245198.65 9.53 1.42 0.08 0.81 11.84 46.78 14787.86 347351.70 245613.0575% 400 573 4.26 8.2125 3.51 0.2894 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6729.255 68.50 48.00 149061.00 60000.00 105506.47 314567.47 3.65 2.13 0.19 0.81 6.78 69.51 20999.62 493259.53 322152.06100% 615 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 68.50 48.00 149061.00 92250.00 140675.29 381986.29 -2.21 2.84 0.29 0.81 1.73 92.22 26831.22 630238.00 391711.70

Carbon offsetting

615 838 0 0 3.51 0.3746 110587.592 23103.818 48380.2282 -14977.8 -14612.74 68.50 48.00 149061.00 92250.00 182144.27 423455.27 -4.22 3.12 0.29 0.81 0.01 99.98 28883.10 678434.47 398439.20


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2

)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 66 190 12.36 24.6375 3.51 0.1274 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6463.0266 70.00 49.00 152292.00 9900.00 35168.82 197360.82 15.35 0.71 0.03 0.91 17.00 23.60 7807.33 183386.29 129485.4750% 165 382 8.24 16.425 3.51 0.2098 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -546.6183 70.00 49.00 152292.00 24750.00 70337.65 247379.65 9.48 1.42 0.08 0.91 11.89 46.58 14816.98 348035.70 244116.0575% 392 573 4.12 8.2125 3.51 0.2922 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6743.815 70.00 49.00 152292.00 58800.00 105506.47 316598.47 3.63 2.13 0.19 0.91 6.86 69.19 21014.18 493601.53 320463.06100% 605 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 70.00 49.00 152292.00 90750.00 140675.29 383717.29 -2.21 2.84 0.29 0.91 1.83 91.79 26831.22 630238.00 389980.70

Carbon offsetting

605 843 0 0 3.51 0.3746 111247.422 22987.1147 48922.5833 -15114.2 -14749.16 70.00 49.00 152292.00 90750.00 183231.05 426273.05 -4.35 3.14 0.29 0.91 -0.01 100.06 29019.52 681638.83 398825.78


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2

)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 63 190 12 24.6375 3.51 0.1346 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6425.5866 71.50 50.00 155523.00 9450.00 35168.82 200141.82 15.29 0.71 0.03 1.01 17.03 23.45 7844.77 184265.72 127583.9050% 160 382 8 16.425 3.51 0.2146 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -571.5783 71.50 50.00 155523.00 24000.00 70337.65 249860.65 9.43 1.42 0.08 1.01 11.94 46.35 14841.94 348621.99 242221.3475% 382 573 4 8.2125 3.51 0.2946 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6756.295 71.50 50.00 155523.00 57300.00 105506.47 318329.47 3.60 2.13 0.18 1.01 6.93 68.87 21026.66 493894.68 319025.21100% 595 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 71.50 50.00 155523.00 89250.00 140675.29 385448.29 -2.21 2.84 0.28 1.01 1.92 91.36 26831.22 630238.00 388249.70

Carbon offsetting

595 846 0 0 3.51 0.3746 111775.287 22893.7521 49356.4674 -15223.3 -14858.29 71.50 50.00 155523.00 89250.00 184100.47 428873.47 -4.45 3.15 0.28 1.01 -0.01 100.06 29128.65 684202.32 398788.85


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2

)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 60 190 11.64 24.6375 3.51 0.1418 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6388.1466 73.00 51.00 158754.00 9000.00 35168.82 202922.82 15.22 0.71 0.03 1.11 17.07 23.31 7882.21 185145.15 125682.3350% 156 382 7.76 16.425 3.51 0.2194 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -596.5383 73.00 51.00 158754.00 23400.00 70337.65 252491.65 9.39 1.42 0.07 1.11 11.99 46.10 14866.90 349208.27 240176.6275% 377 573 3.88 8.2125 3.51 0.297 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6768.775 73.00 51.00 158754.00 56550.00 105506.47 320810.47 3.58 2.13 0.18 1.11 7.00 68.53 21039.14 494187.82 316837.35100% 589 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 73.00 51.00 158754.00 88350.00 140675.29 387779.29 -2.21 2.84 0.28 1.11 2.02 90.93 26831.22 630238.00 385918.70

Carbon offsetting

589 851 0 0 3.51 0.3746 112303.151 22800.3895 49790.3514 -15332.5 -14967.43 73.00 51.00 158754.00 88350.00 184969.90 432073.90 -4.56 3.17 0.28 1.11 0.00 100.02 29237.79 686765.81 398151.91


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2

)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 57 190 11.25 24.6375 3.51 0.1496 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6347.5866 79.00 55.00 171678.00 8550.00 35168.82 215396.82 15.15 0.71 0.03 1.62 17.50 21.35 7922.77 186097.86 114161.0450% 153 382 7.5 16.425 3.51 0.2246 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -623.5783 79.00 55.00 171678.00 22950.00 70337.65 264965.65 9.34 1.42 0.07 1.62 12.45 44.04 14893.94 349843.41 228337.7775% 371 573 3.75 8.2125 3.51 0.2996 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6782.295 79.00 55.00 171678.00 55650.00 105506.47 332834.47 3.56 2.13 0.18 1.62 7.49 66.36 21052.66 494505.39 305130.92100% 582 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 79.00 55.00 171678.00 87300.00 140675.29 399653.29 -2.21 2.84 0.28 1.62 2.53 88.65 26831.22 630238.00 374044.70

Carbon offsetting

582 873 0 0 3.51 0.3746 115206.405 22286.8949 52176.7139 -15932.7 -15567.68 79.00 55.00 171678.00 87300.00 189751.73 448729.73 -5.15 3.25 0.28 1.62 0.00 100.00 29838.04 700865.01 395595.28


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2

)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 55 190 10.65 24.6375 3.51 0.1616 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6285.1866 82.00 57.00 178140.00 8250.00 35168.82 221558.82 15.04 0.71 0.03 1.72 17.49 21.40 7985.17 187563.57 109464.7550% 150 382 7.1 16.425 3.51 0.2326 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -665.1783 82.00 57.00 178140.00 22500.00 70337.65 270977.65 9.26 1.42 0.07 1.72 12.48 43.93 14935.54 350820.55 223302.9175% 365 573 3.55 8.2125 3.51 0.3036 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6803.095 82.00 57.00 178140.00 54750.00 105506.47 338396.47 3.52 2.13 0.17 1.72 7.55 66.09 21073.46 494993.96 300057.49100% 575 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 82.00 57.00 178140.00 86250.00 140675.29 405065.29 -2.21 2.84 0.27 1.72 2.62 88.21 26831.22 630238.00 368632.70

Carbon offsetting

575 878 0 0 3.51 0.3746 115866.236 22170.1916 52719.069 -16069.1 -15704.1 82.00 57.00 178140.00 86250.00 190838.51 455228.51 -5.28 3.27 0.27 1.72 -0.02 100.08 29974.46 704069.37 392300.87

TSC + PV + 0.08 - 0.11

TSC + PV + 0.07 - 0.10

Office-London


TSC + PV + 0.17 - 0.24

TSC + PV + 0.15 - 0.21

TSC + PV + 0.13 - 0.19

TSC + PV + 0.12 - 0.17

TSC + PV + 0.11 - 0.15


225

Table B. 32 Office - PV (future FiT) + improving the building fabric U-value down to 0.07-0.1 W/m2.K (PUR) + TSC– not taking into account the rental loss/gain


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 75 190 14.04 24.6375 3.51 0.0938 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 10273.413 66.00 46.00 143460.00 11250.00 35168.82 189878.82 15.66 0.71 0.04 0.66 17.07 23.30 3996.95 93884.21 47465.3950% 200 382 9.365 16.425 3.51 0.1873 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6879.984 66.00 46.00 143460.00 30000.00 70337.65 243797.65 9.68 1.42 0.09 0.66 11.86 46.70 7390.38 173592.39 73254.7475% 425 573 4.68 8.2125 3.51 0.281 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4278.8282 66.00 46.00 143460.00 63750.00 105506.47 312716.47 3.73 2.13 0.20 0.66 6.72 69.78 9991.53 234690.89 65434.42100% 650 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 66.00 46.00 143460.00 97500.00 140675.29 381635.29 -2.21 2.84 0.31 0.66 1.60 92.82 12212.02 286847.80 48672.50

Carbon offsetting

650 832 0 0 3.51 0.3746 109795.795 23243.862 47729.402 1106.318 1471.3576 66.00 46.00 143460.00 97500.00 180840.13 421800.13 -4.06 3.10 0.31 0.66 0.01 99.96 12799.00 300635.51 22295.37

Carbon offsetting

650 832 0 0 3.51 0.3746 109795.795 23243.862 47729.402 -1518.8 -1153.76 66.00 46.00 143460.00 97500.00 180840.13 421800.13 -4.06 3.10 0.310.66

0.01 99.96 15424.12 362296.83 83956.70


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 72 190 13.53 24.6375 3.51 0.104 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 10220.373 67.00 47.00 145830.00 10800.00 35168.82 191798.82 15.57 0.71 0.03 0.71 17.02 23.51 4049.99 95130.07 46791.2550% 185 382 9.025 16.425 3.51 0.1941 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6844.624 67.00 47.00 145830.00 27750.00 70337.65 243917.65 9.62 1.42 0.09 0.71 11.84 46.79 7425.74 174422.96 73965.3175% 410 573 4.51 8.2125 3.51 0.2844 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4261.1482 67.00 47.00 145830.00 61500.00 105506.47 312836.47 3.70 2.13 0.19 0.71 6.74 69.73 10009.21 235106.17 65729.70100% 630 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 67.00 47.00 145830.00 94500.00 140675.29 381005.29 -2.21 2.84 0.30 0.71 1.64 92.64 12212.02 286847.80 49302.50

Carbon offsetting

630 835 0 0 3.51 0.3746 110191.694 23173.84 48054.815 1081.871 1446.9109 67.00 47.00 145830.00 94500.00 181492.20 421822.20 -4.14 3.11 0.30 0.71 -0.02 100.09 12823.45 301209.73 22847.53

Carbon offsetting

630 835 0 0 3.51 0.3746 110191.694 23173.84 48054.815 -1561.14 -1196.104 67.00 47.00 145830.00 94500.00 181492.20 421822.20 -4.14 3.11 0.30 0.71 -0.02 100.09 15466.46 363291.46 84929.25


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 69 190 12.78 24.6375 3.51 0.119 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 10142.373 68.50 48.00 149061.00 10350.00 35168.82 194579.82 15.43 0.71 0.03 0.81 16.98 23.69 4127.99 96962.21 45842.3950% 172 382 8.52 16.425 3.51 0.2042 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6792.104 68.50 48.00 149061.00 25800.00 70337.65 245198.65 9.53 1.42 0.08 0.81 11.84 46.78 7478.26 175656.60 73917.9675% 400 573 4.26 8.2125 3.51 0.2894 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4235.1482 68.50 48.00 149061.00 60000.00 105506.47 314567.47 3.65 2.13 0.19 0.81 6.78 69.51 10035.21 235716.89 64609.42100% 615 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 68.50 48.00 149061.00 92250.00 140675.29 381986.29 -2.21 2.84 0.29 0.81 1.73 92.22 12212.02 286847.80 48321.50

Carbon offsetting

615 838 0 0 3.51 0.3746 110587.592 23103.818 48380.228 1057.424 1422.4643 68.50 48.00 149061.00 92250.00 182144.27 423455.27 -4.22 3.12 0.29 0.81 0.01 99.98 12847.90 301783.96 21788.69

Carbon offsetting

615 838 0 0 3.51 0.3746 110587.592 23103.818 48380.228 -1603.49 -1238.448 68.50 48.00 149061.00 92250.00 182144.27 423455.27 -4.22 3.12 0.29 0.81 0.01 99.98 15508.81 364286.08 84290.81


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 66 190 12.36 24.6375 3.51 0.1274 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 10098.693 70.00 49.00 152292.00 9900.00 35168.82 197360.82 15.35 0.71 0.03 0.91 17.00 23.60 4171.67 97988.21 44087.3850% 165 382 8.24 16.425 3.51 0.2098 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6762.984 70.00 49.00 152292.00 24750.00 70337.65 247379.65 9.48 1.42 0.08 0.91 11.89 46.58 7507.38 176340.60 72420.9575% 392 573 4.12 8.2125 3.51 0.2922 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4220.5882 70.00 49.00 152292.00 58800.00 105506.47 316598.47 3.63 2.13 0.19 0.91 6.86 69.19 10049.77 236058.89 62920.42100% 605 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 70.00 49.00 152292.00 90750.00 140675.29 383717.29 -2.21 2.84 0.29 0.91 1.83 91.79 12212.02 286847.80 46590.50

Carbon offsetting

605 843 0 0 3.51 0.3746 111247.422 22987.1147 48922.583 1016.68 1381.7198 70.00 49.00 152292.00 90750.00 183231.05 426273.05 -4.35 3.14 0.29 0.91 -0.01 100.06 12888.64 302741.01 19927.96

Carbon offsetting

605 843 0 0 3.51 0.3746 111247.422 22987.1147 48922.583 -1674.06 -1309.022 70.00 49.00 152292.00 90750.00 183231.05 426273.05 -4.35 3.14 0.29 0.91 -0.01 100.06 15579.38 365943.79 83130.74


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 63 190 12 24.6375 3.51 0.1346 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 10061.253 71.50 50.00 155523.00 9450.00 35168.82 200141.82 15.29 0.71 0.03 1.01 17.03 23.45 4209.11 98867.64 42185.8150% 160 382 8 16.425 3.51 0.2146 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6738.024 71.50 50.00 155523.00 24000.00 70337.65 249860.65 9.43 1.42 0.08 1.01 11.94 46.35 7532.34 176926.89 70526.2475% 382 573 4 8.2125 3.51 0.2946 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4208.1082 71.50 50.00 155523.00 57300.00 105506.47 318329.47 3.60 2.13 0.18 1.01 6.93 68.87 10062.25 236352.03 61482.56100% 595 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 71.50 50.00 155523.00 89250.00 140675.29 385448.29 -2.21 2.84 0.28 1.01 1.92 91.36 12212.02 286847.80 44859.50

Carbon offsetting

595 846 0 0 3.51 0.3746 111775.287 22893.7521 49356.467 984.0843 1349.1243 71.50 50.00 155523.00 89250.00 184100.47 428873.47 -4.45 3.15 0.28 1.01 -0.01 100.06 12921.24 303506.64 18093.17

Carbon offsetting

595 846 0 0 3.51 0.3746 111775.287 22893.7521 49356.467 -1730.52 -1365.481 71.50 50.00 155523.00 89250.00 184100.47 428873.47 -4.45 3.15 0.28 1.01 -0.01 100.06 15635.84 367269.96 81856.49


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 60 190 11.64 24.6375 3.51 0.1418 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 10023.813 73.00 51.00 158754.00 9000.00 35168.82 202922.82 15.22 0.71 0.03 1.11 17.07 23.31 4246.55 99747.06 40284.2450% 156 382 7.76 16.425 3.51 0.2194 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6713.064 73.00 51.00 158754.00 23400.00 70337.65 252491.65 9.39 1.42 0.07 1.11 11.99 46.10 7557.30 177513.17 68481.5275% 377 573 3.88 8.2125 3.51 0.297 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4195.6282 73.00 51.00 158754.00 56550.00 105506.47 320810.47 3.58 2.13 0.18 1.11 7.00 68.53 10074.73 236645.17 59294.70100% 589 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 73.00 51.00 158754.00 88350.00 140675.29 387779.29 -2.21 2.84 0.28 1.11 2.02 90.93 12212.02 286847.80 42528.50

Carbon offsetting

589 851 0 0 3.51 0.3746 112303.151 22800.3895 49790.351 951.4887 1316.5287 73.00 51.00 158754.00 88350.00 184969.90 432073.90 -4.56 3.17 0.28 1.11 0.00 100.02 12953.83 304272.28 15658.38

Carbon offsetting

589 851 0 0 3.51 0.3746 112303.151 22800.3895 49790.351 -1786.98 -1421.941 73.00 51.00 158754.00 88350.00 184969.90 432073.90 -4.56 3.17 0.28 1.11 0.00 100.02 15692.30 368596.13 79982.23


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 57 190 11.25 24.6375 3.51 0.1496 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 9983.2527 79.00 55.00 171678.00 8550.00 35168.82 215396.82 15.15 0.71 0.03 1.62 17.50 21.35 4287.11 100699.78 28762.9550% 153 382 7.5 16.425 3.51 0.2246 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6686.024 79.00 55.00 171678.00 22950.00 70337.65 264965.65 9.34 1.42 0.07 1.62 12.45 44.04 7584.34 178148.31 56642.6775% 371 573 3.75 8.2125 3.51 0.2996 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4182.1082 79.00 55.00 171678.00 55650.00 105506.47 332834.47 3.56 2.13 0.18 1.62 7.49 66.36 10088.25 236962.74 47588.27100% 582 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 79.00 55.00 171678.00 87300.00 140675.29 399653.29 -2.21 2.84 0.28 1.62 2.53 88.65 12212.02 286847.80 30654.50

Carbon offsetting

582 873 0 0 3.51 0.3746 115206.405 22286.8949 52176.714 772.2132 1137.2532 79.00 55.00 171678.00 87300.00 189751.73 448729.73 -5.15 3.25 0.28 1.62 0.00 100.00 13133.11 308483.28 3213.55

Carbon offsetting

582 873 0 0 3.51 0.3746 115206.405 22286.8949 52176.714 -2097.51 -1732.466 79.00 55.00 171678.00 87300.00 189751.73 448729.73 -5.15 3.25 0.28 1.62 0.00 100.00 16002.83 375890.06 70620.33


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 55 190 10.65 24.6375 3.51 0.1616 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 9920.8527 82.00 57.00 178140.00 8250.00 35168.82 221558.82 15.04 0.71 0.03 1.72 17.49 21.40 4349.51 102165.49 24066.6650% 150 382 7.1 16.425 3.51 0.2326 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6644.424 82.00 57.00 178140.00 22500.00 70337.65 270977.65 9.26 1.42 0.07 1.72 12.48 43.93 7625.94 179125.45 51607.8175% 365 573 3.55 8.2125 3.51 0.3036 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4161.3082 82.00 57.00 178140.00 54750.00 105506.47 338396.47 3.52 2.13 0.17 1.72 7.55 66.09 10109.05 237451.31 42514.84100% 575 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 82.00 57.00 178140.00 86250.00 140675.29 405065.29 -2.21 2.84 0.27 1.72 2.62 88.21 12212.02 286847.80 25242.50

Carbon offsetting

575 878 0 0 3.51 0.3746 115866.236 22170.1916 52719.069 731.4687 1096.5087 82.00 57.00 178140.00 86250.00 190838.51 455228.51 -5.28 3.27 0.27 1.72 -0.02 100.08 13173.85 309440.32 -2328.18

Carbon offsetting

575 878 0 0 3.51 0.3746 115866.236 22170.1916 52719.069 -2168.08 -1803.04 82.00 57.00 178140.00 86250.00 190838.51 455228.51 -5.28 3.27 0.27 1.72 -0.02 100.08 16073.40 377547.77 65779.26

TSC + PV + 0.08 - 0.11

TSC + PV + 0.07 - 0.10

Office-London


TSC + PV + 0.17 - 0.24

TSC + PV + 0.15 - 0.21

TSC + PV + 0.13 - 0.19

TSC + PV + 0.12 - 0.17

TSC + PV + 0.11 - 0.15


226

Table B. 33 Office - PV (current FiT) + improving the building fabric U-value down to 0.07-0.1 W/m2.K (PUR)– taking into account the rental loss/gain- City


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 72885.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 18.73 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 7125.50664 66.00 46.00 143460.00 35168.82 178628.82 16.53 0.71 0.66 17.90 19.55 7144.85 72885.00 167825.31 132656.4950% 382 18.73 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 544.341737 66.00 46.00 143460.00 70337.65 213797.65 11.42 1.42 0.66 13.50 39.31 13726.02 72885.00 322410.16 252072.5275% 573 18.73 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5224.3753 66.00 46.00 143460.00 105506.47 248966.47 6.34 2.13 0.66 9.13 58.97 19494.74 72885.00 457911.44 352404.97100% 764 18.73 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -10612.941 66.00 46.00 143460.00 140675.29 284135.29 1.26 2.84 0.66 4.77 78.59 24883.30 72885.00 584483.34 443808.05



PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 72885.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 18.05 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 7054.78664 67.00 47.00 145830.00 35168.82 180998.82 16.40 0.71 0.71 17.82 19.92 7215.57 76953.00 102439.65 64900.8350% 382 18.05 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 473.621737 67.00 47.00 145830.00 70337.65 216167.65 11.29 1.42 0.71 13.42 39.69 13796.74 76953.00 257024.50 184316.8675% 573 18.05 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5295.0953 67.00 47.00 145830.00 105506.47 251336.47 6.20 2.13 0.71 9.05 59.34 19565.46 76953.00 392525.78 284649.31100% 764 18.05 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -10683.661 67.00 47.00 145830.00 140675.29 286505.29 1.13 2.84 0.71 4.68 78.96 24954.02 76953.00 519097.68 376052.39

Carbon offsetting 968 18.05 0 3.51 127743.1848 20444.90992 62767.41 -18485 -16242.768 67.00 47.00 145830.00 210400.54 356230.54 -4.31 3.60 0.71 0.00 100.00 30513.13 76953.00 649675.43 436904.89


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 72885.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 17.05 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 6950.78664 68.50 48.00 149061.00 35168.82 184229.82 16.21 0.71 0.81 17.72 20.35 7319.57 81360.00 32248.47 -8521.3550% 382 17.05 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 369.621737 68.50 48.00 149061.00 70337.65 219398.65 11.09 1.42 0.81 13.32 40.12 13900.74 81360.00 186833.32 110894.6775% 573 17.05 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5399.0953 68.50 48.00 149061.00 105506.47 254567.47 6.01 2.13 0.81 8.95 59.78 19669.46 81360.00 322334.60 211227.13100% 764 17.05 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -10787.661 68.50 48.00 149061.00 140675.29 289736.29 0.93 2.84 0.81 4.59 79.39 25058.02 81360.00 448906.50 302630.21



PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 72885.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 16.49 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 6892.54664 70.00 49.00 152292.00 35168.82 187460.82 16.10 0.71 0.91 17.71 20.40 7377.81 84750.00 -22255.86 -66256.6950% 382 16.49 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 311.381737 70.00 49.00 152292.00 70337.65 222629.65 10.98 1.42 0.91 13.32 40.16 13958.98 84750.00 132328.99 53159.3475% 573 16.49 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5457.3353 70.00 49.00 152292.00 105506.47 257798.47 5.90 2.13 0.91 8.94 59.82 19727.70 84750.00 267830.26 153491.79100% 764 16.49 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -10845.901 70.00 49.00 152292.00 140675.29 292967.29 0.82 2.84 0.91 4.58 79.43 25116.26 84750.00 394402.16 244894.87



PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 72885.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 16 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 6841.58664 71.50 50.00 155523.00 35168.82 190691.82 16.00 0.71 1.01 17.72 20.38 7428.77 88140.00 -76931.20 -124163.0250% 382 16 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 260.421737 71.50 50.00 155523.00 70337.65 225860.65 10.89 1.42 1.01 13.32 40.14 14009.94 88140.00 77653.65 -4747.0075% 573 16 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5508.2953 71.50 50.00 155523.00 105506.47 261029.47 5.80 2.13 1.01 8.94 59.80 19778.66 88140.00 213154.93 95585.45100% 764 16 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -10896.861 71.50 50.00 155523.00 140675.29 296198.29 0.73 2.84 1.01 4.58 79.42 25167.22 88140.00 339726.83 186988.53



PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 72885.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 15.52 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 6791.66664 73.00 51.00 158754.00 35168.82 193922.82 15.91 0.71 1.11 17.72 20.35 7478.69 93225.00 -159567.13 -210029.9550% 382 15.52 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 210.501737 73.00 51.00 158754.00 70337.65 229091.65 10.79 1.42 1.11 13.32 40.12 14059.86 93225.00 -4982.28 -90613.9375% 573 15.52 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5558.2153 73.00 51.00 158754.00 105506.47 264260.47 5.71 2.13 1.11 8.95 59.78 19828.58 93225.00 130518.99 9718.52100% 764 15.52 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -10946.781 73.00 51.00 158754.00 140675.29 299429.29 0.63 2.84 1.11 4.59 79.39 25217.14 93225.00 257090.90 101121.60



PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 72885.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 15 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 6737.58664 79.00 55.00 171678.00 35168.82 206846.82 15.80 0.71 1.62 18.13 18.52 7532.77 110175.00 -437658.52 -501045.3450% 382 15 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 156.421737 79.00 55.00 171678.00 70337.65 242015.65 10.69 1.42 1.62 13.73 38.28 14113.94 110175.00 -283073.67 -381629.3275% 573 15 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5612.2953 79.00 55.00 171678.00 105506.47 277184.47 5.61 2.13 1.62 9.36 57.94 19882.66 110175.00 -147572.40 -281296.87100% 764 15 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -11000.861 79.00 55.00 171678.00 140675.29 312353.29 0.53 2.84 1.62 4.99 77.56 25271.22 110175.00 -21000.49 -189893.79

Carbon offsetting 987 15.52 0 3.51 130250.5407 20087.83418 64913.32 -18995.1 -17016.011 79.00 55.00 171678.00 214530.30 386208.30 -5.31 3.67 1.62 -0.02 100.09 31286.37 110175.00 120289.25 -122459.05


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 72885.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 14.2 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 6654.38664 82.00 57.00 178140.00 35168.82 213308.82 15.65 0.71 1.72 18.07 18.78 7615.97 115825.00 -528824.79 -598673.6250% 382 14.2 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 73.2217372 82.00 57.00 178140.00 70337.65 248477.65 10.53 1.42 1.72 13.68 38.54 14197.14 115825.00 -374239.95 -479257.5975% 573 14.2 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5695.4953 82.00 57.00 178140.00 105506.47 283646.47 5.45 2.13 1.72 9.30 58.20 19965.86 115825.00 -238738.67 -378925.14100% 764 14.2 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -11084.061 82.00 57.00 178140.00 140675.29 318815.29 0.37 2.84 1.72 4.94 77.81 25354.42 115825.00 -112166.77 -287522.06

Carbon offsetting 980 14.2 0 3.51 129326.778 20219.3884 64122.72 -18807.2 -16965.351 82.00 57.00 178140.00 213008.81 391148.81 -5.39 3.65 1.72 -0.02 100.08 31235.71 115825.00 25978.74 -221710.07

PV + 0.08 - 0.11

PV + 0.07 - 0.10



PV + 0.17 - 0.24

PV + 0.15 - 0.21

PV + 0.13 - 0.19

PV + 0.12 - 0.17

PV + 0.11 - 0.15


227

Table B. 34 Office - PV (future FiT) + improving the building fabric U-value down to 0.07-0.1 W/m2.K (PUR) – taking into account the rental loss/gain- City


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 18.73 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10761.173 66.00 46.00 143460.00 35168.82 178628.82 16.53 0.71 0.66 17.90 19.55 3509.19 72885.00 82427.23 47258.4150% 382 18.73 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7853.944 66.00 46.00 143460.00 70337.65 213797.65 11.42 1.42 0.66 13.50 39.31 6416.42 72885.00 150715.06 80377.4275% 573 18.73 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5740.0282 66.00 46.00 143460.00 105506.47 248966.47 6.34 2.13 0.66 9.13 58.97 8530.33 72885.00 200368.79 94862.32100% 764 18.73 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 4006.2639 66.00 46.00 143460.00 140675.29 284135.29 1.26 2.84 0.66 4.77 78.59 10264.10 72885.00 241093.14 100417.85100% 764 18.73 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 -531.6305 1781.3295 66.00 46.00 143460.00 140675.29 284135.29 1.26 2.84 1.66 5.77 74.09 12489.03 72885.00 293354.58 152679.29



PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 18.05 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10690.453 67.00 47.00 145830.00 35168.82 180998.82 16.40 0.71 0.71 17.82 19.92 3579.91 76953.00 17041.57 -20497.2650% 382 18.05 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7783.224 67.00 47.00 145830.00 70337.65 216167.65 11.29 1.42 0.71 13.42 39.69 6487.14 76953.00 85329.40 12621.7675% 573 18.05 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5669.3082 67.00 47.00 145830.00 105506.47 251336.47 6.20 2.13 0.71 9.05 59.34 8601.05 76953.00 134983.13 27106.66100% 764 18.05 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 3935.5439 67.00 47.00 145830.00 140675.29 286505.29 1.13 2.84 0.71 4.68 78.96 10334.82 76953.00 175707.48 32662.19100% 764 18.05 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 -531.6305 1710.6095 67.00 47.00 145830.00 140675.29 286505.29 1.13 2.84 1.71 5.68 74.47 12559.75 76953.00 227968.92 84923.63

Carbon offsetting 968 18.05 0 3.51 127743.185 20444.90992 62767.407 37.754058 2279.9941 67.00 47.00 145830.00 210400.54 356230.54 -4.31 3.60 0.71 0.00 100.00 11990.37 76953.00 214594.66 1824.12Carbon offsetting 968 18.05 0 3.51 127743.185 20444.90992 62767.407 -3414.453 -1172.213 67.00 47.00 145830.00 210400.54 356230.54 -4.31 3.60 0.71 0.00 100.00 15442.57 76953.00 295683.49 82912.95


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 17.05 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10586.453 68.50 48.00 149061.00 35168.82 184229.82 16.21 0.71 0.81 17.72 20.35 3683.91 81360.00 -53149.61 -93919.4450% 382 17.05 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7679.224 68.50 48.00 149061.00 70337.65 219398.65 11.09 1.42 0.81 13.32 40.12 6591.14 81360.00 15138.22 -60800.4275% 573 17.05 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5565.3082 68.50 48.00 149061.00 105506.47 254567.47 6.01 2.13 0.81 8.95 59.78 8705.05 81360.00 64791.95 -46315.52100% 764 17.05 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 3831.5439 68.50 48.00 149061.00 140675.29 289736.29 0.93 2.84 0.81 4.59 79.39 10438.82 81360.00 105516.30 -40759.99100% 764 17.05 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 -531.6305 1606.6095 68.50 48.00 149061.00 140675.29 289736.29 0.93 2.84 1.81 5.59 74.90 12663.75 81360.00 157777.74 11501.45

Carbon offsetting 964 17.05 0 3.51 127215.32 20520.08376 62315.636 68.608117 2206.8481 68.50 48.00 149061.00 209531.12 358592.12 -4.40 3.59 0.81 0.00 100.02 12063.51 81360.00 143678.75 -71453.37Carbon offsetting 964 17.05 0 3.51 127215.32 20520.08376 62315.636 -3358.752 -1220.512 68.50 48.00 149061.00 209531.12 358592.12 -4.40 3.59 0.81 0.00 100.02 15490.87 81360.00 224183.94 9051.82


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 16.49 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10528.213 70.00 49.00 152292.00 35168.82 187460.82 16.10 0.71 0.91 17.71 20.40 3742.15 84750.00 -107653.95 -151654.7750% 382 16.49 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7620.984 70.00 49.00 152292.00 70337.65 222629.65 10.98 1.42 0.91 13.32 40.16 6649.38 84750.00 -39366.11 -118535.7675% 573 16.49 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5507.0682 70.00 49.00 152292.00 105506.47 257798.47 5.90 2.13 0.91 8.94 59.82 8763.29 84750.00 10287.61 -104050.86100% 764 16.49 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 3773.3039 70.00 49.00 152292.00 140675.29 292967.29 0.82 2.84 0.91 4.58 79.43 10497.06 84750.00 51011.97 -98495.33100% 764 16.49 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 -531.6305 1548.3695 70.00 49.00 152292.00 140675.29 292967.29 0.82 2.84 1.91 5.58 74.94 12721.99 84750.00 103273.40 -46233.89

Carbon offsetting 964 16.49 0 3.51 127215.32 20520.08376 62315.636 68.608117 2148.6081 70.00 49.00 152292.00 209531.12 361823.12 -4.51 3.59 0.91 -0.01 100.06 12121.75 84750.00 89174.41 -129188.70Carbon offsetting 964 16.49 0 3.51 127215.32 20520.08376 62315.636 -3358.752 -1278.752 70.00 49.00 152292.00 209531.12 361823.12 -4.51 3.59 0.91 -0.01 100.06 15549.11 84750.00 169679.60 -48683.52


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 16 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10477.253 71.50 50.00 155523.00 35168.82 190691.82 16.00 0.71 1.01 17.72 20.38 3793.11 88140.00 -162329.28 -209561.1150% 382 16 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7570.024 71.50 50.00 155523.00 70337.65 225860.65 10.89 1.42 1.01 13.32 40.14 6700.34 88140.00 -94041.45 -176442.1075% 573 16 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5456.1082 71.50 50.00 155523.00 105506.47 261029.47 5.80 2.13 1.01 8.94 59.80 8814.25 88140.00 -44387.72 -161957.19100% 764 16 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 3722.3439 71.50 50.00 155523.00 140675.29 296198.29 0.73 2.84 1.01 4.58 79.42 10548.02 88140.00 -3663.37 -156401.66100% 764 16 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 -531.6305 1497.4095 71.50 50.00 155523.00 140675.29 296198.29 0.73 2.84 2.01 5.58 74.92 12772.95 88140.00 48598.07 -104140.23

Carbon offsetting 964 16 0 3.51 127215.32 20520.08376 62315.636 68.608117 2097.6481 71.50 50.00 155523.00 209531.12 365054.12 -4.61 3.59 1.01 -0.01 100.05 12172.71 88140.00 34499.08 -187095.04Carbon offsetting 964 16 0 3.51 127215.32 20520.08376 62315.636 -3358.752 -1329.712 71.50 50.00 155523.00 209531.12 365054.12 -4.61 3.59 1.01 -0.01 100.05 15600.07 88140.00 115004.26 -106589.85


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 15.52 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10427.333 73.00 51.00 158754.00 35168.82 193922.82 15.91 0.71 1.11 17.72 20.35 3843.03 93225.00 -244965.22 -295428.0450% 382 15.52 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7520.104 73.00 51.00 158754.00 70337.65 229091.65 10.79 1.42 1.11 13.32 40.12 6750.26 93225.00 -176677.38 -262309.0375% 573 15.52 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5406.1882 73.00 51.00 158754.00 105506.47 264260.47 5.71 2.13 1.11 8.95 59.78 8864.17 93225.00 -127023.66 -247824.13100% 764 15.52 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 3672.4239 73.00 51.00 158754.00 140675.29 299429.29 0.63 2.84 1.11 4.59 79.39 10597.94 93225.00 -86299.30 -242268.60100% 764 15.52 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 -531.6305 1447.4895 73.00 51.00 158754.00 140675.29 299429.29 0.63 2.84 2.11 5.59 74.90 12822.87 93225.00 -34037.86 -190007.16

Carbon offsetting 964 15.52 0 3.51 127215.32 20520.08376 62315.636 68.608117 2047.7281 73.00 51.00 158754.00 209531.12 368285.12 -4.70 3.59 1.11 0.00 100.02 12222.63 93225.00 -48136.86 -272961.97Carbon offsetting 964 15.52 0 3.51 127215.32 20520.08376 62315.636 -3358.752 -1379.632 73.00 51.00 158754.00 209531.12 368285.12 -4.70 3.59 1.11 0.00 100.02 15649.99 93225.00 32368.33 -192456.78


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 15 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10373.253 79.00 55.00 171678.00 35168.82 206846.82 15.80 0.71 1.62 18.13 18.52 3897.11 110175.00 -523056.61 -586443.4350% 382 15 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7466.024 79.00 55.00 171678.00 70337.65 242015.65 10.69 1.42 1.62 13.73 38.28 6804.34 110175.00 -454768.77 -553324.4275% 573 15 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5352.1082 79.00 55.00 171678.00 105506.47 277184.47 5.61 2.13 1.62 9.36 57.94 8918.25 110175.00 -405115.04 -538839.51100% 764 15 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 3618.3439 79.00 55.00 171678.00 140675.29 312353.29 0.53 2.84 1.62 4.99 77.56 10652.02 110175.00 -364390.69 -533283.98100% 764 15 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 -531.6305 1393.4095 79.00 55.00 171678.00 140675.29 312353.29 0.53 2.84 2.62 5.99 73.06 12876.95 110175.00 -312129.25 -481022.55

Carbon offsetting 987 15.52 0 3.51 130250.541 20087.83418 64913.322 -108.8027 1870.3173 79.00 55.00 171678.00 214530.30 386208.30 -5.31 3.67 1.62 -0.02 100.09 12400.04 110175.00 -323331.33 -566079.63Carbon offsetting 987 15.52 0 3.51 130250.541 20087.83418 64913.322 -3679.035 -1699.915 79.00 55.00 171678.00 214530.30 386208.30 -5.31 3.67 1.62 -0.02 100.09 15970.28 110175.00 -239470.20 -482218.51


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 14.2 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10290.053 82.00 57.00 178140.00 35168.82 213308.82 15.65 0.71 1.72 18.07 18.78 3980.31 115825.00 -614222.88 -684071.7050% 382 14.2 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7382.824 82.00 57.00 178140.00 70337.65 248477.65 10.53 1.42 1.72 13.68 38.54 6887.54 115825.00 -545935.04 -650952.6975% 573 14.2 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5268.9082 82.00 57.00 178140.00 105506.47 283646.47 5.45 2.13 1.72 9.30 58.20 9001.45 115825.00 -496281.32 -636467.79100% 764 14.2 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 3535.1439 82.00 57.00 178140.00 140675.29 318815.29 0.37 2.84 1.72 4.94 77.81 10735.22 115825.00 -455556.96 -630912.26100% 764 14.2 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 -531.6305 1310.2095 82.00 57.00 178140.00 140675.29 318815.29 0.37 2.84 2.72 5.94 73.32 12960.15 115825.00 -403295.53 -578650.82


PV + 0.07 - 0.10



PV + 0.17 - 0.24

PV + 0.15 - 0.21

PV + 0.13 - 0.19

PV + 0.12 - 0.17

PV + 0.11 - 0.15

PV + 0.08 - 0.11


228

Table B. 35 Office - PV (current FiT) + improving the building fabric U-value down to 0.07-0.1 W/m2.K (PUR) + TSC– taking into account the rental loss/gain- City


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 72885.00 0.00 0.0025% 75 190 14.04 24.6375 3.51 0.0938 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6637.7466 66.00 46.00 143460.00 11250.00 35168.82 189878.82 15.66 0.71 0.04 0.66 17.07 23.30 7632.61 72885.00 179282.30 132863.4850% 200 382 9.365 16.425 3.51 0.1873 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -429.6183 66.00 46.00 143460.00 30000.00 70337.65 243797.65 9.68 1.42 0.09 0.66 11.86 46.70 14699.98 72885.00 345287.49 244949.8475% 425 573 4.68 8.2125 3.51 0.281 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6685.575 66.00 46.00 143460.00 63750.00 105506.47 312716.47 3.73 2.13 0.20 0.66 6.72 69.78 20955.94 72885.00 492233.54 322977.07100% 650 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 66.00 46.00 143460.00 97500.00 140675.29 381635.29 -2.21 2.84 0.31 0.66 1.60 92.82 26831.22 72885.00 630238.00 392062.70

Carbon offsetting

650 832 0 0 3.51 0.3746 109795.795 23243.862 47729.4021 -14814.1 -14449.03 66.00 46.00 143460.00 97500.00 180840.13 421800.13 -4.06 3.10 0.310.66

0.01 99.96 28719.39 72885.00 674589.23 396249.10


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 72 190 13.53 24.6375 3.51 0.104 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6584.7066 67.00 47.00 145830.00 10800.00 35168.82 191798.82 15.57 0.71 0.03 0.71 17.02 23.51 7685.65 76953.00 113481.35 65142.5350% 185 382 9.025 16.425 3.51 0.1941 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -464.9783 67.00 47.00 145830.00 27750.00 70337.65 243917.65 9.62 1.42 0.09 0.71 11.84 46.79 14735.34 76953.00 279071.26 178613.6175% 410 573 4.51 8.2125 3.51 0.2844 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6703.255 67.00 47.00 145830.00 61500.00 105506.47 312836.47 3.70 2.13 0.19 0.71 6.74 69.73 20973.62 76953.00 425602.02 256225.55100% 630 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 67.00 47.00 145830.00 94500.00 140675.29 381005.29 -2.21 2.84 0.30 0.71 1.64 92.64 26831.22 76953.00 563191.19 325645.90

Carbon offsetting

630 835 0 0 3.51 0.3746 110191.694 23173.84 48054.8151 -14895.9 -14530.88 67.00 47.00 145830.00 94500.00 181492.20 421822.20 -4.14 3.11 0.30 0.71 -0.02 100.09 28801.24 76953.00 609465.05 331102.85


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 69 190 12.78 24.6375 3.51 0.119 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6506.7066 68.50 48.00 149061.00 10350.00 35168.82 194579.82 15.43 0.71 0.03 0.81 16.98 23.69 7763.65 81360.00 42679.46 -8440.3650% 172 382 8.52 16.425 3.51 0.2042 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -517.4983 68.50 48.00 149061.00 25800.00 70337.65 245198.65 9.53 1.42 0.08 0.81 11.84 46.78 14787.86 81360.00 207670.87 105932.2275% 400 573 4.26 8.2125 3.51 0.2894 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6729.255 68.50 48.00 149061.00 60000.00 105506.47 314567.47 3.65 2.13 0.19 0.81 6.78 69.51 20999.62 81360.00 353578.70 182471.23100% 615 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 68.50 48.00 149061.00 92250.00 140675.29 381986.29 -2.21 2.84 0.29 0.81 1.73 92.22 26831.22 81360.00 490557.16 252030.86

Carbon offsetting

615 838 0 0 3.51 0.3746 110587.592 23103.818 48380.2282 -14977.8 -14612.74 68.50 48.00 149061.00 92250.00 182144.27 423455.27 -4.22 3.12 0.29 0.81 0.01 99.98 28883.10 81360.00 538753.63 258758.36


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 66 190 12.36 24.6375 3.51 0.1274 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6463.0266 70.00 49.00 152292.00 9900.00 35168.82 197360.82 15.35 0.71 0.03 0.91 17.00 23.60 7807.33 84750.00 -12166.88 -66067.7050% 165 382 8.24 16.425 3.51 0.2098 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -546.6183 70.00 49.00 152292.00 24750.00 70337.65 247379.65 9.48 1.42 0.08 0.91 11.89 46.58 14816.98 84750.00 152482.53 48562.8875% 392 573 4.12 8.2125 3.51 0.2922 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6743.815 70.00 49.00 152292.00 58800.00 105506.47 316598.47 3.63 2.13 0.19 0.91 6.86 69.19 21014.18 84750.00 298048.36 124909.89100% 605 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 70.00 49.00 152292.00 90750.00 140675.29 383717.29 -2.21 2.84 0.29 0.91 1.83 91.79 26831.22 84750.00 434684.82 194427.53

Carbon offsetting

605 843 0 0 3.51 0.3746 111247.422 22987.1147 48922.5833 -15114.2 -14749.16 70.00 49.00 152292.00 90750.00 183231.05 426273.05 -4.35 3.14 0.29 0.91 -0.01 100.06 29019.52 84750.00 486085.66 203272.61


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 63 190 12 24.6375 3.51 0.1346 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6425.5866 71.50 50.00 155523.00 9450.00 35168.82 200141.82 15.29 0.71 0.03 1.01 17.03 23.45 7844.77 88140.00 -67159.78 -123841.6150% 160 382 8 16.425 3.51 0.2146 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -571.5783 71.50 50.00 155523.00 24000.00 70337.65 249860.65 9.43 1.42 0.08 1.01 11.94 46.35 14841.94 88140.00 97196.48 -9204.1775% 382 573 4 8.2125 3.51 0.2946 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6756.295 71.50 50.00 155523.00 57300.00 105506.47 318329.47 3.60 2.13 0.18 1.01 6.93 68.87 21026.66 88140.00 242469.17 67599.70100% 595 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 71.50 50.00 155523.00 89250.00 140675.29 385448.29 -2.21 2.84 0.28 1.01 1.92 91.36 26831.22 88140.00 378812.49 136824.20

Carbon offsetting

595 846 0 0 3.51 0.3746 111775.287 22893.7521 49356.4674 -15223.3 -14858.29 71.50 50.00 155523.00 89250.00 184100.47 428873.47 -4.45 3.15 0.28 1.01 -0.01 100.06 29128.65 88140.00 432776.82 147363.34


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 60 190 11.64 24.6375 3.51 0.1418 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6388.1466 73.00 51.00 158754.00 9000.00 35168.82 202922.82 15.22 0.71 0.03 1.11 17.07 23.31 7882.21 93225.00 -150088.86 -209551.6850% 156 382 7.76 16.425 3.51 0.2194 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -596.5383 73.00 51.00 158754.00 23400.00 70337.65 252491.65 9.39 1.42 0.07 1.11 11.99 46.10 14866.90 93225.00 13974.26 -95057.3875% 377 573 3.88 8.2125 3.51 0.297 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6768.775 73.00 51.00 158754.00 56550.00 105506.47 320810.47 3.58 2.13 0.18 1.11 7.00 68.53 21039.14 93225.00 158953.81 -18396.66100% 589 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 73.00 51.00 158754.00 88350.00 140675.29 387779.29 -2.21 2.84 0.28 1.11 2.02 90.93 26831.22 93225.00 295003.99 50684.69

Carbon offsetting

589 851 0 0 3.51 0.3746 112303.151 22800.3895 49790.3514 -15332.5 -14967.43 73.00 51.00 158754.00 88350.00 184969.90 432073.90 -4.56 3.17 0.28 1.11 0.00 100.02 29237.79 93225.00 351531.80 62917.91


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 57 190 11.25 24.6375 3.51 0.1496 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6347.5866 79.00 55.00 171678.00 8550.00 35168.82 215396.82 15.15 0.71 0.03 1.62 17.50 21.35 7922.77 110175.00 -428497.82 -500434.6450% 153 382 7.5 16.425 3.51 0.2246 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -623.5783 79.00 55.00 171678.00 22950.00 70337.65 264965.65 9.34 1.42 0.07 1.62 12.45 44.04 14893.94 110175.00 -264752.27 -386257.9175% 371 573 3.75 8.2125 3.51 0.2996 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6782.295 79.00 55.00 171678.00 55650.00 105506.47 332834.47 3.56 2.13 0.18 1.62 7.49 66.36 21052.66 110175.00 -120090.29 -309464.76100% 582 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 79.00 55.00 171678.00 87300.00 140675.29 399653.29 -2.21 2.84 0.28 1.62 2.53 88.65 26831.22 110175.00 15642.32 -240550.98

Carbon offsetting

582 873 0 0 3.51 0.3746 115206.405 22286.8949 52176.7139 -15932.7 -15567.68 79.00 55.00 171678.00 87300.00 189751.73 448729.73 -5.15 3.25 0.28 1.62 0.00 100.00 29838.04 110175.00 86269.33 -219000.40


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 55 190 10.65 24.6375 3.51 0.1616 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6285.1866 82.00 57.00 178140.00 8250.00 35168.82 221558.82 15.04 0.71 0.03 1.72 17.49 21.40 7985.17 115825.00 -520152.66 -598251.4950% 150 382 7.1 16.425 3.51 0.2326 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -665.1783 82.00 57.00 178140.00 22500.00 70337.65 270977.65 9.26 1.42 0.07 1.72 12.48 43.93 14935.54 115825.00 -356895.68 -484413.3375% 365 573 3.55 8.2125 3.51 0.3036 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6803.095 82.00 57.00 178140.00 54750.00 105506.47 338396.47 3.52 2.13 0.17 1.72 7.55 66.09 21073.46 115825.00 -212722.28 -407658.75100% 575 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 82.00 57.00 178140.00 86250.00 140675.29 405065.29 -2.21 2.84 0.27 1.72 2.62 88.21 26831.22 115825.00 -77478.24 -339083.54

Carbon offsetting

575 878 0 0 3.51 0.3746 115866.236 22170.1916 52719.069 -16069.1 -15704.1 82.00 57.00 178140.00 86250.00 190838.51 455228.51 -5.28 3.27 0.27 1.72 -0.02 100.08 29974.46 115825.00 -3646.86 -315415.37

TSC + PV + 0.08 - 0.11

TSC + PV + 0.07 - 0.10



TSC + PV + 0.17 - 0.24

TSC + PV + 0.15 - 0.21

TSC + PV + 0.13 - 0.19

TSC + PV + 0.12 - 0.17

TSC + PV + 0.11 - 0.15


229

Table B. 36 Office - PV (future FiT) + improving the building fabric U-value down to 0.07-0.1 W/m2.K (PUR) + TSC– taking into account the rental loss/gain- City


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 72885.00 0.00 0.0025% 75 190 14.04 24.6375 3.51 0.0938 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 10273.413 66.00 46.00 143460.00 11250.00 35168.82 189878.82 15.66 0.71 0.04 0.66 17.07 23.30 3996.95 72885.00 93884.21 47465.3950% 200 382 9.365 16.425 3.51 0.1873 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6879.984 66.00 46.00 143460.00 30000.00 70337.65 243797.65 9.68 1.42 0.09 0.66 11.86 46.70 7390.38 72885.00 173592.39 73254.7475% 425 573 4.68 8.2125 3.51 0.281 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4278.8282 66.00 46.00 143460.00 63750.00 105506.47 312716.47 3.73 2.13 0.20 0.66 6.72 69.78 9991.53 72885.00 234690.89 65434.42100% 650 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 66.00 46.00 143460.00 97500.00 140675.29 381635.29 -2.21 2.84 0.31 0.66 1.60 92.82 12212.02 72885.00 286847.80 48672.50

Carbon offsetting

650 832 0 0 3.51 0.3746 109795.795 23243.862 47729.402 1106.318 1471.3576 66.00 46.00 143460.00 97500.00 180840.13 421800.13 -4.06 3.10 0.31 0.66 0.01 99.96 12799.00 72885.00 300635.51 22295.37

Carbon offsetting

650 832 0 0 3.51 0.3746 109795.795 23243.862 47729.402 -1518.8 -1153.76 66.00 46.00 143460.00 97500.00 180840.13 421800.13 -4.06 3.10 0.310.66

0.01 99.96 15424.12 72885.00 362296.83 83956.70


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 72 190 13.53 24.6375 3.51 0.104 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 10220.373 67.00 47.00 145830.00 10800.00 35168.82 191798.82 15.57 0.71 0.03 0.71 17.02 23.51 4049.99 76953.00 28083.27 -20255.5650% 185 382 9.025 16.425 3.51 0.1941 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6844.624 67.00 47.00 145830.00 27750.00 70337.65 243917.65 9.62 1.42 0.09 0.71 11.84 46.79 7425.74 76953.00 107376.16 6918.5175% 410 573 4.51 8.2125 3.51 0.2844 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4261.1482 67.00 47.00 145830.00 61500.00 105506.47 312836.47 3.70 2.13 0.19 0.71 6.74 69.73 10009.21 76953.00 168059.37 -1317.10100% 630 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 67.00 47.00 145830.00 94500.00 140675.29 381005.29 -2.21 2.84 0.30 0.71 1.64 92.64 12212.02 76953.00 219801.00 -17744.30

Carbon offsetting

630 835 0 0 3.51 0.3746 110191.694 23173.84 48054.815 1081.871 1446.9109 67.00 47.00 145830.00 94500.00 181492.20 421822.20 -4.14 3.11 0.30 0.71 -0.02 100.09 12823.45 76953.00 234162.93 -44199.27

Carbon offsetting

630 835 0 0 3.51 0.3746 110191.694 23173.84 48054.815 -1561.14 -1196.104 67.00 47.00 145830.00 94500.00 181492.20 421822.20 -4.14 3.11 0.30 0.71 -0.02 100.09 15466.46 76953.00 296244.65 17882.45


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 69 190 12.78 24.6375 3.51 0.119 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 10142.373 68.50 48.00 149061.00 10350.00 35168.82 194579.82 15.43 0.71 0.03 0.81 16.98 23.69 4127.99 81360.00 -42718.63 -93838.4550% 172 382 8.52 16.425 3.51 0.2042 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6792.104 68.50 48.00 149061.00 25800.00 70337.65 245198.65 9.53 1.42 0.08 0.81 11.84 46.78 7478.26 81360.00 35975.77 -65762.8875% 400 573 4.26 8.2125 3.51 0.2894 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4235.1482 68.50 48.00 149061.00 60000.00 105506.47 314567.47 3.65 2.13 0.19 0.81 6.78 69.51 10035.21 81360.00 96036.05 -75071.42100% 615 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 68.50 48.00 149061.00 92250.00 140675.29 381986.29 -2.21 2.84 0.29 0.81 1.73 92.22 12212.02 81360.00 147166.96 -91359.33

Carbon offsetting

615 838 0 0 3.51 0.3746 110587.592 23103.818 48380.228 1057.424 1422.4643 68.50 48.00 149061.00 92250.00 182144.27 423455.27 -4.22 3.12 0.29 0.81 0.01 99.98 12847.90 81360.00 162103.12 -117892.14

Carbon offsetting

615 838 0 0 3.51 0.3746 110587.592 23103.818 48380.228 -1603.49 -1238.448 68.50 48.00 149061.00 92250.00 182144.27 423455.27 -4.22 3.12 0.29 0.81 0.01 99.98 15508.81 81360.00 224605.25 -55390.02


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 66 190 12.36 24.6375 3.51 0.1274 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 10098.693 70.00 49.00 152292.00 9900.00 35168.82 197360.82 15.35 0.71 0.03 0.91 17.00 23.60 4171.67 84750.00 -97564.96 -151465.7950% 165 382 8.24 16.425 3.51 0.2098 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6762.984 70.00 49.00 152292.00 24750.00 70337.65 247379.65 9.48 1.42 0.08 0.91 11.89 46.58 7507.38 84750.00 -19212.57 -123132.2275% 392 573 4.12 8.2125 3.51 0.2922 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4220.5882 70.00 49.00 152292.00 58800.00 105506.47 316598.47 3.63 2.13 0.19 0.91 6.86 69.19 10049.77 84750.00 40505.72 -132632.76100% 605 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 70.00 49.00 152292.00 90750.00 140675.29 383717.29 -2.21 2.84 0.29 0.91 1.83 91.79 12212.02 84750.00 91294.63 -148962.67

Carbon offsetting

605 843 0 0 3.51 0.3746 111247.422 22987.1147 48922.583 1016.68 1381.7198 70.00 49.00 152292.00 90750.00 183231.05 426273.05 -4.35 3.14 0.29 0.91 -0.01 100.06 12888.64 84750.00 107187.84 -175625.21

Carbon offsetting

605 843 0 0 3.51 0.3746 111247.422 22987.1147 48922.583 -1674.06 -1309.022 70.00 49.00 152292.00 90750.00 183231.05 426273.05 -4.35 3.14 0.29 0.91 -0.01 100.06 15579.38 84750.00 170390.62 -112422.43


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 63 190 12 24.6375 3.51 0.1346 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 10061.253 71.50 50.00 155523.00 9450.00 35168.82 200141.82 15.29 0.71 0.03 1.01 17.03 23.45 4209.11 88140.00 -152557.87 -209239.6950% 160 382 8 16.425 3.51 0.2146 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6738.024 71.50 50.00 155523.00 24000.00 70337.65 249860.65 9.43 1.42 0.08 1.01 11.94 46.35 7532.34 88140.00 -74498.62 -180899.2775% 382 573 4 8.2125 3.51 0.2946 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4208.1082 71.50 50.00 155523.00 57300.00 105506.47 318329.47 3.60 2.13 0.18 1.01 6.93 68.87 10062.25 88140.00 -15073.48 -189942.95100% 595 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 71.50 50.00 155523.00 89250.00 140675.29 385448.29 -2.21 2.84 0.28 1.01 1.92 91.36 12212.02 88140.00 35422.29 -206566.00

Carbon offsetting

595 846 0 0 3.51 0.3746 111775.287 22893.7521 49356.467 984.0843 1349.1243 71.50 50.00 155523.00 89250.00 184100.47 428873.47 -4.45 3.15 0.28 1.01 -0.01 100.06 12921.24 88140.00 52081.14 -233332.33

Carbon offsetting

595 846 0 0 3.51 0.3746 111775.287 22893.7521 49356.467 -1730.52 -1365.481 71.50 50.00 155523.00 89250.00 184100.47 428873.47 -4.45 3.15 0.28 1.01 -0.01 100.06 15635.84 88140.00 115844.46 -169569.02


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 60 190 11.64 24.6375 3.51 0.1418 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 10023.813 73.00 51.00 158754.00 9000.00 35168.82 202922.82 15.22 0.71 0.03 1.11 17.07 23.31 4246.55 93225.00 -235486.94 -294949.7750% 156 382 7.76 16.425 3.51 0.2194 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6713.064 73.00 51.00 158754.00 23400.00 70337.65 252491.65 9.39 1.42 0.07 1.11 11.99 46.10 7557.30 93225.00 -157720.84 -266752.4875% 377 573 3.88 8.2125 3.51 0.297 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4195.6282 73.00 51.00 158754.00 56550.00 105506.47 320810.47 3.58 2.13 0.18 1.11 7.00 68.53 10074.73 93225.00 -98588.84 -275939.31100% 589 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 73.00 51.00 158754.00 88350.00 140675.29 387779.29 -2.21 2.84 0.28 1.11 2.02 90.93 12212.02 93225.00 -48386.21 -292705.50

Carbon offsetting

589 851 0 0 3.51 0.3746 112303.151 22800.3895 49790.351 951.4887 1316.5287 73.00 51.00 158754.00 88350.00 184969.90 432073.90 -4.56 3.17 0.28 1.11 0.00 100.02 12953.83 93225.00 -30961.73 -319575.62

Carbon offsetting

589 851 0 0 3.51 0.3746 112303.151 22800.3895 49790.351 -1786.98 -1421.941 73.00 51.00 158754.00 88350.00 184969.90 432073.90 -4.56 3.17 0.28 1.11 0.00 100.02 15692.30 93225.00 33362.12 -255251.77


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 57 190 11.25 24.6375 3.51 0.1496 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 9983.2527 79.00 55.00 171678.00 8550.00 35168.82 215396.82 15.15 0.71 0.03 1.62 17.50 21.35 4287.11 110175.00 -513895.90 -585832.7350% 153 382 7.5 16.425 3.51 0.2246 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6686.024 79.00 55.00 171678.00 22950.00 70337.65 264965.65 9.34 1.42 0.07 1.62 12.45 44.04 7584.34 110175.00 -436447.37 -557953.0175% 371 573 3.75 8.2125 3.51 0.2996 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4182.1082 79.00 55.00 171678.00 55650.00 105506.47 332834.47 3.56 2.13 0.18 1.62 7.49 66.36 10088.25 110175.00 -377632.94 -567007.41100% 582 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 79.00 55.00 171678.00 87300.00 140675.29 399653.29 -2.21 2.84 0.28 1.62 2.53 88.65 12212.02 110175.00 -327747.88 -583941.18

Carbon offsetting

582 873 0 0 3.51 0.3746 115206.405 22286.8949 52176.714 772.2132 1137.2532 79.00 55.00 171678.00 87300.00 189751.73 448729.73 -5.15 3.25 0.28 1.62 0.00 100.00 13133.11 110175.00 -306112.40 -611382.13

Carbon offsetting

582 873 0 0 3.51 0.3746 115206.405 22286.8949 52176.714 -2097.51 -1732.466 79.00 55.00 171678.00 87300.00 189751.73 448729.73 -5.15 3.25 0.28 1.62 0.00 100.00 16002.83 110175.00 -238705.62 -543975.35


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 55 190 10.65 24.6375 3.51 0.1616 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 9920.8527 82.00 57.00 178140.00 8250.00 35168.82 221558.82 15.04 0.71 0.03 1.72 17.49 21.40 4349.51 115825.00 -605550.75 -683649.5750% 150 382 7.1 16.425 3.51 0.2326 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6644.424 82.00 57.00 178140.00 22500.00 70337.65 270977.65 9.26 1.42 0.07 1.72 12.48 43.93 7625.94 115825.00 -528590.78 -656108.4375% 365 573 3.55 8.2125 3.51 0.3036 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4161.3082 82.00 57.00 178140.00 54750.00 105506.47 338396.47 3.52 2.13 0.17 1.72 7.55 66.09 10109.05 115825.00 -470264.92 -665201.39100% 575 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 82.00 57.00 178140.00 86250.00 140675.29 405065.29 -2.21 2.84 0.27 1.72 2.62 88.21 12212.02 115825.00 -420868.44 -682473.73

Carbon offsetting

575 878 0 0 3.51 0.3746 115866.236 22170.1916 52719.069 731.4687 1096.5087 82.00 57.00 178140.00 86250.00 190838.51 455228.51 -5.28 3.27 0.27 1.72 -0.02 100.08 13173.85 115825.00 -398275.91 -710044.42

Carbon offsetting

575 878 0 0 3.51 0.3746 115866.236 22170.1916 52719.069 -2168.08 -1803.04 82.00 57.00 178140.00 86250.00 190838.51 455228.51 -5.28 3.27 0.27 1.72 -0.02 100.08 16073.40 115825.00 -330168.47 -641936.98

TSC + PV + 0.08 - 0.11

TSC + PV + 0.07 - 0.10



TSC + PV + 0.17 - 0.24

TSC + PV + 0.15 - 0.21

TSC + PV + 0.13 - 0.19

TSC + PV + 0.12 - 0.17

TSC + PV + 0.11 - 0.15


230

Table B. 37 Office - PV (current FiT) + improving the building fabric U-value down to 0.07-0.1 W/m2.K (PUR) – taking into account the rental loss/gain- West-End


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 110940.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 18.73 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 7125.50664 66.00 46.00 143460.00 35168.82 178628.82 16.53 0.71 0.66 17.90 19.55 7144.85 110940.00 167825.31 132656.4950% 382 18.73 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 544.341737 66.00 46.00 143460.00 70337.65 213797.65 11.42 1.42 0.66 13.50 39.31 13726.02 110940.00 322410.16 252072.5275% 573 18.73 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5224.3753 66.00 46.00 143460.00 105506.47 248966.47 6.34 2.13 0.66 9.13 58.97 19494.74 110940.00 457911.44 352404.97100% 764 18.73 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -10612.941 66.00 46.00 143460.00 140675.29 284135.29 1.26 2.84 0.66 4.77 78.59 24883.30 110940.00 584483.34 443808.05



PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 18.05 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 7054.78664 67.00 47.00 145830.00 35168.82 180998.82 16.40 0.71 0.71 17.82 19.92 7215.57 117132.00 67432.92 29894.0950% 382 18.05 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 473.621737 67.00 47.00 145830.00 70337.65 216167.65 11.29 1.42 0.71 13.42 39.69 13796.74 117132.00 222017.77 149310.1275% 573 18.05 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5295.0953 67.00 47.00 145830.00 105506.47 251336.47 6.20 2.13 0.71 9.05 59.34 19565.46 117132.00 357519.04 249642.57100% 764 18.05 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -10683.661 67.00 47.00 145830.00 140675.29 286505.29 1.13 2.84 0.71 4.68 78.96 24954.02 117132.00 484090.94 341045.65

Carbon offsetting 968 18.05 0 3.51 127743.1848 20444.90992 62767.41 -18485 -16242.768 67.00 47.00 145830.00 210400.54 356230.54 -4.31 3.60 0.71 0.00 100.00 30513.13 117132.00 614668.70 401898.16


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 17.05 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 6950.78664 68.50 48.00 149061.00 35168.82 184229.82 16.21 0.71 0.81 17.72 20.35 7319.57 123840.00 -40682.23 -81452.0550% 382 17.05 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 369.621737 68.50 48.00 149061.00 70337.65 219398.65 11.09 1.42 0.81 13.32 40.12 13900.74 123840.00 113902.62 37963.9775% 573 17.05 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5399.0953 68.50 48.00 149061.00 105506.47 254567.47 6.01 2.13 0.81 8.95 59.78 19669.46 123840.00 249403.90 138296.42100% 764 17.05 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -10787.661 68.50 48.00 149061.00 140675.29 289736.29 0.93 2.84 0.81 4.59 79.39 25058.02 123840.00 375975.80 229699.50



PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 16.49 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 6892.54664 70.00 49.00 152292.00 35168.82 187460.82 16.10 0.71 0.91 17.71 20.40 7377.81 129000.00 -124358.85 -168359.6750% 382 16.49 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 311.381737 70.00 49.00 152292.00 70337.65 222629.65 10.98 1.42 0.91 13.32 40.16 13958.98 129000.00 30226.00 -48943.6475% 573 16.49 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5457.3353 70.00 49.00 152292.00 105506.47 257798.47 5.90 2.13 0.91 8.94 59.82 19727.70 129000.00 165727.28 51388.81100% 764 16.49 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -10845.901 70.00 49.00 152292.00 140675.29 292967.29 0.82 2.84 0.91 4.58 79.43 25116.26 129000.00 292299.18 142791.89



PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 16 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 6841.58664 71.50 50.00 155523.00 35168.82 190691.82 16.00 0.71 1.01 17.72 20.38 7428.77 134160.00 -208206.46 -255438.2950% 382 16 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 260.421737 71.50 50.00 155523.00 70337.65 225860.65 10.89 1.42 1.01 13.32 40.14 14009.94 134160.00 -53621.61 -136022.2675% 573 16 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5508.2953 71.50 50.00 155523.00 105506.47 261029.47 5.80 2.13 1.01 8.94 59.80 19778.66 134160.00 81879.66 -35689.81100% 764 16 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -10896.861 71.50 50.00 155523.00 140675.29 296198.29 0.73 2.84 1.01 4.58 79.42 25167.22 134160.00 208451.56 55713.27



PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 15.52 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 6791.66664 73.00 51.00 158754.00 35168.82 193922.82 15.91 0.71 1.11 17.72 20.35 7478.69 141900.00 -334600.82 -385063.6450% 382 15.52 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 210.501737 73.00 51.00 158754.00 70337.65 229091.65 10.79 1.42 1.11 13.32 40.12 14059.86 141900.00 -180015.97 -265647.6175% 573 15.52 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5558.2153 73.00 51.00 158754.00 105506.47 264260.47 5.71 2.13 1.11 8.95 59.78 19828.58 141900.00 -44514.69 -165315.16100% 764 15.52 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -10946.781 73.00 51.00 158754.00 140675.29 299429.29 0.63 2.84 1.11 4.59 79.39 25217.14 141900.00 82057.21 -73912.08

Carbon offsetting 964 15.52 0 3.51 127215.3204 20520.08376 62315.64 -18377.6 -16398.493 73.00 51.00 158754.00 209531.12 368285.12 -4.70 3.59 1.11 0.00 100.02 30668.85 141900.00 210112.38 -14712.74


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 15 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 6737.58664 79.00 55.00 171678.00 35168.82 206846.82 15.80 0.71 1.62 18.13 18.52 7532.77 167700.00 -758553.61 -821940.4350% 382 15 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 156.421737 79.00 55.00 171678.00 70337.65 242015.65 10.69 1.42 1.62 13.73 38.28 14113.94 167700.00 -603968.76 -702524.4175% 573 15 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5612.2953 79.00 55.00 171678.00 105506.47 277184.47 5.61 2.13 1.62 9.36 57.94 19882.66 167700.00 -468467.48 -602191.95100% 764 15 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -11000.861 79.00 55.00 171678.00 140675.29 312353.29 0.53 2.84 1.62 4.99 77.56 25271.22 167700.00 -341895.58 -510788.88

Carbon offsetting 987 15.52 0 3.51 130250.5407 20087.83418 64913.32 -18995.1 -17016.011 79.00 55.00 171678.00 214530.30 386208.30 -5.31 3.67 1.62 -0.02 100.09 31286.37 167700.00 -200605.83 -443354.14


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 14.2 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 4812.547 6654.38664 82.00 57.00 178140.00 35168.82 213308.82 15.65 0.71 1.72 18.07 18.78 7615.97 176300.00 -898340.35 -968189.1750% 382 14.2 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.097 -1768.62 73.2217372 82.00 57.00 178140.00 70337.65 248477.65 10.53 1.42 1.72 13.68 38.54 14197.14 176300.00 -743755.50 -848773.1575% 573 14.2 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.29 -7537.34 -5695.4953 82.00 57.00 178140.00 105506.47 283646.47 5.45 2.13 1.72 9.30 58.20 19965.86 176300.00 -608254.23 -748440.70100% 764 14.2 0 3.51 100822.1004 25097.89092 40453.35 -12925.9 -11084.061 82.00 57.00 178140.00 140675.29 318815.29 0.37 2.84 1.72 4.94 77.81 25354.42 176300.00 -481682.32 -657037.62

Carbon offsetting 980 14.2 0 3.51 129326.778 20219.3884 64122.72 -18807.2 -16965.351 82.00 57.00 178140.00 213008.81 391148.81 -5.39 3.65 1.72 -0.02 100.08 31235.71 176300.00 -343536.82 -591225.63

PV + 0.08 - 0.11

PV + 0.07 - 0.10


Office - London (West End)

PV + 0.17 - 0.24

PV + 0.15 - 0.21

PV + 0.13 - 0.19

PV + 0.12 - 0.17

PV + 0.11 - 0.15


231

Table B. 38 Office - PV (future FiT) + improving the building fabric U-value down to 0.07-0.1 W/m2.K (PUR) – taking into account the rental loss/gain- West-End


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 18.73 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10761.173 66.00 46.00 143460.00 35168.82 178628.82 16.53 0.71 0.66 17.90 19.55 3509.19 110940.00 82427.23 47258.4150% 382 18.73 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7853.944 66.00 46.00 143460.00 70337.65 213797.65 11.42 1.42 0.66 13.50 39.31 6416.42 110940.00 150715.06 80377.4275% 573 18.73 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5740.0282 66.00 46.00 143460.00 105506.47 248966.47 6.34 2.13 0.66 9.13 58.97 8530.33 110940.00 200368.79 94862.32100% 764 18.73 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 4006.2639 66.00 46.00 143460.00 140675.29 284135.29 1.26 2.84 0.66 4.77 78.59 10264.10 110940.00 241093.14 100417.85



PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 18.05 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10690.453 67.00 47.00 145830.00 35168.82 180998.82 16.40 0.71 0.71 17.82 19.92 3579.91 117132.00 -17965.17 -55503.9950% 382 18.05 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7783.224 67.00 47.00 145830.00 70337.65 216167.65 11.29 1.42 0.71 13.42 39.69 6487.14 117132.00 50322.67 -22384.9875% 573 18.05 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5669.3082 67.00 47.00 145830.00 105506.47 251336.47 6.20 2.13 0.71 9.05 59.34 8601.05 117132.00 99976.39 -7900.08100% 764 18.05 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 3935.5439 67.00 47.00 145830.00 140675.29 286505.29 1.13 2.84 0.71 4.68 78.96 10334.82 117132.00 140700.75 -2344.55

Carbon offsetting 968 18.05 0 3.51 127743.185 20444.90992 62767.407 37.754058 2279.9941 67.00 47.00 145830.00 210400.54 356230.54 -4.31 3.60 0.71 0.00 100.00 11990.37 117132.00 179587.92 -33182.62Carbon offsetting 968 18.05 0 3.51 127743.185 20444.90992 62767.407 -3414.453 -1172.213 67.00 47.00 145830.00 210400.54 356230.54 -4.31 3.60 0.71 0.00 100.00 15442.57 117132.00 260676.75 47906.21


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 17.05 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10586.453 68.50 48.00 149061.00 35168.82 184229.82 16.21 0.71 0.81 17.72 20.35 3683.91 123840.00 -126080.31 -166850.1450% 382 17.05 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7679.224 68.50 48.00 149061.00 70337.65 219398.65 11.09 1.42 0.81 13.32 40.12 6591.14 123840.00 -57792.48 -133731.1375% 573 17.05 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5565.3082 68.50 48.00 149061.00 105506.47 254567.47 6.01 2.13 0.81 8.95 59.78 8705.05 123840.00 -8138.75 -119246.22100% 764 17.05 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 3831.5439 68.50 48.00 149061.00 140675.29 289736.29 0.93 2.84 0.81 4.59 79.39 10438.82 123840.00 32585.60 -113690.69

Carbon offsetting 964 17.05 0 3.51 127215.32 20520.08376 62315.636 68.608117 2206.8481 68.50 48.00 149061.00 209531.12 358592.12 -4.40 3.59 0.81 0.00 100.02 12063.51 123840.00 70748.05 -144384.07Carbon offsetting 964 17.05 0 3.51 127215.32 20520.08376 62315.636 -3358.752 -1220.512 68.50 48.00 149061.00 209531.12 358592.12 -4.40 3.59 0.81 0.00 100.02 15490.87 123840.00 151253.23 -63878.88


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 16.49 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10528.213 70.00 49.00 152292.00 35168.82 187460.82 16.10 0.71 0.91 17.71 20.40 3742.15 129000.00 -209756.93 -253757.7650% 382 16.49 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7620.984 70.00 49.00 152292.00 70337.65 222629.65 10.98 1.42 0.91 13.32 40.16 6649.38 129000.00 -141469.10 -220638.7475% 573 16.49 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5507.0682 70.00 49.00 152292.00 105506.47 257798.47 5.90 2.13 0.91 8.94 59.82 8763.29 129000.00 -91815.37 -206153.84100% 764 16.49 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 3773.3039 70.00 49.00 152292.00 140675.29 292967.29 0.82 2.84 0.91 4.58 79.43 10497.06 129000.00 -51091.02 -200598.31

Carbon offsetting 964 16.49 0 3.51 127215.32 20520.08376 62315.636 68.608117 2148.6081 70.00 49.00 152292.00 209531.12 361823.12 -4.51 3.59 0.91 -0.01 100.06 12121.75 129000.00 -12928.57 -231291.69Carbon offsetting 964 16.49 0 3.51 127215.32 20520.08376 62315.636 -3358.752 -1278.752 70.00 49.00 152292.00 209531.12 361823.12 -4.51 3.59 0.91 -0.01 100.06 15549.11 129000.00 67576.62 -150786.50


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 16 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10477.253 71.50 50.00 155523.00 35168.82 190691.82 16.00 0.71 1.01 17.72 20.38 3793.11 134160.00 -293604.55 -340836.3750% 382 16 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7570.024 71.50 50.00 155523.00 70337.65 225860.65 10.89 1.42 1.01 13.32 40.14 6700.34 134160.00 -225316.71 -307717.3675% 573 16 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5456.1082 71.50 50.00 155523.00 105506.47 261029.47 5.80 2.13 1.01 8.94 59.80 8814.25 134160.00 -175662.99 -293232.46100% 764 16 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 3722.3439 71.50 50.00 155523.00 140675.29 296198.29 0.73 2.84 1.01 4.58 79.42 10548.02 134160.00 -134938.63 -287676.93

Carbon offsetting 964 16 0 3.51 127215.32 20520.08376 62315.636 68.608117 2097.6481 71.50 50.00 155523.00 209531.12 365054.12 -4.61 3.59 1.01 -0.01 100.05 12172.71 134160.00 -96776.19 -318370.30Carbon offsetting 964 16 0 3.51 127215.32 20520.08376 62315.636 -3358.752 -1329.712 71.50 50.00 155523.00 209531.12 365054.12 -4.61 3.59 1.01 -0.01 100.05 15600.07 134160.00 -16271.00 -237865.12


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 15.52 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10427.333 73.00 51.00 158754.00 35168.82 193922.82 15.91 0.71 1.11 17.72 20.35 3843.03 141900.00 -419998.90 -470461.7350% 382 15.52 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7520.104 73.00 51.00 158754.00 70337.65 229091.65 10.79 1.42 1.11 13.32 40.12 6750.26 141900.00 -351711.07 -437342.7175% 573 15.52 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5406.1882 73.00 51.00 158754.00 105506.47 264260.47 5.71 2.13 1.11 8.95 59.78 8864.17 141900.00 -302057.34 -422857.81100% 764 15.52 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 3672.4239 73.00 51.00 158754.00 140675.29 299429.29 0.63 2.84 1.11 4.59 79.39 10597.94 141900.00 -261332.99 -417302.28

Carbon offsetting 964 15.52 0 3.51 127215.32 20520.08376 62315.636 68.608117 2047.7281 73.00 51.00 158754.00 209531.12 368285.12 -4.70 3.59 1.11 0.00 100.02 12222.63 141900.00 -223170.54 -447995.66Carbon offsetting 964 15.52 0 3.51 127215.32 20520.08376 62315.636 -3358.752 -1379.632 73.00 51.00 158754.00 209531.12 368285.12 -4.70 3.59 1.11 0.00 100.02 15649.99 141900.00 -142665.35 -367490.47


PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 15 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10373.253 79.00 55.00 171678.00 35168.82 206846.82 15.80 0.71 1.62 18.13 18.52 3897.11 167700.00 -843951.69 -907338.5250% 382 15 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7466.024 79.00 55.00 171678.00 70337.65 242015.65 10.69 1.42 1.62 13.73 38.28 6804.34 167700.00 -775663.86 -874219.5175% 573 15 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5352.1082 79.00 55.00 171678.00 105506.47 277184.47 5.61 2.13 1.62 9.36 57.94 8918.25 167700.00 -726010.13 -859734.60100% 764 15 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 3618.3439 79.00 55.00 171678.00 140675.29 312353.29 0.53 2.84 1.62 4.99 77.56 10652.02 167700.00 -685285.78 -854179.07



PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)Elec Cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT



Total Insulation

price £

PV cost £

Fabric cost £

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 190 14.2 24.6375 3.51 25073.559 60344.37639 0 8448.2127 10290.053 82.00 57.00 178140.00 35168.82 213308.82 15.65 0.71 1.72 18.07 18.78 3980.31 176300.00 -983738.44 -1053587.2650% 382 14.2 16.425 3.51 50411.0502 41744.91709 6740.0973 5540.984 7382.824 82.00 57.00 178140.00 70337.65 248477.65 10.53 1.42 1.72 13.68 38.54 6887.54 176300.00 -915450.60 -1020468.2575% 573 14.2 8.2125 3.51 75616.5753 31431.65212 21630.292 3427.0682 5268.9082 82.00 57.00 178140.00 105506.47 283646.47 5.45 2.13 1.72 9.30 58.20 9001.45 176300.00 -865796.87 -1005983.35100% 764 14.2 0 3.51 100822.1 25097.89092 40453.352 1693.3039 3535.1439 82.00 57.00 178140.00 140675.29 318815.29 0.37 2.84 1.72 4.94 77.81 10735.22 176300.00 -825072.52 -1000427.82


PV + 0.07 - 0.10



PV + 0.17 - 0.24

PV + 0.15 - 0.21

PV + 0.13 - 0.19

PV + 0.12 - 0.17

PV + 0.11 - 0.15

PV + 0.08 - 0.11


232

Table B. 39 Office - PV (current FiT) + improving the building fabric U-value down to 0.07-0.1 W/m2.K (PUR) + TSC – taking into account the rental loss/gain- West-End


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 110940.00 0.00 0.0025% 75 190 14.04 24.6375 3.51 0.0938 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6637.7466 66.00 46.00 143460.00 11250.00 35168.82 189878.82 15.66 0.71 0.04 0.66 17.07 23.30 7632.61 110940.00 179282.30 132863.4850% 200 382 9.365 16.425 3.51 0.1873 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -429.6183 66.00 46.00 143460.00 30000.00 70337.65 243797.65 9.68 1.42 0.09 0.66 11.86 46.70 14699.98 110940.00 345287.49 244949.8475% 425 573 4.68 8.2125 3.51 0.281 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6685.575 66.00 46.00 143460.00 63750.00 105506.47 312716.47 3.73 2.13 0.20 0.66 6.72 69.78 20955.94 110940.00 492233.54 322977.07100% 650 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 66.00 46.00 143460.00 97500.00 140675.29 381635.29 -2.21 2.84 0.31 0.66 1.60 92.82 26831.22 110940.00 630238.00 392062.70

Carbon offsetting

650 832 0 0 3.51 0.3746 109795.795 23243.862 47729.4021 -14814.1 -14449.03 66.00 46.00 143460.00 97500.00 180840.13 421800.13 -4.06 3.10 0.310.66

0.01 99.96 28719.39 110940.00 674589.23 396249.10


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 72 190 13.53 24.6375 3.51 0.104 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6584.7066 67.00 47.00 145830.00 10800.00 35168.82 191798.82 15.57 0.71 0.03 0.71 17.02 23.51 7685.65 117132.00 78474.62 30135.7950% 185 382 9.025 16.425 3.51 0.1941 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -464.9783 67.00 47.00 145830.00 27750.00 70337.65 243917.65 9.62 1.42 0.09 0.71 11.84 46.79 14735.34 117132.00 244064.52 143606.8775% 410 573 4.51 8.2125 3.51 0.2844 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6703.255 67.00 47.00 145830.00 61500.00 105506.47 312836.47 3.70 2.13 0.19 0.71 6.74 69.73 20973.62 117132.00 390595.28 221218.81100% 630 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 67.00 47.00 145830.00 94500.00 140675.29 381005.29 -2.21 2.84 0.30 0.71 1.64 92.64 26831.22 117132.00 528184.46 290639.16

Carbon offsetting

630 835 0 0 3.51 0.3746 110191.694 23173.84 48054.8151 -14895.9 -14530.88 67.00 47.00 145830.00 94500.00 181492.20 421822.20 -4.14 3.11 0.30 0.71 -0.02 100.09 28801.24 117132.00 574458.31 296096.11


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 69 190 12.78 24.6375 3.51 0.119 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6506.7066 68.50 48.00 149061.00 10350.00 35168.82 194579.82 15.43 0.71 0.03 0.81 16.98 23.69 7763.65 123840.00 -30251.24 -81371.0750% 172 382 8.52 16.425 3.51 0.2042 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -517.4983 68.50 48.00 149061.00 25800.00 70337.65 245198.65 9.53 1.42 0.08 0.81 11.84 46.78 14787.86 123840.00 134740.16 33001.5275% 400 573 4.26 8.2125 3.51 0.2894 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6729.255 68.50 48.00 149061.00 60000.00 105506.47 314567.47 3.65 2.13 0.19 0.81 6.78 69.51 20999.62 123840.00 280648.00 109540.53100% 615 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 68.50 48.00 149061.00 92250.00 140675.29 381986.29 -2.21 2.84 0.29 0.81 1.73 92.22 26831.22 123840.00 417626.46 179100.16

Carbon offsetting

615 838 0 0 3.51 0.3746 110587.592 23103.818 48380.2282 -14977.8 -14612.74 68.50 48.00 149061.00 92250.00 182144.27 423455.27 -4.22 3.12 0.29 0.81 0.01 99.98 28883.10 123840.00 465822.93 185827.66


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 66 190 12.36 24.6375 3.51 0.1274 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6463.0266 70.00 49.00 152292.00 9900.00 35168.82 197360.82 15.35 0.71 0.03 0.91 17.00 23.60 7807.33 129000.00 -114269.86 -168170.6850% 165 382 8.24 16.425 3.51 0.2098 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -546.6183 70.00 49.00 152292.00 24750.00 70337.65 247379.65 9.48 1.42 0.08 0.91 11.89 46.58 14816.98 129000.00 50379.55 -53540.1075% 392 573 4.12 8.2125 3.51 0.2922 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6743.815 70.00 49.00 152292.00 58800.00 105506.47 316598.47 3.63 2.13 0.19 0.91 6.86 69.19 21014.18 129000.00 195945.38 22806.91100% 605 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 70.00 49.00 152292.00 90750.00 140675.29 383717.29 -2.21 2.84 0.29 0.91 1.83 91.79 26831.22 129000.00 332581.84 92324.55

Carbon offsetting

605 843 0 0 3.51 0.3746 111247.422 22987.1147 48922.5833 -15114.2 -14749.16 70.00 49.00 152292.00 90750.00 183231.05 426273.05 -4.35 3.14 0.29 0.91 -0.01 100.06 29019.52 129000.00 383982.68 101169.63


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 63 190 12 24.6375 3.51 0.1346 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6425.5866 71.50 50.00 155523.00 9450.00 35168.82 200141.82 15.29 0.71 0.03 1.01 17.03 23.45 7844.77 134160.00 -198435.05 -255116.8750% 160 382 8 16.425 3.51 0.2146 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -571.5783 71.50 50.00 155523.00 24000.00 70337.65 249860.65 9.43 1.42 0.08 1.01 11.94 46.35 14841.94 134160.00 -34078.78 -140479.4375% 382 573 4 8.2125 3.51 0.2946 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6756.295 71.50 50.00 155523.00 57300.00 105506.47 318329.47 3.60 2.13 0.18 1.01 6.93 68.87 21026.66 134160.00 111193.91 -63675.56100% 595 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 71.50 50.00 155523.00 89250.00 140675.29 385448.29 -2.21 2.84 0.28 1.01 1.92 91.36 26831.22 134160.00 247537.23 5548.93

Carbon offsetting

595 846 0 0 3.51 0.3746 111775.287 22893.7521 49356.4674 -15223.3 -14858.29 71.50 50.00 155523.00 89250.00 184100.47 428873.47 -4.45 3.15 0.28 1.01 -0.01 100.06 29128.65 134160.00 301501.55 16088.08


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 60 190 11.64 24.6375 3.51 0.1418 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6388.1466 73.00 51.00 158754.00 9000.00 35168.82 202922.82 15.22 0.71 0.03 1.11 17.07 23.31 7882.21 141900.00 -325122.54 -384585.3750% 156 382 7.76 16.425 3.51 0.2194 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -596.5383 73.00 51.00 158754.00 23400.00 70337.65 252491.65 9.39 1.42 0.07 1.11 11.99 46.10 14866.90 141900.00 -161059.42 -270091.0775% 377 573 3.88 8.2125 3.51 0.297 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6768.775 73.00 51.00 158754.00 56550.00 105506.47 320810.47 3.58 2.13 0.18 1.11 7.00 68.53 21039.14 141900.00 -16079.87 -193430.34100% 589 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 73.00 51.00 158754.00 88350.00 140675.29 387779.29 -2.21 2.84 0.28 1.11 2.02 90.93 26831.22 141900.00 119970.30 -124348.99

Carbon offsetting

589 851 0 0 3.51 0.3746 112303.151 22800.3895 49790.3514 -15332.5 -14967.43 73.00 51.00 158754.00 88350.00 184969.90 432073.90 -4.56 3.17 0.28 1.11 0.00 100.02 29237.79 141900.00 176498.12 -112115.78


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 57 190 11.25 24.6375 3.51 0.1496 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6347.5866 79.00 55.00 171678.00 8550.00 35168.82 215396.82 15.15 0.71 0.03 1.62 17.50 21.35 7922.77 167700.00 -749392.91 -821329.7350% 153 382 7.5 16.425 3.51 0.2246 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -623.5783 79.00 55.00 171678.00 22950.00 70337.65 264965.65 9.34 1.42 0.07 1.62 12.45 44.04 14893.94 167700.00 -585647.36 -707153.0075% 371 573 3.75 8.2125 3.51 0.2996 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6782.295 79.00 55.00 171678.00 55650.00 105506.47 332834.47 3.56 2.13 0.18 1.62 7.49 66.36 21052.66 167700.00 -440985.38 -630359.85100% 582 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 79.00 55.00 171678.00 87300.00 140675.29 399653.29 -2.21 2.84 0.28 1.62 2.53 88.65 26831.22 167700.00 -305252.77 -561446.07

Carbon offsetting

582 873 0 0 3.51 0.3746 115206.405 22286.8949 52176.7139 -15932.7 -15567.68 79.00 55.00 171678.00 87300.00 189751.73 448729.73 -5.15 3.25 0.28 1.62 0.00 100.00 29838.04 167700.00 -234625.76 -539895.48


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec (KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 55 190 10.65 24.6375 3.51 0.1616 25073.559 60344.3764 0 4812.547 6285.1866 82.00 57.00 178140.00 8250.00 35168.82 221558.82 15.04 0.71 0.03 1.72 17.49 21.40 7985.17 176300.00 -889668.22 -967767.0450% 150 382 7.1 16.425 3.51 0.2326 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.09727 -1768.62 -665.1783 82.00 57.00 178140.00 22500.00 70337.65 270977.65 9.26 1.42 0.07 1.72 12.48 43.93 14935.54 176300.00 -726411.24 -853928.8975% 365 573 3.55 8.2125 3.51 0.3036 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 -7537.34 -6803.095 82.00 57.00 178140.00 54750.00 105506.47 338396.47 3.52 2.13 0.17 1.72 7.55 66.09 21073.46 176300.00 -582237.83 -777174.30100% 575 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.3519 -12925.9 -12560.86 82.00 57.00 178140.00 86250.00 140675.29 405065.29 -2.21 2.84 0.27 1.72 2.62 88.21 26831.22 176300.00 -446993.80 -708599.09

Carbon offsetting

575 878 0 0 3.51 0.3746 115866.236 22170.1916 52719.069 -16069.1 -15704.1 82.00 57.00 178140.00 86250.00 190838.51 455228.51 -5.28 3.27 0.27 1.72 -0.02 100.08 29974.46 176300.00 -373162.42 -684930.93

TSC + PV + 0.08 - 0.11

TSC + PV + 0.07 - 0.10



TSC + PV + 0.17 - 0.24

TSC + PV + 0.15 - 0.21

TSC + PV + 0.13 - 0.19

TSC + PV + 0.12 - 0.17

TSC + PV + 0.11 - 0.15


233

Table B. 40 Office - PV (future FiT) + improving the building fabric U-value down to 0.07-0.1 W/m2.K (PUR) + TSC – taking into account the rental loss/gain- West-End


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 110940.00 0.00 0.0025% 75 190 14.04 24.6375 3.51 0.0938 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 10273.413 66.00 46.00 143460.00 11250.00 35168.82 189878.82 15.66 0.71 0.04 0.66 17.07 23.30 3996.95 110940.00 93884.21 47465.3950% 200 382 9.365 16.425 3.51 0.1873 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6879.984 66.00 46.00 143460.00 30000.00 70337.65 243797.65 9.68 1.42 0.09 0.66 11.86 46.70 7390.38 110940.00 173592.39 73254.7475% 425 573 4.68 8.2125 3.51 0.281 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4278.8282 66.00 46.00 143460.00 63750.00 105506.47 312716.47 3.73 2.13 0.20 0.66 6.72 69.78 9991.53 110940.00 234690.89 65434.42100% 650 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 66.00 46.00 143460.00 97500.00 140675.29 381635.29 -2.21 2.84 0.31 0.66 1.60 92.82 12212.02 110940.00 286847.80 48672.50

Carbon offsetting

650 832 0 0 3.51 0.3746 109795.795 23243.862 47729.402 1106.318 1471.3576 66.00 46.00 143460.00 97500.00 180840.13 421800.13 -4.06 3.10 0.31 0.66 0.01 99.96 12799.00 110940.00 300635.51 22295.37

Carbon offsetting

650 832 0 0 3.51 0.3746 109795.795 23243.862 47729.402 -1518.8 -1153.76 66.00 46.00 143460.00 97500.00 180840.13 421800.13 -4.06 3.10 0.310.66

0.01 99.96 15424.12 110940.00 362296.83 83956.70


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 72 190 13.53 24.6375 3.51 0.104 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 10220.373 67.00 47.00 145830.00 10800.00 35168.82 191798.82 15.57 0.71 0.03 0.71 17.02 23.51 4049.99 117132.00 -6923.47 -55262.2950% 185 382 9.025 16.425 3.51 0.1941 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6844.624 67.00 47.00 145830.00 27750.00 70337.65 243917.65 9.62 1.42 0.09 0.71 11.84 46.79 7425.74 117132.00 72369.42 -28088.2275% 410 573 4.51 8.2125 3.51 0.2844 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4261.1482 67.00 47.00 145830.00 61500.00 105506.47 312836.47 3.70 2.13 0.19 0.71 6.74 69.73 10009.21 117132.00 133052.63 -36323.84100% 630 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 67.00 47.00 145830.00 94500.00 140675.29 381005.29 -2.21 2.84 0.30 0.71 1.64 92.64 12212.02 117132.00 184794.26 -52751.04

Carbon offsetting

630 835 0 0 3.51 0.3746 110191.694 23173.84 48054.815 1081.871 1446.9109 67.00 47.00 145830.00 94500.00 181492.20 421822.20 -4.14 3.11 0.30 0.71 -0.02 100.09 12823.45 117132.00 199156.20 -79206.01

Carbon offsetting

630 835 0 0 3.51 0.3746 110191.694 23173.84 48054.815 -1561.14 -1196.104 67.00 47.00 145830.00 94500.00 181492.20 421822.20 -4.14 3.11 0.30 0.71 -0.02 100.09 15466.46 117132.00 261237.92 -17124.28


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 69 190 12.78 24.6375 3.51 0.119 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 10142.373 68.50 48.00 149061.00 10350.00 35168.82 194579.82 15.43 0.71 0.03 0.81 16.98 23.69 4127.99 123840.00 -115649.33 -166769.1550% 172 382 8.52 16.425 3.51 0.2042 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6792.104 68.50 48.00 149061.00 25800.00 70337.65 245198.65 9.53 1.42 0.08 0.81 11.84 46.78 7478.26 123840.00 -36954.94 -138693.5875% 400 573 4.26 8.2125 3.51 0.2894 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4235.1482 68.50 48.00 149061.00 60000.00 105506.47 314567.47 3.65 2.13 0.19 0.81 6.78 69.51 10035.21 123840.00 23105.35 -148002.12100% 615 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 68.50 48.00 149061.00 92250.00 140675.29 381986.29 -2.21 2.84 0.29 0.81 1.73 92.22 12212.02 123840.00 74236.26 -164290.04

Carbon offsetting

615 838 0 0 3.51 0.3746 110587.592 23103.818 48380.228 1057.424 1422.4643 68.50 48.00 149061.00 92250.00 182144.27 423455.27 -4.22 3.12 0.29 0.81 0.01 99.98 12847.90 123840.00 89172.42 -190822.85

Carbon offsetting

615 838 0 0 3.51 0.3746 110587.592 23103.818 48380.228 -1603.49 -1238.448 68.50 48.00 149061.00 92250.00 182144.27 423455.27 -4.22 3.12 0.29 0.81 0.01 99.98 15508.81 123840.00 151674.54 -128320.73


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 66 190 12.36 24.6375 3.51 0.1274 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 10098.693 70.00 49.00 152292.00 9900.00 35168.82 197360.82 15.35 0.71 0.03 0.91 17.00 23.60 4171.67 129000.00 -199667.95 -253568.7750% 165 382 8.24 16.425 3.51 0.2098 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6762.984 70.00 49.00 152292.00 24750.00 70337.65 247379.65 9.48 1.42 0.08 0.91 11.89 46.58 7507.38 129000.00 -121315.55 -225235.2075% 392 573 4.12 8.2125 3.51 0.2922 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4220.5882 70.00 49.00 152292.00 58800.00 105506.47 316598.47 3.63 2.13 0.19 0.91 6.86 69.19 10049.77 129000.00 -61597.27 -234735.74100% 605 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 70.00 49.00 152292.00 90750.00 140675.29 383717.29 -2.21 2.84 0.29 0.91 1.83 91.79 12212.02 129000.00 -10808.36 -251065.65

Carbon offsetting

605 843 0 0 3.51 0.3746 111247.422 22987.1147 48922.583 1016.68 1381.7198 70.00 49.00 152292.00 90750.00 183231.05 426273.05 -4.35 3.14 0.29 0.91 -0.01 100.06 12888.64 129000.00 5084.85 -277728.20

Carbon offsetting

605 843 0 0 3.51 0.3746 111247.422 22987.1147 48922.583 -1674.06 -1309.022 70.00 49.00 152292.00 90750.00 183231.05 426273.05 -4.35 3.14 0.29 0.91 -0.01 100.06 15579.38 129000.00 68287.64 -214525.41


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 63 190 12 24.6375 3.51 0.1346 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 10061.253 71.50 50.00 155523.00 9450.00 35168.82 200141.82 15.29 0.71 0.03 1.01 17.03 23.45 4209.11 134160.00 -283833.13 -340514.9650% 160 382 8 16.425 3.51 0.2146 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6738.024 71.50 50.00 155523.00 24000.00 70337.65 249860.65 9.43 1.42 0.08 1.01 11.94 46.35 7532.34 134160.00 -205773.88 -312174.5375% 382 573 4 8.2125 3.51 0.2946 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4208.1082 71.50 50.00 155523.00 57300.00 105506.47 318329.47 3.60 2.13 0.18 1.01 6.93 68.87 10062.25 134160.00 -146348.74 -321218.21100% 595 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 71.50 50.00 155523.00 89250.00 140675.29 385448.29 -2.21 2.84 0.28 1.01 1.92 91.36 12212.02 134160.00 -95852.97 -337841.27

Carbon offsetting

595 846 0 0 3.51 0.3746 111775.287 22893.7521 49356.467 984.0843 1349.1243 71.50 50.00 155523.00 89250.00 184100.47 428873.47 -4.45 3.15 0.28 1.01 -0.01 100.06 12921.24 134160.00 -79194.13 -364607.60

Carbon offsetting

595 846 0 0 3.51 0.3746 111775.287 22893.7521 49356.467 -1730.52 -1365.481 71.50 50.00 155523.00 89250.00 184100.47 428873.47 -4.45 3.15 0.28 1.01 -0.01 100.06 15635.84 134160.00 -15430.81 -300844.28


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 60 190 11.64 24.6375 3.51 0.1418 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 10023.813 73.00 51.00 158754.00 9000.00 35168.82 202922.82 15.22 0.71 0.03 1.11 17.07 23.31 4246.55 141900.00 -410520.63 -469983.4550% 156 382 7.76 16.425 3.51 0.2194 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6713.064 73.00 51.00 158754.00 23400.00 70337.65 252491.65 9.39 1.42 0.07 1.11 11.99 46.10 7557.30 141900.00 -332754.52 -441786.1775% 377 573 3.88 8.2125 3.51 0.297 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4195.6282 73.00 51.00 158754.00 56550.00 105506.47 320810.47 3.58 2.13 0.18 1.11 7.00 68.53 10074.73 141900.00 -273622.52 -450972.99100% 589 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 73.00 51.00 158754.00 88350.00 140675.29 387779.29 -2.21 2.84 0.28 1.11 2.02 90.93 12212.02 141900.00 -223419.89 -467739.19

Carbon offsetting

589 851 0 0 3.51 0.3746 112303.151 22800.3895 49790.351 951.4887 1316.5287 73.00 51.00 158754.00 88350.00 184969.90 432073.90 -4.56 3.17 0.28 1.11 0.00 100.02 12953.83 141900.00 -205995.41 -494609.31

Carbon offsetting

589 851 0 0 3.51 0.3746 112303.151 22800.3895 49790.351 -1786.98 -1421.941 73.00 51.00 158754.00 88350.00 184969.90 432073.90 -4.56 3.17 0.28 1.11 0.00 100.02 15692.30 141900.00 -141671.56 -430285.46


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 57 190 11.25 24.6375 3.51 0.1496 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 9983.2527 79.00 55.00 171678.00 8550.00 35168.82 215396.82 15.15 0.71 0.03 1.62 17.50 21.35 4287.11 167700.00 -834790.99 -906727.8250% 153 382 7.5 16.425 3.51 0.2246 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6686.024 79.00 55.00 171678.00 22950.00 70337.65 264965.65 9.34 1.42 0.07 1.62 12.45 44.04 7584.34 167700.00 -757342.45 -878848.1075% 371 573 3.75 8.2125 3.51 0.2996 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4182.1082 79.00 55.00 171678.00 55650.00 105506.47 332834.47 3.56 2.13 0.18 1.62 7.49 66.36 10088.25 167700.00 -698528.03 -887902.50100% 582 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 79.00 55.00 171678.00 87300.00 140675.29 399653.29 -2.21 2.84 0.28 1.62 2.53 88.65 12212.02 167700.00 -648642.97 -904836.27

Carbon offsetting

582 873 0 0 3.51 0.3746 115206.405 22286.8949 52176.714 772.2132 1137.2532 79.00 55.00 171678.00 87300.00 189751.73 448729.73 -5.15 3.25 0.28 1.62 0.00 100.00 13133.11 167700.00 -627007.49 -932277.22

Carbon offsetting

582 873 0 0 3.51 0.3746 115206.405 22286.8949 52176.714 -2097.51 -1732.466 79.00 55.00 171678.00 87300.00 189751.73 448729.73 -5.15 3.25 0.28 1.62 0.00 100.00 16002.83 167700.00 -559600.71 -864870.44


TSC area m2

PV area m2

Heating (KWh/m2)

Lighting (KWh/m2)

Hot water (KWh/m2)

TSC fan power

(KWh/m2)


(KWh)

purchased from grid

elec (KWh)

Exported Elec

(KWh)

Elec cost £

Energy cost Inc

FIT £



Total Insulation

price £

TSC cost £


£

Operational CO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

PV ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

TSC ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Insulation ECO2

(kgCO2/m2.yr)

Total CO2


%

Energy saving (A)

£


area £

PV(A) £

NPV £

0 0 0 18.73 32.85 3.51 0 0 0 0 11957.4 14270.36 66.00 46.00 143460.00 0.00 0.00 143460.00 21.59 0.00 0.00 0.66 22.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025% 55 190 10.65 24.6375 3.51 0.1616 25073.559 60344.3764 0 8448.213 9920.8527 82.00 57.00 178140.00 8250.00 35168.82 221558.82 15.04 0.71 0.03 1.72 17.49 21.40 4349.51 176300.00 -975066.31 -1053165.1350% 150 382 7.1 16.425 3.51 0.2326 50411.0502 41744.9171 6740.0973 5540.984 6644.424 82.00 57.00 178140.00 22500.00 70337.65 270977.65 9.26 1.42 0.07 1.72 12.48 43.93 7625.94 176300.00 -898106.34 -1025623.9975% 365 573 3.55 8.2125 3.51 0.3036 75616.5753 31431.6521 21630.292 3427.068 4161.3082 82.00 57.00 178140.00 54750.00 105506.47 338396.47 3.52 2.13 0.17 1.72 7.55 66.09 10109.05 176300.00 -839780.48 -1034716.95100% 575 764 0 0 3.51 0.3746 100822.1 25097.8909 40453.352 1693.304 2058.3439 82.00 57.00 178140.00 86250.00 140675.29 405065.29 -2.21 2.84 0.27 1.72 2.62 88.21 12212.02 176300.00 -790384.00 -1051989.29

Carbon offsetting

575 878 0 0 3.51 0.3746 115866.236 22170.1916 52719.069 731.4687 1096.5087 82.00 57.00 178140.00 86250.00 190838.51 455228.51 -5.28 3.27 0.27 1.72 -0.02 100.08 13173.85 176300.00 -767791.47 -1079559.98

Carbon offsetting

575 878 0 0 3.51 0.3746 115866.236 22170.1916 52719.069 -2168.08 -1803.04 82.00 57.00 178140.00 86250.00 190838.51 455228.51 -5.28 3.27 0.27 1.72 -0.02 100.08 16073.40 176300.00 -699684.03 -1011452.53

TSC + PV + 0.08 - 0.11

TSC + PV + 0.07 - 0.10



TSC + PV + 0.17 - 0.24

TSC + PV + 0.15 - 0.21

TSC + PV + 0.13 - 0.19

TSC + PV + 0.12 - 0.17

TSC + PV + 0.11 - 0.15
