shahid
TRANSCRIPT
LOADING
A STUDY ON RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES RELATED TO
SEWAGE IRRIGATION
Presented by: Zeeshan Shahid (Pakistan)
BS –Chemical Engineering (4th Semester)
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
Presentation Outline
• Introduction To Sewage
• Sewage Use In Agriculture
• Opportunities In Sewage Irrigation
• Risks In Sewage Irrigation
• Conclusion
INTRODUCTION TO SEWAGE
What is Sewage? Sewage as a source of
Environmental Pollution
What is Sewage
• Wastewater produced as a result of industrial and domestic activities
• Mainly liquid waste but also contains solids
• Rich in pollutants
Sewage as a source of Environmental Pollution
Organic matter Pathogens Nutrients Toxic contaminants Dissolved minerals
• Pollutants in wastewater may be classified into:
• Generation of huge volumes of sewage
Sewage as a source of Environmental Pollution
• A major source of environmental pollution
• Sewage must be treated before its disposal
SEWAGE USE IN AGRICULTURE
• Water stress and scarcity due to over-exploitation of freshwater resources
• Freshwater is becoming insufficient for agricultural purposes
• To fulfill agricultural requirements of water, sewage is being used
• Use of raw sewage instead of treated sewage for raising crops
SEWAGE USE IN AGRICULTURE
OPPORTUNITIES IN SEWAGE IRRIGATION Fresh Water Scarcity and
Drought
Eliminating the Need for Artificial Fertilizers
Year Round Access to Farmers
Coping with Poverty
Fresh Water Scarcity and Drought
• Rapidly increasing freshwater scarcity in many arid and semi-arid countries
• Causing a major conflict between urban and agricultural demands for water
• These problems can be resolved by the use of wastewater in agriculture
Eliminating the Need for Artificial Fertilizers
• Wastewater contains large amounts of essential plant nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium
• Using treated wastewater in agriculture can decrease the need for expensive chemical fertilizers
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Strong
Medium
Weak
Phosphorous PotassiumNitrogen
Chart showing the levels of the plant nutrients of strong, medium and weak domestic wastewaters [1]
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
mg
/L)
Year Round Access to Farmers
• In Pakistan 90% of the 116,590 million gallons of sewage produced per day from large industrial-urban centers is disposed off into irrigation system without any treatment
• Hence, major vicinity of the cities can be fertilized
Coping with Poverty
• Dependence of South Asian countries like India and Pakistan on agriculture
• Water shortage creates unemployment hence affecting people involved in the field of agriculture
• Irrigation using sewage as a viable alternative
RISKS IN SEWAGE IRRIGATION
Risks, Associated with the Consumption of the Products of the Irrigated Field
Risks, Associated with the Personnel, Operating the Field
Risks, Associated with Groundwater Contamination
Risks, Associated with the Consumption of the Products of the
Irrigated Field
• Untreated city effluent contains full spectrum of pathogens
• Irrigation continues up to the harvest day due to the short growing cycle of most vegetables
• Some pathogens can survive for several weeks when discharged into fields and find their way into the consumers’ homes
Pathogen Class Diseases
Bacteria
Bacillary dysentery
Typhoid fever, Cholera
A variety of gastroenteric diseases
Viruses
Infectious hepatitis
Acute gastroenteritis
Poliomyelitis
''flu-like" symptoms
Protozoa
Amebiasis (amoebic dysentery)
Giardiasis (gastroenteritis)
Cryptosporidiosis (gastroenteritis)
Balantidiasis (gastroenteritis)
Helminths
Ascariasis (roundworm infection)
Taeniasis (tapeworm infection)
Ancylostomiasis (hookworm infection)
Trichuriasis (whipworm infection)
Table showing the classes of Pathogens associated with raw sewage [2]
• Transmission of heavy metals and trace elements through food crops into human is a more dangerous consequence of raw sewage
• The risk is especially prevalent where waste water from manufacturing industries is used
Risks, Associated with the Consumption of the Products of the Irrigated Field
Element Concentration (mg/L)
Aluminum 0.3-3
Arsenic 0-0.2
Barium 0-0.2
Boron 0.5-3
Cadmium 0.01-0.2
Chromium 0.1-0.3
Cobalt -
Copper 0.01-0.5
Iron 0.5-6.5
Lead 0-1
Manganese 0.0002-0.003
Nickel 0.05-0.5
Zinc 0.01-2.1
Table showing typical concentrations of Elements in Untreated Sewage[3]
Risks, Associated with the Personnel, Operating the Field
• The pathogens can also harm the health of agricultural workers
• High risk of skin irritations and itching among farmers
• Farmers exposed to untreated sewage effluent appear to suffer worse irritations
Risks, Associated with Groundwater Contamination
• Salts and trace elements from sewage water used for irrigation purposes concentrate in the deep percolation water and can pollute groundwater
• Exposure to this contaminated water can cause various diseases including diarrhea, skin irritation, respiratory problems etc
CONCLUSION
• Sewage water opens a new window of opportunities to find solution to various mankind problems
• Sewage use for irrigation purposes has been beneficial in providing round the year access to water
• It has played an important role in short term eradication of poverty
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
• However risks associated with the use of sewage water are considerably high and alarming
• The presence of heavy metals and pathogens in sewage may create numerous health problems for future generations
• Sustainability considerations should take into account three pillars of sustainability i.e., economy, environment and society
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSI would like to thank my teacher, Mr. Asim Laeeq who is currently doing his PhD in Belgium, for his motivation to write for S3Regina.
Then I would like to thank my cousin, Salman Saeed and my friend, Ali Waqas, who helped me with presentation processing. Finally I am thankful to my cousin, Dr. Rizwan Saeed, for providing me reference books.
References
[1] Pescod, M, B. Wastewater treatment and use in agriculture, FAO irrigation and drainage paper 47, 1992
[2] Committee on the Use of Treated Municipal Wastewater Effluents and Sludge in the Production of Crops for Human Consumption, National Research Council., Use of Reclaimed Water and Sludge in Food Crop Production, 1996
[3] Chang, A, C., Pan, G., Page, A, L., and Asano, T. Developing Human Health-related Chemical Guidelines for Reclaimed Waster and Sewage Sludge Applications in Agriculture, WHO 2001
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