shaping the future of munich perspective munich

Development Report 2005

PERSPECTIVE MUNICH – Strategies, Principles, Projects

Shaping the future of Munich

PERSPECTIVEMUNICH

PE

RS

PE

CTI

VE

MU

NIC

H–

Str

ateg

ies,

Prin

cipl

es, P

roje

cts

Dev

elop

men

t R

epor

t 20

05

PERSPECTIVEMUNICH

City of Munich

Department of Urban Planning and Building Regulation

Urban Development PlanningBlumenstr. 3180331 München

www.muenchen.de/[email protected]

3PERSPECTIVE MUNICH | Contents2

8. To ensure social cohesion and citizens safety through local security, social, educational and cultural policies ...................................................................................... 62Merit award for “Solidarity against crimes of violence” ................................................................ 63Local Security Service .................................................................................................................... 63Integration measures for migrants ................................................................................................ 64Combating terrorism .................................................................................................................... 65

9. To benefit from the opportunities new media offer and to promote improved basic services, public access, media skills and the media industry ........................................ 66www.muenchen.de........................................................................................................................ 67Integrative traffic management ...................................................................................................... 68Local geodata management .......................................................................................................... 68Schools on the Net ........................................................................................................................ 69Information Technology for Administrative Integration .................................................................. 69

10. To develop ecological standards and safeguard natural resources ........................................ 70Soil protection concept .................................................................................................................. 71Groundwater protection concept.................................................................................................... 71The Isar Plan .................................................................................................................................. 72The Moor Lands West of Munich .................................................................................................. 73 “Bauzentrum” ................................................................................................................................ 73

11. To safeguard Munich’s leisure and recreational value by offering varied facilities for different target groups ...................................................................................... 74The future of the “Olympiapark” .................................................................................................. 75Riemer Park and the National Garden Show 2005 ........................................................................ 76The leisure landscape of Fröttmaning .......................................................................................... 77

12. To promote culture and create scope for innovation and experimentation; to examine our cultural heritage, cultural memory and international cultural developments .............................................................................................................................. 78The Jewish Museum of Munich .................................................................................................... 79The National Socialist Documentation Centre................................................................................ 80ZKMax ............................................................................................................................................ 80Lothringer13 .................................................................................................................................. 81The Local Dance Plan – the “Dance Base” project draft .............................................................. 82Cooperation between the municipal libraries and the Munich adult education centre.................. 83“Culture in the City” Project .......................................................................................................... 83

The PERSPECTIVE MUNICH process – what does the future hold? .......................................................................... 86

Appendix: ContactsList of publications on PERSPECTIVE MUNICH.............................................................................. 90

Contents

PERSPECTIVE MUNICH: A tool with which to shape the future ........................................................................................ 08

The challenges facing urban development

European integration .................................................................................................................... 15Structural changes in the economy .............................................................................................. 16 Knowledge as location factor ........................................................................................................ 17Demographic change .................................................................................................................... 18Social cohesion.............................................................................................................................. 19Migration and integration .............................................................................................................. 20Qualified internal development...................................................................................................... 21Urban-compatible mobility ............................................................................................................ 22Regional cooperation .................................................................................................................... 23Ecological quality .......................................................................................................................... 25

Principles and projects

1. To safeguard and promote employment and economic prosperity ...................................... 28The Munich Employment and Qualification Programme .............................................................. 29The Munich “Gewerbehofprogramm”.......................................................................................... 29ÖKOPROFIT .................................................................................................................................. 31

2. To improve cooperation in the region and enhance the competitiveness of the economic area .............................................................. 32Regional land management .......................................................................................................... 33

3. To safeguard social harmony through social local government policies .............................. 36The “Living in Munich” action programme ................................................................................ 37

4. To strengthen individual parts of the city through district development .............................. 40The “Social City” programme ...................................................................................................... 41The Hadern local district development programme...................................................................... 43

5. To create future-oriented residential area structures through qualified inner-city development – “compact, urban, green“ ................................................................ 44Strategic land management .......................................................................................................... 46The central railway lands between the Main Station – Laim – Pasing.......................................... 47Theresienhöhe .............................................................................................................................. 49Around the Ostbahnhof ................................................................................................................ 50Concept for the Inner City ............................................................................................................ 52The Munich green belt .................................................................................................................. 54The “Sequence of large green area developments“ programme ................................................ 55

6. To preserve the form and appearance of the city of Munich and promote new architecture .................................................................................................. 56Discussion on “The face of the city and new architecture” ........................................................ 57

7. To maintain and improve mobility for all road and transport system users and to manage traffic and transportation to the benefit of the city ...................................... 58Traffic Development Plan 2005 .................................................................................................... 59Action programmes and concepts ................................................................................................ 60

4 5

Seven years have passed since the City Council firstembarked upon the concept ofurban development entitledPERSPECTIVE MUNICH, and itis time now to look back on whathas been achieved, and to lookforward to the shape that ourcity will take in years to come.

The process of urban development planning has along and successful tradition in Munich. The plansdeveloped in 1963, 1975 and 1983 reflect theinfluences and challenges of the time, as well as the concepts and strategies inherent in theplanning process.

The 1963 development plan attempted to bringorder to the tempestuous era of growth thatfollowed the post-war reconstruction of Munich.The task then was to create the space andinfrastructure necessary to accommodateMunich’s growth. As this era drew to a close inthe early 1970s, however, the process of urbandevelopment was compelled to address theclearly evident problems resulting from thisgrowth. Therefore, the development plan of 1975was characterised by statements on housingconstruction and the socially compatibleredevelopment of the existing building stock. Thespatial model comprised a concept of polycentricresidential development, the underlying principleof which has been retained to this day. Likewise,the social aspects of urban development planningwere given greater prominence. The aim of the1975 plan was to achieve a city that offered equalopportunities for every citizen, both male andfemale, as well as to improve the quality of life inthe city.

Economic recession, declining population forecasts,rising unemployment and fresh housing shortagesformed the background to the urban developmentplan of 1983. This plan responded to the situationprimarily with a program designed to create space

for both housing and commercial development, as well as by continuing the process of urbanrenewal. There was also an emphasis ondeveloping the local public transport system and the social infrastructure.Today, at the beginning of the 21st century, citiesand urban regions find themselves faced withchallenges, which can only be successfullymastered through self-government that is bothpolitically and financially strong:

� Competition between cities for investment,jobs, residents and creative potential is growinginexorably at both European and global levels;what’s more, European regulations are placingan ever tighter rein on local government’s scopefor taking action.

� Structural shifts in both economy andtechnology, along with globalisation areaccelerating the pace of change not only in thelabour market, but also in urban redevelopment;real estate markets are becoming increasinglyinternationalised. More than ever before, urbandevelopment is determined by large-scaleprivate projects and by decisions taken atcorporate headquarters often far removed fromthe city itself.

� The sustained financial crisis afflicting towns andcities throughout Germany is forcing Bavaria’scapital city likewise to steadily consolidate itsbudget.

� Continuing unemployment is amplifying thealready growing social polarisation anddifferentiation within the city. Safeguardingsocial cohesion, that is to say, a consensus onthe aims and priorities of urban development is,under these conditions, becoming progressivelyharder to achieve. Instead, there is the threat ofsocial disintegration and increasing disparities.

� Demographic change in Munich likewise will, inthe long term, lead to a marked ageing of society,placing new demands on infrastructure, theeducation and training system, health services,planning and housing, as well as social andcultural integration.

� Inward migration into our cities – necessary botheconomically and demographically – demandsthat we make greater efforts to ensure socialand cultural integration.

� The change in relations between the sexes – so-called gender mainstreaming – calls for newstrategies and priorities to achieve a fair balanceof interests and equality of opportunities forboth men and women living in a variety ofcircumstances.

Our cities cannot master these challenges solely through short -term reactive urban policystrategies. What is required are long-term,integrated strategies aimed at generatinginvestment, easing tensions in a mannercompatible with both city and society, andstabilising qualities which are under threat.

As long ago as the 1990s in Munich, thisrealisation led to a realignment of both thecontent and methods of urban developmentplanning. When the City Council resolved upon the principles of PERSPECTIVE MUNICH in 1998, it adopted a concept of development that is atonce both flexible and proactive. With its guidingprinciples and projects, PERSPECTIVE MUNICHconstitutes a long-term, integrated framework for the orientation and development of Munich.Underlying this framework is an intensive dialoguebetween citizens, business, politics, administrationand many other parties with an interest in urbandevelopment.

Many of the path-finding projects decided upon in 1998 have by now been largely implemented,or have at least passed some essential milestones.New principles and projects have subsequentlybeen added with the two PERSPECTIVE MUNICHupdates in 2001 and 2005. This developmentconcept has proven itself in practice as a long-term framework for action by the city and byindividual departments.

By continually updating the diverse implementation

strategies and action programmes embodied inPERSPECTIVE MUNICH, it is possible to respondflexibly to changing circumstances. Priorities canon this basis be adapted to meet current needs interms of both timing and location.

In Munich, as elsewhere, the financial constraintson public-sector budgets demand a critical appraisalof local authority performance and standards.More than ever in this situation, it is important topreserve the effective fundamental qualities ofand opportunities for urban development, forexample in terms of housing supply, or indeed thesocial, cultural and technical infrastructure. Thesustained preservation of public services is notonly of value to citizens: appropriate investmentalso promotes economic growth and employment.

The concept of PERSPECTIVE MUNICH wascarried forward most recently by the “DevelopmentReport 2003”, which was adopted by the CityCouncil in October 2005 after, in some cases,intense discussion at technical and districtcommittee level. This Council resolution forms thebasis for this brochure, which offers a currentoverview of the guiding principles and projects ofPERSPECTIVE MUNICH and the stage to whichthey have been implemented.

One of the essential prerequisites for the successof this planning process is a continuing focus onrelations with the public. The purpose of thispublication is to add transparency to the dialoguebetween citizens, politicians, administrative bodiesand many other parties with a stake in urbandevelopment, and to invite all sides to continuetheir committed discussion on how to shape thefuture of our city.

Prof. Christiane Thalgott Urban Development Officer for the City of Munich

PERSPECTIVE MUNICH 1998 – 2005: A positive balance to date

PERSPECTIVE MUNICH | Foreword

Dear Citizens of Munich,

PERSPECTIVE MUNICH provides an orientation framework for urban development. It sets out the key parameters but is sufficiently flexible to adapt to a changing situation.

1People’s needs are subject to ongoing change.

How can the city respond?

The world is changing at breakneck speed – and so arethe needs of human beings. For this reason, the city ofMunich acts with foresight. The aim is to find the rightstrategy for positive urban development so as to be well-equipped for the challenges of the future.

PERSPECTIVE MUNICH is “urban development as aprocess”. It provides a flexible framework which can beadapted to new situations as necessary.

PERSPECTIVE MUNICH

9

Analyses and emphases

The basis and indeed the core task of urban developmentplanning is to monitor and evaluate trends and changes in the economy, society, spatial development, mobility andecology, as well as regional and European development, and to prepare the necessary concepts for the city.

Urban development planners thereby avail themselves of modern instruments to gather and analyse data. Theseinclude representative empirical studies, for examplesurveys of local opinion, trend analyses, city rankings,lifestyle studies and scenarios and forecasts, for example of the development in population and age structures. Theresults of these investigations are not only used to definefundamental principles and strategies; they also form thebasis for specialist, technical planning activities focusing onschools, kindergartens and facilities for the elderly, etc..

Among the current emphases are the consequences andchallenges faced by Munich as a result of socio-demographicchange. Adjustments are likely to be needed in almostevery area of economic and social life, and spatial effectswill likewise be ensuing.

Another point of emphasis is on the knowledge economy of Munich in its capacity as a creative city. In a city such asMunich with the relevant mix of industrial sectors, knowledgeand knowledge management will become an increasinglyimportant municipal function.

However, urban development is not only concerned withlonger-term trends and complexities. Through its new seriesof publications entitled “Perspektive München – Aktuell”,PERSPECTIVE MUNICH is delivering information andanalyses of current developments and findings, including,for example, the significance of comparative city ratings forcompetition purposes, current demographic trends and birthrate development.

PERSPECTIVE MUNICH is a strategic, proactive urbandevelopment concept first adopted by the City Council in1998. With its principles and projects it has provided a long-term, flexible framework for the city’s development sincethe end of the 1990s. PERSPECTIVE MUNICH is in effectan invitation to all interested parties to cooperate in thedevelopment of the city.

In line with its integrated, long-term approach, the guidingprinciples and strategies of PERSPECTIVE MUNICH centreon the city as a whole, as well as on the surrounding region. Within the framework of path-finding projects and local orsectoral concepts, as well as action programmes, theseprinciples are then given concrete form, while positions arearrived at concerning their implementation.

PERSPECTIVE MUNICH is designed to be a continuousprocess of urban development planning that enables thecity to prepare itself for the increasing pace of socio-economic and demographic change. The dependable andconsistent long-term aims of urban development can thusbe reconciled with flexible actions geared to the needs ofcitizens and the business community.

The strategic character of PERSPECTIVE MUNICH likewisefinds expression in its links with the new management andcontrol model adopted by the city administration.


The principles resolved upon by the City Council andembodied in PERSPECTIVE MUNICH cover the essentialstrategic aspects of urban development. They are notintended, nor are they able, to cover every municipal task or product.

The principles of urban development should remain stableover an extended period of time, in order to provide areliable framework within which both private parties andpublic bodies with an interest in urban development canmake decisions and plan investments.

These principles are developed – in most cases on theinitiative of the City Council – under the overall control of the competent specialist department, harmonised at inter-departmental level and put out for public discussion.

Following an integrated approach, these principles provide a framework for development in the field to which theyrelate. They are then concretised through the medium ofimplementation-oriented strategies, whereby particularattention is paid to the development of interdisciplinary and inter-departmental action plans.

The principles are embodied in associated projects, whichare also resolved upon by the City Council. The function ofthe path-finding projects, which may also take the form oflocal or sectoral concepts and action programmes, such as,for example, the Munich Inner City concept or the “Living in Munich” programme, is to serve as models of how thestandards and strategies formulated in the principles can beimplemented and optimised in practice.

These projects also focus the financial, spatial andpersonnel resources of the city on areas of activity ofstrategic importance.

Strategies and instruments for implementation

The most significant projects and action programmes arepresented in Chapter 3.Also included among the strategies for implementation are large-scale events, which act as catalysts for urbandevelopment, such as, for example, the National GardenShow 2005 (the BUGA), the 2006 football World Cup andthe city’s 850th anniversary celebrations in 2007.

Important instruments through which the principles ofPERSPECTIVE MUNICH are implemented include: � Information and citizen participation, for example, via

PlanTreff – the information centre dedicated to ongoingpublic relations;

� Joint ventures with public and private bodies such as, for example, the joint initiative launched ten years agowith BMW and other partners entitled “Solving trafficproblems together”, the “Community action for anattractive inner city” and the inter-authority project set up to bring the Garden Show to the region and developthe “RadlRing”, the orbital cycleway around Munich;

� Land management and active local land conservation, for example the Munich Eco-Account (see Chapter 3) and the Joint Land Pool;

� The procedural principles of socially compatible land use(SoBoN);

� Localised and themed action programmes, including the“Mittlerer Ring” and “Living in Munich” programmes(see Chapter 3);

� General development plans, city development contractsand project management;

� Monitoring and evaluation (see below).

PERSPECTIVE MUNICH:A tool with which to shape the future

PERSPECTIVE MUNICH | A tool with which to shape the future 10 11

Integration with the municipal targets system

The strategic nature of PERSPECTIVE MUNICH isunderscored by its links with the municipal targets systemand the product plans drafted by individual administrativedepartments.

The municipal targets system is circumscribed anddelineated by laws, rules, standards, programmes andmodels. PERSPECTIVE MUNICH, comprised as it is of long-term principles, forms an essential element at thislevel. These principles describe the direction and define a bandwidth or corridor of desired development.

The tiers of targets are in turn oriented towards these long-term principles. In other words, where relevantly themedprinciples exist, they are used by individual departments todevelop their own annual targets. Naturally, the departmentsof local government also formulate additional goals providedthat these do not conflict with PERSPECTIVE MUNICH.Efforts are being made to extend the integration withmedium- and short-term operating targets.

Evaluation

What impact do the guiding principles of urban developmenthave, for example, on individual projects or specific plans?Future success and effects are being monitored through aprocess of continuous evaluation, for example via regularsurveys of citizens’ opinions and indicator-based localdistrict monitoring procedures.

In application of various qualitative and complementaryquantitative procedures, the most meaningful systematicevaluation of the principles of urban development is affordedby the observation of path-finding projects, as well as localand sectoral action programmes.

Based on the longer-term impact of these principles, adetailed evaluation will appear at intervals of one or moreyears in the form of reports, in future to be entitled the“Perspective Munich Balance Sheet”. The first report isscheduled for 2007.

Public relations

The only route to transparency and trust is throughcontinuous information. This is the foundation for fruitfuldialogue with the numerous private- and public sectorparties with a stake in urban development. One of thedefining features of PERSPECTIVE MUNICH is therefore acontinuous, broad-based public relations effort that fostersthe interests of all citizens, as well as an enthusiasticdialogue on the future of Munich. This dialogue is bestcarried out through exhibitions, brochures, discussions andpresentations, as well as the popular bus tours with the CityDevelopment Officer and of course the Internet. However,the focal point is PlanTreff – the city developmentinformation centre, which is a source of information as wellas acting as a forum for questions and answers on everyaspect of urban development.

In order to make PERSPECTIVE MUNICH even moretransparent and reader-friendly, in future a series ofindividually themed reports will be published:

� Analyses

Specifically themed reports including, for example, a regional report, analyses, trends and empirical studiese.g. of local opinion surveys

� The Latest

Brief bulletins on current city development topics

� Principles, Concepts, Programmes

Drafts of new principles, concepts and actionprogrammes

� Balance Sheet

An evaluation of urban development principles and projects

Updating PERSPECTIVE MUNICH

Updates to the PERSPECTIVE ensure that targets areregularly reviewed and adapted to changing conditions.Against a background of social and economic change, it is also intended, from time to time, to review theunderlying principles of PERSPECTIVE MUNICH. This will safeguard the integrated approach adopted byPERSPECTIVE MUNICH and the coherence of individualareas.

A summary of the basic principles that underlie

PERSPECTIVE MUNICH

PERSPECTIVE MUNICH embodies the principles ofsustainable, permanently environmentally friendlydevelopment and urbanity in keeping with the times, based upon the fundamental values of the European city – openness, tolerance and integration.

To date, the following guiding principles of urbandevelopment have already been adopted or released for public discussion by the City Council:

� To safeguard and promote employment and economicprosperity

� To improve cooperation in the region and enhance the competitiveness of the economic area

� To safeguard social harmony through social localgovernment policies

� To strengthen individual parts of the city through district development

� To create future-oriented residential area structuresthrough qualified inner-city development –“compact, urban, green”

� To preserve the form and appearance of the city of Munich and promote new architecture

� To maintain and improve mobility for all road and transportsystem users and to manage traffic and transportation to the benefit of the city

� To ensure social cohesion and citizens safety throughlocal security, social, educational and cultural policies

� To benefit from the opportunities new media offer and topromote improved basic services, public access, mediaskills and the media industry

� To develop ecological standards and safeguard naturalresources

� To safeguard Munich’s leisure and recreational value byoffering varied facilities for different target groups

� To promote culture and create scope for innovation andexperimentation; to examine our cultural heritage, culturalmemory and international cultural developments

Other draft principles on Family policy in Munich, theKnowledge-based Munich region, as well as the Challengesfacing education policy and Sports development arecurrently in preparation.

In addition to the cross-sectional tasks of intercultural urbandevelopment, another integral element of PERSPECTIVEMUNICH is the strategy of gender mainstreaming. The goal is to permit men and women living in differingcircumstances to coexist in a way that affords equal rightsand opportunities to both genders, and support urbandevelopment which gives due consideration to aspects of gender and generation.

Example of transportation planning Example of housing supply

PM principle

no

t re

lati

ng

to

sp

ecif

ic

pro

du

cts

rela

tin

g t

o s

pecif

ic

pro

du

cts

Example of goal derivation

PM project

City Council

goals

Action goals

Preserve and improvemobility for all transportationsystem users – managementof traffic and transportation tothe benefit of the city ...

Safeguard social harmony andcohesion by means of local socialpolicy; safeguarding the housingsupply ... remains a priority...

Transportation development plan Action programme “Living in Munich III”

The implementation of the PERSPECTIVE MUNICHproject continues ... (Goal Nr. 1.3; Goals 2005)

Creation of building legislationAreas of land zoned for industrial use andhousing development must be identified onan ongoing basis. (Goal Nr. 2, Goals 2005)

The implementation of measurescontained in the local transport planhas been evaluated; a report hasbeen submitted ... to the City Council(Goal Nr. 1.3.1; Goals 2005)

Building legislation is to be createdbetween 3,000 and 3,500 housingunits and approx. 8 ha areas forindustrial and special commercialuse. (Goal Nr. 2.1; Goals 2005)


There is often only a fine lineseparating good from bad.

What is the situation in Munich?

Munich is regarded as one of the most attractive cities inGermany. However, the city must not rest on its laurels.Ongoing global economic and social development constantlyposes new challenges – both locally and worldwide.PERSPECTIVE MUNICH approaches urban development asan open-ended process with the goal of both responding tocurrent trends and anticipating future challenges. Similarly,negative developments are to be identified and counteractedat an early stage.

Where there is good, there is also bad. This is a law of nature and appliesequally to the urban community – both positively and negatively.

2

Spatial diversityand dynamics in Europe

Cities and city regions

European networks

Europäische Kerngebiete

Economic developement trend

over 6,0 mil. residents3,0 - 6,0 mil. residents1,5 - 3,0 mil. residents0,75 - 1,5 mil. residents0,5 - 0,75 mil. residents

Core and supplementary network

Pan European expansion and addition

“Blue Banana”

“Sun Belt”

“Pentagon”

High developement status withgrowth trends

Growth dynamics at varied andin some cases low initial level

Source: Federal Office for Building and Regional Planning, Bonn

15

Munich is still one of the mostattractive cities in Germany, with ahigh quality of life. A representativesurvey of Munich’s citizens carried outin 2005 revealed that most of theinhabitants of Munich feel comfortablein their city. In the opinion of themajority of respondents, Munich is amodern, open, international, scientificand cultural metropolis with a powerfuleconomy. It is a very safe city as well,and is highly prized for its leisure andsports value. Various aspects of theimmediate residential environmentalso received high satisfaction scores –especially the accessibility of greenareas and open spaces and publictransport links – which have onceagain risen markedly in comparisonwith the results from the year 2000.The same applies to the subjectivefeeling of safety and security, which isvery high among respondents to thesurvey, and again representing a

further improvement since 2000. AtEuropean level, Munich shares the top spot among major cities withVienna. Munich citizens also describedthemselves as very satisfied with the infrastructure of their city. Thisparticularly applies to the availability of cultural facilities, as well as publictransport.

Nevertheless there are also risks.Certain population groups, such assingle mothers and families withseveral children, continue to beespecially hard hit by the generallydifficult state of the economy; there isalso increasing polarisation betweenrich and poor. This, too, is subjectivelyperceived by the population: 70% of those surveyed described socialdifferences in Munich as too great (inthe 2000 survey the figure was 59%).Many citizens see Munich as aneconomically strong and culturally

vibrant city, but with too little “heart”for those on the periphery of society.We therefore have no cause to rest onour laurels.

Urban development is an open-endedprocess that must necessarilyaccommodate current trends andforesee future challenges. Thesustained financial crisis afflicting thepublic sector has meant that in Munichas well, the scope for action hasbecome more restricted. Firm goalsand clear strategies are therefore allthe more essential. The principalfactors to be faced in shaping thefuture of Munich may be summarisedas follows.

The significance of European integrationfor urban development and for thescope of activity available to municipalauthorities has increased substantiallyover the past fifteen years. Among themost important influencing factors arethe inclusion of ten countries in Centraland Eastern Europe in May 2004, andthe planned admission of Romania andBulgaria in 2007.From a present perspective, it is likely that Munich will experience anincreased level of migration to andfrom the new member states.

Munich has, in the past, profited fromthe demand-related migration of labour.The same opportunity exists with theinflux of skilled workers from the newEU states. The city has the chance toimprove the relevant conditions forthis. However, the labour market inMunich may also suffer from problems

affecting low-skilled workers and as a result of the increasing competitivepressures on small businesses and the craft trades.

European integration is having quitetangible effects on the freedom ofaction available to municipal authorities,above all as a result of the deregulationof the markets for goods and services, as well as competition andenvironmental law. This is becomingevident, above all, in public servicesand in transport and urban planning.For example, the EU exercisesinfluence over the form and structureof local public transport, whileregulations on strategic environmentalassessments, the environmental noisedirective and the limits imposed on airquality are all having an effect ondevelopment planning.

Given that cities are responsible forthe local implementation of a largenumber of European regulations, it isessential that the interests of self-governing local authorities should beheard as part of the legislative processat European level. The aim must be topreserve and strengthen the ability ofEuropean cities to act and to providelocal public services that serve theinterests of their residents’ quality oflife. There are opportunities here, aboveall in cooperation with other citiesthrough networks such as EUROCITIESand through joint projects. In addition to the exchange of experiences, suchimportant infrastructural projectsinclude the high-speed rail linkconnecting Paris – Strasbourg –Karlsruhe – Stuttgart – Augsburg –Munich – Salzburg – Vienna – Bratislava(main European thoroughfare).


European integrationEU expansion represents a great opportunity for Munich. Business will profit from increased integration and new markets. What’s more, the cultural and social life of the city will be enriched by our “newneighbours” – both those who now come to visit us and those who have already moved to Munich. The coming years will see the creation of conditions that will enable these opportunities to be exploited incooperation with the new EU member states. This will include thedevelopment of the infrastructure, and above all of a high-performanceEuropean rail network to carry both goods and passenger traffic.

PERSPECTIVE MUNICH | The challenges facing urban development 16 1716 | 17

With 14 universities and colleges and a total of around 89,000 students,Munich and the surrounding regionrepresents one of Germany’s leadingcentres of higher education. Togetherwith the numerous non-universityresearch institutions represented inMunich (for example the Max PlanckSociety, the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaftand the GSF National Research Centrefor Environment and Health), scientificinstitutes, private-sector researchundertakings, museums and libraries,the resulting knowledge infrastructureis exceptional. These institutionscollectively form a stable, growth-oriented knowledge cluster.

This cluster offers an opportunity tosafeguard and expand Munich’s

outstanding position in Germany and in Europe. In turn, this presents a solid foundation on which to developthe production, processing andcommunication of knowledge into therenewable “raw materials” of thefuture. Particularly for a region such asMunich, which enjoys a high level ofqualifications, social competence andeffective integration, the knowledgefactor represents an opportunity tosafeguard future productivity gains and innovations and thereby maintainexisting standards.

Munich and the surroundingcommunities together with the FreeState of Bavaria must ensure that theright conditions prevail to enable thescientific institutions and universities

located in and around the city, as well as the businesses that processthe knowledge generated by theuniversities and market knowledge-based products, to succeed in theiractivities. This must also includesupport for school education andvocational training, as well as measuresto preserve Munich’s attraction as acentre of research and study. Attractiveinner city “knowledge locations” mustbe safeguarded and further developed.Urban density and variety fostercreativity and innovation, which areindispensable to a living inner city.

On the other hand, the economicstructure of the Munich region isunusually widely diversified. Thismeans firstly that structural change inone branch of industry cannot of itselflead to a decline in overall employment.And secondly, there are branchesof industry hardly known today which will in future generate additionalemployment. In view of the relativelyhigh number of industries in Munichthat are growing rapidly from smallbeginnings, the city is far better placedto share in this growth than othermetropolitan regions in Germany.Therefore, the number of employedpersons liable for social securityinsurance in the Munich region – incomparison with other regions ofGermany – is in future likely to continueto rise (from 4 % of all such employedpersons in Germany to 4.26 %, whichwill equate to some 1.135 millionpeople).

The Munich region remains one of theeconomically strongest regions inGermany. In view of the number ofmedium-sized and growing branchesof industry, continued positive andindeed above-average economicdevelopment is to be expected overthe next ten years. Such is the view ofthe authors of the current employmentforecast for the Munich region.

The slight decline in growth rates maybe described more as a “return tonormality” than as a “crisis” for theregion.

The structural change affecting manyof the manufacturing industries hasthus far had little impact on Munich.However, industries will continue toundergo structural change in futureand jobs will be shed. It is ultimatelyonly a question of time before thebranches of industry predominant inMunich are likewise affected.

Structural changes in the economyOne of the central challenges facing the city of Munich is to safeguard its commercial and industrial economic base – not least given the closeinterrelationship of so many service-sector professions. This “Munich Mix”is capable of securing employment for a large proportion of the city’sinhabitants and at the same time buffering the effects of labour marketfluctuations in future-oriented sectors of the local economy.

Knowledge as location factorThe volume of knowledge available in the world is constantly growing. The production, storage, processing and dissemination of knowledge willremain among the growth sectors of the economy. Urban societies thatintend in future to play a significant role in global economic expansion must embrace these developments.

The shift in employment emphasistowards the service sector and awayfrom manufacturing industry willcontinue.

Despite growth in the Munich region,the number of jobs for workerswithout vocational training has steadilydeclined over recent years (from 24 %of those liable for social securityinsurance in 1985 to 12 % in 2004).Over the last twenty years employmentgrowth has been restricted to graduatesand workers with school-leaving examqualifications (rising from 9 % of thoseliable for social security insurance in1984 to 18% in 2004).The economic viability of additionalexpenditure on school education forchildren and the promotion of trainingare likely to be higher than in practicallyany other area. The point must be toreduce the proportion of those leavingsecondary schools and vocationaltraining centres without qualifications.

Employment forecast

1.7 mil.

1.6 mil.

1.5 mil.

1.4 mil.

1.3 mil.

1.2 mil.

1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015

Development to date

Negative Scenario

Forecast

Main ScenarioPositive Scenario

Development of unemployment in Germany,

in Bavaria and in Munich

13.0 %

12.0 %

11.0 %

10.0 %

9.0 %

8.0 %

7.0 %

6.0 %

5.0 %

4.0 %

Jan 94 Jan 95 Jan 96 Jan 97 Jan 98 Jan 99 Jan 00 Jan 01 Jan 02 Jan 03 Jan 04 Jan 05

Interrupted, incomplete data series due to changes in Code ofSocial Law and other changesthat impact the statistics.

GermanyMunichBavaria

Source: German Federal Employment Agency Munich, in-house calculations

Knowledge centersin Munich

Media

Biotechnology

Universities

Museums and libraries

Electrical engineering and IT industry

Banks and insurance

Health care

Medical technology

Patents

Source: City of Munich

Automotive and vehicle engineering, aerospace

Environmental technology

PERSPECTIVE MUNICH | The challenges facing urban development 18 19

In Munich, too, disparities in incomelevels will become greater and the gap between rich and poor will widen. The “underdogs” consist mainly oflow-income families with numerouschildren, single parents and theirchildren and, in some cases, also non-German households and persons withpoor qualifications. This is, for example,recognisable from the development in per capita income, the difference indistribution of which between varioushouseholds has changed withincreasing effect in recent years.

For the first time since such reportsbegan in 1987, the “Munich PovertyReport 2000” noted a decline inpoverty towards the end of 2000. By 2002, however, the number ofMunich’s poor was again increasing. In the year 2002 there were 156,700people classed as poor in the city,equal to 116 out of each 1000 ofMunich’s inhabitants (the definitionapplied is one of “relative poverty” –persons who dispose over less than 50 % of the national average netincome).

Similarly, the number of peoplereceiving income support showed adecline from 1997 onwards, but hasalso risen once more since 2002. Chart The same trend is evident inhomelessness: after falling steadilyfrom 1993, the number of homelesspersons climbed sharply between2000 and 2002. By 2003, however, the housing market situation showedsigns of easing and acute homelessnessdeclined in Munich.

Children represent the section of thepopulation most strongly affected bypoverty. In addition, a disproportionate numberof those on income support aremembers of Munich‘s non-Germanpopulation. This group is twice as likelyto receive welfare support as theirGerman counterparts. Unemployment,especially long-term unemployment,constitutes another increasinglysignificant poverty risk. Between 2000and 2004, the proportion of long-termunemployed in Munich rose by around70%.

Forecasts for demographic developmentin Germany are unanimous in predicting,in some cases, radical medium – tolong-term changes in population andage structures. The reasons are to be found, above all, in decliningpopulations, ageing, immigration andthe changing structure of householdsand families. However, the course ofthese developments will vary widelyfrom one region to another.

According to the 2002 planningforecast the number of persons living in Munich (inhabitants with their principal or secondary place ofresidence in the city) is likely tocontinue to rise slightly as a result of inward migration from 1.42 million in 2004 to 1.43 million in 2015.

The developing age structure inMunich is defined by the followingdistinctive characteristics:

� The number of births in Munich has been relatively constant for thepast 15 years, averaging one childper female; in 2004 the average was 1.2.

� Young adults (aged 18 to 30) aremore strongly represented inMunich than the national average;the main cause being migration insearch of employment and training.

� The 18 to 64 age group, that is tosay those of working age, is over-represented in Munich.

� The number of 65 to 74 year-oldswill rise by 16 % by 2009, equatingto an additional 21,000 persons.Similarly, the number of personsover 75 will also rise. In 2001, therewere some 100,000 people agedover 75 living in Munich. By 2004the figure had already risen to103,300. By 2015, according to theplanning forecast, there will be anadditional 15,000 citizens over theage of 75 living in Munich bycomparison with 2004 (graphshowing age structure and pos.population trees (PP file).

Demographic changeIn comparison to other urban regions of Germany, demographicdevelopment in Munich will initially be dominated by further increases in the positive balance of migration. The city’s population will age onlymarginally before 2015. Munich can therefore use the time to prepareforward-looking plans to manage and overcome long-term processes of change. The particular challenges are to improve conditions in the city for familieswith children, while at the same time giving due consideration to theexpected increase in the proportion of ageing and older residents.

Social cohesionBolstering the social integration strength of the city is one of the centralchallenges of the future. In view of the expected demographic changes – for example in age structures and as a result of immigration – steps must be taken to counter the process of social polarisation. In future,socially integrative local policies will be of greater importance than everbefore, both for the quality of Munich as a place to live, and in terms ofsafeguarding social harmony. Given the poor state of local governmentfinances, new instruments and strategies must be developed.

Population development in Munich

1980 – 2004 and forecast up to 2015

2005

2004

1999

1994

1990

1985

19800 200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000 1,000,000 1,200.000 1,400,000 1,600,000

Germans Foreigners

2015

Comparison of age structure of

various cities and Germany in 2003

100 %

80 %

60 %

40 %

20 %

0 %Munich Cologne Stuttgart Berlin Hamburg Frankfurt Dusseldorf Germany Total 0-14 15-17 18-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-64 65+

ZIMAS

forecast

15,0

61,9

7,08,97,2 6,9 7,8

9,3 9,4 9,3

6,3

59,8 58,9 59,0 58,0 61,0 57,6 54,1

17,7 17,4 17,8 17,8 16,9 17,0 20,6

6,6 7,2 6,66,0

6,9 7,2

9,5 8,6 10,6 10,7

6,6 8,1 7,5 8,0 7,3

Source: German Federal Employment Agency Munich, in-house calculations 1997 2000 2002 HLU = Hilfe zum Lebensunterhalt [Subsistence Aid] Social welfare recipients aged over 17 Children and young people

Source: City of Munich, Department of Social AffairsSource: Munich Poverty Reports 1997-2002

Age structure of cost-of-living-assistance

(HLU)recipients (density per 1000 residents)

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Social welfare recipients

(according to Federal Social Assistance Act and Asylum Seekers Benefits Act)

70.000

60.000

50.000

40.000

30.000

20.000

10.000

01995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

ZIMAS = Central Information Management and Analysis System

0-19

75+65-74

60-64

20-59

21PERSPECTIVE MUNICH | The challenges facing urban development 20

The Munich region continues to enjoyeconomic growth, resulting in sustaineddemand for building land for commercialpurposes, for example for retail andindustrial use, as well as for housing,kindergartens and schools.

On the other hand, demand for officeaccommodation has weakenedsubstantially, and is only slowlystarting to recover. Given that themarket was late in responding to theextreme shortage of office space atthe beginning of the decade, theslump in demand has coincided withan increase in supply. Vacancy rates inthe municipal area have accordinglyrisen from below 1 % in 2001 to justunder 11 % in early 2005, at whichlevel they may, however, be presumedto have peaked. Falling office rents and an increase invacant office space have in recentyears reduced the pressure frominvestors and project developers tomaximise their share of the core areasof new developments, leading to anincreased acceptance of a highproportion of residential allocations,even in central locations.

In the area of housing construction,while demand pressures are easingslightly, rents and property prices stillstand at a high level. It is intended thatdevelopment rights in Munich shouldcontinue to be granted at the samehigh rates as in previous years inaccordance with the targets set by theCity Council. This will fulfil one of theessential preconditions for achievingan average of 7,000 new dwellingunits per year. Even given a constantpopulation level and a slow-down inthe rate of increase in per capitaconsumption of living space, it isessential for the housing market thatdevelopment rights continue to begranted on the same scale as in thepast. State-aided housing constructioncontinues to be of significantimportance.

The principles of socially compatibleland use, which link the granting of new development rights to awillingness on the part of the owner to contribute up to two thirds of theincrease in land value to fund thephysical and social infrastructure andother origination costs, will, in future,remain an indispensable factor in thecontinuing large-scale creation of scopefor development.

The expansionary trend in retaildevelopments continues with demandincreasingly focusing on traditionalcommercial development zones whereland prices are still relatively economical.This threatens to dilute the integratedstructure of local retail services inclose proximity to residential areas, bothin local district centres and in satellitecommunities.

In 2004, there were some 293,000foreign nationals living in Munich,representing 23% of the population.Forecasts indicate that the non-German element of Munich’spopulation will continue to grow –albeit slightly – between now and2015. In particular there will be a risein the proportion of older migrants(approx. 12-13% in 2005). Theproportion of non-German children and young people will remain at anabove-average level of around 25%.However, defining these populationgroups on the basis of nationality failsto reveal the true circumstances – the proportion of children and youngpeople descended from an immigrantbackground is likely to be far higher.

The conditions for successfulintegration are becoming ever harderto achieve, for example due to thedeteriorating situation in the labourmarket. Especially the educationalopportunities open to children andyoung people with an immigrantbackground must be improved.

Integration is a reciprocal process thatcan only succeed in the long term ifboth the host society and the immigrantcommunity accept their share ofresponsibility. Integration is all themore difficult for immigrants whowithdraw into their own culture, intoethnic networks or their own families,and, in doing so, provide the hostsociety with a pretext for segregation.

From an urban development planningperspective it is particularly important

� to promote language learning as a basic precondition for theimprovement of educational andvocational qualification andintegration;

� to increase support at local districtlevel and enhance communitycoexistence by way of compact,mixed-use structures and variedpublic environments;

� to reinforce independence, self-helpand autonomous support networks;

� to put social facilities on anintercultural footing by providing and adapting specific institutionsand services;

� to exploit the integrative power ofart, culture and cultural education,and incorporate this into all culturalpolicy decision-making processes.

Migration and integrationOnly through intercultural development will it be possible in future tosafeguard the cultural and economic potential of the city. It is indispensablefor the positive development of the city that a policy of integration is notmerely tacitly accepted, but actively pursued.

Qualified internal developmentAlongside targeted locational development, the demand-oriented allocation ofdevelopment rights to exploit areas with future potential is a central challenge inshaping the future of Munich. Priority must be given to brown field development,which reuses former industrial sites, railway and post office land and redundantmilitary barracks according to the motto: “compact, urban, green”. The majorconsideration here is quality-oriented planning that delivers what the marketrequires, including adequate provisions for both the technical and socialinfrastructure. Above all, sufficient space must be made available for residentialdevelopment with shopping facilities close at hand. In areas zoned for commercialdevelopment, space must also be safeguarded for traditional industrial andcommercial use (by manufacturing industries and the craft trades).

1970 ´71 ´72 ´73 ´73 ´74 ´75 ´76 ´77 ´78 ´79 ´80 ´81 ´82 ´83 ´84 ´85 ´86 ´87 ´88 ´89 ´90 ´91 ´92 ´93 ´94 ´95 ´96 ´97 ´98 ´99 2000 ´01 ´02 ´03 ´04

Source: GWZ 1970 and 1987, microcensus 1993, 1998 and 2002

Development of average living space per person

40 m2

35 m2

30 m2

25 m2

20 m2

15 m2

10 m2

5 m2

0

Planning permission in Munich

1990 – 2001 from 2002

600

500

400

300

200

100

0WA/WR

WA/WR – ResidentialMK/MI – Mixed-/

core areaGE/GI – Commercial

Planning permission potential as of 2002:� approx. 60.000 WE =

640 ha residential building area

� approx. 3,25 mio. sq.m.office GFA = 230 ha

� approx. 210 ha GE/GI� inner urban

development portionincreases to approx.50%

MK/MI GE/GI WA/WR MK/MI GE/GI

223

122

72118

240230

160210

640

28

Total area in ha portion of inner urban development

Number of foreignersas % of population as of December 31, 2004

1 Altstadt – Lehel2 Ludwigsvorstadt –

Isarvorstadt3 Maxvorstadt4 Schwabing-West5 Au – Haidhausen6 Sendling7 Sendling – Westpark8 Schwanthalerhöhe9 Neuhausen –

Nymphenburg10 Moosach11 Milbertshofen –

Am Hart12 Schwabing –

Freimann13 Bogenhausen14 Berg am Laim15 Trudering – Riem

16 Ramersdorf – Perlach17 Obergiesing18 Untergiesing –

Harlaching19 Thalkirchen –

Obersendling – Forstenried – Fürstenried – Solln

20 Hadern21 Pasing –

Obermenzing22 Aubing –

Lochhausen – Langwied

23 Allach – Untermenzing

24 Feldmoching – Hasenbergl

25 Laim

under 18.0from 18.0 to less than 21.0from 21.0 to less than 24.0from 24.0 to less than 27.027.0 and greater

Percentage of foreigners in the entire city: 23.0 %Minimum: 15.4 in district 15Maximum: 38.4 in district 8

Percentage of foreigners

Data Source: Statistics Office, City of Munich 2005

Commuters to Munich 2003 [ ~ 302,700 per day]

~ 168,750 commuters fromregion 14

~ 94,600 commuters fromthe rest of Bavaria

~ 39,300 commuters fromoutside Bavaria


The development in incoming trafficflowing along the Mittlerer Ring andAltstadtring ringroads was as follows:

Thanks to the increase in jobs andresidents in surrounding areas, thevolume of traffic crossing the cityboundaries continues to rise.The decline in traffic on the inner-cityringroads shows the effects of actionto manage parking, as well as of theexpansion of public transport.

Given that there is little or no furtherpotential to increase inner-city trafficcapacities – in particular the publichighways – and in the interests ofcompatible and sustainable trafficdevelopment, the highest priorityattaches to all measures designed to reduce traffic volumes and transfermovements to environmentallyfriendly forms of transport.

Similarly, measures to control anddirect traffic and the concept ofmobility management are gaining inimportance. However, the problemmust be viewed from the perspectiveof the region as a whole, rather thansolely within the municipal area.

unit. Given the suburbanisation offormer satellite residential and industrialsettlements, many citizens and indeedbusinesses have come to regard theboundaries between local authoritiesas incidental. No single rural authorityalone is capable of coping with thetasks the future holds, such assustainable residential development,the protection of open spaces, regional land management, transportdevelopment, revenue equalisationbetween regional authorities, or thecompetition between regions.

In contrast to other municipal regionsin Germany, the Munich region is oneof the few to record growth. Asidefrom the situation in the housingmarket, the population and economicdata, as well the general regionalconditions are, relatively speaking,conducive to development. Exampleshere include the transportationinfrastructure and other “soft”locational factors.

However, this position is put at risk byinner-regional competition. In particular,

in the case of industrial developmentareas and out-of-town shoppingcomplexes, the competition betweenlocal authorities is often counter-productive to the interests of theregion as a whole.At the same time, the city of Munich isbecoming more and more closelyintegrated with its surrounding areas –both including and beyond the eightrural administrative districts which,together with the city, comprisePlanning Region 14 – to form a single,functional residential and economic

The increase in commuting andbusiness relations extendingthroughout and beyond the Munichregion, as well as the sustainedtransfer of homes and jobs tosurrounding areas, are reflected intraffic movements.

The new Transport Development Planand the Regional Transport Conceptembodied in the Regional Plan addressthese challenges, insofar as theyforesee an increase in the orientationof residential developments towardsexisting local public transport routesand the continuing expansion of publictransport links between the city ofMunich and the surrounding areas.

Through planned action to extend the infrastructure and by taking stepsto manage traffic and mobility, theobjective is to preserve the attractionof the Munich region as a place to liveand work with guaranteed mobility forall traffic and transport system users.

The intensifying interrelationshipbetween the city, its surroundingregion and the rest of Bavaria is alsoreflected in the development in thenumber of commuters. The overallnumber of individuals commuting intoMunich rose by 25% between 1995and 2000, from 260,000 to 300,000per day, whereas the numbercommuting out of the city rose by22% to around 106,000. For the year2003, the number of people in paidemployment commuting into Munichwas as follows:

In this context the planned tunnel forthe 2nd key section of the suburbanrailway is of particular importance. In conjunction with the continuingexpansion of the outer suburbanroutes, this will create greater capacityand a more attractive frequency ofservices, as well as providing theopportunity for express connectionsand enhancing the reliability of thispublic transport system, which is ofmajor significance for the region. Within the municipal area, the furtherextension of the subway and tramnetwork, as well as the developmentof cycleways and footpaths, will helpto manage the traffic problem in amanner compatible with the city’sinterests.

This is already evident from the“MOBINET” research project, whichhas meanwhile been completed.Studies are now continuing throughthe medium of a joint project entitled“arrive”. Similar results have beenachieved through the initiative launchedten years ago by the city of Munich incooperation with BMW entitled“Solving traffic problems together”.Through the medium of these jointprojects with partners, including theFree State of Bavaria and the cityitself, as well as representatives of thescientific and business communities,innovative concepts are beingdeveloped that are contributing to animprovement in traffic and transportconditions in the region.

Urban-compatible mobilityContinuing growth in the region coupled with demographic change posesconsiderable challenges in terms of compatible mobility. Business and leisuretraffic, rather than commuter traffic, are increasingly becoming the determinantfactors.The steep increase in traffic movements between the city and surrounding areasboth near and far, underscores the need for regional traffic management.

Regional cooperation The metropolitan region of Munich is one of the leading locations in Europein which to live and work. It is intended, through intensified cooperation, toimprove the balance of interests between the various relevant parties in theregion. The competitiveness of the entire city region is to be safeguardedand consolidated for the long term through effective regional management.In the medium term, parties throughout the region must face the questionof how present competences and decision-making structures can be refinedand developed so as to remain successful in future.

Flow of total and heavy goods traffic to the city

(in 1000 vehicles/24h) via the ...

600

500

400

300

200

100

0... city limits ... Middle Ring ... Old City Ring

449 480 506 494 448 442

93 84 8332,1 31,1 30,1 23,3 19,7 18,7 4,1 2,4 2,2

1993 total traffic portion of heavy goods traffic2000 total traffic portion of heavy goods traffic2003 total traffic portion of heavy goods traffic

Mobility Survey 2002

[daily transportation used by Munich residents]

Thus, compared to other major cities, the people of Munich rely greatly on walking, bicycling and public transportation as means of transport.

39%

22%

10%

29%

Local public transport

Motorised personal vehicles (automobile, motorcycle, moped)

Bicycle

Walking

Economic Region of Southern Bavaria Greater Munich Area e.V.

EC/IC and ICE lines

Federal highway ExistingUnder construction or in planning

International airport

Border of Southern Bavarian economic region (GMA)

Regional border

Rural district border

GMA member municipalities

GMA member rural districts

* Member municipalities of Nordallianz

City of Garching near Munich, City of Unterschleißheim,Municipality of Eching, Municipality of Ismaning,Municipality of Neufahrn b. Freising, Municipality of Oberschleißheim, Municipality of Unterföhring

** Members of city-association Inn-Salzach

City of Altötting, City of Burghausen, City of Mühldorf am Inn, City of Neumarkt-St. Veit,City of Neuötting, City of Töging a. Inn,City of Waldkraiburg, Municipality of Ampfing,Municipality of Aschau a. Inn, Municipality of BurgkirchenMunicipality of a. d. Alz

Cartography: Bavarian Ministry for Environment, Health and Consumer Protection (StMUGV)

Member municipalities and rural districts

56%

13%

31%


This is reflected in the subjectiveperceptions of Munich residents: In a2005 local opinion poll, 80% of thosesurveyed wanted expenditure on noise abatement, clean air and natureconservation to remain the same or tobe increased. A comparison with thelocal opinion survey in 2000 revealsthat the priority attached to clean airhas become even more significant.

This is undoubtedly linked to thecurrent debate on particulates. Otherincendiary issues presently includemobile phones and the associatedradiation, as well as road tolls forheavy goods vehicles, which are, insome cases, resulting in an increase in HGVs switching to inner-city“hidden roads”.

The need to reduce land use throughconsistent brown-field developmentthroughout the region, and effectivemeasures to safeguard and prioritisecoherent open spaces in the form of a regional country park, representfurther challenges to sustainabledevelopment. Such development isimportant in preserving Munich’sability to remain a high-performingeconomic location, as well as for acohesive urban society.

The general development objectivesfor the Munich region are defined inthe Regional Plan, and a framework for long-term action already exists, in principle. One of the tasks of the“Munich Region 2030” working partyhas been to prepare an analysis of theregion’s strengths and weaknesses.The “Modular model for the Munichregion” developed on the basis of thisanalysis was presented to the MunichRegional Planning Association in 2004and approved as a foundation for furtherregional development. Nevertheless,the implementation of developmentobjectives at rural authority level canoften prove difficult.

In view of this situation, it is necessaryto intensify joint action through moreeffectively binding regional cooperation.Common strategies must be adoptedby interested parties, such as Chambersof Industry and Commerce, the PlanningAssociation for the Outer MunichEconomic Area and the RecreationAreas Association.

Inter-authority projects, such as theone designed to bring the NationalGarden Show to the region, theRegional Retail Sector Concept and regional infrastructure anddevelopment projects, such as park and ride schemes, the improvedairport rail link and the RegionalCountry Park concept, all offerexcellent opportunities to promotecooperation.

Ecological quality The quality of life in the Munich region is demonstrably high. Nevertheless, it is also discernible that substantial efforts are still needed to safeguardecological qualities. Even under increasingly difficult economic conditions,action to protect the climate and safeguard open spaces must be consistentlypursued and harmonised with economic and social objectives.

“Tired of Munich?”People leaving Munich in 2001

People leaving Munich per

1,000 residents in the destination

municipality

less than 22 to less than 55 to less than 88 to less than 1212 to less than 1616 to less than 2020 and overno dataS-Bahnhof (rapid transit station)planning region borderlakesnon-municipal forest area

Technical University Munich, Department forRegional Research and Land Planning

Data source: City of Munich Statistical Office, Statistical Office of BavariaCartography: Victor Goebel

Commuters to Munich in 2001

Proportion of commuters to Munich

as percentage of population in

place of residence subject to social

insurance contributions, in %

up to 55 to less than 1010 to less than 2020 to less than 3030 to less than 4040 to less than 5050 and overno dataplanning region borderlakesnon-municipal forest area

Data source: City of Munich Statistical Office, Statistical Office of BavariaCartography: Victor Goebel

Technical University Munich, Department forRegional Research and Land Planning

Spotlight on people, focus on the city.What happens in practice?


PERSPECTIVE MUNICH focuses on the city – and puts people first,however different they may be.

3The principles resolved upon and embodied in PERSPECTIVE MUNICHcover the essential strategic aspects of urban development. Eachprinciple is accompanied by projects that are designed to demonstratehow the standards and strategies thus formulated can be implementedand optimised in practice.

So far the following guiding principles of urban development havealready been adopted or released for public discussion by the CityCouncil:

� To safeguard and promote employment and economic prosperity� To improve cooperation in the region and enhance

the competitiveness of the economic area � To safeguard social harmony through social local government policies� To strengthen individual parts of the city through district development� To create future-oriented residential area structures through qualified

inner-city development – “compact, urban, green”� To preserve the form and appearance of the city of Munich

and promote new architecture� To maintain and improve mobility for all road and transport

system users and to manage traffic and transportation to the benefit of the city

� To ensure social cohesion and citizens safety through local security,social, educational and cultural policies

� To benefit from the opportunities new media offer and to promoteimproved basic services, public access, media skills and the mediaindustry

� To develop ecological standards and safeguard natural resources� To safeguard Munich’s leisure and recreational value by offering

varied facilities for different target groups� To promote culture and create scope for innovation and

experimentation; to examine our cultural heritage, cultural memoryand international cultural developments

Principle Projects129

The Munich Employment andQualification Programme is comprisedof the following elements:

� The “2nd labour market”� Support for structural change � The Munich Special Youth

Programme, and� Equal employment opportunities

(a cross-functional task)

The projects and actions includedwithin the programme are designed to support the vocational and socialintegration of persons who areotherwise disadvantaged in thegeneral labour market. They also take apreventive approach, which comprisesqualification (education and training),advice and job placements. In this way,the programme is contributing to animprovement in individual prospects

in the market for jobs, as well asaddressing the employers’ demand forqualified workers.

The objectives are� To relieve long-term unemployment� To improve employability

(through “lifelong learning”);� To support and encourage

adaptability on the part ofemployees and employers;

� Through the medium ofemployment and qualificationprojects: To assist in thedevelopment of growth sectors, forexample in the field of information and communication, in the promotion of sustainablebusiness enterprise, in thedevelopment of new areas ofemployment and the expansion ofpersonal services, both in the “local

economy” and in the cultural field;� To promote equal employment

opportunities for men and women;� To provide career support for young

people;� To avoid exclusion (for example

the exclusion of minorities) from the labour market;

The Munich Employment andQualification Programme is supportedby dedicated employment policyorganisations:� Freimanner Werkstatt GmbH

(concerned primarily withemployment opportunities withinthe city)

� Verbund Strukturwandel GmbH(business consulting, occupationalqualifications)

� equal-münchen GmbH (realisation of national and transnational projectpartnerships).

The Munich Employment and Qualification Programme (MBQ)

The Munich “Gewerbehofprogramm” – an anchor for small and medium size business

For twenty years now, the Munich“Gewerbehofprogramm” has been apermanent feature of industrial andemployment policy in Munich and asuccessful example of practicalsupport for small and medium sizebusinesses. The long-term aim is toestablish a complete, citywidenetwork of centres for smallbusinesses. In conjunction with theprogramme to develop industrial andcommercial zones, accommodation is,in this way, being safeguarded for thecraft trades and traditional(manufacturing) industries within themunicipal area.

Because of their condensed design,“Gewerbehöfe” – small businesscentres – make better use of availableland and reduce costs. They also serve to maintain the mix of living and working environments in tight-packed urban areas and offer improveddevelopment prospects for thebusinesses they accommodate.

Long-term leases at permanently lowrents give tenants the security theyneed for forward planning. Thebuildings are first let when still at thedevelopment stage in order to allowbusinesses the maximum scope to

tailor the interiors to suit theirrequirements. At the same time, thesedevelopments provide local residentswith a secure source of trade servicesclose at hand, thereby avoidingextended travelling.

� Munich’s diversified economic structure – the so-calledMunich Mix – which, especially in times of economicdifficulty, has proven to be a significant source of stability,must be maintained and developed especially by promotingand stimulating new sectors of the economy. In this context,particular priority is given to small and medium -sizedenterprises in the craft trade sector, as well as to high-techenterprises with future potential.

� In the interests of sustainable economic activities that willreconcile and harmonise economic, ecological and socialstability over the long term, it is of great importance topromote innovative and especially ecologically forward-looking forms of enterprise. The municipal authoritiesthemselves must set an example by initiating appropriateprojects and by advising, informing and supporting above all smaller business in order to encourage the introduction of environment- and resource-friendly production methods and the development of corresponding products.

� In years to come the consolidation of an infrastructureconducive to economic development will also continue toenjoy a high priority. In future it will continue to be necessaryto devote a large part of the public-sector investment funded by the City, the State of Bavaria and national government tourgently needed projects aimed at developing the transportsystem (above all to develop road and rail links, following therelocation of the airport), the construction of the new tradefair centre, the expansion of research and higher educationfacilities and the creation of high-performancecommunications networks.

� In the interests of promoting Munich as a business location,it is essential that the City should continue to plan for thedemand-oriented development of commercial and industrialareas. As the capital of the State of Bavaria, Munich clearlyand unambiguously embraces its role as a manufacturing

location. Without prejudicing the financial budget, effortsmust be made to reduce taxes and public charges. Areas of land zoned for industrial use and housing developmentmust be harmonised and continuously identified with theobject of creating a polycentric community structure thatsafeguards the existence of integrated retail and servicecentres within the municipal area. For example, project-specific development planning must be simplified by theflexible and balanced derivation of objectives based on theoverall city development plan. It is important, both as acriterion for investment and in the interests of business, that the essential features of the intended pattern of urbandevelopment contained therein should be reliable andcalculable.

� Image-based advertising and aggressive location marketingpromoting the Munich economic area must be continuedand intensified. Aside from advertising Munich as a businesslocation, the position of Munich over other European centresas a city of culture must be a central feature of the imagethat is promoted. Locational advantages must be crediblyemphasized and presented and the various forms ofcooperation between the public and private sectorsthroughout the economic area of Southern Bavaria must beintensified. The process of establishing a shared identity(MAI – Munich, Augsburg, Ingolstadt) must be activelypursued. Efforts must be made to cooperate closely withbusiness associations, chambers of commerce and tradeunions in all corresponding activities and aspects of conceptdesign.

� Within the context of active labour market policies, theMunich Employment and Qualification Programme and theHelp to Work Programme must be further developed. Theremust be closer cooperation with the business communityboth in terms of preventive retraining and in efforts gearedto reintegration into the labour market.

To safeguard and promote employment and economic prosperity

Principle 1 | “To safeguard and promote employment and economic prosperity” – resolved by the City Council in 1998

Munich’s “Gewerbehöfe”

The six “Gewerbehöfe” to datedeveloped in Munich along with theMunich Technology Centre presentlyaccommodate over 300 businessesoccupying around 80,000 m2 ofrentable space. The city has thussucceeded in retaining suitableaccommodation in densely populateddistricts specifically for small andmedium-sized enterprises in the crafttrades, industrial and wholesalingsectors that are dependent on specificbuilding and floor-area configurations.In many cases, this has saved thesebusinesses from extinction.

The demand for tailor-made,partitionable commercial spacecontinues despite the difficulteconomic climate, demonstrating the importance of the “Gewerbehof”programme for the small businesssector in Munich. In past years, inaddition to traditional industrialbusinesses, the programme has alsoattracted new technology companieswith particular locational needs, as well as start-ups. For the first threeyears following their establishment,new start-ups enjoy a graduated rent rebate. In this respect the“Gewerbehof” programme constitutesan essential, and frequently copied,element in Munich’s support for thebusiness community. Similar conceptsbased on the Munich model havemeanwhile been developed for example in Dresden, Leipzig and Halle.

“ÖKOPROFIT” (the Ecological Projectfor Integrated EnvironmentalTechnology) is a joint project sharedbetween local authorities andbusinesses. The concept wasdeveloped in Graz (Austria) and putinto practice for the first time by aGerman local authority in 1998 as part of the Munich Agenda 21 by the city departments of Industry andEmployment and Health andEnvironment. The idea of“ÖKOPROFIT” is that the participatingbusinesses should increase theirresource efficiency. They consumefewer raw materials and consumables,generate less waste and emissionsand, in so doing, reduce their costs.

Since the start of the project in 1998,114 companies have successfullyparticipated in “ÖKOPROFIT”,developing extensive environmentalprogrammes that continue to beimplemented and expanded. Theproject enters its seventh year inFebruary 2006.

Taking into account solely the 193most significant programmesdeveloped by 37 participating businessin the 2004/ 2005 project year, thefollowing impressive record has beenachieved to date: � Overall, these “ÖKOPROFIT”

businesses are achieving annualsavings in the order of u 965,000.

� Each year the consumption ofelectricity is reduced by almost 2 million kWh, heat consumption by 8.9 million kWh and fuelconsumption by around 50,000litres.

� These savings in turn reflect areduction in CO2 emissions of morethan 2,400 tonnes p.a.

� In addition, more than 55,000 cubicmetres of water and over 133tonnes of residual waste are savedeach year.

Voluntary commitment andindependent initiative form the basisfor “ÖKOPROFIT”, one of the functions of which is to consolidate the cooperation of participating companies.

Since Munich first adapted“ÖKOPROFIT” to German conditionsand became the first authority toimplement the scheme with the city’ssupport, more than 80 other localauthorities across the country, fromsmall communities and rural districtsto major towns and cities, haveintroduced “ÖKOPROFIT”. In themeantime, some 1300 businesses in Germany have already made an “ÖKOPROFIT”.

31

For some years now, due to their particular accommodationrequirements, these centres have attracted an increasing number of companies operating in the field of new technologies.

New projects

Current plans are presentlyconcentrated on preparing for a newsmall business centre, which will form part of the linear developmentextending from the main railwaystation via Laim to Pasing. A further“Gewerbehof” is also planned for thebenefit of businesses affected by the Westend redevelopment on Adi-Maislinger Strasse.

PERSPECTIVE MUNICH | Principles and projects 30

“ÖKOPROFIT” – sustainability generating profits

Industrial areadevelopment programme

Development goals for the commercial and industrial building sites of the citydevelopment plan

Commerce and industry “A” zones for industrial useCommerce “B” zones for an extendedrange of usage, including newtechnologies and companies requiring a high proportion of office space

Further development as

commercial/industrial zones

Data base: Industrial space development programme 2000,internal update 2005Content editing: HA I/42 Graphics editing: SG4, Le Status: October 2005

City of MunichDepartment of Urban Planning and Building RegulationUrban Development Planning HA I

The programme supports the three main emphases of sustainability:

1. Ecology: The consumption of energy and materialsand the output of emissions and wasteproducts are all reduced.

2. Economy: The programme safeguards economicallyviable employment

3. Society: “ÖKOPROFIT” maintains and creates jobs

Principle Projects2

Principle 2 | “To improve cooperation in the region and enhance the competitiveness of the economic area” – resolved by the City Council in 1998

The dynamic growth in the Munichregion manifests itself in an increasingdemand for land. The consequencesinclude extensive greenfielddevelopment, competition for land useand fierce rivalry between alternativeforms of structural development. In light of this, it is essential at bothregional and city level to adopt atargeted, forward-looking approach to the use of this non-renewableresource.

The central task must be to study the long-term prospects and outlookfor the development of residential

paramount importance. There isnaturally an overlap between landmanagement at regional and city level.

In the past, the main thrust of regionalland management has been directed atinformation and communication (forexample, data exchange and the digitalregional atlas) in order to establish thebasic principles for initial action andcooperation with various regionalpartners.Beyond this, the city of Munich isactively promoting efforts to achieveharmonised regional and inter-authorityprocedures covering central aspects of planning at a regional level.

Regional land management

33

To improve cooperation in the region and enhance the competitiveness of the economic area

� As the capital of the State of Bavaria, Munich must intensifyits communication and cooperation with local communities,regional authorities and other bodies (such as churches, the business community and research institutions, forexample). Partnership-based concepts should be developedthrough the medium of specific projects (aimed, for example,at developing specialist markets, enhancing businesscommunications or creating scope for development).

� The potential for regional development management on a partnership basis must be cultivated and explored with interested local authorities and communities. The advantages of a jointly coordinated locational policy must be explored and communicated.

communities, to focus on theconditions surrounding land use withinthe city and the consequences for thearea as a whole and to establish futurepriorities for development planning.

Various concepts aimed at safeguardingthe supply of land and making futureprovisions, as well as improvingcooperation and the availability andexchange of information, are collectivelyintended to harmonise developmentprocesses and requirements with cityand regional planning needs andobjectives. Effective integration withoperational considerations is of

Fürstenfeldbruck

Landsberg a. Lech

Weilheim

Lindau

Stuttgart

Ingolstadt/Nürnberg

Starnberg

Landkreis München

München

Dachau

Freising

Flughafen Erding

Ebersberg

Rosenheim

Augsburg

Landshut

Regensburg/Passau

Mühldorf

Wasserburg

Salzburg

stops of the rail-bound public transport, qualified for a strong/ fairly long-term housing development

administrative district

city – railway/ German national railway

city railway, planned

areas particularly considered for housing development

Potential settlement areas at the stops of the regionalrailway system according to the regional plan of Munich

Concentration of settlement development at

stations of the regional rail network in accordance

with the Munich Regional Plan

34 35

Regional Retail Sector Concept

The Munich Regional PlanningAssociation (RPV) is currentlypreparing a regional retail developmentconcept in concert with variousinterested parties, including the city ofMunich and the Free State of Bavaria.

The aim is to jointly identify suitablelocations for retail businesses and thestructurally and geographicallycompatible implementation of large-scale retail development projects, andto develop the means by which toresolve conflicts, from round-tablediscussions to contractual solutions.Similarly, the intention is to agreepositions on the provision of localshopping facilities in residential areasand on the conflict between centrallocations and large-scale out-of-townretail developments. The report on theregional retail concept is expected tohave been completed by the end of2005.

Participation in the national “Model

Development Plan” contest

In association with the nationwideproject initiated by the FederalDepartment of Construction andPlanning to devise model developmentplans (the MORO 2003-2006 contest),in 2003 the city of Munich joined withsurrounding local authorities (currentlynumbering eight – Garching, Germering,Haar, Neubiberg, Oberhaching, Oberschleißheim, Pullach andUnterschleißheim) to form a “residentialdevelopment working party”. Throughthe medium of the contest, thisworking party has meanwhile acquiredthe status of an associate member. Its activities are focused primarily onaspects of sustainable residentialdevelopment (land use) in the growthregion centred on Munich. On behalfof the working party, the PlanningAssociation for the Outer MunichEconomic Area is developing andselectively testing methods ofmonitoring the use of land zoned forhousing.

Regional scenic park concept

Following on the positive experiencegained from the project designed tobring the National Garden Show(BUGA) to the region, a concept aimedat developing regional scenic parks inthe Munich region should safeguardand improve coherent open spaces inthe surrounding countryside. Theintention is that cooperation should notbe exclusively delineated by currentlocal authority boundaries. The causeof regional land management can beadvanced through the development ofa project-based framework of inter-authority cooperation and byamalgamating the existing activities of local authorities, associations andother important regional interestgroups. (See Greenbelt Project III.5)

The “Housing Development andMobility” project recently launched bythe Planning Association for the OuterMunich Economic Area with theparticipation of Munich local publictransport authority (MVV), the city ofMunich and other local authorities andinterested parties in the region isbased on the recognition that, as amatter of urgency, housingdevelopment in the region must bemuch more closely harmonised withthe development of the suburban

railway network and efficient localpublic transport. In particular, thereserves of land zoned for housing and the potentially resulting numbersof residents and jobs as well as thequestion of costs are to be analysedthrough specific projects. On the basisof a study of possible means by which to control and direct housingdevelopment, recommendations willbe developed for implementation indevelopment planning at localauthority and regional level.

PERSPECTIVE MUNICH | Principles and projects

The housing situation in Munich – incontrast to many other German cities –remains relatively tight. Since 2002,the costs of letting and sub-lettinghave been depressed slightly by theeconomic situation, but remain high incomparison with other cities.

The city of Munich has been intensivelyinvolved in discussions regardingnational regulations on subsidies forthe construction of both owner-occupied housing and rental properties.With the support of the Munich-basedpro-housing organisation “Bündnis fürWohnungsbau”, it has been proposedthat direct and indirect housingsubsidies should be allocated on aregionalised basis.

The action programme “Living inMunich III”, launched in 2001 andextended until 2006, defines targetsand actions for new housingconstruction and housing stockpolicies:

� The number of completed dwellingsin Munich is to rise to an average of7,000 units per year.

� On average, 1,800 dwellings are tobe built each year with public-sectorsubsidies.

� The funds disbursed by the city ofMunich will be increased relative toprevious years by around u 50 millioneach year.

� In order to keep families in themiddle-income bracket in the city,the subsidy limits are being raisedsubstantially for households withtwo or more children.

� To stimulate construction ofapartments for rent, the “MunichModel”, the local authoritysponsorship programme, which hasthus far been directed primarily atowner-occupiers, is to be opened upto developers of rental properties.

The action programme is currentlybeing updated and will beimplemented as “Living in Munich IV”covering the years 2007 – 2011.

The “Living in Munich” action programme

37

euros 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Berlin 10.70 12.30 13.30 12.80 12.00 10.20 8.20 7.70 7.70 6.40 6.60 6.60 6.70 7.00 6.00

Bremen 6.60 7.40 8.20 8.20 7.70 7.70 7.70 7.20 7.20 7.20 6.60 6.50 7.00 7.00 5.90

Dortmund 6.60 6.60 6.10 7.70 7.70 7.20 7.70 8.40 8.20 7.90 7.90 7.20 7.20 7.20 6.00

Duisburg 6.10 6.60 7.70 8.20 7.90 8.20 7.70 6.60 7.20 6.60 7.20 7.20 7.70 7.70 7.60

Düsseldorf 9.20 9.70 10.00 11.50 12.00 11.50 11.50 10.20 10.20 10.70 11.80 11.80 11.75 11.75 8.20

Essen 7.20 7.70 7.70 8.40 8.40 8.40 8.20 8.20 8.20 8.20 8.20 7.70 7.70 7.60 6.50

Frankfurt 8.70 8.90 9.20 9.20 10.00 9.50 9.20 8.90 8.90 9.20 9.20 9.20 10.00 9.50 9.00

Hamburg 9.50 10.20 11.50 11.80 11.80 10.70 10.10 9.70 9.20 9.20 9.20 9.50 9.60 9.80 8.80

Hanover 7.20 8.20 8.20 8.70 8.70 9.20 8.60 7.90 7.70 7.40 7.40 6.90 6.90 7.00 6.10

Cologne 8.20 9.20 9.70 10.70 10.70 10.20 10.20 10.20 9.20 9.20 9.70 9.20 9.70 9.70 8.20

Munich 10.60 12.10 12.80 12.50 11.20 9.70 9.60 9.70 10.10 10.40 11.40 13.00 13.50 12.00 10.90

Stuttgart 7.50 7.90 9.20 10.00 10.20 9.70 9.50 9.20 9.20 8.90 9.20 9.50 9.70 9.70 8.10

Initial renting of new-build apartments – good residential value

Source: IVD/RDM

Principle

To safeguard social harmony through social local government policies

� The need to safeguard the housing supply, in particular bypreserving existing and creating new affordable residentialaccommodation primarily for families with children remainsone of the most important tasks of the City, as does the avoidance of homelessness. Above all, when planning thedevelopment of new residential areas, efforts must be madenot only to offer a variety of homes and forms of ownership,but also to support forms of construction and living that avoid the creation of barriers and encourage a sense ofcommunity.

� The views and interests of women must be more stronglyintegrated into urban development. Safety, vitality,communication and the usability of public areas are factorswhich impact strongly on the quality of women’s lives and must be promoted accordingly. This must apply toopportunities for mobility, as well as to designs for living and the availability of suitable employment opportunities.

� All persons of non-German origin living permanently or for anextended period in Munich should be afforded the chance to integrate, that is to say, to enjoy equal opportunities whileretaining their cultural identity. One priority should be theintegration of children and young people.

� It must be part of the City’s cultural policy to create thefundamental preconditions in which the cultures of all peopleand population groups may freely develop on a variety oflevels.

� Public health is an important task with implications for thefuture. Therefore, support must be provided for coordinationthe availability of health care and preventive services,district- and target group-oriented health programmes andthe promotion of good health, prevention and rehabilitation.

� The decentralisation of the education system and theconsolidation of individual educational facilities must besupported as part of the process of administrative reform.Concepts for “lifelong learning” must be developed incooperation with business, the trade unions, universities and social institutions.

� The present supply and variety in the small-scale socialinfrastructure must be extended and qualitatively enhanced.In view of limited resources, the utilization of availablelocations must become more flexible.

Projects3

Principle 3 | “To safeguard social harmony through social local government policies” – resolved by the City Council in 1998

On the other hand, targets forsubsidised housing construction were almost achieved in the years2002 – 2004, with around 1,600 units approved each year.

In 2000, just under 6,000 dwellingswere completed. However, as a resultof the unfavourable economic climatein 2001–2004 (figures for individualyears are not meaningful due to thereporting of completions), no morethan around 4,500 –5,000 units werecompleted each year. This figure mayincrease slightly as further completionsare belatedly reported.

39

Implementing the action

programme

In the areas that the city seeks toinfluence, the specified targets havelargely been met. The bases inplanning law (development rights)necessary to fulfil the quantitative aims of the programme now exist and further developments rights willcontinue to be speedily granted as a matter of priority.

However, the city of Munich can exertlittle influence over actual completionrates. It is factors such as taxconsiderations, legal and economicconditions that ultimately determinethe willingness of private-sectorinvestors to commit themselves.

The target of 7,000 new dwelling units per year was set in 2000 – 2001against a highly favourable economicbackground.


Housing construction in Munich

1,000 apartments

500 apartments

under construction at the end of 2004

start of construction planned for 2005 – 2009

Content editing: HA I /42Graphics editing: SG4, LeStatus: October 2005


Type of apartment Target figures based on action programme Result 2002 Result 2003 Result 2004

“Living in Munich III”

(RU) – target Programme RU RU RU

Rent § 9 WoFG 800 500 RU EOF/LAP/1.FW 844 706 721

300 RU KompPro

Rent § 9 WoFG + 60% 400 130 RU EOF 446 398 442

270 RU EOF

Rent § 9 + 60%* 100 Munich model + 100 100 100

child component

Rent § 9 + 60%* 100 Collectives 0 72 10

Ownership § 9 + 60% 300 Munich model 275 348 227

Ownership § 9 + 60%* 100 Munich model + 55 3 3

child component

Total 1800 including corrections: 1.647 1.594 1.503

Notes:

The number of subsidised RU for 2002 is to be corrected to due to cancellation of 73 RU to 1,647 RU.The number of subsidised RU for 2003 is to be corrected to due to cancellation of 33 RU to 1,594 RU.The cancelled RU were approved for 2004. Subsidies were not lost.RU = residential unit* additional child component

Principle Projects4

Principle 4 | “To strengthen individual parts of the city through district development” – resolved by the City Council in 1998

Early in 1999, a joint initiative waslaunched by Germany’s federal andregional governments entitled “Townsand cities with special localiseddevelopment needs – the social city”.This initiative aims to prevent risingsocial polarisation in communities bothlarge and small and initiate andmaintain a sustained revival in town

and city districts with specialdevelopment needs. The future of theindividual city districts will be shapedby bundling public and private fundsthrough cooperation between all localinterested parties, and above all throughthe active participation of citizens andlocal institutions.The city of Munich has participated in

the “Social City” programme from the outset. In the two districts ofMilbertshofen and Hasenbergl onwhich the Munich programme isfocused, some 16 principal projectshave so far been kick-started and putinto effect. The bandwidth extendsfrom increasing and improving thehousing supply, enhancing the ambient

The “Social City” programme

41

To strengthen individual parts of the city throughdistrict development

� Integrated district-oriented concepts are to be developedbased on close cooperation between private and publicsector bodies. Especially in areas with a significant need forsocial environmental action, resources must be combinedand local development potential activated.

� In addition to Munich’s prime culture – and especially in timesof increasing social individuality – culture at local district levelis becoming exceptionally important. Adult education at aprofessional, institutional level, work with and for childrenand young people, cultural work with immigrant communities,music education and libraries must be further developed.

� The regionalisation of social work and district-specific health promotion programmes must be developed on acitizen-oriented basis with the existing facilities, as well as necessary supplementary projects in the interests ofintegrated local district development. The principles ofeconomic efficiency must be observed both in this contextand in promoting the potential for self-help, social networksand existing facilities and institutions.

� Ongoing citizen participation is an indispensable element inthe compatible planning process. The various forms andmethods of participation must be further developed on agoal-oriented basis. In this context, the use of “new media”should also be explored.

Programme “Social City”


formal defined redevelopment for classic processinvestigation area

Urban redevelopment

formal defined redevelopment forthe program “Social City”investigation area according

Programme “Social City“

The path-finding projects that implement the principle of “To strengthen individual parts of the city throughdistrict development” follow a comprehensive approachthat integrates aspects of constructional, socio-cultural and,above all, labour market policy. The object is to supportindependent initiative and commitment on the part of thelocal population, develop local cooperative ventures and

amalgamate resources. Projects generally seek toconsolidate the essential functions of the district andreinforce social integration. In this context, an importantgoal is to integrate the younger generation into society and the world of training and employment, and in particularinto the social fabric of the district and thus of the city as a whole.

Graphics editing: SG4, Le Status: October 2005

and a “Habitat Day”. The concept fordevelopment addresses the diversityand variety, which are the hallmark ofHadern. Two special “routes” featurestrongly in this concept: One links central and urban zones andsymbolises their development, while

In a move entitled “Hadern’s Future”,the district of Hadern intends to have a hand in shaping and designing itsown development. The initiative isunderpinned by various planningstudies and participation processes, aswell as local workshops, round tables

the other connects existing greenareas and serves as a symbol for thedevelopment of recreational facilities.The proposed developments aresupplemented by measures to supportsocial integration and the localeconomy.An essential factor in local districtdevelopment is the joint involvementof the “Bezirksausschuss” (described as the “local parliament”),representatives of the churches, thelocal business community, “REGSAM”(a local authority-sponsored networkingsystem comprising all social, healthand educational institutions in Munich;the name stands for the“Regionalisation of Social Work inMunich”), the local Agenda 21,housing corporations and interestedresidents.

The main emphases of a districtworkshop held in 2003 were thethemes and projects which were, andare, being supported and implementedby individual working parties drawnfrom the local population and the“Bezirksausschuss”. Under theleadership of a voluntary representativefrom the district, a steering committeewas formed to coordinate localdevelopment comprising members ofthe “Bezirksausschuss”, the churchesand spokespersons for the workingparties. The City Planning Departmentattends meetings in an advisorycapacity. Progress has, in the interim,been made in developing theseprojects and some are alreadyimplemented. Examples include thecreation of a nature trail andplayground, the “ZusammenschlussHaderner Gewerbetreibender”, anassociation of local businesses, andthe establishment of a neighbourhooddrop-in centre called “Na klar”.

The Hadern local district development programme

43

quality of public open spaces and theconstruction of new premises toprovide training and jobs, through tothe active involvement of children andyoung people.In 2005, two further districts situatedon the Mittlerer Ring ringroad in

the south east of Munich – the“Innsbrucker Ring – west” and“Tegernseer Landstrasse/Chiemgaustrasse” areas – wereearmarked for redevelopment as partthe “Social City” project. As in the first two districts, here too a local

district management system will beinitiated and a local group set up tocoordinate the “Social City”programme.


Principle 5

Principle 5 | “To create future-oriented residential area structures through qualified inner-city development – ‘compact, urban, green’ ”– resolved by the City Council in 1998; Updated text

45

To create future-oriented residential area structures throughqualified inner-city development – “compact, urban, green“

� In the interests of sustainability, the use of previouslyundeveloped, unsealed land must be sharply reduced whennew residential areas are being developed. Munich’sterritorial and spatial development must therefore beconcentrated on areas within the city. The focus must be onconcepts designed to reuse and restructure existingdevelopment or transportation areas, such as formercommercial and industrial sites, military barracks or railwayland.New priorities are being established in the designation andsubsequent development of residential areas. A decade and a half ago, the expectation was that the supply of land forhousing construction would be limited within a matter ofyears. Since then, the situation has changed decisively. As a result of the privatisation of the rail and postal systems,the land freed up by the downsizing of the armed forces andthe rationalised approach taken by both public-and private-sector institutions to the use of land, Munich has sufficientdevelopment areas available for many years to come, much of which can be used for housing. These areas offer theadvantage that they have already been developed and thattheir infrastructures must only be augmented and brought up to current standards.

� In order to ensure continuity in the construction of housingand in view of the target figure of 6,000 (increased by aresolution adopted by the City Council in 2001 to 7,000)completed apartments per year, significant importanceattaches to the development priorities under consideration, as these alone can form the necessary constant basis for theconstruction of residential accommodation.In addition, further new accommodation must be created byincreasing housing density and adding new variety in citydistricts that are already well developed.When planning permission is granted for new housingprojects, priority must be given to inner-city developments.Planning permission for developments on the periphery ofthe city will continue to be considered, particularly on sitesalready earmarked for construction in the zoning plan. Therate at which such permissions are granted will be such asto safeguard the demand-oriented availability of housingdevelopment sites, with consideration given to the temporalavailability of inner-city areas in the process.

� Parks and green areas in the city must be safeguarded andenhanced. This applies not only to the conservation ofsignificant open spaces and landscape areas, as well as theextensive networking of these areas as defined by theCouncil resolution on the “Sequence of green areadevelopments”, but also to the small-scale networking andprovision of such areas in individual districts where there isneed for improvement in many places.Particularly in areas bordering on the inner city,redevelopment areas often represent the last chance toreduce existing deficits.

� Opportunities to increase the density of urban developmentmust be exploited in the immediate catchment areas, which benefit from efficient public transport. In each case,feasibility and compatibility studies must be carried out inorder to consider the impact on the cityscape and urbanfeatures, as well as the compatibility and ecological aspectsof the development. Where necessary, in order to ensurecompatibility, suitable compensatory measures must beidentified.

� In addition to the further activation of potential residentialdevelopment land, in future, emphasis must be given toexploring the opportunities for encouraging urban residencythrough various forms of mixed development. To this end, sites that have previously been used exclusively forcommercial purposes should increasingly include a residentialcomponent.

� The goal of polycentric development continues to be of great importance for Munich. Consolidating and expanding the supply of land and infrastructure in suburban areasrelieves the burden on the inner city and constitutes a basicprerequisite for the creation of a decentral urban society. Model for settlement development


Data base: Centres File, status 1996Central focus points of urban development, status: 2005

Content editing: HA I/41Graphics editing: SG4, LeStatus: October 2005

settlement areas

city centre

city district centre

green belt

Würmtal, Isartal valleys

focus points for settlement development

planned city district centres

S/U-Bahn (rapid transit /underground)planning or under construction

outer district centres

existing S/U-Bahn (rapid transit /underground)

47

Development programme for commercial areas

The development programme forcommercial areas decided by the CityCouncil in 1999 and 2000 provided a structural concept, not only for the promotion of future orientedcommercial uses but also for the localsupply of classical commercial uses onthe commercial and industrial areas ofthe land utilisation plan. The programtakes into account structural change in the economy. It serves as the basis for city building planning, surveys,construction consultations and (as partof the exercise of discretion) also forapprovals.

Land space management for community needs

Using a long-term oriented land reservepolicy, the intention is to maintain asufficient reserve of land space tocover community requirement purposesthat cannot be envisaged at present.For this reason the regional capital ofMunich – the Department of UrbanPlanning and Building Regulationsand Local Department – has set aprovisional land space reserve for“General Requirements“ anddeveloped a concept for administeringit in the future. This was resolved bythe City Council in 2003.

Information system and land spacemonitoring

The gradual creation of a citywidedatabase with location-related landspace and planning informationcreates the pre-requisite for thesystematic survey of metropolitandevelopment potential and itsevaluation from quantitative andqualitative perspectives. Usingfocused type-based analysis andcorresponding indicators, the aim is to develop land space monitoring.

The dynamic growth of the Munichregion is leading to rising demands onland resources. The consequences arefurther utilization of land and fiercecompetition between different typesof users on the property markets. In order to bring about a balancebetween competing functionaldemands and the objectives of citydevelopment, available land spacepotential and infrastructure, a forward-looking strategic management of landis required both in the city area as well as being coordinated across localcommunities in the region.

Such management is supported byconcepts such as the protection ofland space and location planning aswell as improvements in the area ofcooperation and information. Theeffective linking of the strategic with the operational aspect of landmanagement is of great importance.The process principles of “Socially Just Land Use“ (SOBON) should bementioned as an example of anoptimal linking of the strategic and the operational aspects of land spacemanagement.

Land development plan withintegrated landscape planning

The land development plan presentsthe type of land utilization for the entirearea of the city and, as a consequence,the basis of the intended city planningand landscape development. As thepreparatory principal building plan it isthe binding basis for all city departmentsand state authorities for the long-termdevelopment of residential and openspace areas and, as a result, also formunicipal land management.

Further strategic land resourcemanagement instruments include thefollowing concepts and programs:

Residential area programs

Areas about to go to the planningstage for the basic functions of livingand working are reviewed at an overall city level and provide the basis for setting priorities, programs, medium-term investment planning,infrastructure, as well as for analysesand forecasts. They are updatedregularly.

Centres concept – developmentperspectives for retail commerce

The City Council resolved in 1999 topursue a centres concept and this now provides the overall structure fordetermining locations and functionswith regard to centres (city area,quarter and neighbourhood centres).This concept takes into account, inparticular, the demands of retailcommerce and its function for thedevelopment of centres, demandoriented supply for the population ofMunich and the location of specialistsuperstores. It provides an importantbasis for the evaluation and compatibleregulation of retailers’ location andexpansion intentions. In 2005 the City Council commissioned theAdministration to update the centresconcept with a focus on local supply.

Strategic land management

The central railway lands between the Main Station – Laim – Pasing


The central railway lands are situatedbetween Munich's main railwaystation and the station of Pasing. Theyare around 8 km in length, covering170 hectares, including smaller areasbelonging to the post office and aprivate landowner. Under the motto“compact, urban, green“, independentdistricts are being created on thecentral railway areas that areincorporated into the neighbourhoodand at the same time create newofferings with green areas, squaresand paths, shops, cafes and culturalestablishments. In total, areas holding

up to 19,000 jobs and apartments foraround 16,000 residents are beingcreated. A strategy combining andmixing residential utilization, workingand leisure activities is being pursuedthrough planning policies that aredifferentiated according to thesuitability of the particular, individualareas. The foundation is provided by amaster agreement signed in 1997 withthe property subsidiaries of theGerman Federal Railways (today:Vivico, Aurelis), as well as the assetmanagement division of the GermanFederal Railways and city planning

agreements linked to eachdevelopment plan corresponding tothe procedural principles of “SociallyJust Land Use“.

The overall area is being considerablyupgraded: contributing factors alsoinclude the green area offerings withtheir park-style, interconnected greenspaces and links to existing parks(Hirschgarten, NymphenburgerSchlosspark, and Würmgrünzug, thelatter referring to the green and park-like areas lining the river Würm).

Centres concept

city centre

city district centres

planned city district centres

outer district centres

district centres to be enhanced

locations for planned specialist retail centres

focus points for settlement development

Data base: Centres File, status 1996Content editing: HA I/41Graphics editing: SG4, LeStatus: October 2005


Projects

KCAP (Kees Christiaanse)/ASTOC Rotterdam/ Cologne Planungsgemeinschaft Zwischenräume, Munich

implemented in the meantime.The density of development in thenew quarter is in line with speciallocation close to the centre of the city as well as its good access.Corresponding areas include thevaluable open spaces of the listedBavariapark and the newly restructuredGeorg-Freundorfer-Platz as well as thefree area on the roof of the railway, theEsplanade on the Ganghoferstrasseand the squares between the TrafficMuseum and the Bavariapark with a total of circa 11.2 hectares of publicgreen and leisure areas.

In the few years since the old trade fairground has been restructured into thenew Theresienhöhe, it has alreadybecome clear that, with the combinationof hybrid use and high density and thefree areas that have been structured inaccordance with demanding standards,a lively quarter with a high standard ofliving has been created.

In the city planning ideas competitionfor the restructuring of the formertrade fair ground, the topic of aqualified “compact-urban-green“ inner-city development was implemented in1996/97 in exemplary fashion. Thedesign exhibits a clear urban spacestructure, incorporating references tothe neighbouring quarters with greatflexibility in the planning of the individualconstruction areas.

To facilitate the rapid development and implementation of the project, aseparate, cross-department projectstructure was created in 1995 andlasting until the granting of buildingpermission in 2001, under the auspicesof the City Development PlanningMain Department in the Department of Urban Planning and BuildingRegulations.A total of circa 1,400 apartments (ofwhich 27% are in the subsidisedapartment construction scheme as

48 49

The public green and leisure areas,allocated to the residential areas ineach case on a decentralised basis,and the ecologically priority areas(Pionierpark), in addition to their leisureand networking function, performimportant functions in terms of urbandesign and structure. In addition, theycontribute to the protection of natureand climatic and ecological equilibrium.Larger areas that can be usedintensively for the leisure activities of school children and young people have been taken into account in theplanning stage.

In the Arnulfpark district to the west ofthe Hacker Bridge the first apartmentshave already been occupied and thenew park has been finished.

In Nymphenburg South, work hasalready started on the new ESV sportscentre and attractive residential areas.

In the Am Hirschgarten district on both sides of the Friedenheimer Bridgedevelopment and initial constructionmeasures are due to start from 2006.

For the area along the Paul-Gerhardt-Allee, work has started on specificaspects of the structural planning andpreparation of the development plan.In Pasing the existing suburban centrewill be expanded from 2006 to areas tothe east of the station by a total ofsome 21.000 square meters. The aimis to improve the attractiveness ofexisting retail areas and secure higheraverage per capita spending in thecentral Pasing area. The Pasing northbypass will lead to significant reductionin vehicle traffic on the LandsbergerStrasse and in the centre of Pasing.

Mobility in the central railways areaswill be restructured attractively and inan urban compatible manner: e.g. more frequent trains on the S-Bahn(commuter railway system),construction of a new S-Bahn railwaystation on the Friedenheimer Bridge,better connection with undergroundrailways and trams, a dense network of bicycle and pedestrian paths, andbridges over railway lines.

In order to coordinate the planning andimplementation of the central railwaydevelopment area, a separate projectstructure was created together with theowners of the areas under the auspicesof the Main City Development PlanningDepartment in the Department of UrbanPlanning and Building Regulations.


well as 20% according to the MunichModel) and areas for around 5,000 jobsin the core and mixed areas are beingcreated on just under 22 hectares ofbuilding space. In the first few yearsfollowing the granting of buildingpermission up to 2005, around 70% ofthe apartments have been built andoccupied. Work continues on thefurther plans with a view to thecompletion of the entire apartmentconstruction project by 2007. Over halfof the office and commercial areashave been implemented in themeantime. Retail and services areas,including restaurants and a beergarden, the primary school withkindergarten and nursery, a youthcentre as well as the Verkehrszentrum(a branch museum of DeutschesMuseum focusing on transportationand mobility) in three listed Jugendstiltrade fair halls have also been plannedin parallel to the granting of buildingpermission and have largely been

Theresienhöhe

Existing footpaths

Independent path/alongside road

Cycle path on road

Junction with crossing facility

F + R main route /subsidiary route new

Independent path/alongside road

Cycle path on road/mixed traffic

Alternative path

Footpath only

Schultz-Brauns & Reinhart Architects, Munich

Prof. Steidle with Thomanek and Duquesnoy, Overall Urban Planning Concept, status 2001

The planning model is a compact, inner-city blend of services,

modern commerce, retail, gastronomy, leisure and housing.

insofar as the affected landownersdeclare their willingness to cooperateon the basis of the process principlesof “Socially Just Land Use“.

The guiding principle of the planning is an inner city, compacted mixture ofservices, modern commerce, retail,restaurants, leisure uses and living.The intention is that the advantages of the inner-city location should beconnected with the new qualities of an urban city quarter.

50 51

The “Around the Ostbahnhof“ projectarea is one of the last largeinterconnected areas in the vicinity of the inner city served by railway and an excellent public transportinfrastructure, on which fundamentalrestructuring measures are possible.On the basis of the 2002 City PlanningCompetition, a structural plan iscurrently being developed thatdetermines quantities for living,working, free areas and infrastructure.According to the plan, work will starton the master planning processes


Around the Ostbahnhof (East Railway Station)

The relevant spaces in the “Aroundthe Ostbahnhof“ project area aremainly held privately. Most of them,especially in the core area to the eastof the railways, have a relatively highlevel of building rights in reserve andcorrespondingly high land values. Thismeans that a limited increase in valuecan be realised by the new and revisedplanning. For this reason, the financingscope for the “compact, urban, green“strategy is limited with respect to the“Around the Ostbahnhof“ project.

03 München, WGF Nürnberg, competition design 1 st prize, 2002

53

Projects such as the Five Courts (Fünf Höfe), the Alter Hof, theMaximilian Courts and the forthcomingrestructuring of the original location of the Süddeutsche Zeitung and theResidenzpost, have led to a significantupgrading of the inner-city and also shows great potential for thefuture. It is the city's aim to ensure, also for future projects, high-qualitycontemporary architecture thatcomplements the historicallysignificant city landscape and, in doing so, contributes to Munich'suniqueness. The aim is that the inner city should bemaintained and strengthened as anurban, social and cosmopolitanlocation with its function as a place of

exchange between different culturesand population groups. Thereconstruction of the Centre of theIsraeli Community and the synagogue,as well as the Jewish Museum ofMunich on St.-Jakobs-Platz representsignificant contributions towards theseobjectives.

In order to enable a cooperativeprocess and project management for important themes and projectsconcerned with the inner city, thePlanning Department founded the“Action Group for an Attractive InnerCity“ in 1992. Together with theMunich City Partner Association, across-sector Association of Munichinner-city business people, a broad

platform for information discussionexists for the main protagonistsinvolved with the inner city.

Besides the far-reaching transformationof utilization and architectural structures,the inner city will be characterisedquite significantly over the next fewyears by important infrastructureprojects such as the extension of thesecond S-Bahn (commuter railwaysystem) line and the reconstructionand extension of the main railwaystation. Improved accessibilityinfrastructure and related improvementsin regional networks will contributesignificantly to the attractiveness ofthe inner city.


Since the 1990s Munich's inner cityhas experienced a development boom.Many inner-city areas have beenaffected by the fundamental structuralchange that has taken place in theeconomy and in commerce and by the streamlining and concentrationprocesses in private and publicadministrations.

The inner-city concept formulatesguidelines and measures designed to ameliorate and upgrade Munich's inner city. As a specialized concept forPERSPECTIVE MUNICH, it providesthe urban development planningframework for restructuring anddevelopment plans in the inner city, aswell as the structure of public areas. The first inner-city concept was drawnup as early as 1989 on the basis of theso-called “City Study“. The last timethat the City Council looked into thistopic was in 2003. Following this, they

gave an audience to the local authoritycommittees and took up their proposals.The amended resolution regarding theforward projection of the inner-cityconcept will be introduced to the CityCouncil in 2006.

In view of the expanding retailofferings outside the inner-city andwithin the region, priority is beinggiven to securing and strengthening of the central importance of the innercity, and thereby its attractiveness. For this reason, a central aim of the inner-city concept is to retain the established diversity of inner city utilization, consisting of retailcommerce, gastronomy, and culture as well as private and publicadministrative establishments.Together with the objective ofdeveloping retail space in line withexisting structures and ensuring thehighest possible branch diversity,

the preconditions for a high degree ofattractiveness are being created.

In particular, the aim is to promoteresidential use of the inner city in orderto preserve this traditional residentiallocation and to ensure that the innercity remains full of life and diversity –also after shop closing times. In thelast few years project developers haveencountered an increase in demand for inner-city living, in particular in theupper segment, due to the attractiveproximity to what is on offer in terms of culture, shopping and workopportunities. Around 7000 people still live today in the old town itself. In the last few years it has beenpossible to halt the decline in thenumber of residents that started in the 1970s. Despite an increase inresidential living space available, thenumber of residents has remainedconstant.

Concept for the Inner City

Population developmentand density

gross floor area

population

Development of gross floor area

and population 1990 – 2003

Projects from 1995

Population density

Data base: Resident Registration Office (EWO) 1990 – 2003Population with principle and secondary place of residence,Construction Completion File

Note: More recent figures are not available due to reorganisation of the Statistical Office

Data base: Population File, status 31.12.2003Status: October 2005



under 21 residents per ha21 – 50 residents per ha51 – 100 residents per ha101 – 300 residents per ha300 – 500 residents per haover 500 residents per ha

Restructuring ofthe inner-city area

in planningunder constructioncompleted

Two different designs are currently under discussion for Munich’s new Main Station.Gewers Kühn + Kühn, Berlin, competition design Auer + Weber, Munich, competition design

55PERSPECTIVE MUNICH | Principles and projects 54

Building block: agriculture

A key aim of the landscape planning is the sustainable maintenance anddevelopment of areas of landscape onthe edge of the city combined withfree areas belonging to surroundingcommunities.

The areas on the edge of the city used for agricultural purposes offerparticular potential. Since agriculturecarries out important functions in thisarea, the aim is to retain this use in aform that is harmonious with plans forthe future and to enable an equitablecoexistence in the green belt ofagriculture, leisure and protection ofnature.

For this purpose, differentimplementation projects have beendeveloped together with agriculturalinterests: The so-called Munich “Krautgärten”(“herb gardens“) are a form of“allotment“ specially tailored toMunich conditions. Landownersprovide interested citydwellers withtheir own areas for agricultural use. Inthe period from the beginning of Mayto the middle of November,leaseholders cultivate parcels of landof up to 60 square metres. At present,up to 20 different types of vegetables,flowers and herbs are being cultivated.Chemical plant protection and the useof mineral fertilisers are taboo. In theselection of locations, priority is placedon spaces situated near to inhabitedareas and as close as possible to multi-storey buildings. A pilot project was started in 1999 inJohanneskirchen with 13 parcels of land. In the meantime, there arealready around 500 “herb gardens” in 10 different locations.

With the “Cattle and Sheep forPasture“ project, a form of husbandry

is being promoted that makes aparticularly valuable contribution,through the extensive use of greenland, to the protection of groundwaterand earth as well as to the areas available foranimals and plants and to leisureactivities in Munich's green belt. At thesame time, direct marketing to endconsumers was introduced. In themeantime, besides farmers, manybutchers and restaurants are alsoinvolved in the project. Since 2002,annual marketing campaigns for Easterlambs from the Munich green belthave also been taking place.

A further important project is thecooperation with farmers in the area of“nature protection.” In particular, inthe moor lands to the west of Munich,green belt farmers are involved in the“Eschenried Moor Lands Eco-account“ and the “Bavaria NatureNetwork“ renaturisation projects, bothfollowing the principles of the ecologyguidelines.

The projects are being accompaniedby intensive public relations work.Besides press conferences and theconstantly updated “News from theGreen belt“ exhibition, “MunichFarmers Days“ were organised in1999, 2000 and 2002, at which thefarmers presented themselves alongwith their products and activities in the green belt. The green belt farmersare also represented at the “Day of the Regions“ that takes place everyyear in the autumn.

Building block cycle paths

The cycle path concept for the Munichgreen belt consists of differentthematic routes that take in the specialcharacteristics and features of the

relevant landscapes in and aroundMunich. Together with an idea developed bythe Planning Association of the OuterEconomic Area (PV), this metropolitanconcept forms the continuous BUGAcycle path ring connecting communitiesaround Munich. The cycle path ringconnects the routes within Munichwith the relevant cycle path routes ofthe outlying communities developedfor the BUGA 05 concept.

Building block Munich North

landscape project

The aim of this project is to intensifycooperation with the outlyingcommunities in order to effect arevaluation of landscape areas inMunich North. Key aspects are theimprovement of the extensive leisureopportunities in areas of nature, thepromotion of ecology and integrationas well as the “restoration“ of thehistorical cultural landscape. Theamelioration and upgrading of thelandscape area between the Würmand Isar rivers is being promoted in close cooperation with theHeideflächenverein (Heathland AreaAssociation) and the surroundingcommunities that are cooperatingthere. One focus of the Munich Northlandscape project is to preserve anddevelop all heathland areas to thenorth of the regional capital that areimportant to the whole region from an ecological and nature protectionperspective. Large parts of theseheathland areas are European Flora-Fauna-Habitat protected areas such as the Fröttmaning Heathlands, which are situated within the municipality of Munich. Key measures are theredevelopment or renaturisation offormer dry locations in the area of theremaining heathland locations, as wellas their interconnection.

The Munich green beltThe “Sequence of large green area developments“ programme

With the extension of 14 large-areagreen connections in the city region,an almost 15 square kilometre,citywide, interlinked green and openspace system is being created. Theidea is that green corridors should lead from the green areas close toresidential areas of the inner city viacity parks up to the Munich green belton the edge of the city and into theregional green corridors. These greencorridors are formed by existing openspace corridors mostly with widths of50 to 200 meters that cross the cityeither on a radial or tangential basis.

They represent former roadreservation areas (the GotthardStrasse, the T-5 East route) that areoften used for agricultural purposes(Feldmochinger Anger, Am Durchblick)or the already existing areas along the courses of rivers or streams(Hachinger Bach, the river Würm).Their spatial preservation as large,connected, undeveloped areas andtheir quantitative as well as qualitativedevelopment is of particularimportance with respect to thesustainable development of the city.

Würmtal, Isartal valleys

green belt

Munich green spaces

City of MunichDepartment of Urban Planning and Building Regulation

Principle Projects6

Principle 6 | “To preserve the form and appearance of the city of Munich and promote new architecture” – resolved by the City Council in 1998

In the last few years Munich'ssilhouette gained some notableadditions by the realisation of anumber of high-rise projects in theareas around the Mittlerer Ring andbeyond. These striking changes in the cityscape resulted in a localreferendum at the end of 2004. Lessthan a quarter of the citizens entitledto vote participated and a closemajority voted for the limitation offuture high-rise projects to the heightof the towers of the FrauenkircheChurch (approximately 99 meters). Atthe same time, a renewed discussionarose regarding the tensions betweentradition and modern architecture.

Since 2005, the “Discourse on thetownscape and new architecture“ haspicked up on the public debate and is continuing it for the time being atexpert level. This circle of experts isconducting the ongoing debates underthe topical themes of “Identity –Urbanity“, “Structures and Locations,Typologies“, “Economic Viability andEcology“. As a conclusion, theprovisional principles and thesesdeveloped at the discourse eveningswere discussed in a public City Councilhearing. After the Commission for CityStructuring has dealt with the issue,the City Council will decide in 2006regarding the principles and processrules that have been developed furtherto deal with new architecture and the cityscape. The high-rise buildingstudies by Schreiber und Stracke(1995) remain the basis for the sitedecisions and the examination processfor high-rise projects.

Contemporary architecture makes an important contribution to Munich'simage as an economically dynamic and culturally open city with a highstandard of living.

The objective is therefore that, also in the future, scope is created for contemporary architecture and construction forms, such as high-rise buildings, at suitable locations and to a high level ofmetropolitan and architectonic qualitywithout the imposition of sweepingand inappropriate limitations.

Discussion on “The face of the city and new architecture“

57

The city’s form and appearance must be preserved andenhanced by continuing to develop the city in its historiccontext and on its traditional scale. Within these primary urbanstructures, however, new architecture and exemplary urbandevelopment projects should be supported and encouraged.This will enable the dynamic nature of social modernisation to find expression and at the same time preserve and enhancethe quality of life in the city. In this context, art, and in

particular contemporary art, in the public domain is ofincreasing importance in improving the ambient environmentalquality of public spaces. This is particularly applicable in thedesign of major projects by public- and private sectordevelopers.

To preserve the form and appearance of the city of Munich and promote new architecture

Principle Projects7

Principle 7 | “To maintain and improve mobility for all road and transport system users, and to manage traffic and transportation to the benefit of the city”– resolved by the City Council in 1998

Besides financial and social frameworkconditions, mobility behaviour isdetermined mainly by the existinglayout of residential areas and thechoice of transport facilities. To thisextent, great importance is placed onthe planning of residential areas withrespect to type and scope, as well as the structuring of the choice oftransport facilities. As part of the citydevelopment concept, the trafficdevelopment plan establishesstrategies and measures that enableurban compatible mobility.

In various scenarios, the trafficdevelopment plan demonstrates howtraffic in Munich might develop givendifferent framework conditions. In thisprocess, it has become evident that,due mainly to the increase in residentsand jobs in the areas around Munich,further efforts will be required in order

to maintain the relatively high currentshare of public metropolitan andsuburban commuter railway systemsin Munich and to significantly raisetheir share in the traffic between thecity and its environs.

The action plan developed out of thescenarios compiles a comprehensiveand complex bundle of measures toensure the functionality of traffic aswell as ensuring its urban compatibility.The scenarios and the action plan were discussed with neighbourhoodcommunities, local authoritycommittees, associations, expertauthorities and with residents in twoparticipating rounds of discussions. The measures include, for example,the extension of the A9, closing thegap in the A99 between the A8 andthe A96 or a higher frequency of S-Bahn trains. Besides these so-called

ensured measures, the action plan also presents “planned“ and“optional“ measures. These include,for example, the 2 x 4-lane extensionof the A99-North-East, the extensionof the Mittlerer Ring or the second S-Bahn railway line. The action plan alsocontains specific statements regardingthe topics of “Parking“, “Pedestrian and Cycle Traffic“, “ Compatibility ofAutomotive Traffic in Street Areas“,“Commercial Traffic“, “Mobility andTraffic Management“ as well as“Traffic and the Environment“. It isexpected that the traffic developmentplan will be presented to the CityCouncil before the end of 2005.Following this, it will provide the basisfor metropolitan planning, e.g. for theland utilisation plan as well as forinvestments and measures concernedwith the traffic infrastructure andtraffic and mobility management.

Traffic Development Plan 2005

59

To maintain and improve mobility for all road andtransport system users, and to manage traffic andtransportation to the benefit of the city

� It is both economically and socially essential to safeguardmobility in Munich to a level which is compatible with theinterests of the public. Therefore, the highest priority is givento all measures designed to reduce traffic volumes andtransfer movements to environmentally friendly forms oftransport. This priority is fundamental to cope with theplanned increase in density of residential areas, which canonly be implemented in an acceptable manner provided that local public transport has adequate capacity and issufficiently attractive.

� An improvement in commercial traffic and transportconditions is indispensable in maintaining and sharpeningMunich’s profile as a business location. In addition toadditions to the road network, the establishment of goods

Traffic developement plan2005

Local public transportation network

Road network

Key measures

Parking area management

+ = Approved measures* = Planned measures

EDP: Planning Department HA/32-2Version: September 2005


Old city (implemented)In operationIn planningUnder investigation

traffic and distribution centres and the implementation of acooperative city logistics concept, here too, the developmentof local public transport is above all vital in avoiding non-essential car journeys.

� In order to minimise the impact of road traffic, necessaryvehicle movements must be organised in a manner that iscompatible with the interests of the city. This includesmeasures to control inner- and inter-city traffic and theincreased use of telematics to improve traffic management.Support should be provided for car-sharing and car-poolingprojects and taxi services.

Taking as their starting point problemsthat have been caused by the hightraffic loads on the Mittlerer Ring, theprogram is intended to improve theurban development quality on theMittlerer Ring. It complements theimplementation of three additionaltunnels segments based on the localreferendum in 1996. Among otherthings, the following activities andmeasures were adopted or introduced:

� Convening a Ring consultationgroup, an interdisciplinaryconsultation panel consisting ofexternal experts, the City BuildingMinister, the Head of the BuildingDepartment and the Head of theDepartment of the Environment, tosupervise the activities on theMittlerer Ring as well as a cross-department working group

� Developing a noise abatementbuilding block package for specificprojects, designed to deliver promptimprovements in the quality of lifeon the Mittlerer Ring

� Subsidised “Living on the Ring“program: promotion of noisereduction measures by land owners and building developers as a programme of immediateassistance (up to 2010)

The measures to integrate the MittlererRing, Munich's most important trafficartery, from a city planning perspectiveare designed not only to bundleessential automotive traffic in Munich'sinner city area in a manner compatiblewith urban life, but also to improve thesituation in areas that do not benefitfrom new Mittlerer Ring tunnels.

Mittlerer Ring actionprogramme

Noise abatement building block,support program “Living on the Ring”

Planned

Urban planning studies and surface design

Refurbishment (study) areas, Petuelring and Berg am Laim,Ramersdorf, Giesing

Traffic network

City of MunichDepartment of Urban Planning and Building RegulationUrban Development Planning HA I, Oct. 2005

Mittlerer Ring central ring road

Main traffic arteries

Tunnel

Tunnel under construction or planned

Ring sections

Mittlerer Ring action programme 2001 – 2005

60 61

The further extension of Park + Ride(P+R) and Bike + Ride (B + R) offeringsin the city area and environs is a keyprerequisite to enabling as manypeople as possible, particularly fromouter city areas, to switch from privatevehicle traffic to the Public Metropolitanand Suburban Commuter RailwaySystems (ÖPNV). Existing and planned

P+R and/or B+R places are shown onthe following graphs:

In the coming years it is correspondinglyintended that the number of Park +Ride slots rises from currently around7,000 to around 9,500. The aim is thatthe number of Bike and Ride places isincreased from 21,300 to 26,300.

In parallel to the development of thenew traffic development plan, furtherpartial area or sectoral concepts andprograms are being developed. Theseare mainly concerned with the areas

of the Mittlerer Ring, parking, publicmetropolitan and suburban commuterrailway systems (ÖPNV), cycle andpedestrian traffic.

The plan for public metropolitan andsuburban commuter railway systems,most recently developed further in2003 through a resolution of the CityCouncil, establishes the infrastructure(underground railways and tramsections), as well as the qualitystandards for public metropolitan andsuburban commuter railway systemsin Munich. These define the minimumrequirements for the frequency andmaximum utilisation of undergroundrailways, trams and buses. In addition,standards for vehicles, drivers, stops,connections and operating and servicequality are formulated.

These are based on the high level of quality already achieved by theMunich ÖPNV public metropolitan and suburban commuter railwaysystems and lie significantly above theminimum requirements set down by the Free State of Bavaria in its “PublicMetropolitan and Suburban CommuterRailway Systems Principles“.

Although the plan for publicmetropolitan and suburban commuterrailway systems is not directly bindingfor the transport companies, itnevertheless represents the frameworkcorresponding to the legal principles

within which the transport companiesstructure their systems. As aconsequence, the quality standardsform an essential basis for the futureevaluation by the regional capital ofplans made by the Munich TransportCompany mbh, such as the annualservice program or plans that form partof the bus acceleration project.


Action programmes and conceptsThe overall “Park + Ride“ concept and“Bike + Ride Facilities“ in Munich

Plan for public metropolitan and suburban commuter railway systems

Principle Projects8

Principle 8 | “To ensure social cohesion and citizens safety through local security, social, educational and cultural policies”– resolved by the City Council in 2005

The contribution that local authoritysecurity policies can make to maintaininner peace is multifaceted. Violenceand criminality are a final and drasticexternal indicator of a disturbance ofinner peace. However, even minordisturbances of the peace detract from a subjective feeling of security.With this in mind, the regional capital of Munich implemented the “SecuringInner Peace through Local AuthoritySecurity, Social, Education and Cultural

Policy“ guidelines with the “Solidarityagainst Violence“ initiative. The originalidea that arose from this was to act in a preventative manner and institutean annual day of action where theavailable types of help would bepresented to the public. However, thisidea was not carried out due to a lackof financial resources. Nevertheless,the coordination centre continues to act as a first point of contact forinquiries.

In addition to this, the award of the“Solidarity against crimes of violence“merit award aims to continue thepreventative aspect of the originalinitiative. Reporting on the annualconferment of the special award topeople who have helped otherindividuals under threat of violence is designed, in turn, to encouragecitizens not to look the other way inserious instances, but to counterviolence in any form.

Merit award for “Solidarity against crimes of violence“

63

To ensure social cohesion and citizens safety through localsecurity, social, educational and cultural policies

Citizen safety and social cohesion within the city must besafeguarded primarily through preventive action. In turn,such action must be taken through the medium of localsocial, educational and cultural policies that are sensitive to the needs of differing population groups.

Particular efforts are required in the following areas:

� Timely action to prevent social problems, such aspoverty and homelessness;

� Guaranteed access to education and training for allcitizens;

� Cultural projects that offer the scope for differentpopulation groups to preserve their identity and at thesame time communicate their culture to others;

� The infliction of male violence on women and childrenmust be prevented

� Increasing efforts must be made to offer both male and female migrants the opportunity to integrate. Actionmust be taken at all levels to counter exclusion and the formation of ghettos. Members of the majoritypopulation must be offered the opportunity to acquireinter-cultural skills. Male and female migrants must be integrated into the local structures of the district in which they live

Should events occur which disturb public order andsecurity despite the actions and offers of assistancedetailed above, the available means of repression must be used selectively and consistently in observance of theprinciples of the rule of law (and above all of the principleof proportionality).

Special attention must be paid to the following areasamong others:

� Preventing the formation of drug scenes in public areas� Combating conditions of decline and neglect � Containing vandalism� Preventing vulgar behaviour, incitement and acts of

violence� Protecting against the negative concomitant effects

of prostitution

In order to guarantee that the city may live in peace underthe law, the essential task of local security policy is toensure that there are no areas in which the rule of lawdoes not apply.

Collaboration between the security authorities, medical and psychological health services, social services andeducational institutions must be further developed. In thelong term, internal harmony can only be secured throughan overall strategy in which prevention, assistance andrepression go hand in hand.

Local Security Service

The specially trained officers of thelocal authority public order and service office, equipped with mobiletelephones and yellow informationsigns, initiate the necessary steps ininstances of criminal offences, basedeither on their own observations orpublic directions, such as bodily injuryor damage to property, or disturbances

of the peace such as acts of graffitivandalism, fouling or damage to publictransport vehicles, in cases of trafficaccidents or emergencies andmaintain close contact with the policeand emergency services. This makes a valuable contribution to raising boththe subjective and objective feeling ofsecurity for the residents of Munich.

The Immigration Act has, for the firsttime, provided a legally bindingframework for integration measureswith respect to immigrants in thecontext of local society. Integrationcourses are provided for newimmigrants; participation is obligatoryin cases where there sufficientGerman language skills are lacking.Foreigners who already live here arealso able to take part in the courses. In cases of manifest integrationdeficits they can also be obligated toparticipate. The integration courses are designed to enable participants toconduct an independent lifestyle inGermany. In the medium-term, theywill prove especially important for long-term residence, since sufficientknowledge of German is particularly

Legislation applicable to foreigners ispart of security law insofar as it servesto prevent danger to public securityand order. In particular, this applies tothe legislative reaction to the terrorattacks of September 11, 2001 (“Actconcerning the Fight againstTerrorism“). The regional capital ofMunich has appointed a working groupin the regional authority department toimplement the Act. It is their task, inclose cooperation with other securityauthorities, to fulfil the obligation of the Federal Republic of Germanyunder international law to fightterrorism and to contribute to the

maintenance of internal and externalpeace. The Federal Republic ofGermany has an obligation to theinternational community of states notto use its sovereign territory to provideshelter for agents of violence and theirsympathisers. The population, whichalso includes the overwhelmingmajority of the law-abiding foreigners,also expects public authorities toprotect it from potential dangers.Interviews with citizens of so-called“threatening countries“ and inquiriesat the Regional Office for theProtection of the Constitution beforegranting permanent rights of

residence, among other things, aredesigned to serve this purpose. Insofar as there are indicationsregarding the support of terrorism, the Immigration Authority, in closecoordination with the supervisoryauthorities and security bodies,examines whether measures shouldbe introduced that either end or limit a period of residence.

useful for new immigrants. As aconsequence, the regional capital ofMunich, as the municipal authoritywith the largest number of foreignersin Germany, has devoted particularattention to this aspect of the law.Together with the institutionsconducting the integration courses and all participating bodies (authorities,consultants, representative interests),the legal guidelines need to be filledwith life. Extensive information hasbeen developed for this purpose and administrative processes andcooperation schemes have beenimproved.

65PERSPECTIVE MUNICH | Principles and projects 64

Integration measures for migrants Combating terrorism

Principle Projects9

Principle 9 | “To benefit from the opportunities new media offer and to promote improved basic services, public access, media skills and the media industry”– resolved by the City Council in 2005; text abbreviated

ww

w.m

uen

ch

en

.de

From the start, the regional capital ofMunich has also supported new mediaby implementing new media in its own areas of activity. This improvesthe efficiency and productivity inperforming all local administrationtasks and raises the customer-friendliness of the services. In doingso, the city has taken on a function asa model and pacemaker and created a climate of creative openness to newmedia.

Examples: � Range of electronic information –

resident-accessible administration –the digital Town Hall

� www.muenchen.de� Integrative Traffic Management� Schools on the Net� Information Technology for

Administrative Integration –“ZIMAS” and “Geodatenpool”

� Local Geodata Management

The City Administration as user of new media technology

www.muenchen.de – the portal for Munich

67

The New Media principle is comprised of four elements:� To ensure the comprehensive basic supply of information,

as well as public access to that information;� To promote the media skills of citizens in a knowledge-

based society;� To encourage the media industry;� To use new media to perform municipal tasks

and functions.

These generally applicable concepts find concrete form invarious areas of activity and aspects of urban development:

New ways in municipal administration – E-Government

The digital town hall offers easy-to-use uniform standards of access to all information of urban society that are ofimportance to our citizens, in connection with a maximum ofsecurity and data protection. Via the digital town hall, contactswith local authorities can be processed in largely electronicform using a single medium.

Economic and employment policy advancing Munich

as a media location

Munich occupies a leading position in the field of informationand communications technology and possesses a wide range of qualification and training facilities specialising in information and communication technologies, media andtelecommunications.

Education

Children and young people are learning to understand thepotential of new information and communications technologies,and acquiring the skills to use these technologies critically,selectively, responsibly and in a controlled manner. Theybenefit from the support of qualified teaching staff.

The communication of media skills is an important aspect ofyouth welfare work, while older citizens are being offered new opportunities to access information and broaden theirhorizons.

Sustainable urban development, planning and housing

construction

New media are contributing to changes in sustainable urbandevelopment, planning and housing construction. Theincreasing complexity of the development process is beingmastered with the aid of new media tools.

Infrastructures – Munich as a central hub in the global

data network

Munich is a central hub in the global data network (carryingdata, voice communications and video). Citizens can accessthis network by a variety of means. For example, the Municharea is piloting the introduction of DVB (Digital VideoBroadcasting) in Bavaria.

Integrative mobility management

In times of increasing mobility, choosing the right means oftransport is becoming ever more difficult. Integrative mobilitymanagement (parking information and traffic control systems)supports mobility in Munich that is compatible with theinterests of the city.

Cultural services

The people of Munich also have the competence tocommunicate in a virtual environment, and these skills arebeing further encouraged. Proficiency in this field fosterscommunication between the arts, education, research andbusiness. Media skills and media education are beingpromoted for the benefit of a broad cross-section of thepopulation.

Social services

Steps are being taken to make it easier for people with avariety of handicaps to communicate. This includes bothinterpersonal communication, as well as the ability to manage day-to-day tasks such as shopping and banking.

Environmental and health services

Information on the environment and health is available to awide audience on an interactive basis, providing interestedmembers of the public with comprehensive access to thestatus of the environment.

To benefit from the opportunities new media offer and topromote improved basic services, public access, media skillsand the media industry

The official portal of the regional capital of Munich went online at thebeginning of 2004. The central address,www.muenchen.de, provides a startingpoint for all persons who would like to be informed about different aspectsof Munich city life and wishes tointeractively use the diverse serviceofferings. The www.muenchen.de portal is ajoint venture between the regionalcapital of Munich, the City SavingsBank (Stadtsparkasse), the public

services of Munich, the Chamber ofIndustry and Commerce as well as the Chamber of Trade for Munich andUpper Bavaria.

Registering over one million visitorsand over 11 million page requests permonth, muenchen.de is today by farthe most frequently visited MunichInternet address and, at the sametime, ranks as one of the mostsuccessful German city portals.

Since mid-2005, all Munich schoolsthat meet the educational requirementsfor networked schools have been onthe Net. Some 119 million euros havebeen invested in providing schoolswith Internet access, as well asinstalling and maintaining computers,and training and advising teaching staff.

Every development with new media is a dynamic one and a process thatrequires reinvestigation and furtherthinking every year. Since schools have been equipped with computertechnology, schoolchildren utilise avariety of media as a matter of courseand with great commitment. Besidesthe technical use, the school alsotakes on the task of integrating thewhole spectrum of media into theschool day in a meaningful way as

The aim here is for generally validstandards and clear documentation toimprove the broad utilization of valuablemunicipal databases for varied tasks in practically all departments.

ZIMAS

The ZIMAS Central InformationManagement and Analysis System isdesigned as a central data warehousesystem with integrated analysis tools. Internal and external sourcescommunicate data regarding different

thematic areas such as population,health, culture, social issues,environment, living, the economy and much more.

Geodata Pool

The Geodata Pool was conceived as a geodata hub. It is designed, through a direct access to the data usingdifferent software products, to exploitthe strengths of different graphicalinformation systems (GIS and CAD)installed in city administration. Area,

linear and location data are recorded in a uniform structure that correspondsto an internationally recognised standard.

After the first phase, the technicalstandards for participating in thegeodata pool will be published so thatother service centres can also installand request geo-information. As aconsequence, the aim is that geodatafrom the environment, traffic, socialeconomy, spatial development as wellas from the region can complementtheoriginal database.

The necessity for local geodatamanagement has become particularlyclear in the last two years as a result of the increasing complexity of themutual dependencies of geo-information and improved technicalpossibilities. This development hasbeen strengthened by, for example:

� the increasing availability of digitalgeodata;

� the increased demand for localgeodata beyond the scope of thecity administration, above all indigital form and via the Internetthrough a uniform portal.

Within the context of an effective andefficient local geodata management,the project is also part of the FederalGovernment-Länder-Local Authoritiesrelationship and is closely connectedwith the Geodata Pool project.

69

As part of the “Mobility inConurbations“ initiative led by theFederal Ministry for Education andResearch, the regional capital ofMunich participated in the“MOBINET“ project. Among otherthings, the project aimed to achieve ahigher degree of awareness withregard to personal mobility behaviourand an appropriate division betweenindividual and public transport forms.The MOBINET project was completedin mid-2003. Subsequently, the“demonstrators“ used in theoperational test run were partly

transferred to permanent operation orcontinue to be used after the end ofthe project until a correspondingdecision is made. Together with further partners, theregional capital of Munich has enteredthe new “Traffic Management 2010“ideas competition of the FederalMinistry for Education and Researchwith the “arrive - offerings for a mobileregion“ project sketch. After the arrive-consortium failed to receive the tender,the partners agreed to continue toimplement the project even withoutthe federal subsidies.

The project is divided into five workingareas:

� Multi-modal traffic information� Traffic planning and operation

strategies� Operational traffic management� Quality assurance in traffic

management� Basics of traffic development

planning and traffic management

Integrative traffic management Schools on the Net

Information Technology for Administrative Integration –“ZIMAS” and “Geodata Pool”

Local geodata management


well as educating schoolchildren to alevel of media expertise and, as aconsequence, to a responsible way ofhandling media both at school and inleisure time.

With the “Media-pedagogicalDevelopment Plan“, all Munich schoolsare required to review and extend their concepts in the years 2005 in2006 based on the experience theyhave already gained. Beside thecommunication of purely technical andspecialist knowledge, for example in ITclasses, the primary aim in the Media-pedagogical Development Plan aim is the integration of new media in allsubject areas. In this respect, theemphasis is on the use of media as a tool in action-oriented tuition thatfocuses on the needs of schoolchildren.

Besides the technical frameworkconditions, the concern is that newmedia are regarded as a matterconcerning the entire school and thatall teachers are familiar with their use.


Principle 10 | “To develop ecological standards and safeguard natural resources” – resolved by the City Council in 2005; text abbreviated

In order to ensure effective soilprotection, knowledge is requiredregarding the performance of soilswithin the ecosystem. The location-related evaluation of natural soilfunctions and soil performance is aprerequisite here. It has not been possible to carry outsuch an evaluation to date due to alack of data and practicable methods.For this reason, the regional capital ofMunich Department for Health and

Environment, as part of the EUCommunity Interreg IIIB Initiative, has initiated the TUSEC-IP project(Technique of Urban Soil Evaluation in City Regions - Implementation inPlanning Procedures), through whichthe requisite foundations andprocesses can be developed andtested on current planning examples in local authorities in five countries.The project will be completed in thesummer of 2006.

Soil protection concept

Groundwater protection concept

71

The groundwater investigationsinclude an area-based analysis andobservation of the quality of thegroundwater. The investigations are related to the monitoring ofgroundwater flowing into the Municharea that, as a rule, exhibits an almostanthropogenically unaffected, naturalcomposition and to those areas inwhich no specific case or location-related investigations of groundwaterquality are carried out by third parties.

The awareness that economic, social, cultural and ecologicalaspects of development are inseparable is central to theconcept of sustainability. Rather than being played off oneagainst another, they must be considered as a necessarywhole. Improvements in the economic and social conditionsunder which people live must be implemented in harmonywith the natural foundations of life itself. The protection of theenvironment and its natural resources must be fundamental toevery development. The concomitant effect of any excessiveimpact on an ecological system would inevitably lead toserious restrictions on the functionality of that system to thepoint of potential collapse.

To ensure that the guiding principle of sustainable developmentcan in fact be implemented in daily practice, appropriate social,cultural, economic and ecological goals and actions must beformulated. The Ecology principle covers the sustainable useof natural resources such as soil, water and air, the preservationof bio-diversity, energy savings, as well as noise abatementand the avoidance of waste.

To develop ecological standards and safeguard natural resources

Fundamental goals:

Soil

The long-term sustainable use of soil must be aimed at safeguarding and restoring its ecological value.

Water

Natural groundwater resources must be regenerated andsafeguarded for the long term; surface water, too, must besafeguarded and drinking water used sparingly.

Air

Air quality must be improved and safeguarded for the longterm by minimising all forms of pollution and impairment.

Flora and fauna

The bio-diversity of plants and animals growing and living wildin their natural environment must be safeguarded for the longterm by preserving and developing a network of near-naturalsites throughout the city in both developed and undevelopedareas.

Energy

The use of energy must be sustainable and environmentallyfriendly

Noise

Substantial noise pollution and disturbance must be preventedor minimised in the interests of avoiding adverse effects onhealth.

Waste

Waste must be avoided or recycled and disposed of in an environmentally friendly manner.

The groundwater protection concepthas as its aim the permanent safety ofpublic groundwater and groundwaterquality and, besides monitoring, alsoincludes establishing potential risk ofcontamination. The basis and buildingblocks of the concept are two currentmeasurement programmes:Groundwater level measurements and groundwater investigations. The groundwater level measurementsare conducted primarily in areas inwhich a potential danger of basementflooding exists when groundwaterlevels are high.

72 73PERSPECTIVE MUNICH | Principles and projects

The Isar Plan – new life for the Isar River

The Moor Lands West of Munich

“Bauzentrum“

Following the regulatory measuresintroduced from the middle of the 19thcentury, significant problems havearisen at many places on the Isar:insufficient protection from flooding,predominantly canal-type construction,insufficient flow conditions, pooraccessibility to the water, inadequatewater quality and other deficiencies.The Isar Plan developed together bythe Free State of Bavaria, the regionalcapital Munich, Building Department,Department for City Planning and

Building Regulations as well as theDepartment for Health and Environmentaddresses these problems.

In February 2000 the Isar south ofMarienklausensteg was restored to its natural state and work began toimprove the protection of city againstflooding. Expansion measures to theriverbed improve the discharge of the floodwater and create room forstructural measures both in and alongthe river. Through the levelling of the

secured, steep banks and by bringingforward banks of gravel, the creationof gravel islands and the restructuringof linear sill structures into loose sill inclines, the Isar has once againacquired an almost natural river flowwith a highly variegated character for recreational use. The biologicalconsistency of the Isar has beenrestored and the natural habitat hasbeen improved for fish that are typicallyfound in the Isar, such as Danubesalmon, grayling and brook trout.

The moor lands to the west of Munichform part of the Dachau Moor Landsthat formerly spread out over a widearea on the northern and westernedges of the Munich gravel stratumand are an important part of theMunich green belt in terms of natureprotection and the landscape. Despitethe area-wide intensification ofagriculture with draining, the regulationand straightening of rivers and streams,and the conversion of greenland areasinto fields, it has been possible topreserve extremely valuable remainsof the former natural landscape in many places. These areas stillaccommodate an abundance of animaland plant species typical of thewetlands with many species that areon the Red List.

The projects aim to ensure thepermanent survival of the fauna andflora of this area. The aim is that acorresponding renaturisation extendsthe remaining natural areas and joinsthem into a habitat network, inparticular along the moor land streams.Implementation has begun with twocoordinated projects, the “EschenriedMoor Lands“ eco-account and the“Bavaria Network Nature“ species andbiotope protection project.

Eschenried Moor Lands Eco-Account

As part of the impact regulation in the master planning, it is becomingincreasingly difficult in Munich to fullypreserve the requisite compensationareas in the area of the relevantdevelopment plans in a manner that is feasible and viable.

With the modification of the GermanFederal Building Code that allowscompensation measures to beseparated both in terms of time andspace from the location of the impact,the opportunity arises, however, to develop parts of the remaininglandscape with the help of bundledcompensation measures within a so-called eco-account. The City Council ofMunich made use of this opportunityin 2001 and resolved to set up the firsteco-account in Munich. The city eco-account of the Eschenried Moor Lands comprises around 67 hectares.A concept designed to preserve the landscape and protect naturedemonstrates possibilities forrenaturisation and integration, definesdevelopment aims for all areas andbrings together specific implementationmeasures. The renaturisation measuresare being carried by the regional capitalof Munich and farmers workingtogether. The development of the eco-account is being monitored anddocumented by experts.

The Munich Bauzentrum (“buildingcentre“), a centre of information andexpertise for questions regardingbuilding and residential issues with a focus on energy efficiency andrenewable energy sources, wasopened in January 2004 at its newlocation in the Messestadt Riem (thelocation of the new Munich trade fair

grounds). In the first year alone, over100 events took place (lectures,specialist seminars, conferences). In addition to this, the Bauzentrumcarried out free personal consultationson a number of topics accompanied by product exhibitions and lectureprograms (the Munich solar energydays, for example).


tourists. At the same time, the parklandscape represents an importantinner-city area of recreation. Thecomprehensive range of sports events,indoor sports events and open-air eventsas well as exhibitions and congresseshave contributed significantly to thesuccess of its post-Olympic use.

However, after more than 30 years of intensive utilization, some of thefacilities no longer measure up to thedemands of modern event venues.The departure of both of Munich'sfootball teams from the OlympicStadium, in particular, necessitates therestructuring of the event concept in anew and future-oriented manner, whiletaking economic requirements intoconsideration.

The aim is therefore to further developthe overall area as a central sports andevents location and, at the same time,to preserve the high architectonic andlandscape-structuring qualities of thepark and its accessibility as an area ofrecreation for all sectors of society. Inthis respect, the cooperation ventureswith the sports faculty of the TechnicalUniversity and the health park of theMunich Adult Education Centre offeran opportunity to focus increasingly onhealth and wellness activities.

A corresponding board decision waspresented to the City Council in 2005.

75

To safeguard Munich’s leisure and recreational value byoffering varied facilities for different target groups The future of the “Olympiapark”

The entire Olympic area, with thesports facilities set up for the 1972Olympic Games, the Olympic Village,the training area now used as theCentral College (Zentrale Hochschule)sportsgrounds, as well as the park-likeopen areas and the hillocks landscapedon the “Schuttberg” – the hill formedby the rubble and debris cleared afterthe Second World War – represents a unique Munich landmark that isrecognised around the world. TheOlympiapark ensemble and the corearea with the famous tent roof havealready been placed under listedbuilding protection.

The Olympiapark is a central eventvenue serving Munich and SouthernBavaria and is a destination for many

� Making increased use of qualified inner-city development.Given the increasing competition for available sites, everymeans of acquiring (for example in the context of small-scale concepts) and managing space should be used, andthe temporary interim use of land and buildings facilitated.

� Promoting local district-based leisure activities through anetwork of varied offerings. Communication betweenproviders must be improved and marketing must becomemore effective. Shortages of leisure space, games andsports facilities must be combated, the networking offootpaths and cycle paths improved, and services must besafely accessible by public transport. Integrating citizensinto the planning and operation of facilities encouragesidentification and satisfaction with the areas in which theylive.

� Investigating local authority support and its cost-effectiveness.Public funds must increasingly be deployed in support ofleisure activities that serve integrational objectives andwhich, above all, help to improve the lives of families withchildren, youths and young adults on a gender-specificbasis.

� Regional cooperation must be continued through themedium of concepts coordinated at local or higher level (for example by recreational associations) that promotecollaborative ventures, such as the development of aregional network of cycle paths.

As a matter of principle, Munich’s leisure and recreationallandscape must take account of the varying demands of itscitizens, irrespective of their gender, age, nationality orincome. It is therefore a question of creating a framework within whichall members of the population can spend their leisure time, asclose to home as possible with access to a variety of differentpublic and private facilities. The public environment must bestructured in such a manner as to be available to differentgroups and allow room for activity. The concept of sustainabledevelopment must also be applied in the local leisure policyfield.

These principles are given concrete form through thefollowing strategies:

� Reducing the dependence of leisure activities on motorisedpersonal transport. To this end, the municipal leisureenvironment must be designed so as to minimise theattraction of travelling to recreation areas far outside the city. Furthermore, the development of cycle paths and anetwork of cycle routes should be actively pursued.

� Promoting new developments and initiatives (for example, to encourage as yet unestablished innovative services,which are often developed by initiatives which have littlefunding or operating capital at their disposal).

� Managing and avoiding problems of overburdening (forexample by identifying corresponding protected areas andspecifying non-sensitive uses for adjacent areas).

� Compensating for specific disadvantages and lack of leisurefacilities, which adversely affect the development of childrenand male and female youths, particularly in their homeenvironment. This would also include the interests ofcitizens with an immigrant background.

Principle 11 | “To safeguard Munich’s leisure and recreational value by offering varied facilities for different target groups” – Draft; released by the City Council in 2005 for public discussion; text abbreviated

77

currently being developed. In 2004 theCity Council resolved to implement aconcept for pedestrian and cycleconnections between the River Isarand the Fröttmaning Heathlands andthe connection to the urban andregional cycle network. It is expectedthat this will be implemented graduallyin the next few years, depending onfinancial possibilities. This should allowthe opening up of a large number ofexisting barriers, in particularly thosepresented by motorways and theunderground railway system, and theoptimal structuring of the importantnew observation hill and recreational

area of the “Fröttmaning Hill”. A concept currently being consideredfor the area around the Fröttmaningunderground station is to set up an“Art Park North” along the lines ofhighly popular, former “Art Park East”(“Kunstpark Ost” – comprising indoorsports, clubs, discotheques and otherindoor leisure activities). This conceptwould offer the opportunity ofcomplementing the football-orientedleisure offering and upgrading this areaon a sustainable basis. Whether theseideas are realised or not still dependson the outcome of ongoing negotiationswith an investor.

The trade fair town of Riem is currentlybeing created on the grounds of theformer Munich-Riem airport. Whencompleted, it will provide apartmentsfor 16,000 inhabitants, employment for13,000 people, as well as an extensiveinfrastructure and generous greenareas.

The Riem Park spreads out over anarea of 210 hectares and is as large asthe Principality of Monaco. As thelargest park under the auspices of the

city of Munich, it represents a valuablelocal recreation facility that is a veryeasily accessed by local transportsystems and serves to secureecological qualities such as the biotopenetwork and the fresh air supply toMunich. It plays a key role in providingoutdoor and recreational facilities forthe trade fair town and for the easternpart of Munich.

Relaxation in natural surroundings,areas for children and young people to play, as well as walking, cycling,skating, jogging and quiet areas toretreat to, characterise recreationalutilisation of the landscape area. The activities strip is an area shapedand structured in the form of an urbanpark with a length of 2 km and a depthof 180 m. It contains sports areas,football fields, a skating rink, anadventure play area and other playareas as well as areas reserved for

Riemer Park and the National Garden Show 2005 The leisure landscape of Fröttmaning


changing trends in sport types andrecreational activities.

The bathing lake on the eastern edgeof the activities strip is designed as anurban lake facility including promenade,bathing beach, sunbathing areas and aservice station. It has a capacity for to10,000 bathers. The landscape architect Giles Vexlard/Latitude Nord, Paris, who won first prize in a landscape planningcompetition, was awarded the GermanLandscape Architecture Prize in 2005for his work on the Riem Park.

In 2005, the trade fair town of Riemwas the location of the NationalGarden Show that raised awarenessfor nature and the environment underthe guiding theme of “Change ofPerspectives”.

With the creation of the new footballarena in Fröttmaning, the task arises of rearranging the surroundinglandscape and urban areas betweenthe conservation-protected heathlandareas and the River Isar. They aresuitable for various leisure activitiesand are to be made available for localrecreational purposes. The expectedreclamation from military use of thesouthern part of the FröttmaningHeathlands in 2005 will give rise toopportunities for a prudent developmentof the hitherto fenced-off area forpeaceful recreation. A managementplan for the Fröttmaning Heathlands is

Footpath and cycle path concept for the area surrounding the football stadium in Fröttmaning

city limit main connection existing planned subsidiary connection existing plannednew crossing point long-term option BUGA 2005 cycle ring, Verein Erholungsgebiete e.V. green spaces existing/plannedbuffer area – in planning enhancement of street area

Kuculture/sport school/pre-school church/mosque underground train station view point

1 Main route – north 1a Upgrade of existing field path1b Link to existing bridge via A91c Paths to North-East depot/sewage depot1d Crossover to B11

2 Main route – central2a Link to underground train station2b Transit stadium area2c South-western corner of Fröttmaninger Ring2e Crossover to B11 at mosque2f Improve link to east /

create new path through woods

3 Crossover sluice/millstream3a Bridge3b Link to south

4 Subsidiary route to Isar/south4a Crossover to B11 (traffic island)4b Secure property transit

(bridge over Garching millstream)4c New path in woods north of allotment gardens/

link to east

5 Other measures5a Improve footpath link to peak area5b Enhance existing path5c Enhance dirt track with link to west

through allotment area5d Release roadway for cyclists outside match times5e Enhance to create cycle path/

new link to sluice/millstream area of interest

Measures

Destination points

within the network

Mahl-Gebhard, Munich, draft, 2004


St.-Jakobs-Platz is the location of thenew main synagogue and communitycentre serving the Jewish religiouscommunity in Munich and SouthernBavaria, as well as the JewishMuseum, which is sponsored by thecity of Munich.

When it opens in the spring of 2007,the Jewish Museum will offer a varietyof insights into Munich’s Jewish past,as well as addressing present-dayissues through the medium ofexhibitions and events. The museumbuilding has been designed as afreestanding cube. A transparent foyer,surrounded by glass, is the displaywindow of the museum and is visible

from outside as a public room.Alongside the information and cashdesk area, there is a museumbookshop specialising in Jewishliterature, as well as a cafeteria. Theaim is to offer visitors an attractive and varied exhibition program on anexhibition area of 800 square metres, a third of which will be used for apermanent exhibition and two thirds of which will be used for varyingexhibitions.

For the opening of the museum, ashow is planned under the title “JewishCollecting” that will be concerned withthe history of collecting Jewishmemorabilia and the history of Jewishcollectors in Munich. Most exhibits inthis exhibition will be returning toMunich for the first time in 70 years -on loan from museums mainly in Israeland the USA. Besides the exhibitionrooms, the Jewish Museum will alsofeature its own study area (“LearningCentre”) and a library dedicated to“Jewish Art” and the “Jewish Historyof Munich”.

79

The Jewish Museum of Munich

Focus: “Further development of cultural memory and historical consciousness”

The essential elements in the City’s support for culture involvethe promotion of innovative productions in a dialogue withcultural heritage, a detailed examination of history and theresulting changes in Munich’s urban society and theirinternational and regional connotations, as well as thesponsorship of artists working in the city and thecommunication of culture to the general public. Beyond this,Munich’s culture must be brought to the world and the worldbrought to the culture of Munich.

Culture safeguards, defines and values our coexistencethrough social conventions and aestheticism. Art and cultureare important for the role they play both in the daily lives ofindividuals and in the life of the community. This applies notonly to active cultural creativity. Participating in culture, too,can have manifold effects: the enjoyment of art and culturebrings a zest for life, expands our horizons and changes ourperception, educates and contributes to our experience,supports social integration and helps shape our identity.

Against this social and cultural policy background, the CulturalDepartment of the City of Munich intends to set the followingpriorities in the coming years:

� To optimise the instruments of artistic sponsorship;� To strengthen international culture in Munich and Munich’s

presence in the world of international culture;� To further develop cultural memory and historical

consciousness;� To develop and apply criteria for cultural sustainability;� To maintain and promote cultural diversity in Munich on the

basis of the Constitution and the values contained therein;� To revise the concept of “Culture for all” in the

contemporary environment;� To create scope for innovative, pioneering and experimental

art and culture;� To more strongly promote the discussion of identity(ies);� To focus more strongly on the cultural appreciation of the

young generation;� To focus more strongly on urban culture;� To heighten the importance of culture in the perception

of the public.

To promote culture and create scope for innovation and experimentation; to examine our cultural heritage, cultural memory and international cultural developments

Principle 12 | “To promote culture and create scope for innovation and experimentation; to examine our cultural heritage, cultural memory andinternational cultural developments” – Draft; released by the City Council in 2005 for public discussion

Wandel, Hoefer, Lorch, Saarbrücken, competition design 1st prize

80 81

Located in the Maximilianstrasse/Altstadtring Passage, ZKMax, acooperation initiative formed betweenthe Centre for Art and Media Technology(ZKM) in Karlsruhe and the CultureDepartment of the regional capital of Munich, has been in place sinceOctober 2004.

The original idea for the founding ofthe ZKMax was to bundle together theinitiatives of two centres and projectthem to a broad spectrum of the

public. Media locations can be foundeverywhere nowadays - they are notreally tied to particular location.Broadcasting, transmitting, projecting:these activities simply encapsulatesomething that is itself a quality of thenew media: movement, immateriality,flexibility. Munich picks up on theresources of the ZKM, makes themavailable and thereby makes ZKMaccessible to a broader general public.This cooperation is of immense benefitfor Munich as a culture location. Subtle

communication, technical innovationand artistic vision turn the ZKMax intoa showroom for media art thatintegrates meaningfully with Munich'smedia expertise.

The ZKMax is an exhibition centre formedia art - a glass media museum –that can be visited around the clock. Inthis sense, it can also be understoodas a media art project in the publicdomain. A number of additionallocations of this type are being created

both in Germany and abroad, followingthe example of the ZKMax. Eachfeaturing their own program, they willcommunicate not only with theheadquarters (ZKM), but also witheach other. What is special about theZKMax - in terms of character, design

and networking - is the design ofappropriate communication from thepoint of view of the qualitativepreconditions of an art working withnew media on both a free and appliedbasis. Multimedia experimental art,electro-acoustic music, computer-


The National Socialist Documentation Centre

ZKMax

Lothringer 13

Especially in the last few years it hasbecome noticeable that the culture ofremembrance of the National Socialistpast in Germany is undergoing aprocess of transformation. Besides thealready existing memorials that focusprimarily on the victims of National

Socialism, it has been recognised thatit is also necessary to view locationsconnected with the perpetrators ofNational Socialism as part of the culturalinheritance of remembrance. Theregional capital of Munich, togetherwith the Free State of Bavaria, ismaking an important contribution tothis aim: With a “National SocialistDocumentation Centre” in the vicinityof the Königsplatz, the aim is to createa place that creates a reminder aboutthe history and role of Munich in theNational Socialist period.

With the establishment of this centre,remembrance of the National Socialistperiod will not only be topographicallyanchored but the discussion regardingthe function and role of Munich as the

former “Capital of the Movement” will also receive further and, certainly, new dimensions. For this reason, theNational Socialist DocumentationCentre, in cooperation with the JewishMuseum, the City Museum, the CityArchives and other bodies, will infuture contribute intensively to the aimof increasingly communicating historicalawareness, and, as a consequence,further developing the cultural memoryof the regional capital of Munich. Indoing so, it is intended that the criticaldiscussion surrounding the negativecultural inheritance should serve as awarning to coming generations andhelp to raise consciousness regardingsocial and political processes in thepresent in a sustained manner.

Focus points: “Strengthening international culture in Munich; strengthening the international presence of Munich'sculture”, “Creating scope for innovative, pioneering and experimental art and culture”, “Increased focus on the culturalunderstanding of the young generation” and “Increased focus on urban culture”

based art in a freely accessible urbanarea are unique in this quality. Situatedin a traditional Munich cultural location,in the middle of galleries, theatres, and museums and in Munich's mostelegant shopping district, ZKMaxcommands a unique starting point.

As a “location for contemporary artand new media”, the municipal“Lothringer 13” initiative operatesunder the names of the “lothringerdreizehn” exhibition hall, the “spiegel”mediatheque and the “program angels” action area. Theformer factory building in the centre ofMunich's Haidhausen district has beenin use since 1981, under changingconstellations, as a place to present,above all, young art.

The “lothringer dreizehn” initiative isan international and interdisciplinaryplatform for contemporary art. The

program is focused on exhibitions ofinnovative works of international, but also regional, artists and on thecreation of networks to, and between,artists and cultural producers fromboth within and outside Munich. The“lothringer dreizehn” initiative showsup to five exhibitions per year,operates a studio programme forvisiting artists and organises podiumdiscussions, symposia, readings andvideo presentations.

The “spiegel” mediathek consists of a screen with changing multimediapresentations, an art videotech based

on the collection of the MunicipalGallery in the Lenbachhaus, and anarchive that brings together informationabout the recipients of prizes andscholarship holders of the regionalcapital of Munich of the last fewdecades. The institutional aim lies inestablishing a digital connection of thecontents both internally and externally.Under the name of “program angels”, a five-man events team networks arts,media and the underground scenewith a mixture of exhibitions, mediaexperiments, action programs andpresentations.

Munich Adult Education Centre andMunich City Library – the two mainplayers in local authority education inMunich – signed an agreement in 2005regarding cooperation standards, inorder to further optimise the range ofeducation in the regional capital of

Munich and expand cooperationventures already in place. The projectis concerned with the regularexchange of information, sharedevents and local activities, cooperationventures in the media area as well asthe common use of buildings and

resources. Ensuring that cooperationventures and synergies are manifestnot only on a project basis but also, as in this case, structurally and, as aconsequence, sustainably, is regardedas particularly important.

The 1970s “culture for everyone and of everyone” motto has become anintegral component of city culturalwork. The comparatively ideal financialcircumstances of urban householdsand 1970s and 1980s allowed thecultural administration, as well aspartners supported by the culturaladministration, to implement a verybroad cultural concept.

In this way, in previous decades, the“enabling” of many projects wasfirmly on the agenda, which resulted inextremely lively city district culturalscenes, event management carriedout by experienced associations andinitiatives, very popular city weeks anda well-extended infrastructure in theform of cultural facilities and centres.This type of “enabling”, in the sense

of further growth and expansion, ismeeting with limits today. Against thisbackground, in coming years theDepartment of Culture, with its“Culture in the City” project, is aimingto further develop the concept into acity district cultural project andredefine the specific structuralundertaking of the Department ofCulture. This is being carried out inclose cooperation with the municipallibraries and the Munich AdultEducation Centre; in addition,participants in city district projectssuch as associations, initiatives,cultural centres, local councils, amongothers, are being included in the project.The core of the project consists in thedevelopment of support criteria, thedevelopment of job-sharing andcooperation models in relevant citydistricts, as well as the clarification andoptimisation of legal and financingforms, in particular for cultural centres.In doing so, the distribution of tasksbetween the municipal libraries,branches of the Munich Adult EducationCentre and the Department of Culture,as well as facilities and projectspromoted by the Department, needsto be defined more precisely and an efficient network needs to beestablished.

83

The Local Dance Plan – the “Dance Base” project draft


The Department for Culture issupporting the “Dance Base – modulefor international dance and developmentcentre for Munich and Bavaria”, aproject draft drawn up by an expertteam of artists. The aim is that the project will lead to decisiveimprovements in the general conditionsfor contemporary professional dance in Munich in the years 2006 to 2010. The project is being carried out incooperation with the Free State ofBavaria and the Federal CulturalFoundation.

The Dance Base (Tanzbasis) is designed as a concentrated location for art production, the further trainingof dancers and choreographers, thephilosophy and communication ofdance and will establish Munichpermanently within the dance world. Artistic production, artisticcommunication and the qualification of art creators and recipients areorganised on the basis of clearlyformulated content-based research.

The dance base is a module thatallows Munich to connect with theinternational dance world and, at thesame time, “feed in” its own artisticapproaches and contributions to theinternational artistic dialogue. At thesame time, it serves as a centre ofresearch and development for Munichand the entire South German region.Existing initiatives and projects arebeing concentrated in the dance baseand, as a result, are more effectivelystructured. International projects arebeing produced independently andpresented in cooperation with localperformance locations. In this way, the dance base will become a motorfor an improved infrastructure forcontemporary dance in the whole ofBavaria.

Integral components of the dance baseinclude: production and presentation,international coproductions andresidencies, a dance season – a year-round programme of dance productions,artistic research projects, measures

for audience development andimprovement of dance marketing, aweb site entitled “Dance in Munich”, a “Dance and Bavarian Schools” pilotproject, the strengthening of dance inthe area of adult education as well asin the cooperation with the Ludwig-Maximilians University Dance andCommunication project. For thispurpose, in the years 2006 to 2010,Munich will provide an annual amountof 100,000 and the Free State ofBavaria intends to participate to thesame amount. The medium term aimis to create in Munich a rehearsal andproduction centre dedicated, as amatter of priority, to contemporarydance and performance. Whether theDance Base concept can in fact berealised will not be decided until mid-December 2005, when the board oftrustees of Tanzplan Deutschlanddecides whether the concept becomespart of the “Local Dance Plan” and willthereby receive funding totalling u 1 million over a period of five yearsfrom the Federal Culture Foundation.

Focus: “Developing and applying criteria for cultural sustainability”

Cooperation between the municipal libraries and the Munich adult education centre

“Culture in the City” Project

PERSPECTIVE MUNICH sets the course. If conditions change, the path is corrected. Both today and in the future.

The questions posed by the future areclearly defined.

Where do we go from here?

Urban development planning as a process

PERSPECTIVE MUNICH is equally concerned to face up to the challenges of the future brought about by rapid changes in society. The framework for action is determined by social,economic and demographic conditions as well as the legal and financial principles of municipal action.

Urban development planning has the responsibility to act as an integrative and counterbalancing force, an “advocate ofcommon welfare”.

4

� European integration has tangibleeffects on cities. Legal requirementsapplying to, for instance, local public transport, water supply orenvironmental policies, have abearing on the scope of local authorityactivity. The aim must be to preservethe ability of European cities to actin the interests of quality of life fortheir inhabitants and strengthentheir competitiveness. The idea is toillustrate the opportunities and risksinherent in the European process ofunification for the regional capital ina “Report on the Importance

of European Integration for City

Development” produced by theDepartment of Urban Planning andBuilding Regulation.

� Furthermore, it is intended that thefuture-oriented dialogue is continuedregarding the topics of integrationand segregation, knowledge andcreativity as well as mobility andcommunications, which was startedon a cross-department basis withcitizens and all political and privateparticipants at a city and regionallevel as part of the Germany-wide“City 2030” ideas competitionunder the motto “Future Munich2030 - Visions and Strategies forCity and Region”.

� Transparent evaluation, continuousprojection and effective publicity are essential for the effectiveness of strategic city developmentplanning. The aim is to review theeffectiveness of the principles andtheir implementation in projects,concepts and action programs in an initial evaluation report entitled“PERSPECTIVE MUNICH – TakingStock”.

PERSPECTIVE MUNICH will continueto face the future challenges posed by increasingly rapid pace of changesin socio-economic and demographiccircumstances and general conditions,as well as the legal and financialfoundations of municipal activity. Indoing so, city development planninghas the task of acting in an integratingand balancing role as the “advocate of the commonwealth”, facing highlydifferentiated interest groups orunilateral, global market strategies.

The following topics will occupy a central position in the furtherdevelopment of PERSPECTIVEMUNICH:

� The challenges of socio-demographicchange, the ageing of the citypopulation, modified householdstructures, social polarisation and itsconsequences for central areas ofcity development will be discussedin a cross-department workingprocess and in exchange withexternal participants. The aim ofthese projects is an “Action

programme for socio-demographic

change” as a continuation of aninitial report published in 2004.

� Education as the central key categoryfor social integration – includinginternational workers and theirfamilies - and economic innovationform the basis of local authorityresponsibility for the creation of a“City Education Landscape”. Thedevelopment of future-orientedlearning cultures, full-day courses,international schools, qualification-based courses for disadvantagedyoung people and concepts oflifelong learning, are being adoptedin a new “Education Principle”

under the leadership of theDepartment for Schools and Culture.

� The growing importance of“Knowledge as a Location Factor” is closely related to the educationtheme. The city has the task ofimproving general conditions forMunich as the location of science,research and higher educationfacilities and promoting theexchange and management ofknowledge. It is intended that theaims and strategies of the city willbe defined in a new “Munich

Principle – City of Knowledge”

under the auspices of theDepartment for Work and Economy.

� The importance of families withchildren for the internal cohesion of urban society is indisputable.Redeveloping Munich as a children-and family-friendly city is a key aimof the city's development policy.Besides the range of childcarefacilities and day schools, the aim isalso to provide services in line withdemand such as advice centres, inorder to strengthen family-orientedlifestyles and a children-friendlyenvironment. Under the auspices ofthe Social Department, the aim is to formulate the requirements andstrategies for a children and family-friendly city in a new “Policy for

Future Family Policy”.

� Integration-oriented city developmentis requisite in view of the increasedlevel of immigration as well as theimplementation of the ImmigrationAct. The aim is to release thecultural and economic potential ofthe city and to preserve socialpeace. Since integration is a taskthat cuts across all areas of politicsand society, it is intended that thecentral aims, areas for action andprinciples should be defined in a “Local Authority Integration

Concept” under the guidance of the Social Department.

The PERSPECTIVE MUNICH process – what does the future hold?

In future, urban development will continue to be situated

in the field of tension between economic prosperity,

sustainable quality of life and social balance. Within

this area of tension, PERSPECTIVE MUNICH acts as a

pathfinder on the way towards a city capable of mastering

the future. In this respect, openness, dialogue and

cooperation remain the main supporting principles of

urban development planning in Munich.

8786

89PERSPECTIVE MUNICH | What does the future hold?88

Inner-city development

Central railway areas

Freiham

Mittlerer Ring action programme

The Munich inner-city area is subject to a process of ongoing changeand the Inner-City Concept contains principles and measures for its enhancement. As well as pursuing the goal of maintaining andpromoting the diversity of retail trade, work, housing and culture,principles are also formulated which deal with the themes of urbandesign, public space, transportation and the provision of green andopen spaces.

Theresienhöhe

From exhibition park to urban district – such is the history ofMunich’s Theresienhöhe. Directly adjacent to the Bavaria statue and the world-famous Theresienwiese, attractive offices, moderncommercial areas and new apartments will be created in this former trade fair area. In figures: approx 1,4000 apartments forsome 3,200 people and around 4,000 to 5,000 jobs.

Central focus points of

Munich urban development:

compact, urban, green

Between the Main Station and the stations Laim and Pasing,housing will be created in the heart of Munich for 16,000 peoplewith space for up to 19,000 jobs. Mainly used by the Deutsche Bahnrailway company up until just a few years ago, this area is some 8km in length and covers a surface area of approx. 170 ha. Due to therelocation of the container, general cargo and shunting station to thecity periphery, vibrant and distinctive urban areas can now developwhich will blend in with the existing districts – in a nutshell:“compact, urban and green”.

Covering an area of some 350 ha, Freiham in the west of Munich iscomparable to the Messestadt Riem. In the years to come a newurban district will be created here with 10,000 apartments for some20,000 people and up to 10,000 jobs, including some in the field ofbiotechnology.

Messestadt Riem trade fair area

Munich’s most important traffic artery is the Mitterer Ring centralring road. The action programme sets out to cluster automobiletraffic in Munich’s inner-city area in new tunnels and achievecompatibility with urban life. Moreover the quality of urban planningin areas which do not benefit from the new tunnels is to beimproved.

City of MunichDepartment of Urban Planning and Building Regulation, October 2005

At the eastern periphery of Munich, just 7 km from the city centre,the Messestadt Riem trade fair area is being developed on the site of Munich’s former airport. By 2012 there will be housing here for some 16,000 people and work for approximately 13,000. TheRiemer Park to the south was the main venue for the NationalHorticultural Exhibition (Bundesgartenschau) in 2005.

Conversion areas and commercial wasteland

Due to the redesignation of previously monostructural industrialareas and military barracks, almost all Munich districts offer scopefor qualified inner-city development according to the settlementmodel “compact, urban, green”. Examples are as follows: Kronprinz-Rupprecht-Kaserne (1), Bayern-Kaserne (2), Knorr-Bremse (3),Funkkaserne (4), Parkstadt Schwabing (5), Meiller-Moosach (6),Gaswerksgelände (7), Ackermannbogen (8), Prinz-Eugen-Kaserne (9),Ostbahnhof (10), Siemens-Obersendling (11). These projects reduce space consumption, make better use of the city’s existinginfrastructure, create diverse use structures and promote livingspace.

The goal of district development is to strengthen the key functionsof the districts, i.e. social cohesion and independent initiative. Themeasures of the “Social City” programme funded by national andregional government serve this purpose in terms of constructional,socio-cultural and labour market policy. The areas supported by theprogramme: Hasenbergl (A), Milbertshofen (B), Innsbrucker Ring (C),Tegernseer Landstraße/Chiemgaustraße (D). The City of Munich has also initiated the programme “Citizens shape their city” in orderto support new forms of citizen participation. The aim here is tospecifically promote civic involvement within the city districts.Examples are: Zukunftswerkstatt Moosacher Zentrum (E), ZukunftOlympiapark (F), Perspektive Freimann (G). The Hadern city districtdevelopment project has been in progress for a number of years (H).

Development of city districts

1 2

4

5

9

10

11

3

B

A

C

D

E

H

F

G

7

8

6

Partly available at www.muenchen.de/plan

� Münchner Bürgerinnen- und Bürgerbefragung 2005 (Kurzfassung), 2005

� Wohnungssituationsbericht, 2005 � Grünplanung in München, 2005 Schutzgebühr 2,- Euro� Evaluierung Messestadt Riem – Nachhaltige

Stadtentwicklung in München, 2005� Städtebaulicher Pfad (Faltblatt), 2005� Mitdenken, mitreden, mitplanen – Planen und Bauen für

und mit Kindern und Familien, 2005� München wie geplant, 2005 - Schutzgebühr 19,50 Euro� Verkehrskonzept Zentrale Bahnflächen, 2004� Hochhäuser in München, 2004� Bericht zur Wohnungssituation in München 2002 – 2003,

2004, Schutzgebühr 5 -, EUR� Architektur in der Messestadt Riem (Faltblatt), 2004 � Zentrale Bahnflächen München Birketweg (Broschüre),

2004 � Mobilität in Deutschland - Kurzbericht der

Landeshauptstadt München, 2004, Schutzgebühr 5,- Euro� Region München – Entwicklung und Kooperation

(Faltblatt), 2004� Leitlinie Neue Medien – Dokumentation zur

Veranstaltungs- und Ausstellungswoche in der neuenRathausgalerie Januar 2004 (DVD), 2004

� Chancen und Perspektiven für Berg am Laim, Ramersdorfund Giesing – Kurzfassung der Ergebnisse dervorbereitenden Untersuchungen (Faltblatt), 2004

� Der neue Verkehrsentwicklungsplan in der Diskussion –Mobilität in München (Faltblatt), 2004

� 2 Konzepte für den Hauptbahnhof, Ergebnisse derÜberarbeitungsphase zum Wettbewerb HauptbahnhofMünchen und Neugestaltung der Vorplätze (Faltblatt),2004

� Die Perspektive München ist Ausdruck einer neuenPlanungskultur - Die MünchnerStadtentwicklungskonzeption (Faltblatt), 2003

� Berufliche Erstausbildung in MünchenBestandsaufnahme und Analyse (Fortschreibung), 2003

� Soziale Stadt in München (Faltblatt), 2003� Sanierungsgebiet Hasenbergl Integriertes

Handlungskonzept (Broschüre), 2003� Sanierungsgebiet Milbertshofen Integriertes

Handlungskonzept (Broschüre), 2003� Münchner Bürgerbefragung 2000 (Kurzfassung), 2002 � Leitlinie Ökologie (Broschüre), 2002, vergriffen� Leitlinie Ökologie (Faltblatt), 2002, vergriffen� Wohnen in München III, 2002 � Rund um den Ostbahnhof (Faltblatt), 2002� Handlungsprogramm Mittlerer Ring – Dokumentation der

Kolloquien am 9. und 16. Juni 2001, 2002 � Wohnen in München, Wohnungsbau gestern – heute –

morgen (CD), 2002, vorhanden - Schutzgebühr 2,- Euro

� Standortperspektive für die Wirtschaft – DasGewerbeflächenentwicklungsprogramm, 2002, vergriffen

� München Modell – Kostengünstiger Wohnungsbau –München Modell Eigentum (Faltblatt), 2002

� München Modell – Kostengünstiger Wohnungsbau –München Modell Miete (Faltblatt), 2002

� Zukunft findet statt – Wohnen in München (Broschüre,CD und Stadtplan), 2002

� Machbarkeitsstudie München 21, 2001� Entwicklungsperspektiven für den Einzelhandel, 2001,

vergriffen � Stadtteilentwicklung in München – Rahmenkonzept zur

Stadtteilentwicklung, 2001� Soziale Stadt – Neue Ansätze in der Stadtsanierung und

Stadtteilentwicklung (Dokumentation, Broschüre), 2000� Bevölkerungsprognosen 1999 der Landeshauptstadt

München, 2000, Schutzgebühr 5,- Euro

� Perspektive München – Eine Zusammenfassung desStadtentwicklungskonzeptes 1998, 1999

� The Munich Perspective – A summary of the 1998 urbandevelopment strategy, 1999

� Die Rolle der Städte in einem Europa der Regionen,1998� Experten und Akteure diskutieren das neue

Stadtentwicklungskonzept, 1997� Mehr Bürgernähe durch Projekt- und Stadtteilplanung,

1997� Stadt der Frauen - Stadt für alle, 1997� Lebenssituation ausländischer Bürgerinnen und Bürger in

München, 1997� Hochhausstudie – Leitlinien zu Raumstruktur und

Stadtbild, 1996� Erholungsrelevante Freiflächenversorgung für das

Stadtgebiet, 1995� Soziale Entwicklung München 2000, 1995� Entwicklungschancen deutscher Städte - Die Folgen der

Vereinigung, 1995

91

Project leaders/overall coordination as well as

“Social Harmony”, “City District Development”

Herbert Folda Department of Urban Planning and Building Regulation,HAI/21Tel. 089-23324823, E-Mail: [email protected] – PlanTreff:

Anne Hogeback Department of Urban Planning and Building Regulation,HAI/02Tel. 089-23326281, E-Mail: [email protected]“Economy”, “New Media”

Alexander Lang Department of Urban Planning and Building Regulation,HAI/24Tel. 089-23324108, E-Mail: [email protected]“Regional Cooperation”

Hubert MüllerDepartment of Urban Planning and Building Regulation,HAI/12Tel. 089-23324740, E-Mail: [email protected]“Inner City Development”

Holger UrbanDepartment of Urban Planning and Building Regulation, HAI/41Tel. 089-23322789, E-Mail: [email protected]“City Structure”

Julia KrugDepartment of Urban Planning and Building Regulation, HAI/41Tel. 089-23322519, E-Mail: [email protected]

Picture credits:

03 München, WGF Nürnberg, competition design 1st prize, 2002 – page 51Anderhup, G. – page 82Auer + Weber, Munich, competition design – page 53 rightBeierle – pages 4, 57Boegly – page 38 leftBräu, M. – page 73 topDigital Vision, photography agency – page 31 Gewers Kühn + Kühn, Berlin, competition design – page 53 leftHenthorn – pages 38 right, 39 leftHogeback, A. – page 49Image Source, photography agency – title, pages 26, 27KCAP (Kees Christiaanse) / ASTOC Rotterdam/Cologne, draft – page 47 leftCity of Munich, Department of Construction – page 71 bottomCity of Munich, Department of Culture – page 81 bottomCity of Munich, City Archive – page 80City of Munich, Land Surveying Office – page 50lothringer dreizehn – page 81 bottomMahl-Gebhard, Munich, draft, 2004 – page 77Mobinet – page 68MRG Massnahmeträger München-Riem GmbH – page 76 topMüller, H. – page 76 bottom

MVG Münchner Verkehrsgesellschaft mbH – page 60Nagy, M. City of Munich, Press Office – pages 7, 25, 29, 30, 64, 72, 73 bottom, 75, 83,Neubig – page 69Photo Alto, photography agency – pages 84, 85Planungsgemeinschaft Zwischenräume, Munich – page 47 middlePlanungsverband Äußerer Wirtschaftsraum Munich – pages 34, 35Prof. Steidle with Thomanek and Duquesnoy, Overall Urban Planning Concept,status 2001 – page 49Reiß-Schmidt, S. – pages 47 right, 56, 57Schultz-Brauns & Reinhart Architects, Munich – page 48Schwibinger – page 55Semmerling, S. – page 32Thomsen, M. – page 60Vancutsem, D. – page 14Wameser, S. – page 81 topWandel, Hoefer, Lorch, Saarbrücken, competition design 1st prize – page 79

Maps, diagrams and pictures unless otherwise stated:Department of Urban Planning and Building Regulation

“Mobility”

Georg KoppenDepartment of Urban Planning and Building Regulation,HA I/31Tel. 089-23322761, E-Mail: [email protected]“Citizen Safety”

Michael LabaLocal Authority Administration Department, KVR I/22 Tel. 089-23344650, E-Mail: [email protected]“Ecology”

Susanne Hutter v. Knorring Department of Urban Planning and Building Regulation, HAII/5Tel. 089-23322272 E-Mail: [email protected] PatschDepartment for Environment and Health, RGU UW 14, Tel.089-23347730, E-Mail: [email protected]“Leisure”:

Dr. Ruth MächlerDepartment of Urban Planning and Building Regulation,HAI/21Tel. 089-23324056, E-Mail: [email protected]“Culture”

Stefanie Reichelt Department for Culture, Tel. 089-23328566, KULT RL-K, E-Mail: [email protected]

Contacts Publications

Imprint

Publications

PERSPEKTIVE MÜNCHEN | Contacts, publications90

Editorial team: Herbert Folda, Dr. Ruth Mächler, Anne Hogeback

with the support of other staff of the Department of Urban Planning andBuilding Regulation as well as other City of Munich departmentsDesign: HundB_gestaltet, MunichPrinting: Weber Offset, Munich

Status: October 2005

Published by:City of Munich

Department of Urban Planning and Building Regulation

Urban Development PlanningBlumenstr. 3180331 Munichwww.muenchen.de/[email protected]

Department of Urban Planning and

Building Regulation

shaping the future of munich perspective munich

Documents