Sharing Lessons from Pig Value Chain: South Asia & South East Asia

Rameswar (Ram) Deka

International Symposium on Managing Risk in Pork Market Hanoi, Vietnam

23rd to 25th April 2012

South & South East Asia

Pig Density

Source: FAO, 2006

Pig population & growth

South East Asia South Asia

Country Popul. (mil) Country Popul. (mil)

Myanmar 4.49 (5.7%) India 13.50 (3.5%)

Thailand 6.68 (3.7%) Nepal 0.93 (5.2%)

Laos 1.42 (-2.0%) Bhutan 0.04 (-0.1%)

Cambodia 2.11 (0.20) Sri Lanka 0.07 (-3.5%)

The Philippines

11.65 (4.1%) Bangladesh ?

Singapore 0.19 Pakistan ?

Vietnam 21.74 (4.9%) Afghanistan Zoo animal ?

Indonesia 6.00 (- 4.2%)

Maldives ?

Malaysia 2.10 (-5.5%)

Asia shares 43% of global pig output Source: FAO

Basic Comparison

Particulars S0uth East Asia South Asia

Pig rearing community

All communities except few

Only few communities

Social- cultural value (worshiping, sacrificial, gift, fine etc.)

High High

Livelihood importance

High (20-40% of HH income )

High (20-40% of HH income)

Government policy focus towards pig

High Low

Industrial pig production

Yes No

Contract farming (integrator)

Yes No

Pig and pork is most important only in North Eastern part of India in S Asia. The region have 3.8 mil pigs

Farming sizeSouth East Asia South Asia

Vietnam/ Philippines/ Thailand/ Indonesia/Malaysia

Smallholders (1-10 pigs): 75%

Medium(10-500 pigs): 15%

Large (>500): 10%

India Smallholder (1-5 pigs): 95%

Medium (5-300 pigs): 5%

Large (>300): Nil

Laos/ Cambodia/ Myanmar

Smallholders (1-10 pigs): 85%

Medium (10-500 pigs): 15%

Nepal/ Bhutan/ Sri Lanka

Smallholders (1-5 pigs): 98%

Medium (5-300 pigs): 2%

There is lot of variation within & between the countries and classifications are also different

Breeds & BreedingParticulars SE Asia S Asia

Indigenous pigs (declining rapidly)

Mong cai, Ban, short year pig, Moolat etc.

Doom, Madhuri, Bampudke, Hurra, Dromfak etc.

Exotic pigs (increasing rapidly in SEA but very slow growth in SA)

LWY, LB, Landrace, Duroc, Berkshire etc. (>15% exotic)

Hampshire, LWY,LB, Saddleback, Tamworth, Landrace, Duroc (< 2%)

Cross bred (increasing rapidly)

> 70% pig population >80% of India’s pig population

Preferred colour of pigs

Preference varies Black

Strategic breeding programme at smallholders level

Not sure No

Natural breeding (fee based)

Popular in the villages Popular in the villages

Artificial Insemination

Available in well accessible areas

Available only 2-3 areas

Lean, low productFatty, high productive

Characterisation of indigenous breeds of pigs in S & SE Asia is essential

Fig: Mong Cai pig, Vietnam Fig: Ban pig, Vietnam

Fig: Indigenous pig, Laos Fig: Indigenous (doom) pig, India

Indigenous Pigs

Herd Type

Particulars SE Asia S Asia

Breeding 25% 10%

Fattening 45% 80%

Breeding + Fattening 30% 10%

Inadequate availability of good breeding stock is the major challenge for improvement of piggery in S Asia. But in SE Asia, good quality piglets are suppliers by industrial pig farms.

Feeds & FeedingParticulars SE Asia S Asia

Major ingredients (smallholders)

Maize, rice bran, broken rice, cassava, sweet potato, legumes, banana leaf, fish meal, soybean meal, jungle forages

Residue of rice bear, rice bran, wheat bran, kitchen waste, taro, cassava, jungle forages, maize

Production & distribution of concentrate feed

High Negligible

Cultivation of food-feed crops for feeding pigs.

Popular Not popular

Feed ingredients are mixed & cooked

Common Common

Smallholders pig feed- low in protein but high in energy

True True

Competition of pig feed with human food

High Low

Fig: Pig sty , Vietnam Fig: Pig sty, Laos

Fig: Pig sty, Cambodia Fig: Pig sty, North East India

Housing

Diseases & PreventionParticulars SE Asia S Asia

Major diseases

PRRS, CSFFMD

CSF FMD Swine Pox

Minor diseases

Parasitic infestationSwine Dysentery, ErysipelasSwine Influenza

Parasitic infestation, Piglet anaemia,Piglet Diarrhoea,

Treatment 80% households near towns & 30% in villages treat the pigs

About 60% households near towns and 10% in village treat the pig

Treatment is done

Mainly by farmers themselves

Mainly by farmers themselves

Vaccination 30- 90% pigs are vaccinated against CSF

<2% pigs are vaccinated against CSF

Deworming 30-80% pigs are dewormed

5-20% pigs are dewormed

PRRS is the emerging threat for the pig population of South Asia

No PRRS

MarketsParticuars SE Asia S Asia

Pork consumers Almost all communities Only certain communities

Transportation mechanism

By motorbike By auto van or mini truck

Paperwork for trading

High Low

Premium price for pork of indigenous pigs

Yes Yes

Organised slaughter infrastructure

Available in major cities Scanty

Market demand at the farm gate

Moderate High

Market efficiency for smallholders

Low High

Market challenges for smallholders

High Low

Fig: Pork market, Northern VietnamFig: Pork market, Dimapur, India

Fig: Pork market, HanoiFig: Pig transported by motorbike

Markets

Trend of consumption & growth

Particulars SE Asia S Asia

Increased in consumption of pork

Vietnam, Thailand, The Philippines, Cambodia & Myanmar ( growth 1.4- 5.0% year)

India, Nepal, Bhutan

Decreased in consumption of pork

Indonesia, Malaysia & Laos

Sri Lanka

Major exporter Vietnam, Thailand & Indonesia

- (Informal border trade)

Major importer The Philippines & Malaysia

- (Informal border trade)

Per capita consumption

6-15 kgs/ year 0.76 kg/year in India, 8.37 kg/year in Nagaland (NE India)

Food Safety & ZoonosisParticulars SE Asia S Asia

Disease animal sold Yes Yes

Use of soap, detergents, antiseptic, hot water, clean dress during retailing

Poor (better in city) Poor

Transportation of carcass Without covering Without covering

Unsafe coliform count Above acceptable level (82% in Vietnam)

Above acceptable level (80% in Nagaland)

Total plate count Above acceptable level (50% in Vietnam)

Above acceptable level

Antibiotic residue in pork Yes (20% samples in Nagaland)

Consumption of smoked pork

? Common in NE India

Important zoonotic diseases

1. Japanese Encephalitis2. Colibacillosis3. Leptospirosis

1. Japanese Encephalitis2. Cysticercosis3. Taeniasis

Main Lessons that S Asia can lean from SE Asia

Better feeding through cultivation of food-feed crops & incorporation of concentrates.

Popularisation of vaccination & deworming programme among smallholders.

Encouraging private investment for pig breeding & feed milling.

Govt. stimulation package & policy environment for the investors.

Smallholders pig transportation mechanism.Better hygiene prevails in pork retailing at major

urban centers.

Thanks for your Patience