sharks, skates, rays shark rayskate shark. 460+ species streamlined body cartilaginous skeleton oil...
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sharks, skates, rays
shark
ray skate
shark
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460+ species
Streamlined body
Cartilaginous skeleton
Oil in Liver
Must swim continuously
Sharks
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Sharks have a head, a middle called a trunk, and a tail.
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water enters spiracles caudal fin
… and exits through 5to 7 pairs of gill slits
heterocercal tail
teeth are shed and replaced
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Different kinds of sharks havedifferent kinds of tails.
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Predators with teeth!
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Hammerheads are aggressive hunters, feeding on smaller fish, octopuses, squid, and crustaceans. They do not actively seek out human prey, but are very defensive and will attack when provoked.
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Nurse sharks prefer to dwell near the sea floor in the warm, shallow waters of the western Atlantic and eastern Pacific oceans.
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The mouthy basking shark is a filter-feeder. It is the second-largest shark, after the whale shark, reaching lengths up to 33 feet (10 meters).
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Sharks’ teeth are modified placoid scales
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… but the largest sharks filterplankton (free floating, mostly
microscopic organisms)
maximum length: 15.2 m but most <10 m
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The whale shark filters plankton
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How sharks (almost) achieveneutral buoyancy
Cartilaginous skeleton (bone is dense)• Pectoral fins, surface of the head and heterocercal tailprovide lift• Large livers with large quantities of lipids (sp. gr.= 0.90-0.92)and squalene (sp. gr. = 0.86). (Specific gravity of seawater = 1.026.)… but are still negatively buoyant andmust swim continuously
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Most sharks are viviparous!
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• oviparous – eggs laid outside the
mother’s body
• ovoviviparous – mother retains
eggs in uterus; embryo nourished
by egg yolk; young born alive
• viviparous – embryos develop in
the uterus nourished by the
mother’s blood through a placenta
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Direct development:a shark pup emerges from its egg.
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Despite their rows of ragged teeth and vicious appearance, sand tiger sharks are actually rather docile, usually attacking humans only in self-defense.
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Confirmed Unprovoked Shark AttacksConfirmed Unprovoked Shark Attacks
• Florida – 717 Fatal-11• Hawaii – 129• California – 114 Fatal-10• South Carolina – 82 Fatal-2• North Carolina – 52 Fatal-3• Texas – 39 Fatal-3• Oregon – 26• Delaware – 4• Maryland - 0• Total in USA from 1837-2014:
1,052Source: Florida Museum of Natural History
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Skates and rays: cartilaginous fish
collectively known as “batoids”
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What is the difference between skates and rays?
Rays are kite-shaped with streamlined tails
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Skates have fleshy tails with small fins
Clearnose Skate
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Sting ray with spine (modified placoid
scale) with venom gland at base.
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skate
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Manta ray: a plankton feeder
6 m
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All skates lay eggs;rays are ovoviviparous!
Mermaid’s purse (skates)
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Rays• fewer species• long, thin tail without fins• stingray tail armed with spines• ovoviviparousSkates• more species• thicker tail with fins• horns on tail• oviparous