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The Age of Iron 29

THINKING ABOUT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: Smelting Metals: Making Bronze and Iron 30

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 1.4: The Assyrian Empire, ca. 662 B.C.E. 31

Rule by Terror: The Assyrians, 911–612 B.C.E. 31Babylonian Rule, 612–539 B.C.E. 32Rule by Tolerance: The Persian Empire, ca. 550–330 B.C.E. 33

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 1.5: The Persian Empire, ca. 500 B.C.E. 34

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 1.3: Cambyses Conquers Egypt 35

LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD 36

THE WORLD & THE WEST: The Ancient World, 700 B.C.E.–400 C.E. 38

CHAPTER 2

THE CONTEST FOR EXCELLENCE: GREECE, 2000338 B.C.E. 41THE RISE AND FALL OF ANCIENT HEROES, 2000800 B.C.E. 42

The Greek Peninsula 42The Minoans, 2000–1450 B.C.E. 42

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 2.1: The World of the Greeks 43

Mycenaean Civilization: The First Greeks, 2000–1100 B.C.E. 45From Dark Ages to Colonies 46

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 2.2: The Greek Colonies in About 500 B.C.E. 47

EMERGING FROM THE DARK: HEROIC BELIEFS AND VALUES 47

Heroic Values Preserved 47The Family of the Gods 49

GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Transforming Science in Asia Minor 50

Studying the Material World 51

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES : VISUALS: A Warrior’s Death: Suicide of Ajax, Athenian Vase, ca. 450 B.C.E. 52

LIFE IN THE GREEK POLEIS 52The Invention of Politics 52The Heart of the Polis 53Fears and Attachments in Greek Emotional Life 54Athens: City of Democracy 54

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 2.1: Theseus Founds the City of Athens 56

Sparta: A Military State 57The Love of the Contest: Olympic Games 58The Persian Wars, 490–479 B.C.E. 58

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 2.3: The Persian Wars, 490–479 B.C.E. 59

Herodotus: The Father of History 61

CHAPTER 1

THE ROOTS OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION: THE ANCIENT MIDDLE EAST TO THE SIXTH CENTURY B.C.E. 3BEFORE WESTERN CIVILIZATION 4

Out of Africa: The Paleolithic Period, 600,000–10,000 B.C.E. 4The Neolithic Period: The First Stirrings of Agriculture,

10,000–3000 B.C.E. 6

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 1.1: Mesopotamia and Egypt, ca. 2000 B.C.E. 7

STRUGGLING WITH THE FORCES OF NATURE: MESOPOTAMIA, ca. 3000ca. 1000 B.C.E. 8

The Origins of Western Civilization 9Life in a Sumerian City 10Gods and Goddesses of the River Valley 10The Development of Writing 12Laws and Justice 12Indo-Europeans: New Contributions in the Story of the West 13Hittites Establish Their Empire 14

RULE OF THE GODKING: ANCIENT EGYPT, ca. 31001000 B.C.E. 14

Prosperity and Order: The Old Kingdom, ca. 2700–2181 B.C.E. 15

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 1.1: An Egyptian Nobleman Writes His Obituary 16

Hieroglyphs: Sacred Writing 16

GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Nubia: The Passage from the Mediterranean to the Heart of Africa 17

Pyramids and the Afterlife 18

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 1.2: The Ancient Near East, ca. 1450 B.C.E. 20

Changing Political Fortunes, ca. 2200–1570 B.C.E. 20Political Expansion: The New Kingdom, 1570–1085 B.C.E. 21

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Egyptian Fresco, ca. 1295–1186 B.C.E. 21

The Religious Experiment of Akhenaten, ca. 1377–1360 B.C.E. 22

The Twilight of the Egyptian Empire, 1360–ca. 1000 B.C.E. 22

BIOGRAPHY: Hatshepsut (r. 1473–1458 B.C.E.) 24

PEOPLES OF THE MEDITERRANEAN COAST, CA. 1300500 B.C.E. 24

The Phoenicians: Traders on the Sea 24The People of the One God: Early Hebrew

History, 1500–900 B.C.E. 25A Jealous God, 1300–587 B.C.E. 26

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 1.2: King Solomon Secures His Realm’s Fortune 27

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 1.3: Mediterranean Coast in the First Millennium B.C.E. 28

Judaism in Exile 29

TERROR AND BENEVOLENCE: THE GROWTH OF EMPIRES, 1200500 B.C.E. 29

CO

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GREECE ENTERS ITS CLASSICAL AGE, 479336 B.C.E. 61Athens Builds an Empire, 477–431 B.C.E. 61Artistic Athens 62Greek Theater: Exploring Complex Moral Problems 64

DESTRUCTION, DISILLUSION, AND A SEARCH FOR MEANING 65

The Peloponnesian War, 431–404 B.C.E. 65

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 2.2: A Playwright Reflects on the Meaning of Life 66

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 2.4: The Peloponnesian War, 431–404 B.C.E. 67

BIOGRAPHY: Xanthippus, Son of Pericles 68Philosophical Musings: Athens Contemplates Defeat 68Tragedy and Comedy: Innovations in Greek Theater 70Hippocrates and Medicine 71The Aftermath of War, 404–338 B.C.E. 71

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 2.3: Ten Thousand Greek Mercenaries Return Home 72

LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD 73

CHAPTER 3

THE POLEIS BECOME COSMOPOLITAN: THE HELLENISTIC WORLD, 336150 B.C.E. 75THE CONQUEST OF THE POLEIS 76

Tribal Macedonia 76Philip II: Military Genius 76Death of the King 77Alexander’s Conquests 78

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 3.1: Alexander’s Empire 79

A Young Ruler’s Legacy 80

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 3.1: Alexander Restores Greek Exiles 81

THE SUCCESSOR KINGDOMS, 323ca. 100 B.C.E. 82Egypt Under the Ptolemies 82

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 3.2: The Successor States After the Death of Alexander, ca. 240 B.C.E. 83

BIOGRAPHY: Arsinoë II (315–ca. 270 B.C.E.) 84The Seleucids Rule Asia 84Antigonids in Greece 86

EAST MEETS WEST IN THE SUCCESSOR KINGDOMS 87Money in the New Cosmopolitan Economies 87Armies of the Hellenistic World 88A True Cultural Blending? 89Struggles and Successes: Life in the Cosmopolitan Cities 89

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 3.2: Cities Celebrate Professional Women 91

Patronage, Planning, and Passion: Hellenistic Art 92Resistance to Hellenism: Judaism, 323–76 B.C.E. 93

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 3.3: Judas Maccabeus Liberates Jerusalem 94

THE SEARCH FOR TRUTH: HELLENISTIC THOUGHT, RELIGION, AND SCIENCE 95

A Life of Learning 95Theater and Literature 95Cynics, Epicureans, and Stoics: Cosmopolitan Philosophy 96New Religions of Hope 97Hellenistic Science 98

THINKING ABOUT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: Finding One’s Way at Sea: The Invention of Latitude and Longitude 99

LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD 100

CHAPTER 4

PRIDE IN FAMILY AND CITY: ROME FROM ITS ORIGINS THROUGH THE REPUBLIC, 75344 B.C.E. 103THE RISE OF ROME, 753265 B.C.E. 104

A Great City Is Founded 104

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 4.1: Italian Peninsula, ca. 700 B.C.E. 105

The Etruscan Infl uence 105The Roman Monarchy, ca. 753–509 B.C.E. 106Governing an Emerging Republic, 509–287 B.C.E. 107Informal Governance: Patrons and Clients 108

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 4.1: The Power of Public Opinion 109

Dominating the Italian Peninsula 109

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 4.2: Rome During the Republic 110

FAMILY LIFE AND CITY LIFE 110

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 4.3: Italy, 265 B.C.E. 111

A Pious, Practical People 112Loyalty to the Family 112The Challenges of Childhood 113Life in the City 113

EXPANSION AND TRANSFORMATION,

265133 B.C.E. 114The Romans’ Victorious Army 114

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Trajan’s Column 115

Wars of the Mediterranean 115

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 4.4: Expansion of the Roman Republic, 264–44 B.C.E. 117

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The Reforms of Diocletian, 285–305 C.E. 148

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 5.2: Diocletian Becomes “Lord” 149

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY: Diocletian’s Division of the Empire, 304 C.E. 150

The Capital Moves East 150

THE LONGING FOR RELIGIOUS FULFILLMENT 151Stoicism and Platonism 152Mystery Cults 152The Four Faces of Judaism 153

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 5.5: Israel at the Time of Jesus 154

The Jesus Movement 155Early Christian Communities 157

FROM CHRISTIAN PERSECUTION TO THE CITY OF GOD, 64410 C.E. 157

Looking for Christian Scapegoats 158Constantine: The Tolerant Emperor 158

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 5.3: Titus Destroys Jerusalem 159

The Empire Adopts Christianity 160

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 5.6: The Spread of Christianity to 311 C.E. 161

The New Roman 163Asceticism and the Holy Dead 163

BIOGRAPHY: Melania the Younger (385–ca. 439) 165

LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD 166

THE WORLD & THE WEST: Looking Ahead to the Middle Ages: 400–1400 168

CHAPTER 6

A WORLD DIVIDED: WESTERN KINGDOMS, BYZANTIUM, AND THE ISLAMIC WORLD, CA. 3761000 171THE MAKING OF THE WESTERN KINGDOMS, ca. 376750 172

Life in a German Clan and Family 172Germanic Clothing and Food 173Heroic Society 173Inf iltrating the Roman Empire, 376–476 174

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 6.1: Germanic Invasions, Fifth Century 175

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 6.1: The Huns Menace Rome 176

Did Rome “Fall”? 176Rise and Fall of a Frankish Dynasty, ca. 485–750 178Accomplishments and Destruction in Italy, ca. 490–750 178The Visigoths in Spain, 418–711 179

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 4.2: Hannibal Triumphs at the Battle of Cannae 118

An Infl ux of Slaves 119Economic Disparity and Social Unrest 120

BIOGRAPHY: Publius Terentius Afer (Terence) (ca. 190–159 B.C.E.) 121

THE HELLENIZING OF THE REPUBLIC 122Roman Engineering: Fusing Utility and Beauty 122Concrete: A New Building Material 123Latin Comedy and the Great Prose Writers,

240–44 B.C.E. 123

THE TWILIGHT OF THE REPUBLIC, 13344 B.C.E. 125The Reforms of the Gracchi, 133–123 B.C.E. 125Populares vs. Optimates: The Eruption of Civil Wars,

123–46 B.C.E. 126Julius Caesar, 100–44 B.C.E. 127The Roman Republic Ends 127

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 4.3: Conspirators Assassinate Julius Caesar 128

LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD 129

CHAPTER 5

TERRITORIAL AND CHRISTIAN EMPIRES: THE ROMAN EMPIRE, 31 B.C.E.410 C.E. 133THE PAX ROMANA, 27 B.C.E.180 C.E. 134

Augustus Takes Power 134A New Form of Governing 135

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 5.1: Augustus Tallies His Accomplishments 137

Challenges to the Principate, 69–193 C.E. 137

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 5.1: City of Rome During the Empire 139

GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: China’s Han Dynasty and the Silk Road 140

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 5.3: The Roman Empire, 44 B.C.E.–284 C.E. 141

A Vibrant, Far-Flung Empire 141

LIFE DURING THE PEACE OF ROME 143A New Decadence 143

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Wall Painting from a Baker’s Shop in Pompeii, ca. 70 C.E. 144

The Problem with Population 144Sexual and Medical Misunderstandings 145The Games 145

THINKING ABOUT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: Ancient Medicine: Bodies Out of Balance 146

CRISIS AND TRANSFORMATION, 192ca. 400 C.E. 147The Military Monarchy 147Ravaged by Recession, Infl ation, and Plague 148

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Governing the Kingdom 207Alfred the Great: King and Scholar 208

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 7.2: England in 886 209

CHARLEMAGNE AND THE CAROLINGIANS: A NEW EUROPEAN EMPIRE 209

Charlemagne’s Kingdom 210

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 7.3: The Empire of Charlemagne, ca. 800 211

Linking Politics and Religion 211Negotiating with Byzantium and Islam 212

GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The ’Abbasid Caliphate and Charlemagne 213

An Intellectual Rebirth 213

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 7.2: Charlemagne Promotes Educational Reforms 214

STRUGGLE FOR ORDER IN THE CHURCH 215Monasteries Contribute to an Ordered World 216

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 7.3: A Comet Predicts Disaster 217

ORDER INTERRUPTED: VIKINGS AND OTHER INVADERS 217

Competing for the Realm: Charlemagne’s Descendants 217

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 7.4: Partition of the Carolingian Empire, 843—Treaty of Verdun 218

“The Wrath of the Northmen”: Scandinavian Life and Values 218

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 7.5: Invasions of Europe, Ninth and Tenth Centuries 219

Viking Travels and Conquests 220An Age of Invasions: Assessing the Legacy 221

BIOGRAPHY: Dhuoda, Bernard, & William (ca. 840) 222

MANORS AND FEUDAL TIES: ORDER EMERGING FROM CHAOS 223

Peasants and Lords: Mutual Obligations on the Medieval Manor 223

Noble Warriors: Feudal Obligations Among the Elite 224

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Vassal Receiving Fief 225

Merriment, Marriage, and Medicine: A Noble’s Life 226

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 7.4: A Wife Steals an Inheritance 227

LOOKING BACK &  MOVING FORWARD 228

CHAPTER 8

ORDER RESTORED: THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES, 10001300 231THOSE WHO WORK: AGRICULTURAL LABOR 232

Harnessing the Power of Water and Wind 232

The Growing Power of the Popes 180Monasteries: Peaceful Havens 181

THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE, ca. 4001000 182Justinian and Theodora, r. 527–565 182Constantinople: The Vibrant City 183

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Mosaics in San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy, 548 184

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 6.2 : Justinian’s Conquests, 554 185

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 6.3: The Byzantine Empire, Eighth Century 186

Military Might and Diplomatic Dealings 186Breaking Away from the West 187Converting the Slavs, 560–ca. 1000 189

ISLAM, 6001000 190The Prophet 190The Religion 190The Spread of Islam 191

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 6.4: The Expansion of Islam to 750 192

Creating an Islamic Unity 193

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 6.2: Christians Accept Caliph Umar’s Terms 194

The Gracious Life 194Forces of Disunity 195

GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Yemen: Monotheism Spreads to Southern Arabia 196

Heirs to Hellenistic Learning 197

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 6.5: Islam, ca. 1000 198

BIOGRAPHY: Avicenna (Ibn Sina) (980–1037) 199

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 6.3: Shahrazád Mollifi es a Murderous King 200

Islam and the West 200

LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD 201

CHAPTER 7

THE STRUGGLE TO BRING ORDER: THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES, CA. 7501000 203BRINGING ORDER WITH LAWS AND LEADERSHIP 204

The Rule of Law 204

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 7.1: The Visigoths Lay Down the Laws 205

ANGLOSAXON ENGLAND: FORWARDING LEARNING AND LAW 206

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 7.1: Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms, ca. 700 206

The Venerable Bede: Recording Science and History 207

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CHAPTER 9

THE WEST STRUGGLES AND EASTERN EMPIRES FLOURISH: THE LATE MIDDLE AGES, CA. 13001500 265ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL MISERY 266

Famine 266The Black Death: A Pandemic Strikes 266

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 9.1: The Spread of the Black Death 267

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 9.1: Agnolo the Fat Survives the Plague 268

Peasants and Townspeople Revolt 269

IMPERIAL PAPACY BESIEGED 271Popes Move to Avignon 271Things Get Worse: The Great Schism 271

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 9.2: The Great Schism,1378–1417 272

The Conciliar Movement 273New Critics of the Church 273

MORE DESTRUCTION: THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR, 13371453 274

England vs. France 274

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 9.3: The Hundred Years’ War, 1337–1453 275

Joan of Arc 276

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 9.2: Joan of Arc Is Defi ant 277

Results of the War 277

RESPONSES TO THE DISRUPTION OF MEDIEVAL ORDER 278

William of Ockham Reconsiders Scholasticism 278New Literary Giants 278

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Illumination from a Book of Hours, Fifteenth Century 280

A New View: Jan van Eyck 281

EMPIRES IN THE EAST 281

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 9.4: The Mongol Empire, ca. 1300 282

Eastern Universalism: The Mongols 282

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 9.3: A Franciscan Missionary Goes to China 283

The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1566 284

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 9.5: The Ottoman Empire,1300–1566 285

Russia: The Third Rome 285

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 9.6: The Rise of Moscow, 1325–1533 286

BIOGRAPHY: Vlad III Dracula (the Impaler), King of Wallachia (1431–1476) 287

LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD 288

New Agricultural Techniques 233The Population Doubles 233

THINKING ABOUT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: Catching the Wind: The Development of Windmills 234

THOSE OUTSIDE THE ORDER: TOWN LIFE 235Communes and Guilds: Life in a Medieval Town 235

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 8.1: German Migration Eastward 235

The Widening Web of Trade 236

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 8.2: Trade Routes, Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries 237

The Glory of God: Church Architecture 238The Rise of Universities 239Scholasticism: The Height of Medieval Philosophy 240

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 8.1: Guibert of Nogent Describes His Education 241

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 8.3: Medieval Universities 242

BIOGRAPHY: Ramón Lull (ca. 1232–1316) 244Discovering the Physical World 245

THOSE WHO FIGHT: NOBLES AND KNIGHTS 245Castles: Medieval Homes and Havens 245The Ideals of Chivalry 246The Literature of Chivalry 247In Praise of Romantic Love 247

THE RISE OF CENTRALIZED MONARCHIES 248England: From Conquest to Parliament 248

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 8.4: Medieval France, England, and Germany, Tenth through Fourteenth Centuries 250

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 8.5: Christian Expansion in Iberia 251

The Spanish Reconquer Their Lands 251France and Its Patient Kings 252The Myth of Universal Rule: The Holy Roman Empire 253

THOSE WHO PRAY: IMPERIAL POPES AND EXPANDING CHRISTENDOM 254

A Call for Church Reform 254The Investiture Controversy 254The Byzantine Empire Struggles 256Christians on the March: The Crusades, 1096–1291 256

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 8.2: Princess Anna Komnene Writes of Byzantium’s Troubles 257

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 8.6: The Early Crusades, 1096–1192 258

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 8.7: The Late Crusades, 1202–1270 260

Criticism of the Church 260The Church Accommodates: Franciscans and

Dominicans 261The Church Suppresses: The Albigensian

Crusade and the Inquisition 261

LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD 263

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Visual Arts in Northern Europe 316

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 10.3: France in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries 317

English Humanism 317

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 10.3: A Courtier Describes a Suspicious King—Louis the Spider 318

Renaissance London: A Booming City 319England’s Pride: William Shakespeare 319

LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD 320

CHAPTER 11

“ALONE BEFORE GOD”: RELIGIOUS REFORM AND WARFARE, 15001648 323THE CLASH OF DYNASTIES, 15151555 324

Land-Hungry Monarchs 324The Changing Rules of Warfare 324

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 11.1: Europe in 1526—Habsburg-Valois Wars 325

THINKING ABOUT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: Destruction and Amusement: The Development and Uses of Gunpowder 326

Winners and Losers 327

BIOGRAPHY: Martin Guerre (1524–1594) 328The Habsburg-Valois Wars, 1521–1544 328

A TIDE OF RELIGIOUS REFORM 329The Best Path to Salvation? 329Desiderius Erasmus: “Prince of Humanists” 330Luther’s Revolution 330

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 11.1: Germans Rage Against Papal Exploitation 331

Protestant Religious Ideas 332The Reformed Church Takes Root in Germany 333Bringing Reform to the States in Switzerland 334Anabaptists: The Radical Reformers 335Calvinism and the Growing Middle Class 335

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 11.2: Marie Dentière Defends Reformation Women’s Rights 336

Henry VIII and the English Church 337

THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION 340The Stirring of Reform in Spain 340

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 11.2: Religions in Europe, ca. 1600 341

The Society of Jesus 342

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 11.3: Ignatius Loyola Argues for Education as a Solution 343

The Council of Trent, 1545–1563 343Catholics on the Off ense 344

EUROPE ERUPTS AGAIN: A CENTURY OF RELIGIOUS WARFARE, 15591648 346

CHAPTER 10

A NEW SPIRIT IN THE WEST: THE RENAISSANCE, CA. 13001640 291A NEW SPIRIT EMERGES: INDIVIDUALISM, REALISM, AND ACTIVISM 292

The Renaissance: A Controversial Idea 292Why Italy? 293A Multifaceted Movement 293Humanism: The Path to Self-Improvement 294The Generosity of Patrons: Supporting New Ideas 295

BIOGRAPHY: Isabella d’Este (1474–1539) 296

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 10.1: Isabella d’Este Implores Leonardo da Vinci to Paint for Her 297

The Invention of the Printing Press: Spreading New Ideas 297

THINKING ABOUT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY:An Information Revolution: The Printing Press 298

THE POLITICS OF INDIVIDUAL EFFORT 298The Italian City-States 298

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 10.1: Italy in 1454 299

Florence: Birthplace of the Renaissance 299Venice: The Serene Republic? 300

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 10.2: Friar Savonarola Ignites a “Bonfi re of the Vanities” 301

Milan and Naples: Two Principalities 301

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 10.2: The Venetian Empire in the Fifteenth Century 302

The Papal States 303The Art of Diplomacy 304

INDIVIDUALISM AS SELFINTEREST: LIFE DURING THE RENAISSANCE 305

Growing Intolerance 305Economic Boom Times 305Slavery Revived 306Finding Comfort in Family 307Children’s Lives 308

AN AGE OF TALENT AND BEAUTY: RENAISSANCE CULTURE AND SCIENCE 309

Artists and Artisans 309Architecture: Echoing the Human Form 309Sculpture Comes into Its Own 311Painting from a New Perspective 312

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Raphael, School of Athens, 1510–1511 313

Celestial Music of Human Emotions 313Science or Pseudoscience? 314Leonardo da Vinci: The “Renaissance Man” 314

RENAISSANCE OF THE “NEW MONARCHIES” OF THE NORTH, 14531640 315

France: Under the Italian Infl uence 315

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The Rise of Commercial Capitalism 379

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 12.2: Thomas Mun Praises Trade 380

Mercantilism: Controlling the Balance of Trade 381The Growth of Banking 381The Danger of Overspending: Spain Learns a Lesson 381Redefi ning Work Roles 382Piracy: Banditry on a World Scale, 1550–1700 382

BIOGRAPHY: Maria Sibylla Merian (1647–1717) 383

THE WORLD TRANSFORMED 384European Culture Spreads 384European Culture Transformed 385

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Festival Scene Painted on a Screen, Mexico, ca. 1650 386

A New Worldview 387

LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD 389

CHAPTER 13

THE STRUGGLE FOR SURVIVAL AND SOVEREIGNTY: EUROPE’S SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ORDER, 16001715 391STRESSES IN TRADITIONAL SOCIETY 392

Mounting Demands on Rural Life 392

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Louis le Nain, The Cart, 1641 393

Pressures on the Upper Orders 394

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 13.1: Bishop Bossuet Justifi es Monarchical Absolutism 395

ROYAL ABSOLUTISM IN FRANCE 395Henry IV Secures the Monarchy 396Richelieu Elevates Royal Authority 396Mazarin Overcomes the Opposition 397The Sun King Rises 397

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 13.2: Louis XIV Describes Monarchical Rights and Duties 398

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 13.1: France Under Louis XIV, 1661–1715 402

THE STRUGGLE FOR SOVEREIGNTY IN EASTERN EUROPE 403

Centralizing the State in Brandenburg-Prussia 403Austria Expands Its Control 403The Ottoman Challenge 403

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 13.2: Central and Eastern Europe, 1648 404

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 13.3: Central and Eastern Europe, 1640–1725 405

Russia and Its Tsars Gain Prominence 406The Victory of the Nobility in Poland 407

French Wars of Religion, 1562–1598 346A “Council of Blood” in the Netherlands, 1566–1609 347The Thirty Years’ War, 1618–1648 348

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 11.3: The Thirty Years’ War, 1618–1648 350

Peace at Westphalia 351

LIFE AFTER THE REFORMATION 351New Defi nitions of Courtship and Marriage 351

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 11.4: Europe, 1648 352

Forging a Link Between Education and Work 353Anxiety and Spiritual Insecurity 354Searching for Scapegoats: The Hunt for Witches 354

LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD 355

CHAPTER 12

FAITH, FORTUNE, AND FAME: EUROPEAN EXPANSION, 14501700 359THE WORLD IMAGINED 360

The Lure of the East 360Imagined Peoples 361Ptolemy’s Map 361

THE WORLD DISCOVERED 361Fame, Fortune, and Faith: The Drive to Explore 361New Technologies and Travel 362The Portuguese Race for the East, 1418–1600 363

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 12.1: Exploration and Conquest, Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries 364

Spain’s Westward Discoveries, 1492–1522 364

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 12.1: Amerigo Vespucci Describes the New World 366

The Northern Europeans Join the Race, 1497–1650 366

CONFRONTATION OF CULTURES 367The Original Americans South of the Rio Grande 367

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 12.2: European Expansion, ca. 1700 368

The Original Northern Americans 369

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 12.3: Indigenous Peoples and Empires in the Americas, ca. 1500 370

Early Contacts 371Conquest of the Great Empires, 1520–1550 371North American Contacts 372

GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Inca Empire Falls 373Life and Death Under European Rule, 1550–1700 374The African Slave Trade 375Gathering Souls in the New Lands 377

THE WORLD MARKET AND COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION 378

High Prices and Profi ts: Trading on the World Stage 378

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LAYING THE FOUNDATIONS FOR THE ENLIGHTENMENT 436

Science Popularized 436Skepticism and Religion 438Eastern Customs and Criticism of Authority 439

THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN FULL STRIDE 439The Philosophes 439

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES : DOCUMENT 14.3: Condorcet Lauds the Power of Reason 440

The Encyclopedia 441Battling the Church 441Reforming Society 442

BIOGRAPHY: Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) 444

The Culture and Spread of the Enlightenment 445

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Léonard Defrance, At the Shield of Minerva, 1781 447

LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD 447

CHAPTER 15

COMPETING FOR POWER AND WEALTH: THE OLD REGIME, 17151789 451STATEBUILDING AND WAR 452

Rising Ambitions in Eastern Europe 452

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 15.1: Europe, 1721 453

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 15.1: Landlords and Serfs in Russia 455

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 15.2: The Expansion of Russia and the Partition of Poland, 1721–1795 456

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 15.3: Prussia and the Austrian Empire, 1721–1772 458

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 15.2: Austria’s Empress Explains the Diplomatic Revolution 459

Warfare in the Eighteenth Century 459Western Europe and the Great Colonial Rivalry 460

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 15.4: Overseas Colonies and Trade, 1740 461

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 15.3: Olaudah Equiano Describes the Middle Passage 465

GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Western Africa, Brazil, and the Atlantic Slave Trade 467

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 15.5: India, 1756–1805 468

THE TWILIGHT OF MONARCHIES? THE QUESTION OF ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM 468

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 15.6 AND 15.7: North America, 1755 and 1763 469

GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Rise and Fall of the Mughal Empire in India 408

THE TRIUMPH OF CONSTITUTIONALISM 409The Nobility Loses Respect 409Protestantism Revitalized 410James I Invokes the Divine Right of Kings 411Charles I Alienates Parliament 411

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 13.4: The English Civil War, 1642–1649 412

“God Made Men and the Devil Made Kings”: Civil War, 1642–1649 412

The King Laid Low 413A Puritan Republic Is Born: The

Commonwealth, 1649–1660 414Who Has the Power to Rule? 415The Monarchy Restored, 1660–1688 416The Glorious Revolution 417Royalism Reconsidered: John Locke 417

BIOGRAPHY: Samuel Pepys (1633–1703) 418

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 13.5: The United Provinces and the Spanish Netherlands, 1609 419

The Netherlands Maintain a Republic 419

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 13.3: An Ambassador Describes the Dutch Government 420

LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD 422

CHAPTER 14

A NEW WORLD OF REASON AND REFORM: THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION AND THE ENLIGHTENMENT, 16001800 425QUESTIONING TRUTH AND AUTHORITY 426

Reasoning and Technology: East and West 426The Old View 426Undermining the Old View 427

DEVELOPING A MODERN SCIENTIFIC VIEW 428Astronomy and Physics: From Copernicus to Newton 428

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 14.1: Kepler and Galileo Exchange Letters About Science 430

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 14.2: Isaac Newton: God in a Scientifi c Universe 431

The Revolution Spreads: Medicine, Anatomy, and Chemistry 432

The Methodology of Science Emerges 433

SUPPORTING AND SPREADING SCIENCE 434Courts and Salons 435The Rise of Royal Societies 435Religion and the New Science 435The New Worldview 436

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TO THE RADICAL REPUBLIC AND BACK 496War and the Breakdown of Order 497Radical Republicans Struggle for Power 497

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 16.2: The Jacobins’ Revolutionary Politics 498

The Terror 499

BIOGRAPHY: Manon Roland (1754–1793) 500The Republic of Virtue 501The Revolution Spreads Outside of France 503Resistance to the Republic Rises 503Reaction: The “White” Terror and the Directory 504

NAPOLEON BONAPARTE 505Napoleon’s Rise to Power 505

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 16.3: France and Its Sister Republics 506

Napoleon Consolidates Control 507Reforming France 507Creating the Empire 507War and Conquest 508The Impact Overseas 509

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 16.4: Europe, 1810 510

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 16.3: Napoleon Issues an Imperial Decree at Madrid 511

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 16.5: Latin America After Independence 512

Decline and Fall 512

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Francisco de Goya, The Executions of the Third of May, 1808 513

LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD 514

CHAPTER 17 

FACTORIES, CITIES, AND FAMILIES IN THE INDUSTRIAL AGE: THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, 17801850 517THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BEGINS 518

Why the West and Not the East 519Britain’s Unique Set of Advantages 519

GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Cross-Cultural Misunderstandings: China and Great Britain 520

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 17.1: Eighteenth-Century England 521

A Revolution in Agriculture 522

NEW MARKETS, MACHINES, AND POWER 522The Rising Demand for Goods 522Cotton Leads the Way 522

THINKING ABOUT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: The Electric Motor 523

CHANGES IN COUNTRY AND CITY LIFE 471The Agricultural Revolution 471Manufacturing Spreads in the Countryside:

Cottage Industry 472

THINKING ABOUT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: The Golden Age of Canals 473

More People, Longer Lives 474Deepening Misery for the Poor 474Prosperity and the Bourgeoisie 475

THE CULTURE OF THE ELITE: COMBINING THE OLD AND THE NEW 476

The Advent of the Modern Novel 476Pride and Sentiment in Art and Architecture 476Reaching New Heights in Music 477

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Jean-Baptiste Greuze, The Father’s Curse, ca. 1778 478

The Grand Tour 478

CULTURE FOR THE LOWER CLASSES 478Festivals and Popular Literature 478

BIOGRAPHY: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791) 479Gin and Beer 480Religious Revivals 480

FORESHADOWING UPHEAVAL: THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 481

Insults, Interests, and Principles: The Seeds of Revolt 481A War for Independence 482Creating the New Nation 482

LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD 483

THE WORLD & THE WEST: Moving into the Modern World 484

CHAPTER 16

OVERTURNING THE POLITICAL AND SOCIAL ORDER: THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON, 17891815 487“A GREAT FERMENT”: TROUBLE BREWING IN FRANCE 488

The Financial Crisis Weakens the Monarchy 488The Underlying Causes of the Revolution 488The Tennis Court Oath 490Storming the Bastille 491The End of the Old Order 492

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 16.1: New Laws End the Feudal System in France 493

THE CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY: ESTABLISHING A NEW ORDER 494

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 16.1 AND 16.2: Reorganizing France in 1789 495

The King Discredited 495Reactions Outside France 496

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THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 18.1: Europe, 1815 550

IDEOLOGIES: HOW THE WORLD SHOULD BE 551Conservatism: Restoring the Traditional Order 551

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 18.1: A Conservative Theorist Attacks Political Reform 552

Liberalism: Individual Freedom and Political Reform 552

Nationalism: A Common Identity and National Liberation 553

BIOGRAPHY: John Stuart Mill (1806–1873) and Harriet Taylor (1807–1858) 554

Romanticism: Freedom, Instinct, and Spontaneity 556

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Karl Friedrich Schinkel, Medieval Town on a River, 1815 558

Early Socialism: Ending Competition and Inequities 559“Scientifi c Socialism”: Karl Marx and The

Communist Manifesto 560

RESTORATION AND REPRESSION 561The Return of the Bourbons in France 561Reaction and Repression in the German States 562Restoration in Italy 562Conservatism in Russia 563Holding the Line in Great Britain 563

A WAVE OF REVOLUTION AND REFORM 564The Greek War for Independence 564Liberal Triumphs in Western Europe 565Testing Authority in Eastern and Southern Europe 566Liberal Demands in Great Britain 566

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 18.2: European Revolts, 1820–1831 567

THE DAM BURSTS, 1848 568The “Glory Days” 568

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 18.2: France’s Provisional Government Issues Decrees 570

The Return to Order 571

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 18.3: European Revolts, 1848–1849 571

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 18.3: German Liberals and Nationalists Rally for Reform 572

What Happened? 573

LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD 574

CHAPTER 19

NATIONALISM AND STATEBUILDING: UNIFYING NATIONS, 18501870 577BUILDING UNIFIED NATIONSTATES 578

THE DRIVE FOR ITALIAN UNIFICATION 578

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 19.1: Garibaldi Appeals to Italians for Support 580

Iron: New Processes Transform Production 524The Steam Engine and the Factory System 524

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 17.1: Andrew Ure Defends Industrial Capitalism 525

Coal: Fueling the Revolution 525Railroads: Carrying Industrialization Across the Land 526

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: William Powell Frith, The Railway Station, 1862 527

Britain’s Triumph: The Crystal Palace Exhibition 528

INDUSTRIALIZATION SPREADS TO THE CONTINENT 528

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 17.2: The Industrial Revolution in Europe, 1850 530

BALANCING THE BENEFITS AND BURDENS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION 530

The Middle Class 531The Working Classes 531

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 17.2: Factory Owners Establish Discipline for Workers 532

Developing Working-Class Consciousness 533

LIFE IN THE GROWING CITIES 534The Promise and Pitfalls of Work in the Cities 534Living with Urban Growth 535Worrying About Urban Society: Rising Crime 535

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 17.3: A Middle-Class Reformer Describes Workers’ Housing 536

PUBLIC HEALTH AND MEDICINE IN THE INDUSTRIAL AGE 536

The Danger of Disease 536Seeking Medical Care 537

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 17.3: The Spread of a Cholera Epidemic 538

Promising Developments for Public Health 539

FAMILY IDEALS AND REALITIES 539Middle-Class Ideals: Aff ection, Children, and Privacy 539Separate Spheres: Changing Roles for Middle-

Class Women and Men 540

BIOGRAPHY: The Cadburys 542Working-Class Realities 542Prostitution 543Stress and Survival in the Working Classes 543

LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD 544

CHAPTER 18

COPING WITH CHANGE: IDEOLOGY, POLITICS, AND REVOLUTION, 18151850 547THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA: A GATHERING OF VICTORS 548

The Concert of Europe: Securing the Vienna Settlement 549

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THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 20.1: Kaiser William II Links Nationalism and Imperialism 609

THE NEW IMPERIALISM: THE RACE FOR AFRICA AND ASIA 609

Money and Glory 609

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 20.2: Economics and Imperialism in Africa 611

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 20.3: Progress and the Struggle of Race with Race 612

The Tools of Conquest 612The Scramble for Africa 613

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 20.2: Imperialism in Africa, ca. 1885 614

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 20.3: Imperialism in Africa, 1914 615

Establishing Control in Asia 616

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 20.4: The Middle East and Central Asia, 1850–1914 617

GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Opium and the West in China 619

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 20.5: Imperialism in Asia, 1840–1914 620

The Legacy of Imperialism 622

LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD 623

CHAPTER 21

MODERN LIFE AND THE CULTURE OF PROGRESS: WESTERN SOCIETY, 18501914 625THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 626

Steel Leads the Way 626New Transportation and

Communication Networks 627The Birth of Big Business 627The Lure of Shopping 628Western and Non-Western Worlds: The Race for Wealth 628

GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Economic Transformation in Latin America 629

THE NEW URBAN LANDSCAPE 630Rebuilding Cities 630Sewers and Subways 630

CITY PEOPLE 630On Top of It All: The Urban Elite 631Pride and Success: The “Solid” Middle Class 631

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 21.1: John Stuart Mill Argues for Women’s Rights 632

Hardworking and Hopeful: The Lower Middle Class 632The “Other Half”: The Working Classes 633

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Léon Frédéric, The Stages of a Worker’s Life, 1895–1897 634

What to Do About “Them” 634

GERMANY “BY BLOOD AND IRON” 580

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Garibaldi Landing in Sicily 581

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 19.1: The Unifi cation of Italy 582

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 19.2: Bismarck Masters Politics in Prussia 583

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 19.2: The Unifi cation of Germany 584

THE FIGHT FOR NATIONAL UNITY IN NORTH AMERICA 585

DIVIDED AUTHORITY IN THE AUSTRIAN AND OTTOMAN EMPIRES 586

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 19.3: Language Groups of Austria-Hungary 587

USING NATIONALISM IN FRANCE AND RUSSIA 587

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 19.4: The Decline of the Ottoman Empire, 1683–1914 588

Napoleon III and the Second Empire 588Alexander II and Russia 589

BIOGRAPHY: Florence Nightingale (1820–1910) 590

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 19.3: A Serf Reacts to the Russian Emancipation Proclamation 593

LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD 593

CHAPTER 20

MASS POLITICS AND IMPERIAL DOMINATION: DEMOCRACY AND THE NEW IMPERIALISM, 18701914 597DEMANDS FOR DEMOCRACY 598

Liberal Democracy in Western Europe 598For and Against Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe 600

INSIDERS AND OUTSIDERS: POLITICS OF THE EXTREMES 601

The Spread of Unions 602Socialism Gains Strength 602Anarchism: Freedom from All Authority 603Anti-Semitism and Ultranationalism 604

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 20.1: Jewish Migration, 1870–1914 606

Still Outsiders: Women, Feminism, and the Right to Vote 606

EMIGRATION: OVERSEAS AND ACROSS CONTINENTS 607

Leaving Europe 607

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Eugène Laermans, The Emigrants, 1896 608

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Slaughter and Stalemate on the Western Front 662

THINKING ABOUT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: The Invention of the Tank 664

Victory and Defeat on the Eastern and Southern Fronts 664The War Spreads Across the Globe 665

WAR ON THE HOME FRONT 666Mobilizing Resources 666New Gender Roles 666Maintaining the Eff ort 667

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Let Us Never Forget 668

TO THE BITTER END 668

ASSESSING THE LOSSES 669

THE PEACE SETTLEMENT 669

BIOGRAPHY: Käthe Kollwitz (1867–1945) 670Gathering at Versailles 670A Victors’ Peace 671Redrawing the Maps of Europe and the Middle East 672Legacy of the Peace Treaty 672

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 22.2: In the Trenches and Beyond 673

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 22.5: Europe, 1923 674

REVOLUTIONS IN RUSSIA 674

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 22.6: The Middle East, 1923 675

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 22.3: Keynes Warns of the Economic Consequences of the Peace 676

The First Warnings, 1905 676The Fall of the Tsar 677The Provisional Government 678The Rise of the Bolsheviks 679Communism and Civil War 680

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 22.7: Civil War in Russia, 1919 681

LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD 682

CHAPTER 23

DARKENING DECADES: RECOVERY, DICTATORS, AND DEPRESSION, 19201939 685TRYING TO RECOVER FROM THE GREAT WAR, 19191929 686

The Victors Just Hold On 686Continuing Crises in Germany 687Conciliation and a Glimpse of Prosperity 688

THINKING ABOUT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: Penicillin and Antibiotics 689

SPORTS AND LEISURE IN THE CITIES 635Building Character Through Athletics 635The New Tourist 635

PRIVATE LIFE: TOGETHER AND ALONE AT HOME 635Family: The Promise of Happiness 636A Home of One’s Own 636

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 21.2: Beeton’s Guide for Women 637

Poor Housing 637Intimacy and Morality 638Sexual Realities 638Psychic Stress and Alcoholism 639

SCIENCE IN AN AGE OF OPTIMISM 639

THINKING ABOUT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: Universities and the Professionalization of Science 640

Science, Evolution, and Religion 640

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 21.3: Walter Bagehot on Natural Selection and Human History 642

Mysteries of the Material and Human World 642Germs, Cures, and Health Care 643

CULTURE: ACCEPTING THE MODERN WORLD 645Realism and Naturalism: The Details of Social Life 645Impressionism: Celebrating Modern Life 646

FROM OPTIMISM TO UNCERTAINTY 647

BIOGRAPHY: Claude Monet (1840–1926) 648Everything Is Relative 648Sex, Confl ict, and the Unconscious 649Fear of Social Disintegration 649Disenchantment Sets In 649Art Turns Inward 650

LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD 651

CHAPTER 22

DESCENDING INTO THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: WORLD WAR AND REVOLUTION, 19141920 655ON THE PATH TO TOTAL WAR 656

Rivalries and Alliances 656Crises in the Balkans 657

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 22.1 AND 22.2: The Balkans, 1878 and 1914 658

THE FRONT LINES 659Off to Battle 659

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 22.1: A Russian Socialist Supports the War Eff ort 660

The Schlieff en Plan 660

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 22.3: World War I 661

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 22.4: The Western Front 662

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AXIS VICTORIES, 19391942 717Triumph of the German Blitzkrieg 717War in North Africa and the Balkans 718Operation Barbarossa: Germany Invades the Soviet Union 718Japan Attacks 719

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 24.4: World War II in Europe 720

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 24.5: World War II in the Pacifi c 721

BEHIND THE LINES: THE STRUGGLE AND THE HORROR 721

GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Rise of Japanese Ultranationalism 722

The Holocaust 722

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 24.1: The Nazi Death Camps 724

Collaboration and Resistance 725Mobilizing the Home Fronts 725

TURNING THE TIDE OF WAR, 19421945 725The Eastern Front and the Battle of Stalingrad 725

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 24.2: Women Go to Work in the Factories 726

The Southern Fronts 727The Western Front 727The War in the Pacifi c 728

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 24.3: “We Shall Plunge into Enemy Ships” 730

PEACE AND THE LEGACY OF WAR 730The Settlement 731The Legacy of War 731

LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD 732

THE WORLD & THE WEST: Forming the Present 734

CHAPTER 25

SUPERPOWER STRUGGLES AND GLOBAL TRANSFORMATIONS: THE COLD WAR, 19451980s 737ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR 738

The Heart of the Cold War 738

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 25.1: Europe After World War II 739

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 25.2: Europe During the Cold War 741

The Global Impact of the Cold War 741

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 25.1: The Cold War and Nuclear Weapons 742

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 25.3: Cold War Alliances and Confl icts 744

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 25.4: Vietnam and Southeast Asia 745

The Roaring Twenties? 689

THINKING ABOUT DOCUMENT 23.1: Postwar Strains in Germany 690

The Anxious Twenties 692

TURNING AWAY FROM DEMOCRACY: DICTATORSHIPS AND FASCISM, 19191929 693

Authoritarianism in East-Central Europe 693

BIOGRAPHY: Virginia Woolf  (1882–1941) 694The Rise of Fascism in Italy 695

NAZISM IN GERMANY 697The Young Adolf Hitler 697The Birth of Nazism in Germany’s Postwar Years 697The Growth of the Nazi Party 698The Appeal of Nazism 698Hitler Takes Power 698

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 23.2: Goebbels’s Nazi Propaganda Pamphlet 699

Life in Nazi Germany 699Rebuilding and Rearming the New Germany 701

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Felix Nussbaum, Self-Portrait with Jewish Identity Card, 1943 701

TRANSFORMING THE SOVIET UNION, 19201939 702Lenin’s Compromise: The NEP 702The Struggle to Succeed Lenin 702Stalin’s Five-Year Plans 703

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 23.3: Stalin Collectivizes Agriculture 704

Blood and Terror: The Great Purges 705

THE GREAT DEPRESSION, 19291939 706Crash! 706In the Teeth of the Depression 706Searching for Solutions 707

LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD 708

CHAPTER 24

INTO THE FIRE AGAIN: WORLD WAR II, 19391945 711THE ROAD TO WAR, 19311939 712

International Aff airs Break Down 712

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 24.1: The Spread of Authoritarian Governments 713

Civil War in Spain 713

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Pablo Picasso, Guernica, 1937 714

Trying to Cope with Germany 714

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 24.2: The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939 715

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 24.3: German Expansion, 1936–1939 716

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BIOGRAPHY: Václav Havel (1936–) 778The Soviet Union Disintegrates 778

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 26.1: Eastern Europe, 1989 780

Life After the Collapse of Communism 780

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 26.1: The End of the Cold War 781

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 26.2: The Dissolution of the Soviet Union, 1991 782

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 26.3 AND 26.4: Disintegration of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, 1991–2007 783

Nationalism Unleashed 783

REPERCUSSIONS AND REALIGNMENTS IN THE WEST 785

The United States Unchallenged and Germany Rising 785Politics Shift to the Right 785Toward European Integration 786

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 26.5: The European Union, 2012 787

THE WORLD AND THE WEST FROM A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE 787

East Asia and the Rise of the Pacifi c Rim 788The Challenge of Islam 788International Terrorism and War 789

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 26.6: Israel and the Occupied Territories, 2010 790

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 26.7: The Middle East and Iraq, 2003 791

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 26.2: War in Afghanistan 793

Upheavals in North Africa and the Middle East 793

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 26.8: Afghanistan, Kashmir, and South-Central Asia, 2002 794

Across Borders: Cultural Confl ict and Convergence 794Beyond Borders: Uncertainty and Opportunity

in a Shrinking World 796

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 26.9: The Growth of Cities 798

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 26.10: Global Environmental Problems 799

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Charles Michael Helmken, Loveaidspeople, 1989 800

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 26.3: The Copenhagen Accord on Climate Change 801

THINKING ABOUT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: CERN 802

LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD 803

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: VISUALS: Wolf Vostell, Miss America, 1968 746

Détente 747

EAST AND WEST: TWO PATHS TO RECOVERY IN EUROPE 747

Tight Control in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe 747Parliamentary Politics and Prosperity in

the Western Democracies 749

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 25.2: A Warning About the United States 751

Assessing the Paths Taken 751

THE TWILIGHT OF COLONIALISM 752Revolts in Southern Asia 753Confl ict in the Middle East 753

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 25.5: The Arab-Israeli Confl ict, 1947–1982 754

Liberating Africa 755

GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Apartheid in South Africa 756

THINKING ABOUT GEOGRAPHY 25.6: Decolonization 757

A SENSE OF RELATIVITY IN THOUGHT AND CULTURE 758

Existentialism: Responsibility and Despair 758A Culture of Contrasts and Criticism 758

PROTESTS, PROBLEMS, AND NEW POLITICS: THE 1960s TO THE 1980s 760

A Flurry of Social Protests and Movements 760

THINKING ABOUT SOURCES: DOCUMENT 25.3: An Oxford Student Explains Revolutionary Attitudes 761

Stagnant Growth and Rising Infl ation 762

BIOGRAPHY: Simone de Beauvoir (1908–1986) 763The New Political Landscape 764

POSTINDUSTRIAL SOCIETY 765Changing Fortunes in the Postindustrial Society 765The Baby Boom and the Booming Cities 766The Shifting Foundations of Family and Private Life 766The “Sexual Revolution” and the Youth Culture 767

BREAKTHROUGHS IN SCIENCE 767From the Universe Above to the Universe Within 768The Information Revolution 768Transforming Medicine 768

LOOKING BACK & MOVING FORWARD 769

CHAPTER 26

INTO THE TWENTYFIRST CENTURY: THE PRESENT IN PERSPECTIVE 773THE COLLAPSE OF COMMUNISM 774

Undermining Communism in the Soviet Union 774Gorbachev Launches Reforms 775Revolutions in Eastern Europe 776

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