Sherlock Holmes

For other uses, see Sherlock Holmes (disambiguation).

SherlockHolmes (/ˈʃɜːrlɒk ˈhoʊmz/) is a fictional privatedetective created by British author Sir Arthur ConanDoyle. Known as a “consulting detective” in the sto-ries, Holmes is known for a proficiency with observation,forensic science, and logical reasoning that borders on thefantastic, which he employs when investigating cases for awide variety of clients, including Scotland Yard. First ap-pearing in print in 1887 (in A Study in Scarlet), the char-acter’s popularity became widespread with the first seriesof short stories in The Strand Magazine, beginning with"A Scandal in Bohemia" in 1891; additional stories ap-peared from then to 1927, eventually totalling four novelsand 56 short stories. All but one are set in the Victorianor Edwardian periods, taking place between about 1880to 1914. Most are narrated by the character of Holmes’sfriend and biographer Dr. Watson, who usually accom-panies Holmes during his investigations and often sharesquarters with him at the address of 221B Baker Street,London, where many of the stories begin.Though not the first fictional detective, Sherlock Holmesis arguably the most well-known, with Guinness WorldRecords listing him as the “most portrayed movie charac-ter” in history.[1] Holmes’s popularity and fame are suchthat many have believed him to be not a fictional charac-ter but a real individual;[2][3][4] numerous literary and fansocieties have been founded that pretend to operate onthis principle. The stories and character have had a pro-found and lasting effect on mystery writing and popularculture as a whole, with both the original tales as wellas thousands written by authors other than Conan Doylebeing adapted into stage and radio plays, television, films,video games, and other media for over one hundred years.

1 Inspiration for the character

Conan Doyle repeatedly said that Holmes was inspiredby Joseph Bell, a surgeon at the Royal Infirmary ofEdinburgh for whom he had worked as a clerk. LikeHolmes, Bell was noted for drawing broad conclusionsfrom minute observations.[5] However, he later wroteto Doyle: “You are yourself Sherlock Holmes and wellyou know it”.[6] Sir Henry Littlejohn, Chair of Medi-cal Jurisprudence at the University of Edinburgh MedicalSchool, is also cited as an inspiration for Holmes. Little-john, who was also Police Surgeon and Medical Officerof Health in Edinburgh, provided Doyle with a link be-

tween medical investigation and the detection of crime.[7]

Another inspiration is thought to be Francis “Tanky”Smith, a policeman and master of disguise who went onto become Leicester’s first private detective.[8]

Another inspiration might be Maximilien Heller, byFrench author Henry Cauvain. It is not known if Co-nan Doyle read Maximilien Heller, but in this 1871novel (16 years before the first adventure of SherlockHolmes), Henry Cauvain imagined a depressed, anti-social, polymath, cat-loving, and opium-smoking Paris-based detective.[9][10][11]

2 Fictional character biography

2.1 Early life

The cover page of Beeton’s Christmas Annual issue which con-tains Holmes’s first appearance in 1887 (A Study in Scarlet).

Details about Sherlock Holmes’s life, except for the ad-

1

2 2 FICTIONAL CHARACTER BIOGRAPHY

ventures in the books, are scarce in Conan Doyle’s orig-inal stories. Nevertheless, mentions of his early life andextended family paint a loose biographical picture of thedetective.An estimate of Holmes’s age in "His Last Bow" placeshis year of birth at 1854; the story, set in August 1914,describes him as sixty years of age.[12] Holmes says thathe first developed his methods of deduction as an under-graduate; his earliest cases, which he pursued as an ama-teur, came from fellow university students.[13] A meetingwith a classmate’s father led him to adopt detection as aprofession,[14] and he spent six years after university as aconsultant before financial difficulties led him to acceptJohn H. Watson as a fellow lodger (when the first pub-lished story, “A Study in Scarlet”, begins).Beginning in 1881 Holmes has lodgings at 221B BakerStreet, London. According to an early story[15] 221B isan apartment at the upper end of the street, up seventeensteps. Until Watson’s arrival Holmes worked alone, onlyoccasionally employing agents from the city’s underclass;these agents included a host of informants, and a groupof street children he called “the Baker Street Irregulars".The Irregulars appear in three stories: A Study in Scarlet,The Sign of the Four and "The Adventure of the CrookedMan".His parents are not mentioned in the stories, althoughHolmes mentions that his “ancestors” were “countrysquires". In "The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter", heclaims that his grandmother was sister to the French artistVernet, without further clarifying whether this is ClaudeJoseph, Carle, or Horace Vernet. Holmes’s brotherMycroft, seven years his senior, is a government offi-cial who appears in “The Adventure of the Greek Inter-preter”, "The Final Problem", and "The Adventure of theBruce-Partington Plans" and is mentioned in "The Ad-venture of the Empty House". Mycroft has a unique civilservice position as a kind of human database for all as-pects of government policy. He lacks Sherlock’s interestin physical investigation, however, preferring to spend histime at the Diogenes Club.

2.2 Life with Watson

Holmes works as a detective for twenty-three years, withphysician John Watson assisting him for seventeen.[16]They were roommates before Watson’s 1887 marriageand again after his wife's death. Their residence is main-tained by their landlady, Mrs. Hudson. Most of thestories are frame narratives, written from Watson’s pointof view as summaries of the detective’s most interestingcases. Holmes frequently calls Watson’s writing sensa-tional and populist, suggesting that it fails to accuratelyand objectively report the “science” of his craft:

Detection is, or ought to be, an exactscience and should be treated in the same

Holmes and Watson in a Sidney Paget illustration for "SilverBlaze".

cold and unemotional manner. You haveattempted to tinge it ["A Study in Scarlet"]with romanticism, which produces much thesame effect as if you worked a love-story ....Some facts should be suppressed, or, at least, ajust sense of proportion should be observed intreating them. The only point in the case whichdeserved mention was the curious analyticalreasoning from effects to causes, by which Isucceeded in unravelling it.[17]— Sherlock Holmes on John Watson’s “pam-phlet”, The Sign of the Four

Nevertheless, Holmes’s friendship with Watson is hismost significant relationship. When Watson is injuredby a bullet, although the wound turns out to be “quite su-perficial”, Watson is moved by Holmes’s reaction:

It was worth a wound; it was worth manywounds; to know the depth of loyalty and lovewhich lay behind that cold mask. The clear,hard eyes were dimmed for a moment, and thefirm lips were shaking. For the one and onlytime I caught a glimpse of a great heart as wellas of a great brain. All my years of humble butsingle-minded service culminated in that mo-ment of revelation.[18]

2.3 <span id=""Great Hiatus"">TheGreat Hiatus

Conan Doyle wrote the first set of stories over the courseof a decade. Wishing to devote more time to his histori-cal novels, he killed off Holmes in a final battle with thecriminal mastermind Professor James Moriarty in “The

3

Holmes and Moriarty struggle at the Reichenbach Falls; drawingby Sidney Paget.

Final Problem” (published 1893, but set in 1891). Afterresisting public pressure for eight years, the author wroteThe Hound of the Baskervilles (which appeared in 1901,with an implicit setting before Holmes’s death; some the-orise that it occurs after “The Return”, withWatson plant-ing clues to an earlier date).[19][20] In 1903 Conan Doylewrote “The Adventure of the Empty House”, set in 1894;Holmes reappears, explaining to a stunned Watson thathe had faked his death in “The Final Problem” to fool hisenemies. “The Adventure of the Empty House” marksthe beginning of the second set of stories, which ConanDoyle wrote until 1927.Holmes aficionados refer to the period from 1891 to1894—between his disappearance and presumed death in“The Final Problem” and his reappearance in “The Ad-venture of the Empty House”—as the Great Hiatus:[21]the earliest known use of this expression is in the arti-cle “Sherlock Holmes and the Great Hiatus” by EdgarW. Smith, published in the July 1946 issue of The BakerStreet Journal. The 1908 short story "The Adventure ofWisteria Lodge" is however described as taking place in1892 due to an error on Conan Doyle’s part.

2.4 Retirement

In “His Last Bow”, Holmes has retired to a small farmon the Sussex Downs and taken up beekeeping as his pri-

mary occupation. The move is not dated precisely, butcan be presumed to predate 1904 (since it is referred toretrospectively in “The Second Stain”, first published thatyear). The story features Holmes andWatson coming outof retirement to aid the war effort. Only one other adven-ture, "The Adventure of the Lion’s Mane" (narrated byHolmes), takes place during the detective’s retirement.

3 Personality and habits

Sidney Paget illustration from “The Adventure of the GoldenPince-Nez”

Watson describes Holmes as "bohemian" in his habitsand lifestyle. Described by Watson in The Hound of theBaskervilles as having a “cat-like” love of personal clean-liness, Holmes is an eccentric with no regard for contem-porary standards of tidiness or good order. In "The Ad-venture of the Musgrave Ritual", Watson says:

Although in his methods of thought he wasthe neatest and most methodical of mankind... [he] keeps his cigars in the coal-scuttle,his tobacco in the toe end of a Persian slip-per, and his unanswered correspondence trans-fixed by a jack-knife into the very centre ofhis wooden mantelpiece ... He had a horrorof destroying documents .... Thus month af-ter month his papers accumulated, until every

4 3 PERSONALITY AND HABITS

corner of the room was stacked with bundlesof manuscript which were on no account to beburned, and which could not be put away saveby their owner.[13]

In many of the stories, Holmes dives into an apparentmess to find an item most relevant to a mystery. Thedetective starves himself at times of intense intellectualactivity, such as during "The Adventure of the NorwoodBuilder"—wherein, according to Watson:

[Holmes] had no breakfast for himself, forit was one of his peculiarities that in his moreintense moments he would permit himself nofood, and I have known him to presume uponhis iron strength until he has fainted from pureinanition.[22]

Sidney Paget, whose illustrations in The Strand Magazine iconi-cised Holmes and Watson.

Although his chronicler does not consider Holmes’s habit-ual use of a pipe (or his less frequent use of cigarettes andcigars) a vice per se, Watson—a physician—occasionallycriticises the detective for creating a “poisonous at-mosphere” of tobacco smoke.[23] Holmes acknowledgesWatson’s disapproval in "The Adventure of the Devil’sFoot": “I think, Watson, that I shall resume that course oftobacco-poisoning which you have so often and so justlycondemned”.His companion condones the detective’s willingness tobend the truth (or break the law) on behalf of a client—lying to the police, concealing evidence or breaking into

houses—when he feels it morally justifiable,[24] but con-demns Holmes’ manipulation of innocent people in "TheAdventure of Charles Augustus Milverton".Holmes derives pleasure from baffling police inspec-tors with his deductions, and has supreme confidence—bordering on arrogance—in his intellectual abilities.While the detective does not actively seek fame and isusually content to let the police take public credit for hiswork,[25] Holmes is pleased when his skills are recog-nised, and responds to flattery.[26] Police outside Lon-don ask Holmes for assistance if he is nearby, even dur-ing a vacation.[26] Watson’s stories and newspaper arti-cles reveal Holmes’s role in the cases, and he becomeswell known as a detective; many clients ask for his helpinstead of (or in addition to) that of the police.[27]

Government officials and royalty are among those heserves. A Prime Minister[28] and the King of Bo-hemia[29] visit 221B Baker Street to request Holmes’sassistance; the government of France awards him itsLegion of Honour for solving a case;[30] Holmes declinesa knighthood “for services which may perhaps some daybe described";[18] the King of Scandinavia is a client;[31]and he aids the Vatican at least twice.[32] The detectiveacts on behalf of the British government in matters ofnational security several times.[33] As shooting practiceduring a period of boredom, Holmes decorates the wall ofhis Baker Street lodgings with a “patriotic” VR (VictoriaRegina) in “bullet-pocks” from his revolver.[13]

Although the detective is usually dispassionate and cold,during an investigation he is animated and excitable.He has a flair for showmanship, preparing elaboratetraps to capture and expose a culprit (often to impressobservers).[34]

Except for that of Watson, Holmes avoids casual com-pany; when Watson proposes visiting a friend’s home forrest, Holmes only agrees after learning that “the establish-ment was a bachelor one, and that he would be allowedthe fullest freedom”.[26] In “The Adventure of the GloriaScott" he tells the doctor that during two years at collegehe made only one friend, Victor Trevor: “I was never avery sociable fellow, Watson, always rather fond of mop-ing in my rooms and working out my own little methodsof thought, so that I never mixed much with the men ofmy year; ... my line of study was quite distinct from thatof the other fellows, so that we had no points of contactat all”. The detective is similarly described by Stamfordin A Study in Scarlet.Holmes relaxes withmusic in "The Red-Headed League",taking the evening off from a case to listen to Pablo deSarasate play violin. His enjoyment of vocal music, par-ticularly Wagner’s, is evident in "The Adventure of theRed Circle".

3.3 Attitudes towards women 5

1891 Sidney Paget Strand portrait of Holmes for "The Man withthe Twisted Lip"

3.1 Drug use

Holmes occasionally uses addictive drugs, especially inthe absence of stimulating cases. He uses cocaine, whichhe injects in a seven-percent solution with a syringe keptin a Morocco leather case. Although Holmes also dab-bles in morphine, he expresses strong disapproval whenhe visits an opium den; both drugs were legal in late-19th-century England. Watson and Holmes use tobacco,smoking cigarettes, cigars, and pipes, and the detective isan expert at identifying tobacco-ash residue.As a physicianWatson strongly disapproves of his friend’scocaine habit, describing it as the detective’s “only vice”,and concerned about its effect on Holmes’s mental healthand intellect.[35][36] In "The Adventure of the Miss-ing Three-Quarter" Watson says that although he has“weaned” Holmes from drugs, he remains an addictwhose habit is “not dead, but merely sleeping”.

3.2 Finances

During his career, Holmes works for the most power-ful monarchs and governments of Europe (including hisown), wealthy aristocrats and industrialists, and impover-ished pawnbrokers and governesses. Although when thestories begin Holmes initially neededWatson to share therent for their residence at 221B Baker Street, by the timeof “The Final Problem”, he says that his services to thegovernment of France and the royal house of Scandinaviahad left him with enough money to retire comfortably.The detective is known to charge clients for his expensesand claim any reward offered for a problem’s solution; in"The Adventure of the Speckled Band" he says that He-len Stoner may pay any expenses he incurs, and asks the

bank in “The Red-Headed League” to reimburse him formoney spent solving the case. Holmes has his wealthybanker client in "The Adventure of the Beryl Coronet"pay the costs of recovering the stolen gems, and claimsthe reward posted for their recovery. In "The Problem ofThor Bridge" the detective says, “My professional chargesare upon a fixed scale. I do not vary them, save when Iremit [omit] them altogether”. In this context a client isoffering to double his fee, and it is implied that wealthyclients habitually pay Holmes more than his standard fee.The detective tells Watson, in "A Case of Identity", abouta gold snuff box received from the King of Bohemia af-ter “A Scandal in Bohemia” and about a valuable ringgiven to him by the Dutch royal family; in “The Adven-ture of the Bruce-Partington Plans”, he receives an emer-ald tie pin from Queen Victoria. In "The Adventure ofthe Priory School" Holmes rubs his hands with glee whenthe Duke of Holdernesse mentions his ₤6,000 fee, theamount of which surprises even Watson (at a time whereannual expenses for a rising young professional were inthe area of ₤500).[37] However, in "The Adventure ofBlack Peter" Watson notes that Holmes would refuse tohelp even the wealthy and powerful if their cases did notinterest him.

3.3 Attitudes towards women

1904 Sidney Paget illustration of The Adventure of Charles Au-gustus Milverton

As Doyle wrote to Joseph Bell, “Holmes is as inhuman as

6 4 KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS

a Babbage's calculating machine and just about as likelyto fall in love”.[38] Holmes says in The Valley of Fear, “Iam not a whole-souled admirer of womankind”,[39] andin "The Adventure of the Second Stain" finds “the mo-tives of women ... inscrutable .... How can you buildon such quicksand? Their most trivial actions may meanvolumes ... their most extraordinary conduct may dependupon a hairpin or a curling tongs”.[40] In The Sign of theFour he says, “I would not tell them too much. Womenare never to be entirely trusted—not the best of them”.Watson calls him “an automaton, a calculating machine”,and the detective replies: “It is of the first importance notto allow your judgement to be biased by personal quali-ties. A client is to me a mere unit—a factor in a problem.The emotional qualities are antagonistic to clear reason-ing. I assure you that the most winning woman I everknew was hanged for poisoning three little children fortheir insurance-money”.[41]

At the end of The Sign of FourWatson reveals to Holmesthat “Miss Morstan has done me the honour to accept meas a husband in prospective.”He gave a most dismal groan. 'I feared as much,' saidhe. 'I really cannot congratulate you.' I was a little hurt.'Have you any reason to be dissatisfied with my choice?' Iasked. 'Not at all. I think she is one of the most charmingyoung ladies I ever met, and might have been most usefulin such work as we have been doing. She had a decidedgenius that way; [...] But love is an emotional thing, andwhatever is emotional is opposed to that true cold rea-son which I place above all things. I should never marrymyself, lest I bias my judgement.'(The Complete Illustrated Sherlock Holmes, OmegaBooks Ltd., 1986, ISBN 1-85007-055-5, p. 92)Watson says in “The Adventure of the Copper Beeches”that the detective inevitably “manifested no further inter-est in the client when once she had ceased to be the centreof one of his problems”. In "The Lion’s Mane", Holmeswrites, “Women have seldom been an attraction to me,for my brain has always governed my heart,” indicatingthat he has been attracted to women on occasion, but hasnot been interested in pursuing relationships with them.Ultimately, however, in "The Adventure of the Devil’sFoot" he claims outright that “I have never loved...”.Despite his overall attitude, Holmes is adept at effortlesslyputting his clients at ease, and Watson says that althoughthe detective has an “aversion to women”, he has “a pe-culiarly ingratiating way with [them]". Watson notes in“The Adventure of the Dying Detective” that Mrs. Hud-son is fond of Holmes because of his “remarkable gen-tleness and courtesy in his dealings with women. He dis-liked and distrusted the sex, but he was always a chival-rous opponent”.[42] In “The Adventure of Charles Augus-tus Milverton,” the detective easily manages to becomeengaged under false pretenses in order to obtain informa-tion about a case, but also abandons the woman once hehas the information he requires.

3.3.1 Irene Adler

Main article: Irene Adler

Irene Adler is a retired American opera singer and actresswho appears in "A Scandal in Bohemia". Although this isher only appearance in the canon, she is one of the mostnotable female characters in the stories: the only womanwho has ever challengedHolmes intellectually, and one ofonly a handful of people who ever bested him in a battleof wits. For this reason, Adler is the frequent subject ofpastiche writing. The beginning of the story describes thehigh regard in which Holmes holds her:

To Sherlock Holmes she is always thewoman. I have seldom heard him mention herunder any other name. In his eyes she eclipsesand predominates the whole of her sex. It wasnot that he felt any emotion akin to love forIrene Adler ... yet there was but one woman tohim, and that woman was the late Irene Adler,of dubious and questionable memory.

Five years before the story’s events, Adler had a brief li-aison with Crown Prince of Bohemia Wilhelm von Orm-stein while she was prima donna of the Imperial Operaof Warsaw. Recently engaged to the daughter of theKing of Scandinavia and fearful that, if his fiancée’s fam-ily learned of this impropriety, their marriage would becalled off, Ormstein hires Holmes to regain a photographof Adler and himself. Adler slips away before Holmescan succeed, leaving only a photograph of herself (alone)and a note to Holmes that she will not blackmail Orm-stein.Her memory is kept alive by the photograph of Adler thatHolmes received for his part in the case.

4 Knowledge and skills

In the first novel, A Study in Scarlet, Holmes’ backgroundis presented. In early 1881 he is a chemistry studentwith a number of eccentric interests, almost all of whichmake him adept at solving crimes. Shortly after meetingHolmes, Watson assesses the detective’s abilities:

1. Knowledge of Literature – nil.2. Knowledge of Philosophy – nil.3. Knowledge of Astronomy – nil.4. Knowledge of Politics – Feeble.5. Knowledge of Botany – Variable. Well

up in belladonna, opium and poisons gen-erally. Knows nothing of practical gar-dening.

4.1 Holmesian deduction 7

6. Knowledge of Geology – Practical, butlimited. Tells at a glance different soilsfrom each other. After walks, has shownme splashes upon his trousers, and toldme by their colour and consistence inwhat part of London he had receivedthem.

7. Knowledge of Chemistry – Profound.8. Knowledge of Anatomy – Accurate, but

unsystematic.9. Knowledge of Sensational Literature –

Immense. He appears to know every de-tail of every horror perpetrated in thecentury.

10. Plays the violin well.11. Is an expert singlestick player, boxer and

swordsman.12. Has a good practical knowledge of British

law.Arthur Conan Doyle, A Study in Scarlet

Subsequent stories reveal that Watson’s early assessmentwas incomplete in places and inaccurate in others. Atthe end of A Study in Scarlet Holmes demonstrates aknowledge of Latin. Despite Holmes’s supposed igno-rance of politics, in “A Scandal in Bohemia” he immedi-ately recognises the true identity of “Count von Kramm”.His speech is peppered with references to the Bible,Shakespeare, and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, and thedetective quotes a letter from Gustave Flaubert to GeorgeSand in the original French. At the end of “A Case ofIdentity”, Holmes quotes Hafez. In The Hound of theBaskervilles, the detective recognises works by MartinKnoller and Joshua Reynolds: “Excuse the admiration ofa connoisseur .... Watson won't allow that I know any-thing of art, but that is mere jealousy, since our viewsupon the subject differ”. In “The Adventure of the Bruce-Partington Plans” Watson says that in November 1895“Holmes lost himself in a monograph which he had un-dertaken upon the Polyphonic Motets of Lassus", con-sidered “the last word” on the subject.[43] Holmes is alsoa cryptanalyst, telling Watson in “The Adventure of theDancing Men": “I am fairly familiar with all forms of se-cret writing, and am myself the author of a trifling mono-graph upon the subject, in which I analyse one hundredand sixty separate ciphers”.[44]

InA Study in Scarlet Holmes claims to be unaware that theearth revolves around the sun, since such information isirrelevant to his work; after hearing that fact fromWatson,he says he will immediately try to forget it. The detectivebelieves that themind has a finite capacity for informationstorage, and learning useless things reduces one’s abilityto learn useful things. The later stories move away fromthis notion: in the second chapter of The Valley of Fearhe says, “All knowledge comes useful to the detective”,and near the end of “The Adventure of the Lion’s Mane”

the detective calls himself “an omnivorous reader with astrangely retentive memory for trifles”.The detective is particularly skilled in the analysis ofphysical evidence, including latent prints (such as foot-prints, hoof prints, and bicycle tracks) to identify actionsat a crime scene (“A Study in Scarlet”, "The Adventure ofSilver Blaze", “The Adventure of the Priory School”, TheHound of the Baskervilles, "The Boscombe Valley Mys-tery"); using tobacco ashes and cigarette butts to identifycriminals ("The Adventure of the Resident Patient", TheHound of the Baskervilles); comparing typewritten lettersto expose a fraud (“A Case of Identity”); using gunpow-der residue to expose two murderers ("The Adventure ofthe Reigate Squire"); comparing bullets from two crimescenes (“The Adventure of the Empty House”); analyzingsmall pieces of human remains to expose two murders("The Adventure of the Cardboard Box"), and an earlyuse of fingerprints ("The Norwood Builder").Holmes demonstrates a knowledge of psychology in “AScandal in Bohemia”, luring Irene Adler into betrayingwhere she hid a photograph based on the premise that anunmarried woman will save her most valued possessionfrom a fire. Another example is in "The Adventure ofthe Blue Carbuncle", where Holmes obtains informationfrom a salesman with a wager: “When you see a man withwhiskers of that cut and the 'Pink 'un' protruding out ofhis pocket, you can always draw him by a bet .... I daresaythat if I had put 100 pounds down in front of him, thatman would not have given me such complete informationas was drawn from him by the idea that he was doing meon a wager”.

4.1 Holmesian deduction

Holmes’s primary intellectual detection method isabductive reasoning.[45][46] Holmesian deduction consistsprimarily of observation-based inferences, such as hisstudy of cigar ashes.[45][47][48] “From a drop of water”,he writes, “a logician could infer the possibility of anAtlantic or a Niagara without having seen or heard of oneor the other”.[49] In “A Scandal in Bohemia”, Holmes de-duces that Watson had gotten wet lately and had “a mostclumsy and careless servant girl”. WhenWatson asks howHolmes knows this, the detective answers:

It is simplicity itself .... My eyes tell methat on the inside of your left shoe, just wherethe firelight strikes it, the leather is scored bysix almost parallel cuts. Obviously they havebeen caused by someone who has very care-lessly scraped round the edges of the sole in or-der to remove crusted mud from it. Hence, yousee, my double deduction that you had been outin vile weather, and that you had a particularlymalignant boot-slitting specimen of the Lon-don slavey.

8 4 KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS

Poster for the 1900 play Sherlock Holmes by Conan Doyle andactor William Gillette, which included the line “Elementary, mydear Watson” (a phrase absent from the stories)

Deductive reasoning allows Holmes to learn a stranger’soccupation, such as the retired Marine sergeant in AStudy in Scarlet; the ship’s-carpenter-turned-pawnbrokerin “The Red-Headed League”, and the billiard-markerand retired artillery non-commissioned officer in “TheAdventure of the Greek Interpreter”. By studying inan-imate objects, he makes deductions about their owners(Watson’s pocket watch in The Sign of the Four and ahat,[50] pipe,[51] and walking stick[52] in other stories).The detective’s guiding principle, as he says in The Signof the Four and elsewhere in the stories, is: “When youhave eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, how-ever improbable, must be the truth”.[53]

However, Conan Doyle does not paint Holmes as infalli-ble (his fallibility being a central theme of "The Adven-ture of the Yellow Face").[51]

4.2 Disguises

Holmes displays a strong aptitude for acting and disguise.In several stories (“The Adventure of Charles Augus-tus Milverton”, "The Man with the Twisted Lip", “TheAdventure of the Empty House” and “A Scandal in Bo-hemia”), to gather evidence undercover he uses disguisesso convincing that Watson fails to recognise him. In oth-ers (“The Adventure of the Dying Detective” and, again,“A Scandal in Bohemia”), Holmes feigns injury or illness

to incriminate the guilty. In the latter story Watson says,“The stage lost a fine actor ... when [Holmes] became aspecialist in crime”.[54]

4.3 Combat

British Army (Adams) Mark III, which differed from the Mark IIin its ejector-rod design

Webley Bulldog

1868 Webley RIC

4.3.1 Pistols

Holmes andWatson carry pistols with them—inWatson’scase, his old service weapon (probably a Mark III Adams

9

revolver, issued to British troops during the 1870s).[55] Inthe stories, the pistols are used (or displayed) on a num-ber of occasions. In "The Musgrave Ritual" Holmes isdescribed as decorating the wall of his flat with a patri-otic VR (Victoria Regina) of bullet holes. Holmes andWatson shoot the eponymous hound in The Hound of theBaskervilles, and in “The Adventure of the Empty House”Holmes pistol-whips Colonel Sebastian Moran. In "TheAdventure of the Solitary Cyclist", “The Adventure ofBlack Peter” and "The Adventure of the Dancing Men"Holmes or Watson use a pistol to capture the criminals,and the detective uses Watson’s revolver to reconstruct acrime in “The Problem of Thor Bridge”. A Webley Bull-dog (carried by Holmes),[55] Webley RIC[55] andWebley-Government (“WG”) army revolver[55] have been associ-ated with Holmes and Watson.

4.3.2 Cane and sword

As a gentleman, Holmes often carries a stick or cane. Heis described by Watson as an expert at singlestick, anduses his cane twice as a weapon.[56] In A Study in ScarletWatson describes Holmes as an expert swordsman, and in“The Adventure of the Gloria Scott" the detective prac-tises fencing.

4.3.3 Riding crop

In several stories Holmes carries a riding crop, threaten-ing to thrash a swindler with it in “A Case of Identity”.With a “hunting crop”, Holmes knocks a pistol from JohnClay’s hand in “The Red-Headed League” and drives offthe adder in “The Adventure of the Speckled Band”. In"The Six Napoleons" he uses his crop (described as hisfavourite weapon) to break open one of the plaster busts.

4.3.4 Boxing

Holmes is an adept bare-knuckle fighter; in The Signof the Four he introduces himself to McMurdo, a prizefighter, as “the amateur who fought three rounds with youat Alison’s rooms on the night of your benefit four yearsback.” McMurdo remembers: “Ah, you're one that haswasted your gifts, you have! You might have aimed high,if you had joined the fancy.” “The Adventure of the Glo-ria Scott" mentions that Holmes trained as a boxer, andin “The Yellow Face” Watson says: “He was undoubt-edly one of the finest boxers of his weight that I have everseen”.The detective occasionally engages in hand-to-hand com-bat with his adversaries (in “The Adventure of the Soli-tary Cyclist” and "The Adventure of the Naval Treaty"),and is always victorious.

4.3.5 Martial arts

In “The Adventure of the Empty House”, Holmes tellsWatson that he used martial arts to fling Moriarty to hisdeath in the Reichenbach Falls: “I have some knowledge... of baritsu, or the Japanese system of wrestling, whichhas more than once been very useful to me”. “Baritsu”is Conan Doyle’s version of bartitsu, which combinedjujitsu with boxing and cane fencing.[57]

4.3.6 Physical strength

The detective is described (or demonstrated) as possess-ing above-average physical strength. In “The Adventureof the Speckled Band”, Dr. Roylott demonstrates hisstrength by bending a fire poker in half. Watson describesHolmes as laughing, "'I am not quite so bulky, but ifhe had remained I might have shown him that my gripwas not much more feeble than his own.' As he spokehe picked up the steel poker and, with a sudden effort,straightened it out again.” In “The Yellow Face” Holmes’schronicler says, “Few men were capable of greater mus-cular effort.”

5 Influence

Sidney Paget illustration of Holmes for “The Adventure of theAbbey Grange”

10 6 LEGACY

5.1 Forensic science

The Sherlock Holmes stories helped marry forensic sci-ence, particularly Holmes’ acute observation of smallclues, and literature. He uses trace evidence (such asshoe and tire impressions), fingerprints, ballistics, andhandwriting analysis to evaluate his theories and thoseof the police. Some of the detective’s investigative tech-niques, such as fingerprint and handwriting analysis, werein their infancywhen the stories were written; Holmes fre-quently laments the contamination of a crime scene, andcrime-scene integrity has become standard investigativeprocedure.Because of the small scale of much of his evidence (to-bacco ash, hair, or fingerprints), the detective often usesa magnifying glass at the scene and an optical microscopeat his Baker Street lodgings. He uses analytical chemistryfor blood residue analysis and toxicology to detect poi-sons; Holmes’s home chemistry laboratory is mentionedin “The Adventure of the Naval Treaty”. Ballistics featurein “The Adventure of the Empty House” when spent bul-lets are recovered and matched with a suspected murderweapon.Holmes observes the dress and attitude of his clients andsuspects, noting style and state of wear of their clothes,skin marks (such as tattoos), contamination (such as inkstains or clay on boots), their state of mind, and physi-cal condition in order to deduce their origins and recenthistory.

19th-century Seibert microscope

He also applies this method to walking sticks (The Houndof the Baskervilles) and hats (“The Adventure of the BlueCarbuncle”), with details such as medallions, wear, andcontamination yielding information about their owners.In 2002 the Royal Society of Chemistry bestowed an hon-

orary fellowship on Holmes[58] for his use of forensic sci-ence and analytical chemistry in popular literature, mak-ing him (as of 2010) the only fictional character thus hon-oured.

5.2 The detective story

Although Holmes is not the original fictional detective (hewas influenced by Edgar Allan Poe's C. Auguste Dupinand Émile Gaboriau's Monsieur Lecoq), his name hasbecome synonymous with the role. The investigatingdetective (such as Agatha Christie's Hercule Poirot andDorothy L. Sayers' Lord Peter Wimsey) became a popu-lar character for a number of authors.

5.3 Scientific literature

John Radford (1999)[59] speculated on Holmes’s intelli-gence. Using Conan Doyle’s stories as data, he appliedthreemethods to estimate the detective’s intelligence quo-tient and concluded that his IQ was about 190. Sny-der (2004)[60] examined Holmes’s methods in the con-text of mid- to late-19th-century criminology, and Kemp-ster (2006)[61] compared neurologists’ skills with thosedemonstrated by the detective. Didierjean and Gobet(2008)[62] reviewed the literature on the psychology ofexpertise, using Holmes as a model.

6 Legacy

6.1 “Elementary, my dear Watson”

Sherlock Holmes Museum, London

Study

Drawing room

The phrase “Elementary, my dear Watson” is never ut-tered by Holmes in the sixty stories written by Conan

6.3 Societies 11

Doyle. He often observes that his conclusions are “el-ementary”, however, and occasionally calls Watson “mydear Watson”. One of the nearest approximations of thephrase appears in “The Adventure of the Crooked Man”,when Holmes explains a deduction: "'Excellent!' I cried.'Elementary,' said he.”[63][64]

The phrase “Elementary, my dear fellow, quite elemen-tary” appears in P. G. Wodehouse's novel, Psmith in theCity (1909–1910),[64] and “Elementary, my dear Watson,elementary” in his 1915 novel Psmith, Journalist (neitherspoken by Holmes).[65] The exact phrase “Elementary,my dear Watson” is used by protagonist Tom Beresfordin Agatha Christie’s 1922 novel The Secret Adversary. Italso appears at the end of the 1929 film The Return ofSherlock Holmes, the first Holmes sound film.[63] WilliamGillette (who played Holmes on the stage and on radio)had previously said, “Oh, this is elementary, my dear fel-low”. The phrase may have become familiar because ofits use in EdithMeiser’s scripts forTheNewAdventures ofSherlock Holmes radio series, which was broadcast from1939 to 1947.[66] Holmes utters the exact phrase in the1953 short story “The Adventure of the Red Widow” byConan Doyle’s son, Adrian.[67]

6.2 <span id=""The Great Game"">TheGreat Game

Main article: Sherlockian gameConan Doyle’s 56 short stories and four novels are

Russ Stutler's view of 221B Baker Street

known as the "canon" by Holmes aficionados. Earlycanonical scholars included Ronald Knox in Britain[68](credited with inventing “the Game”)[69] and ChristopherMorley in New York,[70] who founded the Baker StreetIrregulars—the first society devoted to the Holmescanon—in 1934.[71]

The Sherlockian game (also known as the Holmesiangame, the Great Game, or simply the Game) attempts toresolve anomalies and clarify details about Holmes andWatson from the Conan Doyle canon. The Game, whichtreats Holmes and Watson as real people (and ConanDoyle as Watson’s literary agent), combines aspects of

the stories with contemporary history to construct biogra-phies of the two and publishes scholarly analyses from theHolmes universe.[69]

One detail analyzed in the Game is Holmes’s birthdate,with Morley contending that the detective was born on6 January 1854.[72][73] Laurie R. King also speculatedabout Holmes’s birthdate, based on A Study in Scarlet and“The Adventure of the Gloria Scott"; details in "GloriaScott" indicate that Holmes finished his second (and final)year of university in 1880 or 1885. Watson’s account ofhis wounding in the Second Afghan War and return toEngland in A Study in Scarlet place his moving in withHolmes in early 1881 or 1882. According to King, thissuggests that Holmes left university in 1880; if he be-gan university at age 17, his birth year would probablybe 1861.[74]

Another topic of analysis is the university Holmes at-tended. Dorothy L. Sayers suggested that, given detailsin two of the Adventures, the detective must have stud-ied at Cambridge rather than Oxford: “of all the Cam-bridge colleges, Sidney Sussex (College) perhaps offeredthe greatest number of advantages to a man in Holmes’sposition and, in default of more exact information, wemay tentatively place him there”.[75]

Holmes’s emotional and mental health have long beensubjects of analysis in the Game. At their first meet-ing, in A Study in Scarlet, the detective warns Watsonthat he gets “in the dumps at times” and doesn't openhis “mouth for days on end”. Leslie S. Klinger (editor ofThe New Annotated Sherlock Holmes) has suggested thatHolmes exhibits signs of bipolar disorder, with intenseenthusiasm followed by indolent self-absorption. Othermodern readers have speculated that Holmes may haveAsperger’s syndrome, based on his intense attention todetails, lack of interest in interpersonal relationships, andtendency to speak in monologues.[76] The detective’s iso-lation and distrust of women is said to suggest a desire toescape, with William Baring-Gould (author of SherlockHolmes of Baker Street: A Life of the World’s First Con-sulting Detective) and others—including Nicholas Meyer,in his story The Seven Percent Solution—implying a fam-ily trauma, the murder of Holmes’s mother, as the cause.

6.3 Societies

In 1934, the Sherlock Holmes Society (in London) andthe Baker Street Irregulars (in New York) were founded.Both are still active, although the Sherlock Holmes Soci-ety was dissolved in 1937 and revived in 1951. The Lon-don society is one of many worldwide who arrange visitsto the scenes of Holmes adventures, such as the Reichen-bach Falls in the Swiss Alps.The two societies founded in 1934 were followed bymany more Holmesian circles, first in the U.S. (wherethey are known as “scion societies”—offshoots—of theBaker Street Irregulars) and then in England and Den-

12 7 ADAPTATIONS AND DERIVED WORKS

Statue of Holmes in an Inverness cape and a deerstalker cap onPicardy Place in Edinburgh (Conan Doyle’s birthplace)

mark. There are at least 250 Sherlockian societies world-wide, including Australia, India, and Japan (whose soci-ety has 80,000 members).[77]

6.4 Museums

For the 1951 Festival of Britain, Holmes’s living roomwas reconstructed as part of a Sherlock Holmes exhibi-tion, with a collection of original material. After the fes-tival, items were transferred to The Sherlock Holmes (aLondon pub) and the Conan Doyle collection housed inLucens, Switzerland by the author’s son, Adrian.[77] Bothexhibitions, each with a Baker Street sitting-room recon-struction, are open to the public.In 1990, the Sherlock Holmes Museum opened on BakerStreet in London, followed the next year by a museum inMeiringen (near the Reichenbach Falls) dedicated to thedetective.[77] A private Conan Doyle collection is a per-manent exhibit at the Portsmouth City Museum, wherethe author lived and worked as a physician.[78]

6.5 Other honours

The London Metropolitan Railway named one of its 20electric locomotives deployed in the 1920s for Sherlock

Holmes. He was the only fictional character so honoured,alongwith eminent Britons such as Lord Byron, BenjaminDisraeli, and Florence Nightingale.[79]

A number of London streets are associated with Holmes.York Mews South, off Crawford Street, was renamedSherlock Mews, and Watson’s Mews is near CrawfordPlace.[80]

7 Adaptations and derived works

The popularity of Sherlock Holmes has meant that manywriters other than Arthur Conan Doyle have created talesof the detective in a wide variety of different media,with varying degrees of fidelity to the original charac-ters, stories, and setting. According to The AlternativeSherlock Holmes: Pastiches, Parodies, and Copies by Pe-ter Ridgway Watt and Joseph Green, the first known pe-riod pastiche dates from 1893. Titled “The Late SherlockHolmes”, it came from the pen of Doyle’s close friend, J.M. Barrie, who was to create Peter Pan a decade later.A common take is creating a new story fully detailing anotherwise-passing canonical reference (such as an asidementioning the "giant rat of Sumatra, a story for whichthe world is not yet prepared” in "The Adventure of theSussex Vampire"). Other adaptations have seen the char-acter taken in radically different directions or placed indifferent times or even universes. For example, Holmesfalls in love and marries in Laurie R. King's Mary Russellseries, is re-animated after his death to fight future crimein the animated series Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Cen-tury, and is meshed with the setting of H.P. Lovecraft'sCthulhu Mythos in Neil Gaiman's “A Study in Emerald”(which won the 2004 Hugo Award for Best Short Story).An especially influential pastiche was Nicholas Meyer'sThe Seven-Per-Cent Solution, a 1974 New York Timesbestselling novel in which Holmes’s cocaine addiction hasprogressed to the point of endangering his career. It wasmade into a film of the same name in 1976, and pop-ularised the pastiche-writing trend of introducing clearlyidentified and contemporaneous historical figures (such asOscar Wilde, Aleister Crowley, or Jack the Ripper) intotales featuring Holmes, something Conan Doyle himselfnever did.

7.1 Related and derivative writings

Main article: Sherlock Holmes pastiches

In addition to the Holmes canon, Conan Doyle’s 1898"The Lost Special" features an unnamed “amateur rea-soner” intended to be identified as Holmes by his readers.The author’s explanation of a baffling disappearance, ar-gued in Holmesian style, pokes fun at his own creation.Similar Conan Doyle short stories are the early “The FieldBazaar”, “The Man with the Watches” and 1924’s "How

7.2 Adaptations in other media 13

Watson Learned the Trick", a parody of the Watson–Holmes breakfast-table scenes. The author wrote othermaterial, especially plays, featuring Holmes. Much of itappears in Sherlock Holmes: The Published Apocrypha,edited by Jack Tracy; The Final Adventures of SherlockHolmes, edited by Peter Haining, and The UncollectedSherlock Holmes, compiled by Richard Lancelyn Green.In terms of writers other than Doyle, authors as diverseas Anthony Burgess, Neil Gaiman, Dorothy B. Hughes,Stephen King, Tanith Lee, A.A. Milne, and P.G. Wode-house have all written Sherlock Holmes pastiches. No-tably, famed Americanmystery writer John Dickson Carrcollaborated with Arthur Conan Doyle’s son, Adrian Co-nan Doyle, on The Exploits of Sherlock Holmes, a pastichecollection from 1954. In 2011 Anthony Horowitz pub-lished a Sherlock Holmes novel, The House of Silk, pre-sented as a continuation of Conan Doyle’s work and withthe approval of the Conan Doyle estate.[81] In early 2014a sequel, Moriarty, was announced and published.[82]

Some authors have written tales centred on charactersfrom the canon other than Holmes. The author M.J.Trow wrote a series of seventeen books using InspectorLestrade as the central character, beginning with The Ad-ventures of Inspector Lestrade in 1985. Carole NelsonDouglas' Irene Adler series is based on “the woman” from“A Scandal in Bohemia”, with the first book (1990’sGoodNight, Mr. Holmes) retelling that story from Adler’s pointof view. Mycroft Holmes has been the subject of severalefforts: Enter the Lion by Michael P. Hodel and Sean M.Wright (1979), a four-book series by Quinn Fawcett, andthe 2015 Mycroft, by former NBA star Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. John Gardner, Michael Kurland, and Kim New-man, amongst many others, have all written tales in whichHolmes’s nemesis Professor Moriarty is the main charac-ter.Laurie R. King recreated Holmes in her Mary Russellseries (beginning with 1994’s The Beekeeper’s Appren-tice), set during the First World War and the 1920s. HerHolmes, semi-retired in Sussex, is stumbled upon by ateenaged American girl. Recognising a kindred spirit,he trains her as his apprentice and subsequently marriesher. As of 2015, the series included thirteen novels and anovella tied into a book from King’s Kate Martinelli se-ries (The Art of Detection).The Final Solution, a 2004 novella by Michael Chabon,concerns an unnamed but long-retired detective inter-ested in beekeeping who tackles the case of the missingparrot belonging to a nine-year-old Jewish refugee boyfrom Germany. Mitch Cullin's novel A Slight Trick oftheMind (2005) takes place two years after the end of theSecond World War, and explores an old and frail Sher-lock Holmes (now 93) as he comes to terms with a lifespent in emotionless logic; this was also adapted into afilm, 2015’s Mr. Holmes.

7.2 Adaptations in other media

Main article: Adaptations of Sherlock HolmesFurther information: List of actors who have played Sher-lock HolmesGuinness World Records has listed Holmes as the “most

Basil Rathbone as Holmes

Jeremy Brett as Holmes in the Granada series

14 7 ADAPTATIONS AND DERIVED WORKS

portrayed movie character”,[1] with more than 70 actorsplaying the part in over 200 films. His first screen appear-ance was in the 1900 Mutoscope film, Sherlock HolmesBaffled.[83] The detective has appeared in many foreign-language versions, including a Russian miniseries broad-cast in November 2013.[84]

William Gillette’s 1899 play Sherlock Holmes, or TheStrange Case of Miss Faulkner was a synthesis of fourConan Doyle stories: “A Scandal in Bohemia”, “The Fi-nal Problem”, “The Adventure of the Copper Beeches”,and A Study in Scarlet. In addition to its popularity, theplay is significant because it, rather than the original sto-ries, introduced the key visual qualities commonly associ-ated with Holmes today: his deerstalker hat and calabashpipe. It also formed the basis for the Gillette’s 1916film, Sherlock Holmes. In his lifetime, Gillette performedas Holmes some 1,300 times. In the early 1900s, H.A.Saintsbury took over the role from Gillette for a tour ofthe play. Between this play and Conan Doyle’s own stageadaptation of “The Adventure of the Speckled Band”,Saintsbury portrayed Holmes over 1,000 times.[85]

Basil Rathbone played Holmes and Nigel Bruce playedWatson in fourteen U.S. films (two for 20th Century Foxand a dozen for Universal Pictures) from 1939 to 1946,and in The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes on theMutual radio network from 1939 to 1946 (before the roleof Holmes passed to Tom Conway). While the Fox filmswere period pieces, the Universal films were distinctivefor abandoning Victorian Britain and moving to a then-contemporary setting in which Holmes occasionally bat-tled Nazis.

Benedict Cumberbatch as Holmes in Sherlock

The 1984–1985 Japanese anime series Sherlock Houndadapted the Holmes stories for children, with its char-acters being anthropomorphic dogs. The series was co-directed by Hayao Miyazaki.[86]

Jeremy Brett is considered the definitive Holmes by criticJulian Wolfreys.[87] Brett played the detective in four se-ries of Sherlock Holmes, created by John Hawkesworthfor Britain’s Granada Television from 1984 to 1994, andappeared as Holmes on stage. Watson was played byDavid Burke and Edward Hardwicke in the series.Bert Coules penned The Further Adventures of Sher-lock Holmes[88] starring Clive Merrison as Holmes andMichael Williams/Andrew Sachs as Watson,[89] basedon throwaway references in Doyle’s short stories andnovels.[88] He also produced original scripts for this se-ries, which was also issued on CD.[90] Coules had pre-viously dramatised the entire Holmes canon for RadioFour.[88][91]

The 2009 film Sherlock Holmes,[92] which earned RobertDowney Jr. a Golden Globe Award for his portrayal ofHolmes and which co-starred Jude Law as Watson, fo-cuses on Holmes’s antisocial personality.[93] Downey andLaw returned for a 2011 sequel, Sherlock Holmes: AGame of Shadows. As of October 2014, an outline fora third film has been made, but a script has yet to bewritten.[94]

Benedict Cumberbatch plays a modern version of the de-tective (withMartin Freeman asWatson) in the BBCOneTV series Sherlock, which premiered on 25 July 2010.In the series, created by Mark Gatiss and Steven Moffat,the stories’ original Victorian setting replaced by present-day London. Cumberbatch’s Holmes uses modern tech-nology (including texting and blogging) to help solvecrimes.[95] Similarly, on 27 September 2012, Elementarypremiered on CBS. Set in contemporary New York, theseries features Jonny Lee Miller as Sherlock Holmes andLucy Liu as a female Dr. Joan Watson.The 2015 film Mr. Holmes,[96] starred Ian McKellenas a retired Sherlock Holmes living in Sussex, in 1947,who grapples with an unsolved case involving a beautifulwoman. The film is based on Mitch Cullin's 2005 novelA Slight Trick of the Mind.Holmes has also appeared in video games, including theAdventures of Sherlock Holmes series of seven titles. Thedetective is based on Jeremy Brett’s portrayal, with theseries’s plot independent of the Conan Doyle stories.

7.3 Copyright issues

The copyright for Conan Doyle’s works expired in theUnited Kingdom at the end of 1980, were revived in1996, expired again at the end of 2000, and are in thepublic domain there.[97] All works published in theUnitedStates before 1923 are in the public domain; this in-cludes all the Sherlock Holmes stories, except for some of

15

the short stories collected in The Case-Book of SherlockHolmes. Conan Doyle’s heirs registered the copyright toThe Case-Book in 1981 in accordance with the CopyrightAct of 1976.[97][98][99]

On 14 February 2013, Leslie S. Klinger filed adeclaratory judgement suit against the Conan Doyle es-tate in the Northern District of Illinois asking the courtto acknowledge that the characters of Holmes and Wat-son were public domain in the U.S.[100] The court ruled inKlinger’s favour on 23 December, and the Seventh Cir-cuit Court of Appeals affirmed its decision on 16 June2014.[101] The case was appealed to the U.S. SupremeCourt, which declined to hear the case, letting the ap-peals court’s ruling stand. This final step resulted in thecharacters from the Holmes stories, along with all but tenof the Holmes stories, being in the public domain in theU.S.[102]

8 Works

Main article: Canon of Sherlock Holmes

8.1 Novels

• A Study in Scarlet (published 1887 in Beeton’s Christ-mas Annual)

• The Sign of the Four (published 1890 in Lippincott’sMonthly Magazine)

• The Hound of the Baskervilles (serialised 1901–1902 in The Strand)

• The Valley of Fear (serialised 1914–1915 in TheStrand)

8.2 Short story collections

The short stories, originally published in magazines, werelater collected in five anthologies:

• The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (stories pub-lished 1891–1892 in The Strand)

• The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes (stories published1892–1893 in The Strand as further episodes of theAdventures)

• The Return of Sherlock Holmes (stories published1903–1904 in The Strand)

• His Last Bow: Some Later Reminiscences of SherlockHolmes (stories published 1908–1917)

• The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes (stories pub-lished 1921–1927)

9 See also• Popular culture references to Sherlock Holmes

• HOLMES 2 (police computer system)

• Inductive reasoning

• List of Holmesian studies

• Giovanni Morelli

10 References[1] Sherlock Holmes: pipe dreams, Daily Telegraph 15 De-

cember 2009. Retrieved 23 April 2010.

[2] Rule, Sheila (5 November 1989). “Sherlock Holmes’sMail: Not Too Mysterious”. The New York Times. Re-trieved 10 March 2016.

[3] Simpson, Aislinn (4 February 2008). “Winston Churchilldidn't really exist, say teens”. The Telegraph. Retrieved10 March 2016.

[4] “One in five Britons think Sherlock Holmes, Miss Marpleand even Blackadder were genuine historical figures”.Mail Online. 5 April 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2016.

[5] Lycett, Andrew (2007). The Man Who Created SherlockHolmes: The Life and Times of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.Free Press. pp. 53–54, 190. ISBN 978-0-7432-7523-1.

[6] Barring-Gould, William S. The Annotated SherlockHolmes. Clarkson N. Potter, Inc. p. 8. ISBN 0-517-50291-7.

[7] Doyle, A. Conan (1961). The Boys’ Sherlock Holmes, New& Enlarged Edition. Harper & Row. p. 88.

[8] “Top Hat Terrace (Leicester)". Retrieved 4 January 2015.

[9] “Peter D. O'Neill, foreword to Maximilien Heller". Re-trieved 10 November 2015.

[10] "¿Fue Sherlock Holmes un plagio?". Retrieved 10November 2015.

[11] "Maximilien Holmes. How Intertextuality InfluencesTranslation, by Sandro Maria Perna, Università degliStudi di Padova 2013/14” (PDF). Retrieved 10 Novem-ber 2015.

[12] Klinger, Leslie (2005). The New Annotated SherlockHolmes. New York: W.W. Norton. p. xlii. ISBN 0-393-05916-2.

[13] Doyle, Arthur Conan (1893). The Original illustrated'Strand' Sherlock Holmes (1989 ed.). Ware, England:Wordsworth. pp. 354–355. ISBN 978-1-85326-896-0.

[14] "The Adventure of the Gloria Scott"

[15] Conan Doyle, Arthur (1892), “A Scandal in Bohemia”,The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, ISBN 978-0-7607-1577-2

16 10 REFERENCES

• 1661 at Project Gutenberg.

[16] "The Adventure of the Veiled Lodger"

[17] The Sign of the Four; Chapter 1 The Science of Deduction;p. 90; Copyright Sir Arthur Ignatius ConanDoyle; Editionpublished in 1992 – Barnes & Noble, Inc.".

[18] "The Adventure of the Three Garridebs"

[19] Dakin, D. Martin (1972). A Sherlock Holmes Commen-tary. David & Charles, Newton Abbot. ISBN 0-7153-5493-0.

[20] McQueen, Ian (1974). Sherlock Holmes Detected. David& Charles, Newton Abbot. ISBN 0-7153-6453-7.

[21] Riggs, Ransom (2009). The Sherlock Holmes Handbook.The methods and mysteries of the world’s greatest detective.Philadelphia: Quirk Books. pp. 115–118. ISBN 978-1-59474-429-7.

[22] Conan Doyle, Arthur (1903). “The Adventure of the Nor-wood Builder”, Strand Magazine.

[23] The Hound of the Baskervilles

[24] "The Adventure of Charles AugustusMilverton" and "TheAdventure of the Illustrious Client"

[25] In The Adventure of the Naval Treaty, Holmes remarksthat, of his last fifty-three cases, the police have had allthe credit in forty-nine.

[26] “The Adventure of the Reigate Squire”

[27] “The Adventure of the Reigate Squire” and “The Adven-ture of the Illustrious Client” are two examples.

[28] “The Adventure of the Second Stain”

[29] “A Scandal in Bohemia”

[30] “The Adventure of the Golden Pince-Nez”

[31] "The Adventure of the Noble Bachelor"

[32] The Hound of the Baskervilles and “The Adventure ofBlack Peter”

[33] "The Adventure of the Bruce-Partington Plans", "The Ad-venture of the Naval Treaty", and after retirement, "HisLast Bow".

[34] See, for example, Inspector Lestrade at the end of "TheAdventure of the Norwood Builder".

[35] Dalby, J. T. (1991). “Sherlock Holmes’s Cocaine Habit”.Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 8: 73–74.

[36] “The Sign of Four”

[37] “Wages and Cost of Living in the Victorian Era”. TheVictorian Web. Retrieved 13 March 2016.

[38] Liebow, Ely (1982). Dr. Joe Bell: Model for SherlockHolmes. Popular Press. p. 173. ISBN 9780879721985.Retrieved 17 October 2014.

[39] “Sherlock Holmes Quotes”. The Chronicles of Sir ArthurConan Doyle. Retrieved 17 October 2014.

[40] “Quotes”. The Chronicles of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Re-trieved 17 October 2014.

[41] Conan Doyle, Arthur (1986). The Complete SherlockHolmes, Volume 2. Bantam Books. p. 480. Retrieved17 October 2014.

[42] “Sherlock Holmes Adventures”. Discovering Arthur Co-nan Doyle. Archived from the original on 17 December2013. Retrieved 17 October 2014.

[43] Klinger, Leslie (1999). “Lost in Lassus: The missingmonograph”. Retrieved 20 October 2008.

[44] Rennison, Nicholas (2007). Sherlock Holmes: The Unau-thorized Biography. NewYork: Grove Press. p. 70. ISBN9781555848736. Retrieved 21 October 2014.

[45] Alexander Bird (27 June 2006). “Abductive Knowledgeand Holmesian Inference”. In Tamar Szabo Gendler andJohn Hawthorne. Oxford studies in epistemology. p. 11.ISBN 978-0-19-928590-7.

[46] Sebeok & Umiker-Sebeok 1984, pp. 19–28, esp. p. 22

[47] Matthew Bunson (19 October 1994). Encyclopedia Sher-lockiana. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-671-79826-0.

[48] Jonathan Smith (1994). Fact and feeling: Baconian sci-ence and the nineteenth-Century literary imagination. p.214. ISBN 978-0-299-14354-1.

[49] A Study in Scarlet

[50] "The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle".

[51] "The Adventure of the Yellow Face"

[52] The Hound of the Baskervilles

[53] “Sherlock Holmes Quotes”. Retrieved 19 October 2014.

[54] Arthur Conan Doyle (1891). A Scandal in Bohemia.

[55] “The Guns of Sherlock Holmes”. Archived from the orig-inal on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 27 April 2012.

[56] See "The Red-Headed League" and "The Adventure ofthe Illustrious Client".

[57] “The Mystery of Baritsu”. The Bartitsu Society. Retrieved19 October 2014.

[58] “NI chemist honours Sherlock Holmes”. BBC News. 16October 2002. Retrieved 19 June 2011.

[59] Radford, John (1999). The Intelligence of SherlockHolmes and Other Three-pipe Problems. Sigma Forlag.ISBN 82-7916-004-3.

[60] Snyder LJ (2004). “Sherlock Holmes: Scien-tific detective”. Endeavour 28 (3): 104–108.doi:10.1016/j.endeavour.2004.07.007. PMID 15350761.

[61] Kempster PA (2006). “Looking for clues”. Jour-nal of Clinical Neuroscience 13 (2): 178–180.doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2005.03.021. PMID 16459091.

17

[62] Didierjean, A&Gobet, F (2008). “SherlockHolmes –Anexpert’s view of expertise”. British Journal of Psychology99 (Pt 1): 109–125. doi:10.1348/000712607X224469.PMID 17621416.

[63] Mikkelson, Barbara and David (2 July 2006). “SherlockHolms 'Elementary, MyDearWatson'". Snopes.com. Re-trieved 12 January 2014.

[64] Shapiro, Fred (30 October 2006). The Yale Book of Quo-tations. Yale University Press. p. 215. ISBN 978-0300107982.

[65] Smallwood, Karl (27 August 2013). “Sherlock HolmesNever Said “Elementary, My Dear Watson"". todayi-foundout.com. Retrieved 12 January 2014.

[66] Sher, Aubrey (15 August 2013). Those Great Old-TimeRadio Years. Xlibris. p. 29.

[67] Adrian Conan Doyle (2 October 1953). “The Adventureof the Red Widow”. Collier’s Weekly. Retrieved 12 Octo-ber 2013.

[68] Liukkonen, Petri. “Ronald Arbuthnott Knox”. Books andWriters (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: Kuusankoski Public Li-brary. Archived from the original on 10 February 2015.

[69] Montague, Sarah (13 January 2011). “A Study in Sher-lock”. WNYC : New York, New York Public Radio. Re-trieved 16 June 2013.

[70] “Christopher Morley”. Retrieved 13 February 2010.

[71] “Sherlockian.Net: Societies”. Retrieved 13 February2011.

[72] “The world of Holmes and Watson”. Sherlockian.Net.Retrieved 28 August 2012.

[73] “Baker Street Irregulars Weekend”. Bsiweekend.com. 5November 2011. Retrieved 28 August 2012.

[74] “LRK on: Sherlock Holmes : Laurie R. King: MysteryWriter”. Laurie R. King. Retrieved 10 January 2011.

[75] Dorothy L. Sayers, “Holmes’s College Career”, for theBaker Street Studies, edited by H. W. Bell, 1934. In theforeword to Unpopular Opinions, in which her essay ap-peared, Sayers says that the “game of applying the meth-ods of the Higher Criticism to the Sherlock Holmes canon... has become a hobby among a select set of jesters hereand in America”.

[76] Lisa Sanders (4 December 2009). “Hidden Clues”. TheNew York Times. Retrieved 7 March 2011.

[77] “Two Sherlock Holmes museums in Switzerland? Ele-mentary!". Swissinfo. Retrieved 26 October 2014.

[78] “Welcome to Portsmouth CityMuseum”. PortsmouthMu-seums and Records. Retrieved 26 October 2014.

[79] Reed, Brian (1934). Railway Engines of the World. Ox-ford University Press. p. 133.

[80] Mews News. Lurot Brand. Published Summer 2009. Re-trieved 24 September 2013.

[81] Sanson, Ian. 27 October 2011. "The House of Silk byAnthony Horowitz--Review" The Guardian.

[82] Flood, Alison (10 April 2014). “Sherlock Holmes returnsin new Anthony Horowitz book, Moriarty”. Guardian(Guardian News and Media Limited). Retrieved 9 Au-gust 2014.

[83] Tuska, Jon (1978). The Detective in Hollywood. NewYork: Doubleday. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-385-12093-7.

[84] Podolyan, Olga (13 November 2013). “In the new 'Sher-lock Holmes’ everything is new” (in Russian). Retrieved29 October 2014.

[85] Allen Eyles (1986). Sherlock Holmes: A Centenary Cele-bration. Harper & Row. p. 57. ISBN 0-06-015620-1.

[86] Clements, Jonathan; McCarthy, Helen (2006). The AnimeEncyclopedia: A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917(2nd edition (Revised & Expanded Edition) ed.). StoneBridge Press. pp. 580–581. ISBN 978-1-933330-10-5.

[87] Wolfreys, Julian (1996). Adventures of Sherlock Holmes.Ware, England: Wordworth Editions. p. ix. ISBN1-85326-033-9. Holmes was reinvented definitively byJeremy Brett...It is Brett’s Holmes...which comes closestto Conan Doyle’s original intentions.

[88] “BBC - Cult Presents: Sherlock Holmes - Bert Coules In-terview”.

[89] “Bert Coules: writer, director, speaker”. Retrieved 9March 2016.

[90] “Bert Coules: Holmes writer and dramatiser for Radio 4”.BBC.co.uk. September 2005. Retrieved 20 May 2010.

[91] Charles Prepolec. “BBC Radio - Further Adventures ofSherlock Holmes: Reviewed”.

[92] “Sherlock Holmes Mystery Solved”.Blog.newsarama.com. 7 May 2009. Retrieved 10January 2011.

[93] “HFPA – Nominations and Winners”. Goldenglobes.org.Retrieved 10 January 2011.

[94] “Susan Downey Talks The Judge, Sherlock Holmes 3,Pinocchio, Yucatan and More”. Collider. 14 October2014.

[95] Thorpe, Vanessa (18 July 2010). “TheGuardian. SherlockHolmes is back... sending texts and using nicotine patches".London.

[96] “Mr. Holmes”. Retrieved 27 September 2015.

[97] Itzkoff, Dave (19 January 2010). “For the Heirs toHolmes, a Tangled Web”. The New York Times.

[98] “Techdirt article”. Techdirt article. Retrieved 10 January2011.

[99] “Elementary My Dear Watson...It’s Called the Public Do-main...Or is It?". Techdirt.com. 24 December 2009. Re-trieved 10 January 2011.

18 11 FURTHER READING

[100] “Holmes belongs to the world”. Free Sherlock!. 14 Febru-ary 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2013.

[101] Stempel, Jonathan (16 June 2014). “Sherlock Holmes be-longs to the public, U.S. court rules”. Reuters. Retrieved16 June 2014.

[102] “Sherlock Holmes belongs to us all: Supreme Court de-clines to hear case”. LA Times. 3 November 2014. Re-trieved 3 November 2014.

11 Further reading

• Accardo, Pasquale J. (1987). Diagnosis and De-tection: Medical Iconography of Sherlock Holmes.Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.ISBN 0-517-50291-7.

• Baring-Gould, William (1967). The AnnotatedSherlock Holmes. New York: Clarkson N. Potter.ISBN 0-517-50291-7.

• Baring-Gould, William (1962). Sherlock Holmes ofBaker Street: The Life of the World’s First ConsultingDetective. New York: Clarkson N. Potter. OCLC63103488.

• Blakeney, T. S. (1994). Sherlock Holmes: Fact orFiction?. London: Prentice Hall & IBD. ISBN 1-883402-10-7.

• Bradley, Alan (2004). Ms Holmes of Baker Street:The Truth About Sherlock. Alberta: University ofAlberta Press. ISBN 0-88864-415-9.

• Campbell, Mark (2007). Sherlock Holmes. London:Pocket Essentials. ISBN 978-0-470-12823-7.

• Dakin, David (1972). A Sherlock Holmes Commen-tary. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. ISBN 0-7153-5493-0.

• Duncan, Alistair (2008). Eliminate the Impossible:An Examination of the World of Sherlock Holmes onPage and Screen. London: MX Publishing. ISBN978-1-904312-31-4.

• Duncan, Alistair (2009). Close to Holmes: A Lookat the Connections Between Historical London, Sher-lock Holmes and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. London:MX Publishing. ISBN 978-1-904312-50-5.

• Duncan, Alistair (2010). The Norwood Author:Arthur Conan Doyle and the Norwood Years (1891–1894). London: MX Publishing. ISBN 978-1-904312-69-7.

• Fenoli Marc, Qui a tué Sherlock Holmes ? [Whoshot SherlockHolmes ?], ReviewL'Alpe 45, Glénat-Musée Dauphinois, Grenoble-France, 2009. ISBN978-2-7234-6902-9

• Green, Richard Lancelyn (1987). The SherlockHolmes Letters. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press.ISBN 0-87745-161-3.

• Hall, Trevor (1969). Sherlock Holmes: Ten LiteraryStudies. London: Duckworth. ISBN 0-7156-0469-4.

• Hall, Trevor (1977). Sherlock Holmes and his cre-ator. New York: St Martin’s Press. ISBN 0-312-71719-9.

• Hammer, David (1995). The Before-Breakfast Pipeof Mr. Sherlock Holmes. London: Wessex Pr. ISBN0-938501-21-6.

• Harrison, Michael (1973). The World of SherlockHolmes. London: Frederick Muller Ltd.

• Jones, Kelvin (1987). Sherlock Holmes and theKent Railways. Sittingborne, Kent: MeresboroughBooks. ISBN 0-948193-25-5.

• Keating, H. R. F. (2006). Sherlock Holmes: TheMan and His World. Edison, NJ: Castle. ISBN 0-7858-2112-0.

• Kestner, Joseph (1997). Sherlock’s Men: Masculin-ity, Conan Doyle and Cultural History. Farnham:Ashgate. ISBN 1-85928-394-2.

• King, Joseph A. (1996). Sherlock Holmes: FromVictorian Sleuth to Modern Hero. Lanham, US:Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-3180-5.

• Klinger, Leslie (2005). TheNewAnnotated SherlockHolmes. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-05916-2.

• Klinger, Leslie (1998). The Sherlock Holmes Refer-ence Library. Indianapolis: Gasogene Books. ISBN0-938501-26-7.

• Lester, Paul (1992). Sherlock Holmes in the Mid-lands. Studley, Warwickshire: Brewin Books.ISBN 0-947731-85-7.

• Lieboe, Eli. Doctor Joe Bell: Model for SherlockHolmes. Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green Uni-versity Popular Press, 1982; Madison, Wisconsin:University of Wisconsin Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-87972-198-5

• Mitchelson, Austin (1994). The Baker Street Irreg-ular: Unauthorised Biography of Sherlock Holmes.Romford: Ian Henry Publications Ltd. ISBN 0-8021-4325-3.

• Payne, David S. (1992). Myth and Modern Manin Sherlock Holmes: Sir Arthur Conan Doyle andthe Uses of Nostalgia. Bloomington, Ind: Gaslight’sPublications. ISBN 0-934468-29-X.

19

• Redmond, Christopher (1987). In Bed with SherlockHolmes: Sexual Elements in Conan Doyle’s Stories.London: Players Press. ISBN 0-8021-4325-3.

• Redmond, Donald (1983). Sherlock Holmes: AStudy in Sources. Quebec: McGill-Queen’s Univer-sity Press. ISBN 0-7735-0391-9.

• Rennison, Nick (2007). Sherlock Holmes. TheUnauthorized Biography. London: Grove Press.ISBN 978-0-8021-4325-9.

• Richards, Anthony John (1998). Holmes, Chemistryand the Royal Institution: A Survey of the ScientificWorks of Sherlock Holmes and His Relationship withthe Royal Institution of Great Britain. London: Ir-regulars Special Press. ISBN 0-7607-7156-1.

• Riley, Dick (2005). The Bedside Companion toSherlock Holmes. New York: Barnes & NobleBooks. ISBN 0-7607-7156-1.

• Riley, Peter (2005). The Highways and Byways ofSherlock Holmes. London: P.&D. Riley. ISBN 978-1-874712-78-7.

• Roy, Pinaki (Department of English, Malda Col-lege) (2008). The Manichean Investigators: A Post-colonial and Cultural Rereading of the SherlockHolmes and Byomkesh Bakshi Stories. New Delhi:Sarup and Sons. ISBN 978-81-7625-849-4.

• Sebeok, Thomas; Umiker-Sebeok, Jean (1984)."'You Know My Method': A Juxtaposition ofCharles S. Peirce and Sherlock Holmes”. In Eco,Umberto; Sebeok, Thomas. The Sign of Three:Dupin, Holmes, Peirce. Bloomington, IN: HistoryWorkshop, Indiana University Press. pp. 11–54.ISBN 978-0-253-35235-4. OCLC 9412985. Previ-ously published as chapter 2, pp. 17–52 of Sebeok,Thomas (1981). The Play of Musement. Blooming-ton, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-39994-6. LCCN 80008846. OCLC 7275523.

• Shaw, John B. (1995). Encyclopedia of SherlockHolmes: A Complete Guide to the World of the GreatDetective. London: Pavilion Books. ISBN 1-85793-502-0.

• Smith, Daniel (2009). The Sherlock Holmes Com-panion: An Elementary Guide. London: AurumPress. ISBN 978-1-84513-458-7.

• Starrett, Vincent (1993). The Private Life of Sher-lock Holmes. London: Prentice Hall & IBD. ISBN978-1-883402-05-1.

• Tracy, Jack (1988). The Sherlock Holmes Ency-clopedia: Universal Dictionary of Sherlock Holmes.London: Crescent Books. ISBN 0-517-65444-X.

• Tracy, Jack (1996). Subcutaneously, My DearWatson: Sherlock Holmes and the Cocaine Habit.Bloomington, Ind.: Gaslight Publications. ISBN 0-934468-25-7.

• Wagner, E. J. (2007). La Scienza di SherlockHolmes. Torino: Bollati Boringheri. ISBN 978-0-470-12823-7.

• Weller, Philip (1993). The Life and Times of Sher-lock Holmes. Simsbury: Bracken Books. ISBN 1-85891-106-0.

• Wexler, Bruce (2008). The Mysterious World ofSherlock Holmes. London: Running Press. ISBN978-0-7624-3252-3.

12 External links• “For the Heirs to Holmes, a Tangled Web” - New

York Times article

• “The Burden of Holmes”-Wall Street Journal article

• The Sherlock Holmes Society of London (founded1951)

• Discovering Sherlock Holmes at Stanford University

• Chess and Sherlock Holmes essay by Edward Win-ter,

• Sir Arthur Conan Doyle audio books by Lit2Gofrom the University of South Florida.

• Sherlock Holmes plaques on openplaques.org

• The Sherlock Holmes Collections at the Universityof Minnesota (special collections and rare books)

20 13 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

13 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

13.1 Text• Sherlock Holmes Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes?oldid=723881196 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Magnus Manske,

TwoOneTwo, RjLesch, Derek Ross, Eloquence, Mav, Malcolm Farmer, Sjc, Ed Poor, Arvindn, PierreAbbat, Deb, Ortolan88, WilliamAvery, SimonP, Ant, Zoe, Heron, Comte0, Formulax~enwiki, Mintguy, Isis~enwiki, Modemac, Hephaestos, Mrwojo, Frecklefoot, Ed-ward, Kchishol1970, Infrogmation, Tubby, Ken Arromdee, Michael Hardy, Tim Starling, Paul Barlow, Kwertii, Isomorphic, Liftarn,Wwwwolf, Bobby D. Bryant, Ixfd64, Kalki, Zanimum, Paul A, Ihcoyc, Ahoerstemeier, Ronz, Docu, Samuelsen, Darrell Greenwood,Kingturtle, Darkwind, Cgs, Jll, Lupinoid, BenKovitz, Rayray, Mr.Zed, Zarius, Idcmp, Jihg, Trontonian, MarkBoydell, Ww, Lfh, JCarriker,Jm34harvey, Dysprosia, Dandrake, Jwrosenzweig, Rvolz, StAkAr Karnak, WhisperToMe,Wik, Zoicon5, Tpbradbury, Ann O'nyme,Wern-her, Shizhao, Ccady, Dpbsmith, EldKatt, UninvitedCompany, Owen, RadicalBender, Moshems, Ckape, Phil Boswell, Robbot, Sander123,ChrisO~enwiki, Fredrik, Chris 73, Donreed, Altenmann, Sparky, Naddy, Chancemill, Lowellian, Burn the asylum, Petermanchester, Post-dlf, Pingveno, Flauto Dolce, Litefantastic, Meelar, Auric, LGagnon, Timrollpickering, Mervyn, Dcutter, Delpino, Sdibb, TexasDex, Ludra-man, Tea2min, SimonMayer, Fabiform, Xyzzyva, Exploding Boy, Dbenbenn, DocWatson42, Gtrmp, Fosse8, Cobaltbluetony, Abigail-II,Tom harrison, Angmering, Ido50, Peruvianllama, Alterego, Everyking, No Guru, Henry Flower, Gamaliel, DO'Neil, Beardo, Daibhid C,Finn-Zoltan, AlistairMcMillan, Beryllium, Iceberg3k, Matt Crypto, Decagon, DÅ‚ugosz, Bobblewik, Christopherlin, Wmahan, Chowbok,Etaonish, DocSigma, Uranographer, Alexf, Telso, Latitudinarian, Mike R, R. fiend, Dvavasour, Gdr, Formeruser-81, LucasVB, StephanLeclercq, Antandrus, OverlordQ, MisfitToys, Scottperry, Am088, Khaosworks, Nils~enwiki, Rdsmith4, Gaul, Thincat, Sshenoy, Kuralyov,SimonLyall, AmarChandra, Rlcantwell, Neutrality, Joyous!, Mschlindwein, Neale Monks, Claude girardin, Jh51681, MakeRocketGoNow,Damieng, Guybrush, DmitryKo, Kate, DavidL (usurped), Mike Rosoft, D6, Freakofnurture, Bonalaw, Maestro25, RossPatterson, Dis-cospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Florian Blaschke, DouglasJohnston, Aris Katsaris, Cdyson37, Roodog2k, Antaeus Feldspar, Mani1, MarkS,Gonzalo Diethelm, SpookyMulder, Bender235, ESkog, Sum0, Zaslav, Kbh3rd, Neko-chan, BACbKA, PlasmaDragon, Ylee, Nysalor,Kwamikagami, Kross, Worldtraveller, Tom, RoyBoy, Gershwinrb, Thuresson, Bobo192, Cretog8, Rramphal, Longhair, Bill the Greek,AmosWolfe, 23skidoo, Smalljim, Cmdrjameson, Bhooshan, Thanos6, Pokrajac, Giraffedata, Man vyi, Steveklein, TheProject, Jmeisen,WikiLeon, Troels Nybo~enwiki, Cunningham, Pschemp, DCEdwards1966, Espoo, Skychrono, Frodet, Grutness, Honeycake, Alansohn,Sumalsn, Rray, Blahma, LtNOWIS, Tobych, Proteus71, Lokicarbis, Les FL, Philip Cross, Rd232, Inky, Ricky81682, Plumbago, RobinJohnson, Andrew Gray, Yamla, Lectonar, PoptartKing, Lightdarkness, Jaardon, Dodonov, Hu, Malo, Metron4, DreamGuy, Snowolf,Brown Shoes22, Wtmitchell, Melaen, Bucephalus, Velella, Immanuel Giel, GJeffery, BRW, Cburnett, Garzo, Tony Sidaway, RJFJR, Rain-bowOfLight, Dirac1933, Randy Johnston, Sciurinæ, Lerdsuwa, H2g2bob, P Ingerson, Jguk, Sleigh, IVoteTurkey, Ghirlandajo, PureR,Throbblefoot, Brookie, A D Monroe III, Pcpcpc, Noz92, Weyes, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Jeffrey O. Gustafson, Starblind,Woohookitty, Bunnyhero, Camw, Jason Palpatine, Whitehorse1, StradivariusTV, Uncle G, Kurzon, EnSamulili, BlankVerse, Dowew,MONGO, CS42, Tabletop, Kelisi, Hailey C. Shannon, Adityam, GregorB, Goystein~enwiki, SDC, Waldir, Jon Harald Søby, Gim-boid13, Plw, Turnstep, Hovea, Mandarax, Graham87, WBardwin, Deltabeignet, BD2412, David Levy, Kbdank71, OGRastamon, JIP,Milyle, Doylefan, Rjwilmsi, Mayumashu, Tim!, Koavf, Gryffindor, DeadlyAssassin, Carl Logan, Vary, DynSkeet, Carbonite, JHMM13,TheRingess, MitchellTF, Captain Disdain, SpNeo, Vegaswikian, Afterwriting, The wub, MarnetteD, Matt Deres, Sango123, Kasparov,Leithp, JohnDBuell, Enda80, FlaBot, Lsloan, Mumblingmynah, RobertG, Old Moonraker, Thexmanlight, Loggie, KarlFrei, JodoYodo,CarolGray, Kerowyn, NekoDaemon, MosheZadka, RexNL, Gurch, Jay-W, Brendan Moody, Gryphonius, Alphachimp, Jmkprime, Brad-Beattie, Lemuel Gulliver, Newsjunkie, WouterBot, Chobot, DVdm, Bgwhite, RogerK, Flcelloguy, YurikBot, Wavelength, RobotE, Sceptre,Adamhauner, Hairy Dude, Samuel Wiki, Rtkat3, Huw Powell, MJustice, DTRY, Phantomsteve, RussBot, Maw, GLaDOS, DBD, Spuri-ousQ, Spycoops, Hydrargyrum, Stephenb, Polluxian, Gaius Cornelius, Jenblower, Rsrikanth05, Bovineone, Wimt, Tavilis, NawlinWiki,Wiki alf, Trademarx, Ou tis, Fabulous Creature, Długosz, Schlafly, Methelfilms, Patchyreynolds, SCZenz, Loonquawl, Irishguy, John-nyZen, Cholmes75, ShadowMan1od, Jpbowen, Krakatoa, PhilipC, Davemck, Raven4x4x, Ezeu, Scs, TDogg310, David Pierce, Zzzzzzus,Alex43223, Zythe, Loopus, Dissolve, EmiOfBrie, Mister Man, DeadEyeArrow, Bota47, Nescio, Shadowblade, Acetic Acid, Sir Isaac,Brisvegas, Gnusbiz, Werdna, Jessek, Bantosh, Pydos, Wknight94, Elysianfields, SpinnakerMagic, Unforgiven24, Tuckerresearch, J S Ayer,Zzuuzz, Nikkimaria, Mike Selinker, Rikozarzour, SMcCandlish, BorgQueen, JoanneB, Ipstenu, Benshepherd, Smurrayinchester, Ancla-tion~enwiki, Mais oui!, Piecraft, Spliffy, Deriobamba, Stevouk, Ybbor, Katieh5584, JDspeeder1, DearPrudence, Kingboyk, Airconswitch,Mardus, DVD R W, Tom Morris, Pasi, Mhardcastle, Veinor, User24, JJL, BonsaiViking, SmackBot, Nickyindia, Elonka, Espresso Ad-dict, Haymaker, Lestrade, Reedy, KnowledgeOfSelf, McGeddon, Mdiamante, Londonlinks, ParkerHiggins, Thunderboltz, RedSpruce,Dwanyewest, BPK2, Canthusus, TheDoctor10, Kintetsubuffalo, Kdg81, Mad Bill, Dyslexic agnostic, Marktreut, Gilliam, Hmains, Skizzik,Crimsonfox, Kevinalewis, Andy M. Wang, Rmosler2100, Hraefen, Cowman109, Master gopher, Unint, TimBentley, Ian3055, Jm307,SynergyBlades, Joseph Q Publique, Dr bab, B00P, Thumperward, Xiliquiern, Alligators1974, MidgleyDJ, SchfiftyThree, Droll, Sadads,TheFeds, Kythias, Whispering, DHN-bot~enwiki, H-b-g, Darth Panda, Rama’s Arrow, Brideshead, ClaudiaM, Trekphiler, Can't sleep,clown will eat me, Nick Levine, ReferenceMan, Tamfang, Greypilgrim86, Quartermaster, Atropos, Vulcanstar6, LC Revelation, JMLof-ficier, Emamian, Computerman45, Addshore, Edivorce, Elendil’s Heir, Magmagirl, Artemisboy, Snowbound, MTebbe, Sailorptah, Yankee-Doodle14, Fuhghettaboutit, Muksit, Digresser, B jonas, EVula, SnappingTurtle, Taggart Transcontinental, Derek R Bullamore, Sljaxon,Wikifan1248, Jklin, SpiderJon, DMacks, Bob Castle, Gildir, BrotherFlounder, Primogen, FelisLeo, Kukini, Drunken Pirate, Ohconfu-cius, Will Beback, Blahm, The undertow, SashatoBot, Sassafras, Lambiam, Sherlock Whippet, ArglebargleIV, AThing, Ser Amantiodi Nicolao, BrownHairedGirl, Nareek, RealmMan, John, Pliny, Gobonobo, NewTestLeper79, Xornok, UpDown, Coyoty, Number36,Peterlewis, Tim from Leeds, Chris 42, IronGargoyle, Nellis, Syrcatbot, ENSSB, Chrisch, Stuartfanning, Comicist, Pedantic of Purley,Stwalkerster, Symmetric Chaos, Beetstra, STL Dilettante, Mr Stephen, Hargle, Waggers, SandyGeorgia, Mets501, Doczilla, Herrpoon,Midnightblueowl, Hammeff, Dukemeiser, Zapvet, Bobbaxter, Haveronjones, Darry2385, Rpab, Dl2000, Hkd2029, Politepunk, DabMa-chine, Norm mit, BranStark, ISD, Iridescent, JMK, Clarityfiend, Athenaeum, Colonel Warden, Masoninman, Joseph Solis in Australia,Shoeofdeath, Newone, Mihitha, StephenBuxton, Twas Now, Rnb, CapitalR, Newyorkbrad, Hideyuki7, Charles T. Betz, Ewulp, Cour-celles, Casper Gutman, Woodshed, Pjbflynn, FairuseBot, Tawkerbot2, Jh12, Generalcp702, HDCase, JForget, Tedmarynicz, Adam Keller,Dan0 00, CmdrObot, Wafulz, Seb162005, Elyu, Interstellar, Cchris, Jayunderscorezero, Makeemlighter, JohnCD, Dynzmoar, Vision-thing, Drinibot, Jnicho02, Reahad, Noha307, Locuteh, Birchbaston, Simply south, WeggeBot, Browserlong, Neelix, Michael B. Trausch,Gran2, Devatipan, MrFish, Besidesamiracle, Lookingforgroup, Jpwrites, Phósphoros, Mattbuck, Cydebot, Mblumber, Nightbird~enwiki,Kanags, Ftg3plus4, Treybien, Glenn branca, Aristophanes68, Gogo Dodo, MattButts, ST47, DocDee, Pascal.Tesson, Ttenchantr, DougWeller, DumbBOT, Bookgrrl, Keircutler, Ssilvers, Vyselink, BenStorer, Voldemortuet, Click23, Malleus Fatuorum, Jon C., JeweledAu-rora, Mawfive, Raldage, Qwyrxian, TonyTheTiger, 271828182, Jedibob5, GentlemanGhost, Gltimmons, Aurelien Langlois, Sagaciousuk,N5iln, Sdream93, Mojo Hand, Marek69, Tbmorgan74, DTPQueen, Affiray, Arcarti, James086, Ctu2485, Girl Sherlock, Ackatsis, Dan-Dud88, Alientraveller, Double-L, Dfrg.msc, The Culprit, Icarus 23, Themeparkfanatic, Dawnseeker2000, TheGiantHogweed, Scottan-

13.1 Text 21

drewhutchins, Escarbot, Cliffewiki, LachlanA, Legend Saber, AntiVandalBot, CommanderCool1654, Luna Santin, Seaphoto, Opelio,JHFTC, QuiteUnusual, Shirt58, Bookworm857158367, Prolog, Onlybizet, CarolineMcC, 17Drew, RapidR, Fivepast, Fayenatic london,Tadas12, Modernist, Darklilac, Enmerkar, Mutt Lunker, Qwerty Binary, Myanw, Leuqarte, Bocephusjohnson, Klow, Gökhan, MikeLynch,DCincarnate, Lhagiang, JAnDbot, Rl201, Deflective, Husond, MER-C, LeedsKing, Agrestis, Ericoides, Supertheman, Seddon, Midnight-dreary, The Unitied States Of America Warrior 60,000, Social Rage 70, MB1972, Albany NY, Awien, Hewinsj, Dcooper, Atriel, Hut8.5, J Greb, Rothorpe, Siddharth Mehrotra, Wildhartlivie, Asafoetida, Magioladitis, Conanfan1412, ZPM, Johndonut, Pedro, Celithemis,Bongwarrior, VoABot II, Dekimasu, Fallon Turner, Awesome Dad, AtticusX, Kalepook, Sherlock Brett, JamesBWatson, Twisted86, Tr-ishm, CTF83!, Sodabottle, Dep. Garcia, RuthieK, Froid, John1701, Cartoon Boy, Nick Cooper, Domingo Portales, GroovySandwich,Prismsplay, 28421u2232nfenfcenc, LookingGlass, Blackasursowl, DerHexer, Drevlyanin, Lenticel, ChazBeckett, Daemonic Kangaroo,Dtassone, Tintinlover123, Mykas0, Wikianon, Laura1822, B9 hummingbird hovering, MartinBot, Schmloof, Addison7, Arevco, Serkul,Seinfeld99, CliffC, Kiore, Scarlet Princess, Juansidious, Rsl12, Keith D, Padillah, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Siddharthkrish, Kh8s, Sibiantony, J.delanoy, Nev1, Gotyear, Trusilver, TheLastAmigo, Dr.Who, Tlim7882, Bitethesilverbullet, Markola, Tikiwont, Eliz81, The-greenj, 88888, MattB2, Paris1127, Pokepedia~enwiki, McSly, Jigesh, Balthazarduju, Grmanners, WebHamster, JayJasper, HiLo48, Ve-gan4Life, NewEnglandYankee, Molly-in-md, Perry lax, SmilesALot, Sensei48, TheScotch, Malerin, Themoodyblue, Madhava 1947, Kyli-eTastic, Cometstyles, Lord Of Monkeys, RB972, Yeatesy, Audiovore, DH85868993, Redrocket, Ajfweb, Bonadea, JavierMC, Straw Cat,Gelbard, Ktoonen, Wilhelmina.rush, Vkt183, GHYTHEY, Phlyz, Redtigerxyz, Lights, Sam Blacketer, Deor, OLEF641, VolkovBot, ABF,Derekbd, Meaningful Username, Gin007, DSRH, Jeffsul, Rtrace, AlnoktaBOT, Dougie monty, Philip Trueman, Mkcmkc, TXiKiBoT, Os-hwah, Jofre~enwiki, Moogwrench, Isulfir, Alan Rockefeller, Zummis, RedVeat, Vipinhari, Bahamut Elite, DaoKaioshin, Lawnmadonna,Debutante, Chikanamakalaka, Dj thegreat, Afluent Rider, Yyyyyy333222111, Devoxo, Hyper Summer, Imababy, Joeljpb, Aymatth2, AnnaLincoln, John Carter, Melsaran, Martin451, Leafyplant, Buddhipriya, LeaveSleaves, Mannafredo, DesmondW, DBetty, Liberal Classic,Annrules, Tdalby, RadiantRay, Nokom, Greswik, Blurpeace, Lerdthenerd, Davethefish42, DavidHitt, Enviroboy, AgentCDE, Vchim-panzee, RaseaC, Spinningspark, Kai, Sesshomaru, WatermelonPotion, Locke9k, Monty845, Showers, Laval, DeluxeSuperFly, Treepig2,B.romberg, ComputerWolf, Quantpole, Sushisurprise, Logan, PGWG, Wattyie, Lottie33, Ishboyfay, DivaNtrainin, EmxBot, Tsukikosagi,Deconstructhis, Cvmdavies, Lizzyewer, Cosprings, Oedii, SieBot, StAnselm, Coffee, Slatersteven, Maher-shalal-hashbaz, Nubiatech, Tres-iden, Nihil novi, WereSpielChequers, BotMultichill, Jack Merridew, Krawi, Juru, Alaxr274, Ajc2711, Doug4422, Tomwhite56, Truly-Blue, Norgor, Arda Xi, Sunny910910, Johncurrandavis, A312551, NobleWeek, Oxymoron83, Jack1956, Artoasis, Mankar Camoran,Faradayplank, Baseball Bugs, Samatarou, Pepso2, Miniapolis, Lightmouse, Amcfadgen, Escape Artist Swyer, RSStockdale, Ks0stm,Alex.muller, ShadowPhox, Moletrouser, AMbot, Venomous Pen, Nphaneuf, Svick, Rjfost, Alvis Rofhessa, Stfg, Magalvao, StaticGull,Dlkwiki, Captain Teague, Sherlock2040, Vinay raikar, Supersixfive, Dabomb87, DRTllbrg, Watson’s Notes, H1nkles, Graminophile, Es-cape Orbit, Lmahan, ASBiskey, Tatterfly, Danausplexippus, Leranedo, Rw0000001, Loren.wilton, Elassint, ClueBot, Tmol42, Andre-Peltier, DFRussia, Wedineinheck, Snigbrook, Josh0322, CaptainJae, The Thing That Should Not Be, Sweetlew13, Activeentity, Rjd0060,Swedish fusilier, TJ Dimacali, Jtomlin1uk, Gawaxay, Bikeroo, Robman94, Keraunoscopia, Czarkoff, Arakunem, Saddhiyama, Cp111,Zdecent, Nickelfish~enwiki, Boing! said Zebedee, Hafspajen, Mezigue, Blanchardb, Psource, Piledhigheranddeeper, Trivialist, Davidovic,Gerald G-Money, Jagdfeld, Raisrulez, Supergodzilla2090, DragonBot, McMarcoP, Excirial, Jusdafax, CrazyChemGuy, Tomeasy, ErebusMorgaine, The persistent invincible, Eeekster, Conical Johnson, Gtstricky, SpikeToronto, Flameking11, NuclearWarfare, Andrewtriggs,UltraEdit, Kuanche, Seantrinityohara, Cormack666, Cr7i, Rajashreepatel, Mtsmallwood, Elcapitanhowdy, Palindromedairy, Rui GabrielCorreia, C628, Jtle515, Vegetator, Snackeru, Yakman69, Lord Cornwallis, Osmius, JDPhD, Bellwether BC, Johnuniq, SoxBot III, Bob-cat4214, AA4PC, Sing2pray, DumZiBoT, Mbakkel2, Darkicebot, Tigging, Crazy Boris with a red beard, Captain108, BarretB, Clas-siv, XLinkBot, Gnowor, Gerhardvalentin, PSWG1920, Lobo, HappyJake, Bob Curtis, NellieBly, Oldradioshows, BlonddudeGoneDark,Saffy123, Frickwg, Badgernet, Noctibus, MarmadukePercy, WikiDao, Linesdata~enwiki, TravisAF, Zacharie Grossen, ZooFari, Nostal-giaVista, Komobu, Trendnewly12, Thatguyflint, Zainboy, Kbdankbot, D.M. from Ukraine, Addbot, Cxz111, Blanche of King’s Lynn, Hi-itse, Willking1979, Watson9194, Prettybabe, Some jerk on the Internet, DOI bot, Edanon~enwiki, Queenmomcat, Unclewalker, Malikov,Adam Warlock 2, Phil’sFriend, Older and ... well older, Cooksi, Fencatic, Fieldday-sunday, CanadianLinuxUser, Noozgroop, Reedmal-loy, Switzpaw, LaaknorBot, Chamal N, Ccacsmss, Glane23, Fluffy25, Istrucktheglass, Zero no Kamen, Isabel100, Web comic, Favonian,LinkFA-Bot, Proxxt, Norman21, Tassedethe, Peridon, Wolfeye90, Scienceislife, Tide rolls, Lightbot, OlEnglish, Smeagol 17, Jan eiss-feldt, Gail, SasiSasi, David0811, Greyhood, Chalkumro, Hobr, Goodmanjoon, Сдобников Андрей, Ben Ben, Luckas-bot, ZX81, Yobot,Granpuff, 2D, Legobot II, Donfbreed, II MusLiM HyBRiD II, Ndlax, AprilBlood, Jim0watkins, Kjell Knudde, Benjamin1111, BAPACop,THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, Kitty Kattie, CinchBug, Maraadler, INS Pirat, Neilgreatorex, Ayrton Prost, Pablocasal380, Greg Holden08, Define Life, Alexkin, Againme, Eric-Wester, Tempodivalse, Bility, Tonyrex, AnomieBOT, BRPierce, Floquenbeam, Cinemajay, Sixwords, Jim1138, Galoubet, Piano non troppo, Saseitz, Kingpin13, Ulric1313, Guff2much, Flewis, Jacob2718, Bluerasberry, Materialscien-tist, ImperatorExercitus, 90 Auto, Citation bot, Jehuty103, Tbvdm, Sherifisac, Quebec99, LilHelpa, Cameron Scott, Mattboy909, Xqbot,Zad68, Sketchmoose, Chaboura, Luuvabot, Cedricthecentaur, Greatgreekgod, Gensanders, DSisyphBot, Gilo1969, Wickedrob, Rdy66044,The Evil IP address, JesseLeiman, Tyrol5, JCrue, TheWanderer64, RadiX, Broncos4ever, AVBOT, RibotBOT, JoeLoeb, Funnypictures,GainLine, Shadowjams, Hipofizis, Green Cardamom, LubieeOx, Captain-n00dle, HolmesDragon, Satishmania, Tumunu, Reborn221, Fres-coBot, Anna Roy, Newklear Phil, LucienBOT, Dk9bhardwaj, AlexanderKaras, SherlockHolmesOnTheRioGrande, Ndboy, Distended nar-ration, Rectitudo, Yickbob, Red3biggs, Bcefjj805, Muzmah, Footyfanatic3000, Keserman, Billtkd, Colourednana, Ablebakerus, ClickRick,HamburgerRadio, Hexagon70, Citation bot 1, Elliott2000, Bobmack89x, Pinethicket, Grammarspellchecker, HRoestBot, PHILTHEGUN-NER60, Jonesey95, DzWiki, Newblackwhite, Calmer Waters, A8UDI, Moonraker, Marqso, Jschnur, Brucewh, Mediatech492, Smijes08,Île flottante, Petro Gulak, Fumitol, MNRhubarb, Sherlockfan, FoxBot, TobeBot, Mr Mulliner, Royal Blue Jersey, Jiskran, Lotje, Green-leaf547, SingingZombie, JuhoV, Vrenator, Coldwarshot, DingleMr, Klomin10, Defender of torch, Fmndu9acgh79q3, NerdyRaspberry,Chickenfish333, Peppicatred, Aronlee-eva, David Hedlund, Greenp3, Camron 6, J-C Bubbendorf, Merlinsorca, Diannaa, Yeng-Wang-Yeh, Tbhotch, Reach Out to the Truth, Loisanwin, Banjogirl424, Spideyismycopilot, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Mean as custard, SamuelRosenbaum, RjwilmsiBot, Vb513, Erfo46, YuryCassini, Perspeculum, Tatoranaki, EmausBot, Sir Arthur Williams, John of Reading, Or-phan Wiki, RachelJLevine, Rasputin72, PleasanceC, Tal1962, Smellytango22, Pareelz09, Wowprdi, Kensternation, Scardinoz, Ethine,Zerkroz, GoingBatty, BeeoftheBirdoftheMoth, Londoner77, Ayaaa, Martino1968, Mrmannyman2, NotAnonymous0, Jorvikian, Solarra,Remington1122, Jagbaraljuger, Princess Lirin, Dukeofwin, Wikipelli, Dcirovic, Mikebru, Trntrff, JDDJS, Postwar, ZéroBot, John Cline,Cupidvogel, Fæ, Traxs7, BabyNJ, MassaAlonso, Martinh96, Cyberia3, Jordancelticsfan, Mmarcuswarren, Azuris, Peter 437, ElektrikShoos, Snorlaxingimarsson, Monkeybutt50, Mugglebear, K kisses, Powerpuffbubbles23, SporkBot, Cymru.lass, Wayne Slam, Ocaasi,IronJohn2000, RaptureBot, Jay-Sebastos, TyA, Lamb chops x, IGeMiNix, Rykaldinho, Yorkshiresoul, TomorrowWeDie, Willthacheer-leader18, BartlebytheScrivener, Sailsbystars, Orange Suede Sofa, Rangoon11, JMS-Natchez, PDethBW, Comicarmageddon, Clementina,Gregums, Khushwantsingh987, Terra Novus, Sven Manguard, DASHBotAV, Multiplex72, Agent bishop, Ebehn, SherlockDwoney5, Al-wayssoma, ClueBot NG, SpikeTorontoRCP, Gareth Griffith-Jones, Dr. Persi, Jon7245, Tanbircdq, MelbourneStar, Why Are You LookingAtMe, TruPepitoM, SirHenryJosephBell, Carr1331, O.Koslowski, Graciado, Rezabot, ThaddeusSholto,Widr, Llorracsemaj, SnakeRambo,

22 13 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Helpful Pixie Bot, Libraryman125, DevilsHarmonica, GBGabe, RobertGustafson, Lolm8, Holly the Short, Seesawmajorydoor, SchroCat,BG19bot, Radkris ig, Bdarrell, Prasan2008, Mykindabook, DeepSnowBand, Steve Milburn, George Ponderevo, Ilikedoilies, Frze, Avoca-toBot, Allenehorner, Cusop Dingle, Bakerstreetreg, Bugjuice2, Mark Arsten, Storfix1, Batman194, Atomician, Godzilladude123, Abhilashramadagi, Pretty Girl Barbie, Writ Keeper, Arun1291, Ssonday002, Hamish59, Shisma, Cygnature, Wrath X, Achowat, Abra thomas,Jonadin93, BattyBot, Mrt3366, Deatheater36, Cyberbot II, Blue Eagle 21063, Khazar2, Ricercar a6, JYBot, Kanghuitari, Dexbot, Wiki-man103, Archieb123, Codename Lisa, Yasnas, Mogism, Kota171717, Sgumibear, TwoTwoHello, Magicpillows, Iamsherlocked, Poka-janje, Eameam19, Np3 666, Happy2BUrDork, Ankitsingh1708, Humorideas, Ob376, Donfbreed2, S3wd, Epicgenius, Daniel.villar7,Jodosma, Clive Lyons, JohnMarkOckerbloom, Matty.007, Hechidnat, CensoredScribe, Marigold100, Cinerama Comment, Mooseand-bruce1, Somchai Sun, Machho, SNUGGUMS, BBCGuy2, Rehilly, Ithinkicahn, JohnSmith5000100, Koti.hung, Monkbot, Filedelinkerbot,Tranquility of Soul, Sherlock502, LawrencePrincipe, Goblinshark17, Ishinoak, SparrowHK, Aledownload, ChamithN, Samantha Ireland,Inyouchuu shoku, Reaganomics88, KasparBot, SingingJoseph4MusicalFilmFans, Srednuas Lenoroc, SJDBurgess, JitsuFighter2, Ooznoz,Malu283, DRodgers11 and Anonymous: 2251

13.2 Images• File:221B_Baker_Street.JPEG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/221B_Baker_Street.JPEG License: CC-

BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: http://www.stutler.cc/other/misc/baker_street.html Original artist: Russ Stutler• File:A_Study_in_Scarlet_from_Beeton’{}s_Christmas_Annual_1887.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/

commons/f/fe/A_Study_in_Scarlet_from_Beeton%27s_Christmas_Annual_1887.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: BeineckeRare Book & Manuscript Library, Yale University [1] Original artist: David Henry Friston

• File:Abbe-03.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Abbe-03.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:Strand Magazine Original artist: Sidney Paget (1860 - 1908)

• File:Benedict_Cumberbatch_filming_Sherlock_cropped.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Benedict_Cumberbatch_filming_Sherlock_cropped.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors:

• Benedict_Cumberbatch_filming_Sherlock.jpg Original artist: Benedict_Cumberbatch_filming_Sherlock.jpg: Fat Les from London, UK• File:Book_collection.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0

Contributors: ? Original artist: ?• File:British_Army_Mark_III_Model_of_1872.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/British_Army_

Mark_III_Model_of_1872.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:1872.JPG Original artist: en:user:Harryvc

• File:Charles_Frohman_presents_William_Gillette_in_his_new_four_act_drama,_Sherlock_Holmes_(LOC_var_1364)_(edit).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Charles_Frohman_presents_William_Gillette_in_his_new_four_act_drama%2C_Sherlock_Holmes_%28LOC_var_1364%29_%28edit%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Chas-05.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Chas-05.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:Strand Magazine Original artist: Sidney Paget (1860 - 1908)

• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contribu-tors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Edit-clear.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg License: Public domain Contributors: TheTango! Desktop Project. Original artist:The people from the Tango! project. And according to the meta-data in the file, specifically: “Andreas Nilsson, and Jakub Steiner (althoughminimally).”

• File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Friendly_stickman.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Friendly_stickman.svg License: WTFPLContributors: Own work Original artist: Lilyu

• File:Gold-01.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Gold-01.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:Strand Magazine Original artist: Sidney Paget (1860 - 1908)

• File:Holmes_reichenbach.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Holmes_reichenbach.jpg License: Publicdomain Contributors: Strand Magazine Original artist: Sidney Paget (1860-1908)

• File:Jeremy_Brett.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b0/Jeremy_Brett.jpg License: Fair use Contributors:UnknownOriginal artist: ?

• File:Mikroskop-seibert_hg.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Mikroskop-seibert_hg.jpg License: CCBY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Hannes Grobe

• File:Paget_holmes.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Paget_holmes.png License: Public domain Con-tributors: Strand Magazine Original artist: Sidney Paget (1860-1908)

• File:Portal-puzzle.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ?Original artist: ?

• File:Question_book-new.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0Contributors:Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist:Tkgd2007

• File:Rathbone_as_Holmes_-_F&R.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Rathbone_as_Holmes_-_F%26R.png License: Public domain Contributors: Photograph in possession of SchroCat Original artist: Employee(s) of Universal Studios

13.3 Content license 23

• File:Sherlock_Holmes_Museum_001.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Sherlock_Holmes_Museum_001.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:FA2010

• File:Sherlock_Holmes_Museum_Study_2.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Sherlock_Holmes_Museum_Study_2.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: lo studio Original artist: Alberto Ghione from Torino, Italia

• File:SidneyEdwardPaget.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/SidneyEdwardPaget.jpg License: Pub-lic domain Contributors: http://www.artintheblood.com/pagets/sbio19.htm, http://www.artintheblood.com/pagets/sidphoto08.jpg Originalartist: Courtesy of Goode Press and http://www.artintheblood.com

• File:Statue_of_Sherlock_Holmes_in_Edinburgh.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Statue_of_Sherlock_Holmes_in_Edinburgh.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by Blurpeaceusing CommonsHelper.Original artist: Siddharth Krish. The original uploader was Siddharthkrish at English Wikipedia

• File:Strand_paget.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Strand_paget.jpg License: Public domainContrib-utors: Strand Magazine Original artist: Sidney Paget (1860-1908)

• File:Twisted_lip.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Twisted_lip.jpg License: Public domain Contribu-tors: http://www.artintheblood.com/twis/twis9.htm Original artist: Sidney Paget (died 1908)

• File:WebleyBBD.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/WebleyBBD.JPG License: CC0 Contributors:Own work Original artist: Hrftx

• File:Webley_1868_RIC.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Webley_1868_RIC.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Hmaag

• File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg License:CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: This file was derived from Wiki letter w.svg: <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg' class='image'><img alt='Wiki letter w.svg' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/50px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png' width='50' height='50' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/75px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/100px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='44' data-file-height='44' /></a>Original artist: Derivative work by Thumperward

• File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domainContributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0Contributors: Rei-artur Original artist: Nicholas Moreau

13.3 Content license• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0