shifting terrain a short history of charter schools in the u.s. january 7, 2014
TRANSCRIPT
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Shifting TerrainA Short History of Charter Schools in the U.S.
January 7, 2014
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The Pre-History of ChartersEconomic theory and vouchers
Milton Friedman introduced the idea of vouchers as an antidote to “public school monopoly” as early as 1955, although many date this to Capitalism & Freedom (1962).
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The Pre-History of ChartersThe Complication of Race
Required by law
Prohibited by law
Determined by local option
Not legislated
Segregation by State, 1954
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The Complications of Race
Prince Edward County, VirginiaClosed public system in 1959White families transferred to private academyTuition grants and tax credits to familiesJustice Black: “…could not be clearer that [P.E. schools] were closed
and private schools operated in their place with state and county assistance, for one reason, and one reason only…” [Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County, 1964]
The Pre-History of Charters
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The Complications of Race
Friedman: “The state of Virginia has adopted a plan having many features in common with that outlined in the preceding chapter. Though adopted for the purpose of avoiding compulsory integration, I predict that the ultimate effects of the law will be very different….”
If the conclusions of my argument are correct, if Virginia’s voucher system is not abolished, “we should see a flowering of schools available in Virginia, with an increase in their diversity, a substantial if not spectacular rise in the quality of the leading schools, and a later rise in the quality of the rest under the impetus of the leaders.”
The Pre-History of Charters
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The Pivot to Public School Choice
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The Pivot to Public School ChoiceVouchers as a Hard Sell
EXHIBIT TO COME:
IMAGES/ICONS OF BILLS
"I've long argued that more choice would lead to better education."
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The Pivot to Public School Choice“Repackaging” Magnet Schools
• Magnet schools are “one of the great successes of the education reform movement.” - President Reagan, January 21 1988
• ''There has been a shift…Republicans and conservatives have come to realize that the Federal role in education is here to stay and that you ought not to blow it up. They also recognize that it is silly to concede the education issue to the Democrats.'’
- Secretary of Education, William Bennett, January 25, 1988
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Charters: Emergence, Legislative Spread, & The Battle Over Framing
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Charters: Emergence, Legislative Spread,& The Battle Over FramingFirst Charter Law in Minnesota
• Minnesota’s vision had less to do with markets than decentralization and variety.
• But nationally charters became proxy battle ground over vouchers.
• Origin myths and the controversy over “What Al Shanker Really Thought.”
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Charters: Emergence, Legislative Spread,& The Battle Over FramingRapid Dissemination
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Charters: Emergence, Legislative Spread,& The Battle Over FramingRapid Dissemination
1991
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Charters: Emergence, Legislative Spread,& The Battle Over FramingRapid Dissemination
1992
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Charters: Emergence, Legislative Spread,& The Battle Over FramingRapid Dissemination
1993
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Charters: Emergence, Legislative Spread,& The Battle Over FramingRapid Dissemination
1994
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Charters: Emergence, Legislative Spread,& The Battle Over FramingRapid Dissemination
1995
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Charters: Emergence, Legislative Spread,& The Battle Over FramingRapid Dissemination
1996
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Charters: Emergence, Legislative Spread,& The Battle Over FramingRapid Dissemination
1997
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Charters: Emergence, Legislative Spread,& The Battle Over FramingRapid Dissemination
1998
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Charters: Emergence, Legislative Spread,& The Battle Over FramingRapid Dissemination
1999
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Charters: Emergence, Legislative Spread,& The Battle Over FramingRapid Dissemination
2001
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Charters: Emergence, Legislative Spread,& The Battle Over FramingRapid Dissemination
2002
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Charters: Emergence, Legislative Spread,& The Battle Over FramingRapid Dissemination
2003
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Charters: Emergence, Legislative Spread,& The Battle Over FramingRapid Dissemination
2010
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Charters: Emergence, Legislative Spread,& The Battle Over FramingRapid Dissemination
2011
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Charters: Emergence, Legislative Spread,& The Battle Over FramingRapid Dissemination
2012
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Charters: Emergence, Legislative Spread,& The Battle Over FramingRapid Dissemination
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Expansion & Maturation
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ExpansionGrowth in Number of Charter Schools
Total Number of Schools (1999 – 2013)
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MaturationTotal Number of Charter Schools by State
201 - 300
Fewer than 50
51 - 100
101 - 200
301 - 500
501 - 1000
More than 1000
None/No Data
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MaturationPercentage of Charter Schools to Public Schools by State
11 to 20%
1 to 5%
6 to 10%
More than 20%
None/No Data
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Maturation: Going to Scale, Managing Charter as Systems & Concentration Effects
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MaturationFrom Mom & Pop to Networks
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MaturationFrom Mom & Pop to Networks: Variation by State
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MaturationManaging Charter Systems
HEI, 43ICB, 13
LEA, 876
NEG, 3NFP, 19SEA, 20
Total Number of Authorizers by Type, 2012
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MaturationTop 10 Districts with the Largest Market Share
Detroit 51%
New Orleans 79%
District of Columbia
43%
Flint 36%
Kansas City 36%
Gary 35%
Hall County 32%
Cleveland 29%
Dayton 28%
Indianapolis 28%
Philadelphia 28%
Albany 27%
Roosevelt S.D. (Phoenix) 27%
Toledo 27%
Grand Rapids 26%
San Antonio 26%
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Privatization Typology• Pragmatic: A tool to make government more effective, efficient,
responsive.
• Tactical: A weapon for advancing personal, organizational, or partisan interests by attracting new allies, and rewarding supporters.
• Systemic: A strategy for fundamentally reducing the role of government by lowering expectations of what government should and can do, reducing oversight and enforcement infrastructure, and altering the landscape of interest groups so that there is reduced support for government growth.
Final Thoughts
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References
• Slide 3:• Wikipedia, “School Segregation in the United States,” Last modified April 7,
2015. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_segregation_in_the_United_States
• Slides 11-28:• The Center for Education Reform (CER), 2013 Charter School Law
Ranking and Scorecard, Washington, DC: CER, 2013. https://www.edreform.com/2013/01/2013-charter-law-ranking-chart/
• Slides 29-31:• National Alliance for Public Charter Schools (NAPCS), “Total Number of
Schools, 2012-13,” In The Public Charter Schools Dashboard, Washington, DC: NAPCS, 2014. http://dashboard.publiccharters.org/dashboard/schools/year/2013
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References
• Slides 33-34:• Gary Miron and Charisse Gulosino, "Profiles of for-Profit and Nonprofit Education
Management Organizations: Fourteenth Edition—2011-2012," Boulder, CO: National Education Policy Center, University of Colorado, 2013. http://nepc.colorado.edu/files/emo-profiles-11-12.pdf
• Slide 35:• National Alliance of Charter School Authorizers (NACSA), “The State of Charter School
Authorizing 2012: 5th Annual Report on NACSA’s Annual Survey,” Chicago, IL: NACSA, 2012. http://www.qualitycharters.org/assets/files/Documents/Publications/2012%20Facts%20Report.pdf
• Slide 36:• National Alliance for Public Charter Schools (NAPCS), “A Growing Movement:
America’s Largest Charter School Communities,” Washington, DC: NAPCS, 2013. http://www.publiccharters.org/publications/growing-movement-americas-largest-charter-school-communities-8th-edition/