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4 / SHINE / October 2011THE FIRST GLOBALLY ISSUED CHINESE-ENGLISH BILINGUAL

5 / SHINE / October 2011



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言论VOICE

美国现在蠢蠢欲动，要设置贸易壁垒。——施正荣认为，既然光伏产业是全球产业，一些政府制造商业壁垒是狭隘的，实际上光伏太阳能上游原料主要来自欧美国家——多晶硅39%产自美国，18%产自欧洲，只有18%产自中国。

United States is eager for action to set up trade barriers.

—Shi Zhengrong, CEO of Suntech, believes that since the photovoltaic industry

is the global industry, the governments that want to set up commercial

barriers are narrow-minded. In fact, raw materials of photovoltaic industry are

mainly from the United States and Europe---39% of polysilicon production

from the United States, 18% from Europe, only 18% from China.

青海2011年底前光伏并网将突破1000兆瓦——在国家出台统一的光伏发电上网电价之后，青海省太阳能光伏电站建设进展迅速。至２０１１年底前光伏并网发电容量将突破１０００兆瓦，成为我国太阳能建设规模和并网发电量最大的地区。

In Qinghai Province, China, grid-connected photovoltaic power generation

capacity will exceed 1,000 MW before the end of 2011.

— After the introduction of unified national FIT, the solar photovoltaic

power plant construction of Qinghai Province is in the rapid progress. The

construction size and grid-connected generation capacity in Qinghai will be

the largest in China to the end of 2011.

太阳能与建筑一体化成为房地产业发展的新趋向。——国际太阳能学会副主席Peter表示，太阳能建筑和住宅将为中国的地产行业打开新思路，然而，高昂的价格也在掣肘着这一新潮流，尽快出台扶持建筑节能发展的产业政策成为业界共同的呼唤。

Building integrated solar energy becomes real estate’s new trends.

—Peter, Vice Chairman of International Solar Energy Society, said, solar

architecture and residential will open up new ideas for real estate industry

in China. However, high prices are constraints with this trend, and policy to

support the development of solar building is the urgent appeal.

5年之后，我国的太阳能将和现在的风能一样，在全球市场中占有一席之地，达到30%以上的市场份额。 ——国家发改委能源研究所副所长李俊峰在9月1日举行的中国可再生能源学会2011年学术年会上大胆预测。

Five years later, China's solar power production will be the same like the

present wind power, reach more than 30% market share and take the place

in the global market.

—September 1, 2011, Li Junfeng, deputy director of National Energy Research

Institute of National Development and Reform Commission, made the bold

prediction at the China Renewable Energy Society Annual Conference 2011.

巴西市场将大有可为。目前巴西市场正处在发展大型并网光伏市场的风口

浪尖。——欧瑞康太阳能市场发展部的主管Chris O’Brien表示，巴西有很好的阳光条件及资源，该国的能源需求正在不断增加，需要更多的能量储备。

Brazil definitely has a lot to offer, Brazil as being on the cusp of developing into

a large grid-connected photovoltaic market.

—Oerlikon Solar’s head of market development Chris O’Brien said, Brazil has

sun, the resources; the energy demand in the country is increasing and this

calls for a need for more energy capacity

这将是一个雄心勃勃且规模庞大的项目。——在汉堡举行的欧洲光伏会议上，希腊能源部长George Papaconstantinou表示，希腊建造一个10GW的光伏项目，并将该项目产生的电力输送到欧洲其他地区，为了实现这个雄伟的目标，该国需要吸引约200亿欧元的投资。

It is a project of a truly ambitious and vast scale.

—Energy Minister George Papaconstantinou has proposed Greece could

house 10 gigawatts (GW) of installed photovoltaics and export much of the

energy produced into Europe. To pursue the ambitious goal, the country

would need to attract around 20 billion euros of investment.

Solyndra的破产只是贷款计划的一个单一的失败赌注，或者它仅仅是冰山一角？——众议院能源及商务委员会主席Fred Upton如是说。Solyndra的破产引发了对贷款计划能力的质疑，并对能源部向绿色技术企业有效的分配另外100亿美元贷款担保的能力产生疑问。

Was Solyndra just one bad bet by an administration rushing to claim credit for

the loan guarantee or is it the tip of the iceberg?

—Asked Fred Upton, the chairman of the House Energy and Commerce

Committee. Republicans said the collapse calls into question the competency

of the loan program and the ability of the department to effectively distribute

another $10 billion in loan guarantees to green technology companies.

政府可能会实施进一步的监管干预。——德国BHF银行的Goetz Fischbeck提出警告。在今年上半年，意大利预计已经安装了6.5 GW的光伏系统。到今年年底，光伏系统的总量可达35万个，共计12 GW。如果该机构的预测实现，意大利将取代德国，成为2011年全球光伏系统装机量最大的国家。

There could be risk of further regulatory interventions by the government

—Goetz Fischbeck from Germany's BHF Bank said. In the first half of this year,

an estimated 6.5 GW of photovoltaics has been installed in Italy. It says that

by the end of the year, 12 GW, or 350,000 systems could be reached. If this

is achieved, Italy would overtake Germany to become the leading country in

terms of installed photovoltaic capacity.

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曹宇

编辑

刘珊珊潘娜刘海明

钱明今周凝张松曲强

美术、图片设计

段云许亚玲苏卉

市场采编

李何燕夏楠倪柯轩

李默许巧玲刘晓林

SponsorSolarbe.com

Supporting UnitsChinese Academy of Social Sciences

Chief EditorLeo Cao

Editors

Sunny Liu Nana Pan Hasin LiuBruce Qian Millet Zhou Zhang Song Qu Qiang

Designers Duan Yun Erin Xu Sophia Su

ReportersJoanna Li Cherry Xia Eddia Ni

Tasita Li Kelly Xu Liu Xiaolin


21 / SHINE / October 201121 / SHINE / October 2011

光伏地图PV • Map

光伏地图PV • Map

目录CONTENTS



目录CONTENTS

言论 Voice

光伏地图 PV Map

聚焦 Focus

市场 • 全球 Market • Global

市场 • 欧洲 Market • Europe

寄语 Editorial

美国能源部为太阳能技术提供1.45亿美元财政支持

DOE Grants USD$145 Million for Development of Solar Technologies

巴西市场大有可为

Brazil Market has Bright Prospects

15

20

24

26

38

54

44

50

58

62

德国6月安装量664 MW补贴或削减15%

Germany: 664 MW of PV Installed in June; 15% Incentive Cut Likely

希腊将建10GW巨型光伏项目

Greece Launches Massive Solar Project

英国太阳能光伏发电急需寻求突破

PV Solar Breakthrough Soon

市场 • 美洲 Market • America

目录 Contents22

2016年全球太阳能市场可达752亿美元

Global Solar Market to Reach $75.2 Billion by 2016

光伏逆变器市场第二季度收益仍下降

PV Inverter Market: Glimmers of Hope in Q2, but Revenues Still Fall

42

多事之秋 An Eventful Year

冰山一角？——Solyndra破产的警示

Tip of the Iceberg?—Warning of Solyndra Bankruptcy

2010年微型逆变器与电源优化器增长率达500%

Microinverters & Power Optimizers Grow 500% in 2010

第26届EU PVSEC闭幕：光伏发电将成为主要的电力来源

26th EU PVSEC Concludes: Photovoltaics Becomes a Major Electricity Source

观点 Viewpoint

9098

102

99

澳大利亚维州宣布削减FiT补贴

Australia: Victoria FIT Cut Announced

日本议会上院通过可再生能源法案

Japan: Renewable Energy Signed into Law

美国罗德岛州实施上网电价

US: Rhode Island Implementing FITs

68

66

80

84

78

82

86

政策 Policy

72

74

64

不断整合——第二季度中国光伏组件供应商问鼎

Chinese PV Module Suppliers on Top in Q2 as Consolidation Continues

亚开行助推印度大规模太阳能电站发展

India: ADB Loan to Boost Gujarat’s Large-Scale Solar Industry

市场 • 亚太 Market • Asia-Pacific

科技 Technology

商业 ● 合作 Business Cooperation

商业 ● 项目 Business Project

商业 ● 认证 Business Certification

商业 Business

财经 Finance

意大利装机量达6.5 GW

Italy Market Reaches 6.5 GW

法国推出新型智能电网项目

France Unveils New Smart Grid Project

寄语EDITORIAL


寄语EDITORIAL


Leo CaoTHE FIRST GLOBALLY ISSUED CHINESE-ENGLISH BILINGUAL

多事之秋

处于沉淀期的光伏业，迎来了继金融危机后的第二次严峻

的考验。

如果说第一次的行业危机跟随着全球金融危机的脚步，那么

在这次行业震荡中，为数不少的企业则显得更加茫然。“问题出

在哪里？”很多企业都在这么问。从大环境来看，欧美经济不够

景气，补贴新能源更为谨慎，各国对于新能源的激励幅度大幅下

调是造成目前市场现状的主因。但更多的问题，仍然出自行业本

身。

首先，光伏产业链中的各环节的利润不平衡。光伏行业虽

然常常被标榜为高科技产业，但真正可以说高科技环节的也只是

原料和电池部分，一直以来，多晶硅原料厂家保持着很高的利润

率，让行业成本难以降低，这虽然是由市场经济决定的，但并不

代表这是合理而不变的。但是每次行业的变化，最先由下游市场

引起，却最后到达原料环节，这其中的几个月时间，库存、原料

价格下降带来的损失让组件企业损失惨重。要解决这个问题，还

有待GCL、乐电天威等中国多晶硅厂商将多晶硅环节成本和售价

降下来。

而设备问题则是中国光伏面临的更大障碍，在市场不景气的

情况下，光伏设备厂商仍然保持着较高的利润，据了解，某些环

节的设备毛利率高达50%以上，而即使是价格相对低廉的国内设

备，从某家企业发布的财报上看，也有40%的毛利率。虽然设备

价格并非影响光伏发电成本的决定因素，但国际设备厂商几乎每

年都会推出更新的设备，让中国厂商不得不紧随其后，股票形势

最好的光伏企业、国际领先的铸锭炉厂商GT Solar，在中文网站

上使用了“依赖”一词，笔者认为非常传神。同时诸如气体、胶

膜这些材料，由于并非只供光伏使用，所以抗击市场降价的能力

较强，所以形成了光伏市场的怪状：欧美国家出口昂贵的设备、

材料的同时，抨击中国倾销，而中国作为最大的组件生产国家，

利润和技术都受到极大局限。

是否有发现，每次市场的变动，损失最大的都是中国企业，

An Eventful Year

The photovoltaic industry endured hardships to face again tough challenges.If that is the first industry distress follows the financial crisis

worldwide, a number of companys appeared more perplexed in the shock. “so what’s wrong?” many player would enquire. First of all, is subject to Us and European stagnant economy around this great environment, due to the reduction of stimulus measures is quite a lot for new energy source, the marketing remains so weak,as it might well say more problems come from the industry itself.At first, its difficult to balance profit in each section with pv industry chain. Materially , the high-tech sections are more raw materials and cell despite PV industry see as high-tech industries, Many poly-silicon raw manufacturers always carry certain profit margin as the free market would be characterized, there is pressure on the cost reduction, however, theses barriers doesnt mean reasonable and a consistent pattern. By the downstream maket driven each shock of the industries, it would be the link in raw finally, the stocks and price reduction led the module makers suffered terrible loss during these times. The problems exist in the link of poly-silicon raw cost and price which somehow go down where we will expect the chinese poly-silicon raw manufacturers to solve, as GCL, Tianwei etc.The facility manufacturers maintain still a high profits when the market fall, but the greatest obstacle is equipment issue for china PV, The gross profit margins in some aspects is reported as high as 50% above, also as the results released by one firm, reach to 40% at least even the domestic facility inexpensive relatively. Although the facility cost isn’t the key of PV cost, the international manufacturers would introduce still the updated product every year, that serve to push Chinese maker trail close behind like the tier 1 manufacturing sites worldwide GT Solar who called blue-chip stocks in the whole PV industry, used the word “rely on” on web, according to the authors that’s very vivid. At the same time, the market of photovoltaic could see: U.S. and European countries are critical of china dumping by exporting expensive equipment, materials to China, while profit and technology in china were greatly limited that can result in the largest module manufacture titled by China.China always lost most heavily in each shock of marketing.

曹宇THE FIRST GLOBALLY ISSUED CHINESE-ENGLISH BILINGUAL

Certainly, some photovoltaic module manufacturers have filed for bankruptcy in US and Europe, policy adjustment favors nevertheless pointing to the largest scale also the weakest segment intermediate, observably. It’s a little exaggerated if say government’s policy adjustment processes for components, but the link of cell, modules have nothing worthwhile in core technology field, that’s easy to imitate, copy. The installation of facility and farm request for decades and even hundreds of years of technology accumulation or the strong relationship and gross financial support specially for raw material. Plus system installation system does not require the entity operation and module section always belong to buyer marketing for advanced equipment, so it has long been in an awkward situation.From early march this year to the end of August more than thirty global PV stock view, the best top ten enterprise almost all titled by equipment and materials provider of GT Solar, GCL, SMA and Centrotherm, and JkS is only Chinese module enterprise. While unrivalled JKS also involved into the issue“cheat donate door”following the Suntech. After the incident of pollution of JkS, shares falled on 28%, and local government ordered JKS to stop production, the market value lost tens of millions of dollars. Although JKS should be some responsibility, it seems also fantastic that the mass media see the trichlorosilane used in polysilicon purification as pollutants stem from silicon maker. Even its really surprised to an editor was being in a newspaper one time enquired for our recruitment,” you hope make a good magazine or bad? ” There are many necessary problems it need to go through as the PV ndustry experienced a so rapide develpment, particuly in china. Many issues were hidden in the appearance of prosperity, thats purely come to head in vallys. Likewise, both the spanish marketing in 2008 and the german one in 2010 became overheated or cool down too quickly not only china PV, these cases are caused by lacking of correct jugement. In the meantime, as the crrazy expansion of many enterprises, It also have an embarrassing moment of shortage about talent, capital and core competitiveness. The author would rather believe that the whole PV industry would in a transition period mature and sage after such market shocks.

当然目前美国、欧洲的一些光伏组件生产商纷纷申请破产，但不

难看出，政策调整有意无意的将矛头指向了光伏业最为庞大也是

最为脆弱的中间环节。

但如果说是各国政府针对组件环节进行政策调整也有点夸

大其词，只不过电池、组件等环节最不具备核心价值，最容易模

仿、复制，设备和电站安装环节或要求数十年甚至上百年的技术

积淀、或要求在当地强有力的关系网络和雄厚资金实力，而原料

部分更是技术和资本缺一不可。加上系统安装不需要企业实体运

作，高端光伏设备又一直处于卖方市场，所以组件环节长期以来

一直处于尴尬局面。

从今年3月初至8月底全球三十余支光伏股票的变化来看，

业绩最好的前十名企业几乎全被GT So la r、GCL、SMA和

Centrotherm设备和原料商包揽，而晶科更是前十中唯一的中国

组件企业。而一枝独秀的晶科近日也继尚德“诈捐门”后陷入了

烦恼之中。

晶科污染物泄露事件发生后，9月20日股价大跌28%，而且

当地政府责令晶科停产整顿，各个评级机构也顺势唱空，市值蒸

发数千万美元。虽然晶科存在一定的问题，但大众媒体将生产硅

片、电池的工厂污染物说成多晶硅提纯使用的三氯氢硅，让人颇

感荒诞。让人对媒体笔者在招聘时，一位原北京某报纸的编辑在

应聘时询问：“你们杂志是做‘好’还是做‘坏’？”不禁愕

然。

光伏行业尤其是中国光伏产业发展如此之快，必然存在许多

问题，只是在以前市场繁荣的表象下，很多问题被遮掩过去，到

现在市场低谷才爆发出来。这并非仅仅存在于中国光伏，2008年

的西班牙市场和2010年的德国市场均出现过热后的过冷现象，是

政府对光伏发展没有正确的判断。同样企业在疯狂扩张的同时，

也会出现人才、资金链紧张和缺乏核心竞争力的尴尬，相信在继

续经过几次类似的市场震荡后，行业会变的更加成熟、理智。


聚焦FOCUS

THE FIRST GLOBALLY ISSUED CHINESE-ENGLISH BILINGUAL


聚焦FOCUS

刘珊珊（Sunny Liu）钱明今（Bruce Qian）THE FIRST GLOBALLY ISSUED CHINESE-ENGLISH BILINGUAL

冰山一角？——Solyndra破产的警示

编者按：9月初，美国光伏组件供应商Solyndra宣布关闭生产工

厂，并申请破产，这是一个月之内第三家宣布破产的组件供

应商。这看起来似乎是一夜之间做出的决定，但事实上这些

企业的失败并不令人惊讶，同时也是对那些想要进入光伏组件领域企业

的一个警告。

Tip of the Iceberg?—Warning of Solyndra Bankruptcy

Editor’s Note: US PV module supplier, Solyndra, announced that it had

shut its manufacturing facility and will file for bankruptcy, the third to

do so in a month. The seemingly overnight decision, and the failure

of the business, should really come as no surprise and is a warning to all

other PV module start-ups.

从2008年开始，Solyndra公司开始销售其创新性的光伏组

件解决方案，特点是将圆柱形的组件安装在框架之内。该产品

提供了一种独特的解决方案并具备一些引人注目的优势，但毕

竟光伏产业需要投资，产品的价格必须能吸引投资商。尽管最

近几个月Solyndra公司的110 MW工厂几乎全负荷运转，但估

计其制作成本仍然远远超过其组件的售价。这样做资金损失很

大，所以最终倒闭的消息丝毫不让人惊讶。进一步扩大产能、

增加产量以及技术进步是否能改变这种情况还有待商榷，但目

前来说我们永远不会知道。

最近，中国的组件供应商再次巩固了市场的领先地位，市

场正呈现出整合的迹象，竞争愈加激烈。光伏组件产业遭受了

供过于求所带来的恶果，价格竞争空前惨烈，一个季度内平均

价格下降了约20%。这样的环境对于Solyndra来说更是雪上加

霜，并成为导致其倒闭的原因之一。

该公司的失败对其他想要在最近进入薄膜产业的企业来说

是一个警告。虽然Solyndra公司的产品与其他做CIGS的薄膜

企业不同，但为了能与其他企业竞争，同样也需要迅速扩大规

模、提高产能。所有的光伏组件制造企业，特别是做CIGS的企

Solyndra began commercially shipping its innovative PV module solution, featuring cylindrical modules mounted in frames, in 2008. The product offered a unique solution and some compelling advantages, but ultimately PV is an investment and the price has to be right. Despite Solyndra operating its 110MW facility close to full capacity in recent months, we estimate that its manufacturing costs still far exceeded the price at which it had to sell its modules at.in order to make an investment case for its customers. It was losing money fast, and for that reason the closure really comes as no surprise. Whether further capacity expansion, increased production and a few more years of technical advancements could have changed the situation is debatable, but now we will never know.Chinese module suppliers have strengthened their position in the market, that the market is showing signs of consolidation, and that competition is only going to get more intense. The PV module industry has recently suffered from a huge oversupply, which has led to fierce price competition with average prices dropping by around 20% in a single quarter. Of course, this will not have helped Solyndra


聚焦FOCUS



聚焦FOCUS

业，依靠规模效应来降低成本，与目前主导市场的GW级制造商

相比，产量小的供应商无疑处在劣势之中。同样是创新性的薄

膜制造企业Uni-Solar最近宣布，2011年第二季度，在暂时减

少了80%的柔性组件生产之后，其制造成本几乎翻了一倍，达

3.40美元/瓦。这个成本几乎是该季度其平均售价的一倍。

冰山一角？

就在2010年，年奥巴马总统在参观了Solyndra的制造工

厂，并大力称赞了该公司的先进技术，使该公司成为在政府资

助下刺激经济并创造绿色就业机会的典型。

Solyndra在2009年获得了5.35亿美元的联邦贷款担保，是

该贷款担保计划下第一个获得支持的创新绿色技术企业。

美国能源部对绿色能源项目的贷款计划自2005年的布什政

府开始，但第一笔贷款担保直到四年后贷款办公室的资金到位

后才拨出。

共和党议员表示，奥巴马政府急于向现在已经破产的

Solyndra公司提供近5.35亿美元的贷款，却没有及时发现该公

司的财务危机问题。而该公司最大的股东Argonaut Ventures的

支持者是奥巴马的资金筹集人George Kaiser。

调查贷款案的共和党成员在众议院听证会上表示，他们发

现政治压力可能导致官员错失或无视有关Solyndra财务问题的

许多漏洞。而矛头大多指向预算管理办公室是否太过急于完成

贷款审查。

美国能源部贷款担保项目的负责人Jonathan Silver表示，

贷款审批并没有急于完成，而是基于几年的尽职调查。他对众

议院能源及商务委员会表示，监督和调查都是有法律依据的，

并不是迫于政治压力或者偏袒。

共和党指责能源部在去年重组Solyndra的贷款担保的行为

可能违反了2005年制定的联邦立法。在进行重组时，能源部为

Solyndra紧急提供了7500万美元的贷款，而此时Solyndra应该

首先要偿还政府的联邦贷款。

当关于重组贷款的质疑指向Jonathan Silver以及行政管理

预算局（OMB）的副局长Jeffrey Zients时，但他否定了这些质

疑，并表示在当时重组是一个合理的决定。

负责此次对Solyndra监督和调查的负责人Clif f Steam表

示，国会议员正在审查信息，并试图从管理部门及其他能表明

Solyndra与白宫、能源部、投资商的关系的信息中获得更多细

节和线索。

同时，Clif f Stream表示有人应该为此事负责。“你不得

不面对那些高层人士，并质问他们为什么会让这一切发生。联

邦调查局指出这其中有犯罪活动，有人该付出代价。”他还表

示，能源部长Steven Chu也可能会被要求出庭作证。

从 2 0 0 8 年 1 2 月开始，一名能源部的雇员开始提高对

Solyndra公司营运资金的关注。2009年8月，就在Solyndra的

贷款得到批准之前，这名雇员再次注意到该公司的营运资金仍

然没有得到解决。

in its bid to compete, and was cited as one of the reasons for its closure.The company’s failure will come as a warning to the vast number of other thin film startups that have recently emerged. “Whilst Solyndra’s product was different so that it cannot be simply considered alongside other CIGS modules, it demonstrates the need for smaller companies to reach scale and volume quickly in order to compete,” added Sam Wilkinson. “All PV module manufacturing, and CIGS in particular, relies on scale to reach attractive cost levels, and any supplier currently producing in relatively small volumes is at an instant disadvantage compared to the GW-scale manufacturers that are currently dominating the market,” continued Wilkinson. This was highlighted in fellow thin film innovator, Uni-Solar’s recent announcement that its manufacturing cost more than doubled to $3.40/W in Q2’11, when it temporarily reduced production of its flexible modules by almost 80%. This cost is most likely more than double its average selling price for the quarter.

Tip of the Iceberg?President Barack Obama praised the company for its technology during a visit to its manufacturing facility last year, making the company a centerpiece of the administration's efforts to stimulate the economy and create green jobs.The solar-power panel maker received a $535 million federal loan guarantee in 2009, the first awarded under the program to support innovative green technologies.The U.S. Department of Energy's loan program for green energy projects was created under the Bush Administration in 2005, but the first loan guarantee wasn't extended until four years later when the loan office received funding under the federal economic stimulus.The Obama Administration missed signs of financial trouble at solar panel maker Solyndra as it rushed to award the now-bankrupt company a loan of nearly $535 million in time for a groundbreaking event with the White House, Republican lawmakers said.Republicans who investigated the loan released documents at a House hearing, saying they found political pressure may have caused officials "to miss or disregard numerous shortcomings regarding Solyndra's financial viability."Jonathan Silver, who heads the energy department's loan guarantee program, said the loan was not rushed and was based on "several years of due diligence." He told the House Energy and Commerce's oversight and investigations panel the loan was granted based on merits, not political pressure or favoritism.Republicans charged the DOE may have violated a 2005 federal law when it restructured Solyndra's loan guarantee last year. Under terms of the restructuring, an emergency $75 million private loan provided to Solyndra at the time is first in line to be repaid, ahead of the government's federal loans.


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现在Solyndra已经宣布破产，是不能改变的事实，但我们

需要知道的是，是否对此项贷款额外的审查可以防止纳税人为

这5.35亿美元的贷款付出代价。此外，在9月30日的截止日期到

达之前，是否会有其他未得到全面考核的贷款项目被审批，也

是值得关注的问题。

众议院司法委员会主席Lamar Smith额外要求司法部任命一

名特别独立审查员来调查Solyndra破产的案子。

共和党表示，这些企业的破产引发了对贷款计划能力的质

疑，并对能源部向绿色技术企业有效的分配另外100亿美元贷款

担保的能力产生疑问。

众议院能源及商务委员会主席 F r e d U p t o n 表示：

“Solyndra的破产只是贷款计划的一个单一的失败赌注，或者

它仅仅是冰山一角？如果在九个月的调查之后发现，政府此举

是错误的，那如何能适当的控制即将在9月30日发放的另一笔

100亿美元的贷款？”

Solyndra高管拒绝作证

尽管受到了共和党委员会的炮轰，但Solyndra公司的高管

拒绝在众议院能源和商务委员会的听证会上作证。当被共和党

委员会就Solyndra公司对5.35亿美元贷款的偿还等问题发出质

疑时，该公司的首席执行官Brian Harrison与首席财政官Brian

Stover为自己进行了辩护。

在备受瞩目的众议院听证会上，Solyndra公司被要求对其

破产保护的申请、联邦调查局的调查以及奥巴马政府提供的联

邦贷款担保作出解释。律师建议该公司的高官们为自己进行辩

护并拒绝作证。Brian Harrison表示：“虽然我希望我能够回答

When questioned about the decision to restructure the loan Silver and Jeffrey Zients, deputy director at OMB, defended the move. It was "a reasonable decision" at that time, said Zients.Representative Cliff Stearns, who heads the oversight and investigations panel, told reporters lawmakers are reviewing information and trying to obtain more details from the administration and others showing the relationship between the White House, the Energy Department, Solyndra and investors in the company and whether there were any signs of influence.Ultimately, he said people should be fired. "You're going to have to go to the top people and say why did this happen," said Stearns. "You can't lose this kind of money and have the FBI indicate there's criminal activity and not have somebody fired." Stearns indicated Energy Secretary Steven Chu also may be asked to testify.For example, beginning in December 2008, a DOE employee began raising concerns about Solyndra’s working capital. In August 2009, just before Solyndra’s closing, that same employee again noted that the working capital issue remained unresolved, and that the ‘model runs out of cash in Sept. 2011 even in the base case without any stress.Now that Solyndra has declared bankruptcy, we cannot help but wonder whether the additional time to review this guarantee might have prevented the taxpayers from being on the hook for the $535 million loaned to the company. Upton, Stearns and Whitfield voiced concerns that with the 2011 September 30 deadline looming, there will be another rush to close more guarantees. House Judiciary Chairman Lamar Smith has additionally asked the Justice Department to appoint a special independent examiner to investigate the Solyndra bankruptcy, say the Jefferies analysts. Republicans said the collapse calls into question the competency of the loan program and the ability of the department to effectively distribute another $10 billion in loan guarantees to green technology companies before a Sept. 30 deadline."Was Solyndra just one bad bet by an administration rushing to claim credit for the loan guarantee or is it the tip of the iceberg?" asked Fred Upton, the chairman of the House Energy and Commerce Committee." "If the administration was so wrong about Solyndra after nine months of due diligence how can it possibly exercise the proper controls when doling out another $10 billion in the next couple of weeks?" he asked.

Solyndra executives refused to testifyBankrupt solar company Solyndra's executives have refused to testify at a hearing of the House Energy and Commerce Commitee, despite being bombarded with questions from the commitee Republicans.The House hearing has been highly anticipated, demanding answers to questions on the company's bankruptcy filing, the FBI investigations and the federal loan guarantees given by the Obama


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议员的质疑，但我们的律师建议我最好维护我的宪法权利。”

而民主党则认为这是证人讨价还价的一种表现，并认为共

和党现在的表现对可再生能源的发展产生了非常不利的影响。

另一方面，共和党则认为他们有权利知道纳税人投资到该公司

的钱发生了什么。

委员会主席Fred Upton将Solyndra的失败称之为“现代版

的火车大劫案”。

First Solar的隐患

Solyndra公司的破产看来不止影响了其自己的雇员。据业

内人士分析，First Solar的部分等待贷款担保的光伏项目也可能

会受到负面影响。同时，一封递交给能源部部长 Steven Chu的

信中提出了对能源部贷款选择程序的质疑。分析机构Jefferies

的分析师表示，投资者们很关心Solyndra事件是否会对First

Solar的三个项目造成负面影响。

First Solar的沙漠阳光太阳能电站项目（DSSF）与羚羊谷

太阳能电站项目（AVSR）与Topaz太阳能电站项目应该获得能

源部承诺的贷款担保。但现在，First Solar却宣布，其Topaz项

目没有在法定期限内获得贷款担保。因此，该公司表示需要找

到一种不同的交易方式。

现在的问题是，是否政治力量会插手转移这些项目的资

金。跨部门的贷款审批是否会受到国会或者政治压力的影响？

能源部的一位前任长官表示，在核定的预算范围内，国会委员

会不能阻止贷款担保，但他们可以申请政治干预延迟能源部及

行政管理预算局的贷款。

administration. The executives have been advised by their counsel to plead the Fifth and refuse to testify. Harrison is quoted as saying, "As much as I wish to be able to answer members’ questions, I’ve been advised by our counsel that the better course of action is to assert my constitutional right to decline questions." The Democrats see the questionings as a 'badgering' of the witnesses and that the Republicans were using the case and their questions to put the support for renewable energy in a bad light.The Republicans on the other hand feel that it is their right to know what happened to taxpayers' money that was invested in the company. Commitee Chairman Fred Upton went as far as to call the Solyndra failure "our own modern day great train robbery".

Potential headache for First Solar The Solyndra meltdown appears to be affecting more than just its employees. According to industry analysts, a number of First Solar’s photovoltaic projects awaiting loan guarantees could also be negatively affected. Meanwhile, a letter sent to U.S. Secretary Chu has questioned the DOE loan selection process. In a company note issued earlier today by Jefferies, analysts said that investors are "concerned" that the Solyndra saga will have a negative impact on three of First Solar’s projects. According to the analysts, the Desert Sunlight Solar Farm (DSSF) and the Antelope Valley Solar Ranch 1 (AVSR) projects should receive the Department of Energy (DOE) loan guarantees promised to them, but that the Topaz project is likely to be sold without one. And now, just hours later, First Solar has announced that its Topaz project has not met the statutory deadline to receive the loan guarantee. As such, the company says a different transaction structure will need to be found. The question now, say the analysts, is will political forces act to divert funds away from the projects. "Will the interagency departments approving loan guarantees crumble in light of congressional/political pressure?" they ask. "According to one former DOE executive, the congressional committees do not have the ability to block loan guarantees within an authorized budget and mandate, but they can apply political heat to force delays within the DOE and OMB." According to Jefferies, First Solar believes the conditional loan guarantees for its DSSF and AVSR projects "will be approved and are essentially complete." Back in June, the DOE announced that it had granted a conditional loan commitment of USD$680 million for First Solar’s 230 megawatt (MW) AVSR photovoltaic project. Furthermore, it said that the company’s planned 550 MW DSSR project, set to be located in California and which has a power purchase agreement with PG&E, was granted USD$1.88 billion in partial loan guarantees. Finally, the proposed 550 MW Topaz Solar Farm, to be located in San Luis Obispo County, received USD$1.93 billion in partial loan guarantees which, as was announced today, have been withdrawn.

Letter to Chu


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Jefferies表示，First Solar认为其DSSF项目以及AVSR项

目的贷款担保将会被批准并且已经基本完成。早在今年6月份，

能源部宣布已经批准了First Solar公司230MW的AVSR光伏项

目的6.8亿美元的贷款。此外，该公司计划在加州建造550MW

的DSSR项目，该项目与PG&G签署了购电协议，并获得了

18.8亿美元的贷款担保。而计划中的位于圣路易斯的550MW的

Topaz太阳能电站项目获得了19.3亿美元的贷款担保，但却宣

布被撤回。

给能源部长的信

然而，在9月20日，众议院能源和商务委员会主席Fred

Upton、监督调查小组主管Cliff Stearns以及能源电力小组委员

会主席Ed Whitfield联合给美国能源部长Steven Chu提交了一

封公开信，信中内容涉及能源部的14个贷款承诺，总额89亿美

元。其中10个项目总额达到80亿美元，而First Solar的三个项

目占了40亿美元。

信中提出了三个问题：

1. 是否能源部有意在9月30日的最后期限之前完成对这10

个项目（总额80.29亿美元）的贷款承诺？

2. 是否能源部有权利要求更多的时间对这10个贷款项目进

行详尽的调查，并在2011年9月30日之后的某个时间最终敲定

它们？

3. 如果能源部在9月30日之前没有批准这10个贷款项目，

会有什么样的后果？

寻找买家

Solyndra表示，需要更多时间寻找买家来接手其闲置业

务。该公司最初预计这需要四周时间。Solyndra于9月申请破

产，由于行业过剩导致组件价格下跌，背负了7.83亿美元的债

务，该公司已表示无法全额偿还。Solyndra试图在10月初找到

买家以重新启动其最近关闭的工厂，并重新雇佣1000名员工。

该公司在一份向特拉华州破产法庭提交的文件中表示，虽

然目前还没有一个初步的投标人出现，但该公司愿意接受直到

10月25日结束的投标。

如果此次投标出现了多个投标者，那么10月28在旧金山的

律师事务所将会举行一个拍卖会。该公司计划可于11月2日获得

破产法庭对其出售计划的批准。

Solyndra表示，公司已经聘请了帝国资本的投资银行家，

他们已经联络了100个准买家。如果未能找到买家，该公司曾表

示会计划清算公司的设备。

Solyndra一案的拍卖程序必须经由特拉华地区的破产法庭

批准，案件编号为11-12799。

美国太阳能企业开始裁员

However, on September 20, House Energy and Commerce Committee Chairman of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, Fred Upton, Chairman of the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Cliff Stearns, and Ed Whitfield, Chairman of the Subcommittee on Energy and Power sent a letter to U.S. Secretary Steven Chu regarding 14 of DOE’s conditional loan commitments totaling $8.9 billion. These are said to include 10 projects totaling $8 billion under 1705, with the three First Solar projects reportedly accounting for half.

The letter poses three questions:1. Does the DOE intend to close each of the ten conditional commitments issued under Section 1705 and totaling $8.029 billion before the September 30 deadline?; 2. Does the DOE have the authority to ask for additional time to conduct due diligence on the ten conditional commitments made under Section 1705, and finalize them at some date after September 30, 2011?; and 3. What will be the result if the DOE does not finalize each of the ten conditional commitments made under Section 1705 before September 30, 2011?Find buyersBankrupt solar panel maker Solyndra LLC said it needed more than the initially expected four weeks to find a buyer to take over its idled operations. Solyndra filed for bankruptcy this month with a plan to try to find a buyer by early October who could restart its recently shuttered factory and rehire some of its 1,000 staff.The company said in documents filed late on Friday with Delaware's bankruptcy court that it now proposes to accept bids until Oct. 25, although it does not have an initial bidder.If multiple bids qualify under its proposed guidelines, an auction will be held on Oct. 28 at a San Francisco law office. The company plans to seek the approval of the bankruptcy court for the sale on Nov. 2.The company said it had hired investment bankers from Imperial Capital LLC and they had contacted 100 prospective buyers. If the company fails to find a buyer who can restart its manufacturing, it has said it plans to liquidate the company's equipment in a piecemeal sale.The proposed auction procedures must be approved by the bankruptcy court. The case is Solyndra LLC, Case No. 11-12799, U.S. Bankruptcy Court, District of Delaware.

U.S. solar startup cutting jobs U.S. solar company Calisolar on Wednesday said it would downsize its California solar cell factory, laying off 80 employees, as it focuses on its primary silicon production business. The company, based in Sunnyvale, California, currently has more than 350 employees. The news was the latest blow to the U.S. solar industry, which has seen three bankruptcies in the last month and several closures of panel manufacturing facilities this year.


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Calisolar, however, bucked that trend earlier this month when it announced that it would open a $600 million silicon factory in Mississippi that is expected to create hundreds of jobs. Silicon is the solar panel industry's primary raw material, and the United States is a net exporter of solar grade silicon.Calisolar, a startup that is backed by investors including private equity fund Hudson Clean Energy Partners and venture capital firm Good Energies, has another silicon production facility in Ontario, Canada.

SunPower looking at downstream acquisitionsU.S. solar company SunPower Corp is actively looking at acquisitions that would complement its residential and commercial project businesses, Chief Executive Tom Werner said on 13 September.Specifically, Werner said SunPower was considering whether or not to combine efforts with Tenesol, a solar company that, like SunPower, is controlled by France's TOTAL SA. He added, however, that other companies also have "interesting valuations."Many solar companies in recent years have snapped up project developers that provide a reliable and steady revenue stream for their panels. So has SunPower through its 2007 purchase of PowerLight.The San Jose, California company is in the process of building a massive, 250-megawatt project in Central California for which it received a conditional commitment for a $1.187 billion loan guarantee from the U.S. Department of Energy.

US still supports solar The bankruptcy and ensuing criminal investigation into California-based Solyndra LLC has sparked outrage over the Obama administration's efforts to build a clean energy program with loan guarantees and subsidies.

However not all those critical of the loan guarantee have been critical of the administration’s support of solar. Dow Jones Newswire Columnist Al Jones has appeared on the Wall Street Journal’s “Mean Streets” program to attack the Solyndra loan guarantee yet still supported investment in solar. "We know solar is the future but is the Obama Administration the one who is going to pick the right solar stock?" When asked whether the Solyndra disaster will spell the end to loan guarantees for solar, Jones was more hopeful. "I hope it hasn’t gone through so far!" The Obama Administration has no intention of "walking away" from investing in renewable energy projects despite the bankruptcy of a high-profile solar panel maker backed by federal loan guarantees, a top U.S. Energy Department official said."While we are all disappointed in the outcome, securing America's leadership in this vital new industry requires that we support innovation and deployment," Jonathan Silver, who heads the energy department's loan guarantee program, told a hearing in the House of Representatives.

美国太阳能企业Calisolar于9月14日宣布，将缩减其加州太

阳能电池厂的规模，裁员80名员工，专注于硅材料生产业务。

该公司总部设在加州Sunnyvale地区，目前有超过350名员工。

在一个月内有三家企业宣布破产之后，这条消息是对美国

太阳能产业的再一次打击。此外，今年以来，已经有好几家太

阳能电池板工厂宣布关闭。

但Calisolar在9月初曾宣布，将投资6亿美元在密西西比建

造一家硅材料工厂，预计可创造数百个就业机会。硅是太阳能

电池板产业的主要原材料，而美国是太阳能级硅材料的净出口

国。

Calisolar由私募股权基金Hudson Clean Energy Partners

以及风险投资公司Good Energies投资，并在加拿大安大略省

拥有另一家硅材料生产厂。

SunPower寻找下游收购机会

美国太阳能企业SunPower目前正积极寻找收购机会，公司

行政长官Tom Werner于9月13日表示，将加强其住宅以及商业

项目业务。

Tom Werner表示，具体来说，SunPower正在考虑是否要

与另一家太阳能企业Tenesol合并，该公司由法国TOTAL集团

控股。不过他还表示，其他企业也会有可能性。

近年来，许多太阳能企业抢购项目开发商，为他们的电池

板产品提供可靠和稳定的收入来源。所以2007年SunPower收

购了PowerLight。

这个总部位于加州圣何塞的公司正在加州中部建设一个

250MW的大规模项目，该项目从美国能源部获得了11.87亿美

元的贷款担保。

美国仍会大力扶持太阳能技术

Solyndra的破产以及随之而来的刑事调查引发了人们对奥

巴马政府对清洁能源项目大力提供贷款担保及补贴的愤慨。

但是并非所有对贷款担保指责都指向政府对太阳能产业

的支持。华尔街日报道琼斯专栏作家AI Jones抨击了政府对

Solyndra的贷款担保计划，但仍然表示支持对太阳能技术投

资。

当问及是否Solyndra的教训会终结太阳能贷款担保计划，

AI Jones乐观的表示：“太阳能是能源发展的未来，问题是奥

巴马政府是否选对了太阳能股票？希望一切都还来得及。”

美国能源部的一位官员表示，尽管联邦贷款资助的太阳能

组件制造商纷纷破产，但奥巴马政府无意放弃对可再生能源项

目的投资。

Jonathan Si lver也在众议院听证会上表示：“虽然我们

都对结果感到失望，但为了确保美国在这一重要领域的领先地

位，我们必须要支持太阳能技术的创新和部署。”

市场 • 全球MARKET • GLOBAL




刘珊珊（Sunny Liu）THE FIRST GLOBALLY ISSUED CHINESE-ENGLISH BILINGUAL

2016年全球太阳能市场可达752亿美元

研究机构MarketsandMarket最新发布的报告显示，新型

的太阳能技术如太阳能热发电（CSP）以及新兴市场的

开放将成为太阳能产业发展的强劲引擎。总的来说，到

2016年，太阳能市场可达752亿美元，而装机量可达227 GW。

同时，到2016年，全球太阳能市场的安装量将从2011年的

每年19.8 GW上升到2016年的每年46.8 GW，同期复合年增长率

（CAGR）为18.7%。

同样，也有短期市场发展迟缓的预测。2010年，太阳能系统

的累计装机量增长了70%，而2011年，受政府对上网电价补贴的干

预以及全球经济环境的影响，预计只会有50%的增长。

报告指出，这些不利因素都只是暂时的，随着全球经济的复苏

以及技术的提高，太阳能市场将再次迎来新的爆发期。

Global Solar Market to Reach $75.2 Billion by 2016

New solar technology like concentrated solar power (CSP) and the opening of new markets are tipped to become a strong growth engine for solar moving forward,

according to a new report from MarketsandMarkets looking at how the industry will develop before 2016. Overall, it was found that the solar market will eclipse $75 billion dollars and that installed capacity will reach 227 gigawatts (GW) by 2016. Global solar installations, meanwhile, are expected to reach 46.8 GW per annum in 2016, up from 19.8 GW in 2011, with a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 18.7 percent during the same period. Again, there was the prediction of short-term stunting of the market. The cumulative installed solar capacity, which increased by 70 percent in 2010, is estimated to grow by only 50 percent in 2011, affected mainly by governmental interference with feed-in tariffs and concessions, as well as global economic conditions.





在未来五年内，边远地区、用可再生能源替代核反应堆以及技

术创新，如太空太阳能发电等，将成为市场发展的主要机遇，太阳

能安装系统的复合年增长率达30.3%。

CSP增长

该报告特别提到太阳能热发电技术将成为未来市场的主要发展

力，该技术的研发将使其成为传统光伏发电技术的一个可行的替代

方案。

由于新兴市场如中国、印度、巴西、加拿大的崛起，以及老牌

市场如德国和法国也希望利用最新的技术开发市场，所以太阳能热

发电技术的增长速度预计将超越光伏发电技术。

在2011至2016年期间，太阳能热发电市场的复合年增长率预

计可达44.9%，相比来说，光伏发电市场的增长率只有29.9%。

但这样的增长水平仍不足以使其超越光伏市场，到2016年，

太阳能热发电市场的累计装机量预计为8.6 GW，而光伏发电市场

预计则为219 GW。

全球趋势

MarketsandMarkets指出，北美将成为增长速度最快的市场，

2011至2016年，太阳能系统安装量的复合年增率达30.7%，市场

规模预计可达148亿美元。北美市场的发展主要由美国市场驱动，

光伏发电和太阳能热发电技术都获得了大量投资。

亚太市场紧随其后，安装量的年复合增长率预计可达20.5%，

主要由中国市场不断增长的投资和开发所驱动。

2011至2016年，由巴西、以色列以及中东组成的世界其他地

区市场的太阳能年复合增长率预计可达18.8%。

欧洲仍将是全球光伏电力输出的主体，将保持全球第一的位

置，主要由德国和西班牙市场驱动。

The report says that this will only be a minor dip, however, with strong global growth and developments in technology helping to drive the overall market up again. "Development of remote regions, substitution of nuclear reactors with renewable sources and technological innovations such as space solar power generation are the main market opportunities responsible for compounded annual growth rate of 30.3 percent in annual solar power installations in the next five years," a briefing on the report said.

CSP growth One of those opportunities was CSP, which is predicted to have annual installations of 46.7 GW in 2016 and a CAGR of 18.7 percent through to 2016. The report makes special mention of CSP becoming more of a market force in the near future, as investment, as well as research and development of the technology help make it a viable alternative to traditional photovoltaics. CSP technologies are expected to grow at a faster rate than photovoltaics due to new markets like China, India, Brazil, Canada, Germany, and France opening up, as they look to exploit the newest technologies. During 2011 to 2016, the CSP market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 44.9 percent, compared to a photovoltaic market growth of only 29.9 percent. These levels will still leave it trailing photovoltaics by a fair margin though, as cumulative installed capacity of CSP and photovoltaics is expected to be 8.6 GW and 219 GW respectively at the end of 2016.

Global trends MarketsandMarkets found that North America will be the fastest growing market and will grow by a CAGR of 30.7 percent in annual installations from 2011 to 2016, with an estimated market size of $14.8 billion. The growth of North America is led by the U.S., where both photovoltaics and CSP technologies are being heavily invested in. Asia-Pacific is then predicted to be the second fastest growing market, and will develop by a CAGR of 20.5 percent in annual installations, driven mainly by increasing investment and installations in China. From 2011 to 2016, the rest of the world – constituting Brazil, Israel, and the Middle East in the report – will explore solar energy and will experience a CAGR of 18.8 percent. Europe, so long the mainstay of global photovoltaic output, will remain the biggest market, it was said, driven by Germany and Spain.






光伏逆变器市场第二季度收益仍下降

随着价格大幅下跌，光伏逆变器供应商的收益在2011年

第二季度与去年同期比下降了1.3%。然而，在第二季

度也并非全是坏消息，事实上逆变器的出货量增幅超过

40%，第一季度的市场情况表明，过量的库存不会再破坏产业的发

展，2011年下半年下游需求将更加强劲。

IMS Research表示，逆变器市场在2011年第二季度强劲复

苏，使上半年逆变器出货量达到接近10 GW，然而，出厂价格跌幅

超过20%，导致行业收益下降。今年早些时候，IMS Research曾

预计今年全年的逆变器出货量将再次超过20 GW，但价格的快速下

跌将导致收益下跌，低于2010年创下的历史记录。

IMS Research的光伏逆变器供需季度报告收集了产业中超过

90%的企业收益及出货量数据，报告显示，在第二季度价格是最为

关键的因素，并预计在下半年价格将进一步下跌。IMS Research

的光伏高级研究主任Ash Sharma表示：“第一季度和第二季度，

逆变器的平均价格迅速下跌到0.20欧元/瓦以下，虽然比不上光伏组

件价格下跌的速度，但与一年前相比，跌幅达20%，这其中也有产

品结构发生变化的原因。”

图：光伏逆变器平均出厂价格变化

PV Inverter Market: Glimmers of Hope in Q2, but Revenues Still Fall

PV inverter suppliers continued to suffer in Q2’11 with industry revenues falling by 1.3% year-on-year, following sharp price declines, according to IMS Research’s latest

quarterly report. However it was not all bad news in Q2 and inverter shipments in fact grew sharply by more than 40% versus Q1 indicating that excess inventory is no longer blighting the industry and that demand may be more robust downstream in 2H’11.According to IMS Research the market saw a strong recovery in Q2’11 taking shipments in the first half of the year close to 10 GW, however a very rapid fall in factory-gate prices of more than 20% led to a fall in industry revenues. Earlier this year, IMS Research predicted that full year inverter shipments would again well exceed 20 GW, but fast price erosion would result in revenues falling from 2010’s record high.IMS Research’s quarterly PV Inverter Supply & Demand report which collects revenue and shipment data from more than 90% of the industry shows that pricing was a critical factor in Q2 and that further price declines are predicted in the second half of the year.

造成价格下降的有几个因素，但在接下来的几个季度里平均价

格也可能有所回升。Ash Sharma表示：“与光伏组件不同，逆变

器价格的下跌有很多原因。当然，顾客会要求供应商降价，但还有

更重要的因素，比如市场转移到价格较低的地区，此外，产品结构

也发生了变化，从价格较高的组串式逆变器转变为成本较低的三相

式逆变器产品，同样造成了收益的下降。”

光伏逆变器需求的地理变化对产业的价格有双重的影响。首

先，一些低成本市场，如印度和中国，占据了全球市场份额，导致

价格下滑。其次，许多大型供应商继续把注意力从停滞不前的德国

市场转移到一些规模较小的新兴市场。Ash Sharma表示：“供应

商都竭力在新兴市场中抢占市场份额，希望在那里有长期的发展，

但这会导致极低的报价，是一种短视的行为。”对主要集成商的采

访显示，为了击退对手，一些领先的逆变器供应商在新兴的小型欧

洲市场中的降价幅度超过45%。

由于需求疲软，逆变器供应商不得不扩大基础争取客户，这势

必会导致价格下跌，并继续对供应商造成压力，为了竞争而降低成

本和价格。Ash Sharma表示：“今年逆变器价格的下跌有一部分

原因是市场地理位置的转移以及产品结构的变化。但事实上，第二

季度所有地区的价格都在下跌，而在成熟的市场如德国和意大利，

由于需求下降但供应量增加，价格下跌的速度很快。”

尽管逆变器供应商的数量越来越多，但第二季度市场领导者

SMA Solar夺回了一些市场份额，份额增加了8%，对市场的整体控

制再次超过了30%。Ash Sharma表示：“虽然SMA的竞争力一直

体现在技术、品牌以及增值产品上，但第二季度也表明他们也可以

与对手在价格上一争高下。但SMA的价格到底能降到多低，还有待

观察。”

“Average inverter prices fell rapidly in both Q1 and Q2 to under €0.20/W and although not matching PV modules’ decline, they’ve reduced by 20% compared to one year ago, though this is partly due to product mix change“, commented Ash Sharma, Senior Research Director for PV at IMS Research and co-author of the report. IMS Research found that several factors caused this decline and it may even be possible for average prices to increase in coming quarters “Unlike PV modules, these price declines are not simply ‘like-for-like’ reductions and a number of other factors came into play. Of course customers were demanding price reductions from suppliers, but more important factors such as geographical shifts to lower priced regions, and also the change in product mix away from higher-priced string inverters to lower cost three-phase products also drove the price falls”, Sharma revealed.Geographic changes in PV inverter demand were found to have had a two-fold effect on industry prices. Firstly, several low-cost markets, such as India and China gained share of the global market, causing a slide in prices. Secondly, many of the largest suppliers continued their refocus away from the stagnating German market and turned their attentions to smaller emerging markets. “Suppliers effectively tried to buy market share in new, emerging markets, hoping to establish themselves there in the longer-term, but perhaps making short-sighted and aggressively low quotes”, commented Sharma. Interviews with major integrators revealed that some leading inverter suppliers in a new, small European market were reducing prices by more than 45% to fend off rivals.Of course the effects of the expanding supplier base and the vast number of inverter suppliers fighting for customers amidst weak demand has helped to drive down prices and will continue to exert pressure on suppliers to reduce costs and prices in order to compete. “Only part of the price declines seen this year can be blamed on geographic and product mix changes”, claimed Sharma, “the fact is that prices declined in all regions in Q2 and quite rapidly in established markets such as Germany and Italy due to lower demand, but increased supply. That can only lead to prices going one way”, added Sharma.Despite the growing number of inverter suppliers, in Q2 market leader SMA Solar Technology recaptured some of the market share it had shed the prior quarter, with its share increasing by 8% to again control more than 30% of the of overall market. “Whilst SMA has always looked to compete on technology, brand and value-add products, it did also show in Q2 that it could compete with its rivals on price too. How much lower it can go remains to be seen however” concluded Sharma.

市场 • 美洲MARKET • AMERICA





美国能源部为太阳能技术提供1.45亿美元财政支持

DOE Grants USD$145 Million for Development of Solar Technologies

为了使美国成为光伏产业的领导者，美国能源部（DOE）

为该国的69个太阳能项目提供了超过1.45亿美元的财政

支持。

2011年9月1日，美国能源部长朱棣文（Steven Chu）宣布，

在能源部的SunShot计划之下，美国24个州的69个太阳能项目将收

到太阳能技术发展资金。

朱棣文表示：“这些项目将推动美国太阳能产业的创新，有助

于降低太阳能技术的成本，并在这个高速成长的产业中重新建立美

国的领导地位。”

这笔资金分布在六个项目类别：1. 周边系统硬件设施的成本降低在这一类别中，9个太阳能项目共获得4200万美元的资金。新

的周边系统（BOS）以及太阳能系统部件将得到发展，其中不包括

太阳能电池和电池板。周边系统的成本占太阳能系统总安装成本的

40%，可以实现大幅的成本降低。

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has made over USD$145 million available to 69 solar projects across the country. The goal is to position the U.S. as an industry

leader.

Energy Secretary Steven Chu announced yesterday that a total of 69 projects in 24 states will receive a funding boost to develop their solar technologies, under the DOE’s SunShot initiative.

"The projects announced today under DOE’s SunShot Initiative will spur American innovation to help reduce the costs of clean, renewable solar energy and re-establish U.S. global leadership in this fast growing industry," stated Chu.

The funds have been distributed throughout six project categories. These are:

1. Extreme balance of system hardware cost reductions In this category, nine solar projects have been awarded USD$42 million. Through research carried out, new balance of system (BOS) hardware and solar system components, excluding solar cells and panels, will be developed.

In a statement released, it was said, "BOS accounts for more than 40 percent of the total installed cost of solar energy systems

2. 提高电池效率为了提高太阳能电池的效率，总共有18个项目将收到3580万

美元的资金。能源部将与国家科学基金会合作，特别致力于消除太

阳能电池的实验效率与大规模量产效率之间的差距。能源部表示：

“此类项目需要解决成本和效率之间的矛盾，推进光伏电池的基础

研究，并开发新的材料及工艺，使光伏电池的效率更高、更具成本

效益。”

3. 太阳能电网集成系统在此类别中，8个项目获得了2590万美元的财政支持。目标是

开发可以处理双向电流及通信的智能电网。因此，这些项目将专注

于可以帮助太阳能结合到电力分配和输电网的电子及交互系统。

4. 革命性的光伏科学与技术在此类研发项目中，总共有23个项目获得了2220万美元的发

展资金。项目的主要重点是通过改善效率和降低成本提高现有光伏

技术。能源部表示：“投资新的光伏技术可以满足产业发展的需

要，并帮助SunShot计划达成目标。”

and represents a major opportunity to achieve significant cost reductions.”

2. Foundational program to advance cell efficiency In the bid to improve solar cell efficiencies, a total of 18 projects will receive USD$35.8 million. DOE has come together with the National Science Foundation, specifically to try to eliminate the "significant" gap between cell efficiencies achieved in laboratories and those seen in mass production.

"The projects under this award address cost and efficiency barriers, advance fundamental PV cell research, and develop materials and processes for more efficient, cost-effective photovoltaic cells," explained DOE.

3. Solar energy grid integration systems: Advanced concepts Under this category, eight projects have been promised USD$25.9 million in financial support. The aim is to develop a smart grid that can deal with two-way flows of power and communication. As such, the projects will focus on electronics and interactive systems which can help to integrate solar energy into the electric power distribution and transmission grid.

4. Transformational PV science and technology: Next generation photovoltaics II A total of 23 projects are set to receive USD$22.2 million under this research and development category. The main focus will be on improving existing photovoltaic technologies through such things as the betterment of efficiencies and cost reduction.

"Investing in new classes of photovoltaic technology feeds the industry with the new innovations it will need to compete in the future and will help achieve the goals of the SunShot Initiative," said DOE.





5. 减少市场壁垒以及非硬件周边系统成本在此类别中，7个项目获得了1360万美元的资金。目标是降低

太阳能系统安装的非硬件部件成本。因此，预计软件设计工具和数

据库的创建可有助于处理分区及建筑规范等问题。

5. Reducing market barriers and non-hardware BOS costs In this category, seven projects have been awarded USD$13.6 mill ion. The goal is to reduce the cost of non-hardware components for installed solar systems. As such, it is expected that software design tools and databases will be created to help with issues like permitting, zoning and building codes.

6. SunShot incubator In the final category, four projects will receive USD$5.8 million to speed up the development of new solar manufacturing processes and products, which offer "dramatic" price improvements.

Specifically, Halotechnics of Emeryville, California has been awarded USD$1 million to develop its two-tank thermal energy storage system, operating at 700 degrees C. In a separate statement issued, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) said that early tests have shown that this technology shows promise for concentrating solar power. "It uses a novel molten salt that has a low melting point and maintains high stability while transferring heat and storing material," it said.

Renewable Power Conversion Inc., based in San Luis Obispo, California, meanwhile, has been granted USD$793,325 to improve its advanced photovoltaic inverter technology. "Its inverter gives indications of lasting 25 years while maximizing system efficiency, which, sold commercially, would help reduce the levelized cost of renewable energy loaded onto the grid," commented NREL further.

Tigo Energy, also based in California, has been awarded USD$3,026,000 to bring its DC arc-fault detector into pilot production. According to NREL, the device improves photovoltaic array safety, and reduces operations and maintenance costs.

Lastly, Vermont-based Solaflect Energy of Norwich has been given USD$999,595 to work on its Suspension Heliostat. "It's an innovative heliostat design that could disrupt the market by using 60 to 65 percent less steel than a traditional design, thus reducing significantly the cost of the mirror field in a concentrated solar power plant," said NREL.





6. SunShot培育计划在最后一类中，4个项目获得了580万美元的资金，用以加快

新型太阳能制造工艺和产品的开发，大幅降低成本。

具体到企业来说，加州的Halotechnics公司获得了100万美

元，用以开发其在700摄氏度的环境下运行的双罐热能存储系统。

国家可再生能源实验室（NREL）在一份单独发表的声明表示，早

期的测试表明这项技术展示了太阳能热发电技术的潜力。“它使用

了一种新型熔盐，这种熔盐的熔点很低，并且在传导热量及存储材

料的时候可以保持高度的稳定性。”

同时，加州的Renewable Power Conversion公司获得了80万

美元的资金，用以改善其光伏逆变器技术。国家能源实验室表示：

“该公司的逆变器可以在25年的使用期期间最大限度的提高系统效

率，有助于降低可再生能源并网的平准化成本。”

同样来自加州的Tigo Energy公司获得了300万美元的资金，用

以使其直流电弧故障检测器进入试生产阶段。NREL表示，该设备

提高了光伏系统的安全性，并降低了运营和维护的成本。

最后，佛蒙特州的Solaflect Energy公司获得了100万美元，用

于其悬吊式定日镜（Suspension Heliostat）产品的研发。NREL表

示：“这是一种创新性的定日镜设计，比传统的设计的用钢量减少

60-65%，从而显著降低太阳能热发电电站镜场的成本。”

市场 ● 全球

41 / SHINE / March 2011





巴西市场大有可为

最近很多设备制造商都预测南美国家的光伏市场将会崛

起，话虽如此，但这也并不意味着中国市场将会屈居第

二。中国市场将会像去年一样，继续占据主导地位并成

倍增长，但欧瑞康太阳能市场发展部的主管Chris O’Brien对记者

表示：“巴西市场将大有可为。目前巴西市场正处在发展大型并网

光伏市场的风口浪尖。”

离网vs. 并网

近年来，巴西在光伏市场上相对还算是比较活跃的。但该国的

光伏产业主要集中在通过离网太阳能安装系统进行供电。除了离网

系统的发展比较活跃外，该国的光伏产业一直没有重大突破。

然而，身为阳光条件最好的“金砖四国”（BRIC：巴西、俄

罗斯、印度、中国）之一，巴西光伏市场有潜力能达到印度和中国

的水平。此外，有迹象表明，巴西政府将颁布利于市场发展的立

法，从今年年底开始允许大范围的太阳能安装系统并网。

巨大的潜力

Brazil Market has Bright Prospects

A large number of equipment manufacturers are predicting

the rise of the South American country in the photovoltaic industry. With that said, however, it does not mean that

China will be playing second fiddle. The Chinese will continue to dominate and grow exponentially like the previous year, but as Oerlikon Solar’s head of market development Chris O’Brien tells the reporter, "Brazil definitely has a lot to offer". He adds that he sees Brazil as being on the "cusp of developing into a large grid-connected photovoltaic market".

Off-grid vs. grid connected Brazil has been relatively active in photovoltaics for many years now. However, the country has been mainly focused on supplying electricity via off-grid solar installations. The Intersolar Award 2011 winner Autarcon, for example, brought photovoltaics and water purification with its SuMeWa|System, as reported back in June. Despite this off-grid activity, a major breakthrough into photovoltaics has been slow.

However, having the sunny status on being the B in the BRIC


市场 • 欧洲MARKET • EUROPE




(Brazil, Russia, India and China) countries, Brazil has got the potential to reach the levels India and China have been achieving. Furthermore, as was reported back in June, there are indications that the Brazilian government will promulgate market-enabling legislation, which will finally permit broad grid connections for solar installations by the end of this year.

Substantial potential The European Photovoltaic Industry Association’s 2014 Global Market Outlook states that Brazil is one of the markets with substantial photovoltaic potential. "Brazil has sun, the resources; the energy demand in the country is increasing and this calls for a need for more energy capacity," adds O’Brien.

While Oerlikon Solar is one company that has been active in Brazil, other equipment manufacturers are also beginning to see the country’s potential, particularly as it already has the infrastructure necessary to support the set-up of photovoltaic production facilities, on top of power plants.

Local photovoltaic production started to take shape after the decision by the Brazilian Centre for Development of Solar PV Energy developed a pilot plant to manufacture cost-effective modules and silicon cells at scale with government support.

Now Brazilian companies are beginning to collaborate with the bigger names in Europe and the U.S. Turnkey solution provider, Spire, for instance, has its eyes on Brazil, and has already agreed to provide a 20 megawatt (MW) module production line to Tecnometal Equipamentos (Tecnometal).

Meanwhile, Brazil's first commercial scale (one MW) photovoltaic plant was connected to the national grid, in June. MPX Energia and General Electric (GE) signed an agreement last month to double the capacity of the Taua project, thus marking GE’s entrance into the Brazilian photovoltaic market.

Other developers have also been teaming up with Brazilian counterparts. Gehrlicher Solar, for example, has joined up with Ecoluz Participaçõe to cater to the football stadium photovoltaic project trend that is beginning to emerge in the country. As Gehrlicher highlights, the Estádio de Pituaçu project is the first of many photovoltaic installations planned for Brazil’s football stadiums for the next World Cup. O’Brien sums up what has been echoed by plenty at this year’s EU PVSEC, "Brazil is a market to watch".

欧洲光伏产业协会发布的《2014年全球市场展望》中指出，

巴西光伏市场有巨大发展潜力。Chris O’Brien表示：“巴西有很

好的阳光条件及资源，该国的能源需求正在不断增加，需要更多的

能量储备。”

欧瑞康是活跃在巴西光伏市场上的光伏企业之一，其他设备制

造商也开始注意到巴西市场的发展潜力，特别是该国已经具备了支

持光伏生产及电站建设的所需的基础设施。

在巴西政府做出发展太阳能产业的决定之后，巴西本地的光伏

制造商大受鼓舞，在政府的帮助下建造了一个实验性的工厂，用以

生产具有成本效益的光伏组件和电池片。

目前巴西的企业开始与更知名的欧洲、美国的交钥匙解决

方案提供商合作，如Spire公司，该公司向圣保罗的Tecnometal

Equipamentos公司提供了20 MW的组件生产线。

与此同时，巴西的第一个商业化规模（1 MW）的光伏电站也

于六月完成了并网。MPX能源公司与通用电气（GE）在上个月签

署了一项协议，将Taua项目的产能扩大一倍，从而标志着GE公司

由此进军巴西光伏市场。

其他的开发商也纷纷与巴西同行展开了合作。Gehrl icher

Solar与Ecoluz Participaçõe公司合作建造足球场光伏项目，目前此

类项目在巴西越来越受欢迎。作为Gehrlicher Solar开发项目中的亮

点，Estádio de Pituaçu项目是第一个为下届巴西世界杯而建造的

球场光伏项目。






德国6月安装量664 MW补贴或削减15%

根据德国联邦网络机构最近发布的数据显示，6月份新增光

伏系统安装量约为664MW。因此，明年的上网电价补贴

看似将下调15%。然而，该机构在其官方网站上指出，

这些只是初步数字，6月份新增安装量更精确的数字将于近期公

布。但具体公布日期还未知。

尽管如此，看似在明年年初太阳能补贴还是会有15%的削减。

而衡量光伏系统补贴削减幅度的标准是2010年10月1日至2011年9

月30日期间的新增安装量。

根据该机构提供的数据，截至2011年6月份，安装量已经超

过3500MW。而3500MW是德国联邦政府规定的补贴削减9%的上

限。超过这个数字，补贴将于2012年1月1日起下调。但第三季度

的安装量目前还未确定。该机构没有透露7月和8月的安装量数字。

9月8日，路透社表示德国光伏系统7月及8月的新增安装量分

别约为800MW和450MW。德国绿党的能源专家Hans-Josef Fell因

Germany: 664 MW of PV Installed in June; 15% Incentive Cut Likely

According to recent figures from the German Federal Network Agency, new photovoltaic installations amounted to approximately 664 megawatts (MW) in June. As such,

it seems likely that incentives will drop by 15 percent next year. However, the website of the official authority points out that these are only preliminary figures. It adds, "More precise preliminary figures for June will soon be published." An exact date could not be obtained on request. Nevertheless, it still appears that there will be a reduction of at least 15 percent in solar subsidies at the turn of the year. What will determine the size of the reduction in remuneration tariffs for photovoltaic systems will be the number of additional installations built between October 1, 2010 and September 30, 2011. According to the data made available by agency, more than 3,500 MW were already installed by June 2011. This represents the upper limit defined by the German federal government for a basic nine percent gradual reduction in remuneration tariffs for photovoltaic





此预测，太阳能补贴在明年年初将至少下调15%。

小型屋顶安装系统的补贴标准仍将是最高24.4欧分/千瓦时，

户外光伏系统为17.9欧分/千瓦时。

Hans-Josef Fell表示：“光伏技术的竞争对手所预测的成本

失控并没有发生。从今年年初开始，光伏系统的安装量比去年同期

下降了一半。”除2011年1月以外，自2010年10月起，每月的新增

安装量都未达到去年同期水平，看起来7月份的情况也应如此。

许多专业认为，新增光伏系统的安装量将介于4500MW与

5500MW之间，所以意味着补贴将下降15%。在7月份，由于5月

至7月间的新增装机量只有700MW，德国政府并没有对补贴实施下

调。

另据消息，2011年上半年，德国的可再生能源打破了一个新

的记录，满足了超过20%的电力需求。同时，光伏发电首次超越了

水电。

据德国能源与水经济协会（BDEW）的初步预计，2011年上

半年可再生能源发电总量达537亿千瓦时，相当于德国电力需求的

28%。而2010年上半年，可再生能源发电总量为504亿千瓦时，占

电力总需求的18.3%。

像以前一样，风电成为发电最多的可再生能源，占能源总量

的7.5%（2010年：6.6%）。而光伏发电首次跃居第二名，为电网

输送了3.5%的电力（2010年：2%）。同时，水电排在第三位，占

3.3%（2010年：3.6%）。

与去年一样，2011年上半年，以垃圾为燃料的发电厂以及其

他可再生能源占发电总量的0.8%。

systems as of January 1, 2012. But the capacities for the third quarter have yet to be determined. The agency refrained from providing figures regarding additionally built installations in the months of July and August. On September 8, Reuters announced that approximately 800 MW had been installed in July and about 450 MW in new photovoltaic output in Germany in August. Hans-Josef Fell, the energy expert from Germany's Green Party thus assumes that solar subsidies will drop by at least 15 percent by the turn of the year. The photovoltaic remuneration tariffs for small rooftop installations would then still amount to a maximum 24.4 euro cents per kilowatt-hour (kWh) and 17.9 euro cents per kWh for outdoor photovoltaic installations. "The runaway costs predicted by the opponents of photovoltaic technology have not materialized. Since the beginning of the year approximately half as many photovoltaic systems were installed than in the same period last year," noted Fell. With the exception of January 2011, additional installations failed to achieve the level of the previous year in every month since October 2010. This also appears to be the case for July 2011. In the opinion of many experts, there will probably be new photovoltaic installations with a capacity of between 4,500 and 5,500 MW built in Germany during the respective period, which would mean a gradual decrease of 15 percent. In July, the German industry avoided an incentive cut after just 700 megawatts of newly installed photovoltaic capacity was added to the grid between March and May. In the first half of 2011, renewable energy broke a new record, having met more than 20 percent of Germany’s electricity demand. Also for the first time, photovoltaic generation overtook hydropower.According to initial estimates by the German Energy and Water Association (BDEW), renewable energy accounted for 53.7 billion kilowatt hours, or 28 percent of Germany’s electricity demand in the first six months of the year. This is in comparison to the first half of 2010, where renewable energy produced 50.4 billion kilowatt hours, or 18.3 percent. As before, wind generated the most energy, having contributed 7.5 percent to the renewable total (2010: 6.6 percent). Photovoltaics, however, ranked second for the first time, having delivered 3.5 percent of electricity to the grid (2010: two percent). Hydropower, meanwhile, came in third, at 3.3 percent (2010: 3.6 percent). Remaining unchanged from last year, refuse-fuelled power stations and other renewables accounted for 0.8 percent of electricity generation in the first half of 2011

图：德国绿党能源专家Hans-Josef FellPicture: Hans-Josef Fell, the energy expert from Germany's Green Party





希腊政府计划利用太阳能项目帮助其摆脱经济危机的困

境，而欧盟强国、太阳能巨人德国可能将成为受益人。

据希腊日报Ta Nea报道，希腊将要建造一个200亿欧元的

太阳能项目，该项目可创造6万个就业机会，德国将负责项目的投

资。项目所生产的电力几乎相当于希腊主要电力公司的总装机量，

这些电力会被输送到德国及一些西欧国家。希腊日照充足，非常适

合发展太阳能项目。而在今年3月份日本地震及核岛核危机爆发之

后，德国放弃了核能的发展，在总理默克尔宣布关闭该国全部17个

核电站之后，德国正在积极寻找替代能源。

希腊环境部长George Papaconstantinou以及德国经济副部长

Stefan Kapferer在雅典举行的会谈期间就该计划进行了讨论，该项

目被命名为Project Helios。George Papaconstantinou表示：“德

国对该项目的投资意义非常重大。希腊政府已经开始与外资银行就

Project Helios的融资展开会谈。补贴实施计划在20-25年，从而保

证投资者有满意的回报。”

德国经济部长Philipp Roesler也将于10月访问希腊。在今年3

月份，雅典和柏林曾签署了一份可再生能源发展的合作协议。

希腊将建10GW巨型光伏项目

Greece Launches Massive Solar Project

Greece is looking to the sun for a plan that will help it emerge from its deep economic troubles, and solar giant and EU powerhouse Germany may be the beneficiary.

According to a report Saturday in Greek daily newspaper Ta Nea, a $29 billion project (€20 billion) could create as many as 60,000 positions in jobs-starved Greece by harvesting its abundant sunshine and shipping it to Germany, Germany is looking for alternative energy sources after chancellor Angela Merkel's government decided to shut down all 17 of the country's nuclear reactors over 11 years, following the disaster at the Fukushima plant in Japan in March. The project would be driven by investment from Germany. The power produced by the plant, which would be almost as much as the total installed capacity of Greece’s main electric utility, may be exported to Western Europe.According to the newspaper, Greece’s Environment Minister George Papaconstantinou and Germany's Deputy Economy Minister Stefan Kapferer discussed the plan, named Project Helios, during talks in Athens."There is significant German interest in investments of this sort," Papaconstantinou said this week, adding that the Greek government has already initiated funding talks on Project Helios with foreign banks."These are plans with a 20 and 25-year perspective, hence investors a re guaranteed a sat i s fac tor y re turn , " sa id Papaconstantinou, who headed the finance ministry until June.German Economy Minister Philipp Roesler is also scheduled to visit Greece in October, following an agreement between Athens and Berlin in March to cooperate on renewable energy development.The International Herald Tribune said the project aims to reach 10 GW of capacity, which would rival it with the 10.2 GW produced by Public Power Corporation, Greece's main electricity company. The project, the site said, would require 200 square kilometers of


图：希腊环境部长George PapaconstantinouPicture: Greece’s Environment Minister George Papaconstantinou





国际先驱论坛报报道，该项目安装量目标为10 GW，与希腊国

有电力公司Public Power Corporation建造的10.2 GW的项目接近。

项目的占地面积达200平方公里。

尽管拥有国家性的上网电价机制，但由于目前希腊深陷债务

危机，该国的太阳能产业发展缓慢。然而，今年1月份，希腊总理

George Papandreou宣布计划建造世界最大的光伏电站。该电站位

于希腊北部城市Kozani，George Papandreou一直大力提倡发展绿

色能源。该项目装机量达200 MW，预计成本为6亿欧元。George

Papandreou在当时曾表示，该项目的电力输出将是全世界运营电

站中最大的。

EPIA2010年度报告显示，截至2010年年底，希腊已经并网

的光伏项目总共有206 MW。政府目标到2020年使该国的光伏装

机量达到2.2 GW，其中，中间目标是在2015年实现1.27 GW的装

机量。同时，德国2010年并网的光伏项目有7.4 GW，累计项目总

量达超过17 GW。该国的国家目标是到2020年实现51 GW的装机

量。

通过这个合作项目，希腊政府希望借助这个新兴产业来振兴本

国的经济，同时，德国也希望该项目能帮助其完成本国未来的能源

目标。8月份，希腊国家统计机构Elstat发布的数据显示，希腊的失

业率急剧上升，从一个月前的15.8%上升到16.6%。更让人担忧的

是，去年同期的失业率只有12%。

希腊能源部长George Papaconstantinou 在9月5日出席了

PVSEC的开幕式新闻发布会，并在开幕致辞中表示，到2020年，

Project Helios项目可完成2.2 GW，到2050年可完成全部的10

GW。为了实现这个雄伟的目标，该国需要吸引约200亿欧元的投

资。

据路透社报道，George Papaconstantinou在宣布项目方案时

还表示：“希腊每年的日照超过300天，太阳辐射比全球太阳能发

电的领导者德国多出一倍。”有人曾建议政府为太阳能开发商批准

土地的使用权。

光伏产业对此计划的反应却非常谨慎，Conergy希腊公司的负

责人Dieter Schmitt对记者表示：“关于这个项目，我们听说了很

多，但我们需要知道它是不是真的可以实现。”

但Dieter Schmitt对于希腊可能成为光伏电力输出国的消息表

现的更加积极。他表示，要实现此目标，电网的建设还需要大大加

强。“希腊可以成为一个能源出口国。可再生能源的成本还需要大

幅降低，才能与传统能源竞争。”

public land.Despite a national feed-in-tariff, solar installations have been slow to develop in Greece, as the nation continues to battle debt and uncertainty. Greek Prime Minister George Papandreou, a strong proponent of green energy, announced plans in January to build "the world's largest solar park" over depleted lignite mines in the northern city of Kozani.Estimated to cost 600 million euros and with a capacity of 200 megawatts, the project's electricity output will be "greater than any other photovoltaic park operational in the world until now," Papandreou said at the time.According to an EPIA 2010 report, Greece had 206 MW of grid-connected PV by the end of last year. The government has set a target of 2.2 GW installed capacity by 2020, including all solar technologies, with an intermediate target of 1.27 GW by 2015. Germany, meanwhile, connected 7.4 GW of photovoltaics in 2010 and had more than 17 GW cumulative by the end of the year. The country also has a national target of 51 GW for 2020. The Greece-Germany project is seen as a way to reinvigorate the Greek economy through a new industry while helping Germany prepare for its energy future. In August, figures from national statistics agency Elstat showed a sharp rise in unemployment in Greece as 16.6 percent of the population is out of work, up from 15.8 percent a month earlier. The biggest concern, however, was in the year-to-year rise, which saw the figure jump from 12 percent last August.The t imeframe for this level of instal lat ion, set out by Papconstaninou at the opening address and opening press conference at EU PVSEC, would see 2.2 GW installed by 2020 with this expanding to the 10 GW by 2050. To pursue the ambitious goal, the country would need to attract around 20 billion euros of investment. Reuters has reported that Papaconstantinou said, while announcing the proposal, "Greece enjoys 300 days of sunshine a year, almost 50 percent more sun radiation than Germany, the global leader in solar photovoltaics." It has been proposed that the government could make land available to solar developers. The photovoltaic industry reacted cautiously to the reports with the Head of Conergy Greece Dieter Schmitt telling the reporter, "we hear a lot but we need to see whether it is really going to happen." As to the idea that Greece could be an exporter of photovoltaic electricity Schmitt was more positive. "Certainly Greece can be an exporter of energy. The energy should become quite cheap compared to conventional energy so it should be a very good point for the future." He added that much is needed by way of grid capacity for this to occur.





英国太阳能光伏发电急需寻求突破

在一份英国太阳能光伏的前景报告中，安永会计事务所表

示，未来十年，即使没有政府的支持，太阳能成本下降

和化石燃料价格上涨可能使大型太阳能光伏发电系统的

安装非常具有成本竞争力。政府支持下，例如可再生能源义务认证

（ROC）计划或上网电价补贴（FIT）的计划，如果英国采取净计

量，2013年和2014年之间大型建设项目可以产生5％的实质税前收

益。如果没有净计量和ROC或FIT支持，我们的分析表明，太阳能

光伏行业很可能2017达到这个回报水平。在没有对非住宅、当地安

装项目补贴的情况下，预计到2020年实现电网与零售价格均等。高

日照地区的项目有可能到2012年实现经济效益，2017年达到电网

平价。“高日照”的定义为1323kWh/m2，产生1032kWh/kWp。

该报告是针对太阳能行业协会（STA）的，他们清楚地看到临

时补贴的情况并能够让市场迅速达到充分的竞争力，然后市场才不

需要支持。 STA评论说：“利用太阳能不需要新的昂贵的基础设

施。这是一个随时可用的技术。通过投资，英国的太阳能革命能够

实现突破，成为不受通货膨胀影响的安全、绿色能源。通过大规模

的安装，市场可以在没有进一步的补贴的情况下成长，并带动研究

从而促使太阳能电池板的成本下降得更快。”

2040年前太阳能光伏发电依然有潜力满足英国电力需求的

30%。目前也正在规划以满足英国的碳减排目标。太阳能行业一直

迅速增长，而且成本在降低，并刺激了就业和经济增长前景。

STA的主席约翰霍华德说：“政府在太阳能产业规划上有错误

之处。我们是全球太阳能革命的风口浪尖上，世界各地的主要市场

都认为太阳能对我们的未来至关重要。德国计划到2020年白天电力

的50％来自太阳能——52吉瓦的太阳能安装量，而应该的目标只有

2.7吉瓦。”大项目更符合成本效益和帮助快速提高产能。英国太

阳能贸易协会指出，50千瓦是英国新的安装限量，和在德国或美国

的许多项目相比，这个安装量一点也不大。

PV Solar Breakthrough Soon

In a report on the prospects for solar photovoltaics (PV) in the UK, consultants Ernst and Young suggests that falling solar costs and rising fossil fuel prices could make large-

scale solar PV installations cost-competitive without government support within a decade. And with support, for example under the Renewables Obligation Certificate (ROCs) scheme or the Feed In Tariff (FiT) scheme, ‘if the UK were to adopt net metering, large scale building connected projects could be generating 5% real pre-tax returns with 2 ROCs between 2013 and 2014. Without net metering and ROC or FiT support, our analysis indicates that solar PV is likely generating this level of return by 2017. Grid parity with retail prices is expected to be achieved in the UK by 2020 without subsidy for non-domestic, on-site installations’. They add ‘Projects at high irradiation locations may become economic with 2 ROCs by 2012, and reach parity with retail power by 2017.’ They define ‘high irradiation’ as 1323kWh/m2 yielding 1032kWh/kWp.The report was produced for the Solar Trade Association (STA), who clearly see a case for interim subsidies to get PV to full market competitiveness rapidly- after which they would not need support. The STA commented “With solar, no new expensive infrastructure is required. It is a ‘plug in’ technology, easily deployable now. By investing in it, Britain’s solar revolution could pay for a breakthrough into inflation-free, safe, green power. Done at scale, it could then grow without further subsidy and lead the research that will make costs of solar panels fall even faster.”It went on Solar PV has the potential to meet more than 30% of UK electricity needs before 2040. It is deployable now to meet UK carbon reduction targets. It is accessible and popular, and the industry has been growing rapidly, with decreasing costs, and stimulating employment and growth prospects for the UK economy.Unsurprisingly, Howard Johns, STA Chair, said The Government has got it wrong on solar. We are on the cusp of a global solar revolution; major markets all over the world recognize that solar energy is critical to our future. Germany plans to generate 50% of its day time electricity from solar by 2020- their targets are for 52 GW of solar energy compared to 2.7 GW for the UK by 2020. Large projects are more cost effective and supporting those helps build capacity fast. As the UK Solar Trade Association has pointed out, 50kW, the new UK ceiling, is hardly large compared to many projects in Germany, or the USA.Certainly it’s booming elsewhere- with over 40GW installed globally and expanding fast. The UK reached a pitiful 122MW in June. Basically, under the impact of premium fixed price FiT schemes in Germany, Spain France and Italy, volume and markets have been building rapidly and prices are falling significantly. Technology has also been improving. HSBC calculates that the

钱明今（Bruce Qian）THE FIRST GLOBALLY ISSUED CHINESE-ENGLISH BILINGUAL

当然，其它地方的太阳能也在蓬勃发展。全球的装机量超过40

吉瓦，而且在快速扩大。英国6月份达到一个可怜的122兆瓦。基本

上，由于得益于政府补贴FIT计划，德国、法国、意大利和西班牙

的销量和市场迅速迅速扩大，价格大幅回落，技术也得到了改善。

汇丰计算，太阳能电池的成本——面板中的关键组成部分——2008

年9月以来已下跌约70％。美国通用电气公司说，到2013年新的光

伏电池应该能够产生功率150USD/MWh，类似常规电力成本。彭

博指出，在美国、意大利和土耳其的部分日照充足的地区，光伏发

电已经比电网更便宜。

发展势头如此迅猛，德国、西班牙、意大利和法国已减少上网

电价补贴，消减幅度超过年度计划价格“递减”速率，以避免太多

额外的成本将传递给电力消费者承担。

但是很明显，尽管增速放缓，但全球市场将继续繁荣。根据欧

洲光伏工业协会，它可能在2015年达到130-200吉瓦。但是，太阳

能行业不会仅仅在欧洲扩张。

cost of solar cells - the key component in panels - has fallen by about 70% since Sept 2008. The USA’s GE says its new PV cells should be able to generate power at $150/MWh by 2013, similar to the cost of conventional power. Bloomberg noted that in some sunny locations in the US, Italy and Turkey, PV is already cheaper than grid power. The boom have been so large that Germany, Spain, Italy and France have reduced FiT tariff levels more than the planned annual price ‘degression’ rates, to avoid passing on what some saw as too much extra cost to electricity consumers. Not everyone was happy with that- some say they should have, stayed the course to get prices down rapidly.However it’s clear that, despite this slow down, the global market will continue to boom. It could reach 130-200 GW by 2015, according to the European Photovoltaic Industry Association. But this won’t be just a European expansion.





意大利装机量达6.5 GW

意大利电网机构GSE报告，意大利光伏系统的安装量已经

达到10 GW。该机构表示，今年的安装量已达6.5 GW。

根据公布的数据显示，目前有超过27万个光伏系统正在

运作中。

具体来说，在第四能源法案下，有26134个光伏系统已经开始

运作，总共1.7 GW。同时，在第三能源法案下，已经安装了38122

个光伏系统，总共1.59 GW。另一方面，在第二能源法案下，共安

装了200963个光伏系统，总共有6.56 GW，而在第一能源法案下共

安装了5734个系统，共163 MW。

德国BHF银行的Goetz Fischbeck表示，今年在GSE登记并已

经完成并网的光伏系统已经超过了7 GW，其中2011年新安装的系

统有3.7 GW，而在2010年建造并于2011年并网的系统有3.3 GW。

Puglia被认为是装机量水平最高的地区：目前，该地区安装了

17812个光伏系统，共计1.68 GW。而Lombardy地区安装的光伏系

统数量最多，共有38810个，共计993 MW。其次为Veneto地区，

Italy Market Reaches 6.5 GW

The Italian network agency, GSE, reports that photovoltaic installations in Italy have reached over 10 gigawatts (GW). Already this year, says the agency, 6.5 GW have been

installed. According to data released, there are over 270,000 photovoltaic systems currently in operation. Specifically, under the fourth Conto Energia, 26,134 photovoltaic systems have come into operation, worth 1.7 GW. Meanwhile, under the third Conto Energia, 38,122 systems totaling 1.59 GW were installed. The second Conto Energia, on the other hand, saw 200,963 systems worth 6.56 GW installed, and the first Conto Energia saw 5,734 systems installed amounting to 163 megawatts (MW). Goetz Fischbeck from Germany's BHF Bank, who states that over seven GWp of photovoltaic systems have been grid connected and registered with GSE this year, adds that 3.7 GWp comprise new systems installed in 2011, while 3.3 GWp are attributable to systems constructed in 2010, yet grid connected in 2011. Puglia is said to be the region with the highest level of installed


capacity: currently, there are 1.68 GW worth of photovoltaics installed there, spread across 17,812 systems. The Lombardy region, however, takes the crown for the most number of installed systems (38,810 systems worth 993 MW). This is followed by Veneto, with 36,066 systems and 894 MW. GSE adds that, in the first half of this year, an estimated 6.5 GW of photovoltaics has been installed. It says that by the end of the year, 12 GW, or 350,000 systems could be reached. If this is achieved, Italy would overtake Germany to become the leading country in terms of installed photovoltaic capacity. Due to the reported high volumes of photovoltaics being installed in Italy, Fischbeck cautions that there could be risk of further regulatory interventions by the government. "Italian PV market size in 2012 could be significantly limited as a result of further regulatory adjustments," said a statement issued. In November, Bank Sarasin predicted that just over two GW would be installed in the country in 2011. If GSE's estimates are right, the analysts projections are way off mark.

36066个系统，共计894 MW。

GSE补充道，在今年上半年，预计已经安装了6.5 GW的光伏

系统。到今年年底，光伏系统的总量可达35万个，共计12 GW。如

果该机构的预测实现，意大利将取代德国，成为2011年全球光伏系

统装机量最大的国家。

由于据报道意大利光伏系统装机量陡增，Goetz Fischbeck警

告说，政府可能会实施进一步的监管干预。他一份声明中表示：

“2012年意大利光伏市场可能会被进一步的监管调整而大幅受

限。”

在去年11月份，Sarasin银行预计2011年意大利市场的新增装

机量只会有2 GW。如果GSE的预估是正确的，那该银行的分析师

们就错的太离谱了。






法国推出新型智能电网项目

法国推出了3000万欧元的政府资助项目，以发展该国的智

能电网建设，Tenesol公司将安装500个光伏系统以及250

个变流器。这个为期四年的Millener项目旨在在法国的海

外领土推出1000个能源管理系统。

根据Tenesol公司发布的一份声明显示，该项目的目标是在可

再生能源的帮助下，允许家庭用户供给及管理自己的电力系统。同

时为家庭用户提供更多的需求方电力管理，并为当地电网提供支

持。此外，提高对可再生能源的认识，改善电网的稳定性也是该试

点项目的目标。

Tenesol公司表示，该项目推出的第一批系统将安装在La

Réunion和 Corsica群岛以及法国的一些岛屿。

所有的这些光伏系统都将是屋顶安装系统，规模不超过3

kW。项目预期在明年年初完成，之后将测试和分析它们的经济及

技术效益。所有的安装系统将会直接与当地的电网连接，将数据反

馈给电网。

Millener项目选择法国海外领土的原因是，这些地区的能源需

求不断增加，以及当地电网的不稳定性。

该声明还表示，Millener项目最为关键的优势是，允许住宅光

伏系统将未使用的能量存储到电池中。在夜幕降临时，存储的能量

可以供住户使用，或者卖给当地的电网。

France Unveils New Smart Grid Project Under a new €30 million government funded project

designed to develop a French smart grid, Tenesol will install 500 photovoltaic systems and 250 converters.

The four year Millener project aims to roll out 1,000 energy management systems on French overseas territories. According to a statement released by Tenesol, the aim is to "allow homes to supply and manage their own electricity with the support of renewable energy. It also allows more demand-side power management for homes and supports the local electricity grid." Raising awareness of renewable energies and improving grid stability are also goals of the pilot project. Tenesol says the first systems under the project will be installed on homes on the islands of La Réunion and Corsica, "plus some other French island territories". All of the photovoltaic systems will be rooftop installations and will be no bigger than three kilowatts peak in size. They are expected to be completed by early next year, "after which testing and analysis will determine their economic and technical interest". All the installations will reportedly have a direct telecoms link to the local power grid operator, in order to feed back data on their performance. France’s overseas territories are said to have been chosen for the Millener project due to the increased energy demands seen there, and power grid instability. "The key benefit of Millener is that it allows residential PV systems to store unused energy in a battery. Then, when night falls, this stored energy can either be used by the household or sold into the local electricity grid – the household can decide," continued the statement.

市场 • 亚太MARKET • Asia-Pacific



市场 • 亚太

MARKET • Asia-Pacific

2011年第二季度全球排名前三的光伏组件供应商全部来自中

国。虽然市场需求疲软，但尚德、英利以及天合光能第二季

度的出货量都增长了近20%，市场份额增加，并进一步加强

了中国企业在这一市场上的主导地位。

由于光伏组件供过于求，一些领先的供应商利用其强大的品牌

效应以及极具竞争力的价格优势增加自己的市场份额。虽然在2011

年第二季度，行业度过了一段非常艰难的时期，但十大组件供应商

中有八家供应商的出货量都超过了第一季度，而且这十大供应商的

出货总量占了全球市场的一半以上。

2011年第二季度，尚德的光伏组件出货量连续第五个季度拔

得头筹。英利成为第二大供应商，出货量增加36%，成为第二家季

度出货量超过400 MW的供应商。天合光能本季度排名第三。First

Chinese PV Module Suppliers on Top in Q2 as Consolidation Continues


不断整合——第二季度中国光伏组件供应商问鼎

The three largest suppliers of PV modules in Q2’11 were all Chinese according to the latest industry report from IMS Research. Suntech, Yingli and Trina Solar collectively grew

their shipments by almost 20% over the previous quarter despite difficult market conditions, increasing their market share and furthering China’s growing dominance in this market. IMS Research’s latest quarterly report reveals that because of the oversupply of PV modules, some leading suppliers have been able to capitalize on their strong brands and competitive pricing to increase their market share. Although the industry experienced a very difficult quarter in Q2’11, eight of the ten largest module suppliers in fact increased their shipments over Q1, and the ten largest suppliers accounted for over half of the global market.




市场 • 亚太


Q2’11 saw Suntech ship more PV modules than any other supplier for the fifth consecutive quarter. Yingli became the second largest supplier, increasing it’s shipments by 36% and becoming the second supplier to have shipped more than 400 MW of modules in a quarter. Trina Solar remained the third largest supplier in the quarter. First Solar and Sharp, which held the second and third place positions in 2010, fell to fourth and sixth place respectively in the second quarter. “Exceptionally high demand throughout 2010 resulted in tier-1 suppliers remaining sold out throughout the year, and many tier-2 suppliers were able to capitalize and quickly grow their shipments and market shares,” commented Senior Research Analyst, Sam Wilkinson. “Rapid capacity expansions coincided with a slow-down in demand and supply now far exceeds demand in 2011; With preferred tier-1 products easily available and at lower prices, it seems that customers are now shunning lower tier products and going back to the tier-1 suppliers. The market has begun to show signs of consolidation and the largest suppliers are increasing their share of the global market,” continued Wilkinson.

Although many suppliers were able to maintain or even increase their PV module shipments in Q2’11, fierce competition led to rapid price reductions from all suppliers throughout the quarter. As a result, IMS Research estimates that industry revenues, profits and margins all declined over the previous quarter. After a difficult first half of 2011 for the PV module industry, IMS Research forecasts that shipments will recover in the second half of the year and reach over 22 GW in total for the full year. However, oversupply is likely to continue affecting the industry with annual PV module capacity predicted to reach over twice this amount by the end of the year, making 2011 a record year for capacity additions.

图：大型光伏组件供应商的市场份额

Solar和夏普在2010年分列二、三位，本季度排名下降到第四和第

六。

IMS Research的高级研究分析师Sam Wilkinson表示，2010

年是一个特殊情况，由于需求一直保持强劲，一线供应商的产品供

不应求，使得许多二线供应商有机会迅速增加出货量并占领市场份

额。快速的产能扩张导致需求放缓，使得2011年的市场供应远远大

于需求。但一线供应商的产品更受欢迎并且价格更低，现在顾客已

放弃二、三线产品，重新青睐于一线供应商。市场开始出现整合迹

象，大型供应商正在增加全球市场份额。

在2011年第二季度，虽然许多供应商能维持现状甚至增加了

光伏组件的出货量，但激烈的市场竞争使得所有的供应商不得不大

幅降低产品价格。因此，IMS Research预计，第二季度行业的收

益、利润和净利润较前一季相比都有所下降。

2011年，光伏组件产业在度过了艰难的第二季度之后，IMS

Research预测，出货量在下半年恢复，全年的总出货量将达22

GW。然而，供过于求的阴影可能会继续影响产业，光伏组件的年

产能预计可达出货量的两倍，使得2011年的产能再次创下纪录。




市场 • 亚太


亚开行助推印度大规模太阳能电站发展India: ADB Loan to Boost Gujarat’s Large-Scale Solar Industry


亚洲开发银行（ADB）为印度古吉拉特邦提供了1亿美元的

贷款，以加强该地区的大型太阳能项目发展。

这笔资金将用于古吉拉特邦太阳能输电项目。具体来说，亚开

行表示这笔资金将用于建造变电站、输电线路等设施，这些设施将

收集并发送Charanka太阳能电站产出的电力。

亚开行高级气候变化专家Naoki Sakai表示：“通过为光伏

电站建造可靠的电力传输设施，亚开行将帮助电站吸引私人开发

商，同时提供一种可被复制的模式，扩大印度太阳能发电产业的发

展。”

亚开行还表示，Charanka太阳能电站的目标是达到500MW的

发电能力，此外，古吉拉特邦还将建造多个大型光伏电站。总共

将有1.37亿美元投资用于电站建设，其中古吉拉特邦政府提供了约

3700万美元的配套资金。

有消息指出，古吉拉特能源传输公司与古吉拉特邦政府将共同

执行该项目，其中包括光伏发电以及太阳能热发电电站项目。预计

可于2014年完成。

亚开行在一份声明中表示：“随着电站基础设施的建设，该项

目可为300人提供职业技能培训，其中30%为妇女。”

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has made a $100 million loan available to India’s Gujarat. The goal is to strengthen the state’s large-scale solar industry.

The funds will go towards the Gujarat Solar Power Transmission Project. Specifically, says ADB, they will be used to construct a substation, transmission lines and other equipment, which will collect and distribute the solar power generated by plants in the Charanka solar park. "By putting in reliable power transmission facilities in the solar

park, ADB will help draw in private sector developers, while providing a model which can be replicated to scale up solar power in a significant manner in India," commented Naoki Sakai, senior climate change specialist at ADB. The ADB adds that the Charanka solar park, which aims to reach 500 megawatts (MW) of power, is just "one of a number" of large scale solar parks in the Gujarat pipeline. A total of $137 million will be invested into the park, with the Gujarat Government reportedly providing counterpart funds of nearly $37 million. It has been said that the Gujarat Energy Transmission Corporation and the Government of Gujarat will jointly execute the project, which will include both photovoltaic and concentrated solar plants. It is expected to be completed by 2014. In a statement issued, ADB says, "Along with physical infrastructure, the project will provide vocational skills training for up to 300 people in target areas, with 30 percent of them women, as well as energy-based livelihood programs for up to 100 poor women."

政策POLICY


政策POLICY



澳大利亚维州宣布削减FiT补贴

2011年9月1日，澳大利亚维州政府宣布了新的“过渡性上网

电价”（TFiT），该上网电价针对屋顶太阳能系统，像澳大

利亚其他州一样，该方案大幅减少了支付给用户的补贴。

由于澳大利亚其他各州相继宣布了补贴削减计划，所以维州政

府此次的决定并不出人意料，该决定宣布后，再次引发了在目前市

场环境下澳大利亚太阳能产业发展前景的讨论和关注。

对于小于或等于5 kW的光伏系统，该过渡性上网电价补贴标

准由原先的45欧分/千瓦时下降到18.75欧分/千瓦时，2012年1月1

日起生效，为期五年。

维州约有5万户家庭已经加入了太阳能发电计划，他们仍将享

受现有的补贴标准。而已经交付了定金或者已经安装好太阳能系统

的用户必须确保在9月30日之前提交所需的所有文件，才能享受现

有补贴标准。

维州政府在其网站上发表了一份声明表示，降低补贴的原因是

太阳能系统的成本变得更有竞争力，政府有必要减少对产业的补贴

Australia: Victoria FIT Cut Announced

Australia’s Victorian State Government today announced a new 'transitional feed-in tariff' (TFiT) for rooftop solar panels, joining most of the other Australian states in

drastically reducing the amount paid to customers.The announcement, which is not unexpected due to the changes in other states, has again prompted discussion and concern within the Australian solar industry about the safety of jobs and the ability for solar to continue to grow under these circumstances. The TFiT will be set at 25 cents per kilowatt hour (c/kWh) (€18.75 c/kWh) from January 1, 2012 for photovoltaic systems of five kW or less, down from the current 60 c/kWh (€45 c/kWh). The tariff will last for five years from the scheme’s commencement. There are approximately 50,000 people in the state already participating in the schemes that will continue to get the premium rate. People who have already paid a deposit or are already having

政策POLICY


政策POLICY


支持。“由于之前的上网电价是2009年出台的，现在太阳能电池板

的成本已经下降了40%，而且预计还会继续下降，政府有必要下调

太阳能系统的补贴。”

维州能源部长Michael O'Brien表示，在18.75欧分/千瓦时的补

贴标准下，用户可以在10年之内收回太阳能发电系统的成本，但同

时警告新用户，如果他们现在想要在9月30日的最后期限前准备好

全部文件，恐怕可能为时已晚。他向记者表示：“用户需要几个月

的时间才能完成所有的步骤，如果现在才开始购买太阳能系统，很

难赶上最后期限。”

反对党领袖Daniel Adndrews指责政府只青睐于燃煤发电，不

支持可再生能源的发展，特别是太阳能。他表示：“我为在太阳能

行业工作的人担心，也为太阳能产业的投资人担心。”

维州竞争与效率委员会（Compet i t ion and Ef f ic iency

Commission）将于今年晚些时候开始对上网电价进行审查。据报

道，此次补贴下调是不可追溯性的，并适用于所有现有合同。

澳大利亚太阳能协会（AuSES）首席执行官John Grimes在一

份声明中表示，他对维州政府的决定感到失望。他表示：“这将对

已经四面楚歌的太阳能产业产生进一步的压力。与新南威尔士州、

西澳以及堪培拉政府相比，维州政府为太阳能产业提供了一个软着

陆，这也是太阳能产业公认的。与往常一样，问题会产生在细节之

中，维州政府仍有很多问题需要向公众解释。同时，政府还需要公

布审批过程，审批的过程总是会引发很多争议，并驳回了很多用户

安装太阳能电池板的申请。”

solar systems installed must make sure all the required paperwork has been submitted before September 30 to receive the existing premium FIT. The government said the reason for the change was that more competitive solar costs removed the imperative for governmental assistance at such a level. "Since the Premium Feed-in Tariff was introduced in 2009, the cost of solar panels has dropped by about 40 percent and is predicted to continue falling, reducing the need for high solar incentives from Government," a statement on its website said. Victorian Energy Minister Michael O'Brien said that under the 25-cent rate participants would recover the cost of their solar power systems within about 10 years, but warned new customers that if they tried to get in before the September 30 deadline they would probably be too late. "Given it can take up to several months to complete the required steps, it is very unlikely that people purchasing a solar system from today will have enough time to qualify for the premium rate," he told reporters in Melbourne. Opposition Leader Daniel Andrews accused to government of being obsessed with coal power and antagonistic toward renewables, particularly solar. "I fear for those people who work in the solar industry," he said to reporters. "I fear for those who've invested in the solar energy industry." The Victorian Competition and Efficiency Commission will begin reviewing the FIT later this year. The changes are reportedly not retrospective and all existing contracts will be honored. John Grimes, CEO of the Australian Solar Energy Society (AuSES), said in a statement that he was disappointed with the Victorian Government’s actions, although commended them on not retrospectively changing tariffs like what happened in New South Wales. "This will put further pressure on an embattled solar industry," he said. "The Victorian Government is delivering a softer landing for the solar industry than the approach taken by the NSW, WA and ACT Governments and that is recognised by the solar industry. "As always, the devil will be in the detail, and the Victorian Government still has some major questions to answer. "The Government will also need to clarify the retailer approval process, which could create a significant logjam and deny many families the opportunity to install solar panels."

图：维州能源部长Michael O'BrienPicture: Victorian Energy Minister Michael O'Brien

政策POLICY


政策POLICY


日本议会上院通过可再生能源法案

近日，日本议会上院通过可再生能源法案，虽然计划的

细节还未公布，但光伏产业看来将获得巨大的推动。

Jefferies的分析师预测，光伏产业将成为该法案的最

大赢家，并表示该法案将成为最终版的上网电价补贴机制。

在地震、海啸以及随后的福岛核电站泄漏引发的核辐射危

机发生之后，关于日本未来的能源供应问题的激烈讨论已经持

续了好几个月。这项立法看来将成为首相菅直人在任期间通过

的最后一项法案。

东京的一名政治及公共政策教授Andrew Dewitt认为这项立

法是日本全面采用可再生能源最为关键的一步。他表示：“鉴

于日本最近的政治形势，你必须全面考察各方面的因素。福岛

的核危机唤醒了日本的普通民众，从大部分人对核能的发展漠

不关心，到现在有超过75%的民众反对它。”

该法案将于2012年7月1日起生效。关于上网电价补贴的标

准等细节尚未确定。同样，目前还不清楚是否公用事业单位将

被要求购买太阳能电力。日本的电力公司目前仍保持相对高度

的管制以及地区性，尽管最近由软银集团董事长孙正义牵头，

有意要打破这一趋势。

虽然可再生能源法案将为风能、太阳能以及地热能提供补

Japan: Renewable Energy Signed into Law

While details of the scheme are pending, photovoltaics looks set to receive a major boost in Japan with a renewable energy bill passing through the upper house of parliament

today. Analysts Jefferies predict solar to be the big winner under the scheme and said that the law, “will become an eventual feed-in tariff (FIT).”The debate about future energy supply in Japan has been fierce in the months after the earthquake, tsunami and subsequent Fukushima-Daichi nuclear plant meltdown and continuing radiation scares. Prime Minister Naoto Kan’s leadership has not survived the struggle and it appears as it the passage of this legislation will be one of his last acts in office. Andrew DeWitt is a politics and public policy professor in Tokyo and he believes that this legislation is a critical step in Japan fully adopting renewable energy. "You have to see everything [in light of] this recent trajectory of politics in Japan. In the wake of Fukushima, public opposition to nuclear energy has gone from basically people not being concerned with ‘nukes’ to more than 75 percent against it," DeWit said. The law will be effective as of July 1, 2012. Details as to what the FIT rates would be are yet to be determined. It is also unclear as to whether utilities will be required to purchase solar power. Japan’s electricity utilities remain relatively highly regulated and regional, although there have been recent moves to break up this system, spearheaded by charismatic entrepreneur Masayoshi Son. He made his fortune


贴，但Jefferies预测太阳能将是其中受益最多的能源。该法案

出台后，该机构的行业分析师们表示：“我们相信太阳能将成

为可再生能源法案的最大受益者，日本将成为历史上第一个将

太阳能作为一种可行性能量来源的国家。”

日本先前曾在国际性的论坛上提出了本国的太阳能装机量

目标，现在的目标是到2020年实现28 GW的装机量。鉴于此，

Jefferies预测到2011年年底，日本光伏系统的累计安装量可达

4.8 GW。而光伏系统的年安装量从2013年起可达3 GW。

至于哪些企业将从可再生能源法案中受益，Jef fe r ies指

出，尚德电力以及阿特斯太阳能将会是日本市场上受益最多的

国外企业。同时，该机构也指出，此次立法的影响是，增量需

求将有助于稳定全球市场的价格，并紧缩供应链。

with his Softbank company when telecommunications in Japan were deregulated. While the renewable energy bill will provide subsidies for wind, solar and geothermal, Jefferies predict that solar will benefit most. The industry analysts issued a statement in reaction to the bill that read: "we believe solar will be the largest beneficiary of the bill given Japan's history as the first country to adopt solar as a viable energy source and a number of large Japanese solar companies." Japan has previously brought forward its solar installed capacity goals at international forums; it now targets 28 GW by 2020. Given this, Jefferies has forecast 4.8 GW cumulative installed photovoltaic capacity by the end of 2011. Annual photovoltaic installation, predicted Jefferies, could reach three GW per year from 2013. In terms of which firms will profit from the renewable scheme, Jefferies point out that Suntech and Canadian Solar are the two foreign companies most exposed the Japanese market. The New York-based analysts also added that the legislation’s effect would be that, "incremental demand will help to stabilize prices worldwide and tighten the supply chain."

政策POLICY


政策POLICY


美国罗德岛州实施上网电价

美国罗德岛州通过了一项法律，将实施上网电价机制。

但该规划对可再生能源设置了总量40 MW的上限。

该法案在2011年6月29日通过立法机构的审核，并由州长

Lincoln Chafee签署通过，从而使罗德岛州成为美国东北部地

区第二个实施上网电价的州，同时也是美国为数不多的实施上

网电价的州之一。

罗德岛州虽然不是第一个实施上网电价政策的州，但却创

下了最快实施该机制的记录。具体的补贴标准会在9月底出台，

而上网电价机制将从10月中旬开始执行。

罗德岛州立法S723Aaa（修订本），为风能、光伏发电

以及厌氧分解的沼气发电提供40 MW的分布式发电标准供应合

约。

该法案明确规定了分布式发电系统合约的年度目标：

● 2011年12月31日：5 MW

● 2012年12月31日：20 MW

● 2013年12月31日：30 MW

● 2014年12月31日：40 MW

US: Rhode Island Implementing FITs

Rhode Island has passed a law implementing a limited feed-in tariff (FIT) and set it on a fast track to implementation. Under it, a 40 megawatt (MW) capacity cap for renewables

has been set.The law passed the legislature and was signed by Governor Lincoln Chafee on June 29, 2011, thus making Rhode Island the second state in the Northeast to implement a FIT program and one of the few states in the U.S. to do so. While not the first with a FIT, Rhode Island may set a record for the rapidity of implementation. Specific differentiated tariffs must be set by the end of September and the program launched in mid-October. Rhode Island's legislation, S723Aaa (as amended), calls for the state to offer 40 MW of what it calls Distributed Generation Standard Offer Contracts for wind energy, photovoltaics and biogas generators from anaerobic digestion. The statute states explicitly the annual target of contracts for distributed generation:

• December 31, 2011: 5 MW

• December 31, 2012: 20 MW

• December 31, 2013: 30 MW

合约的其他条款包括：

● 期限：15年

● 规划上限：到2014年为止，共40 MW

● 项目规模上限：风能<1.5 MW；光伏发电<500 kW；其

他技术<1 MW

● 包括厌氧分解的沼气

● 只有州内的项目才能获得资格

● 成本回收：分配系统的地方纳税人

● 法案将不包括生物质能

法案还创建了分布式发电标准合同委员会，由各个利益相

关者构成，他们将确定合同细节、定价并执行法案的目标。

委员会有权利在任何时间提高或降低定价。如果初始价格

定的太低，这项规定将是非常有用的，但对于像光伏这样的高

成本技术，也可能会出现问题，当合同的需求量大时，监管者

有时会产生恐慌心理。

对于2012年的规划，法案规定必须有四种不同的技术分

类，其中两种必须包含光伏和风能。委员会在上网电价标准出

台后可视情况添加、去除或者调整这些分类。

罗德岛州对可再生能源发展有着非常积极的目标。该州还

要求公用事业单位要签订可再生能源发展的长期合约。并且这

些长期合约中分布式发电系统必须占到10%，其中包括光伏发

电。迄今为止，该州已经发展了2.4 MW的风电系统以及0.06

MW的光伏系统。

• December 31, 2014: 40 MW The statute defines distributed generation as a renewable energy generator less than five MW. This is substantially less than the working definition in California, where Governor Jerry Brown has proposed FIT for distributed generation projects less than 20 MW. Other terms of the Standard Offer Contracts specified in the statute include:•Term: 15 years •Program cap: 40 MW total by 2014•Project size caps: wind <1.5 MW; pohotovoltaics <500 kW; "Other"•Biogas from anaerobic digestion included•Only In-state projects qualify•Cost recovery: ratepayers on the distribution system The legislation specifically excludes biomass. The law creates the Distributed Generation Standard Contract Board made up of various stakeholders who will determine contract details, pricing, and compliance with the act's targets. The Board is authorized to revisit pricing at any time to either raise or lower prices. This could prove useful if initial prices are set too low, but it can also be problematic for high-cost technologies like photovoltaics, where regulators sometimes panic when demand for contracts is high. The law requires that the tariffs be "highly differentiated", says Jerry Almer, an attorney with the Conservation Law Foundation who worked on the legislation. For example, Almer suggested there could tariffs for both on-shore and off-shore wind. For the program year 2012, the statute specifies that there must be at least four different technology classes and at least two of those will be for photovoltaics, and at least one for wind energy. The Board may add, delete, or adjust these classes as it sees fit. Significantly, the state's law directs the Board to set targets for each renewable energy class or tranche. This is the first state law to reflect the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's decision last fall on the question of whether FITs are legal in the U.S. The Commission decided that FITs are legal if they meet certain requirements. Rhode Island's statute appears to have been written to meet those requirements. Rhode Island has a more aggressive target - at least on paper - than California. The New England state's Renewable Energy Standard is now a total of 40 percent of supply in comparison to the 33 percent target in California. The state also requires utilities to enter long-term contracts for a portion of its Renewable Energy Standard. And of those long-term contracts 10 percent must be set aside for "distributed generation", including photovoltaics. To date, it has developed 2.4 MW worth of wind energy and 0.06


观点VIEWPOINT


观点VIEWPOINT



2010年微型逆变器与电源优化器增长率达500%

2010年，光伏逆变器产业的颠覆性技术的使用率涨势迅猛，

微型逆变器以及电源优化器的出货量增长超过500%。但它

们仍只占光伏逆变器总收入的不到1%。而出货量大部分集

中在一少部分供应商之中，如Enphase和SolarEdge公司，分别在

微型逆变器及DC-DC电源优化器市场上取得了成功，目前市场上

活跃着的供应商有20多家，而该市场预计将以每年增长一倍的速

度，一直持续到2015年。

IMS Research预计微型逆变器及电源优化器市场的价值到

2015年将超过13亿美元。到那时，通过OEM协议可实现批量生

产，这些突破性的技术的价格将大幅降低。然而，到2015年，微型

逆变器的平均价格预计还是会比传统逆变器高出50%，因此市场普

及率将被限制在6%左右。

日益增长的供货量及日趋下降的价格将驱动这两个突破性的

技术的发展。IMS Research的光伏市场分析师Tom Haddon表示：

“突破性的技术，如微型逆变器以及电源优化器声称能带来许多优

势，包括更大的收益、易于安装以及安全性和可监控性的提高。但

目前它们的价格较高，并且在市场上相对还不成熟，限制了它们的

Microinverters & Power Optimizers Grow 500% in 2010

图：微型逆变器与电源优化器的收益增长与价格变化预测

Use of disruptive technologies in the PV inverter industry grew strongly in 2010 with shipments of microinverters and power optimizers growing by well over 500%;

however, they still accounted for less than 1% PV inverter revenues, according to IMS Research’s latest report on this emerging market. Although most shipments have so far been limited to only a few suppliers such as Enphase and SolarEdge which have seen success in the microinverter and DC-DC power optimizer markets respectively, there are now more than 20 suppliers now known to be active, and many more in ‘stealth mode’ and the market is forecast to more than double on average every year to 2015. According to IMS Research the market for microinverters and power optimizers is forecast to be worth over $1.3 billion in 2015. Then, prices for these disruptive technologies are predicted to be considerably lower than they are today, with the benefits of volume production achieved through OEM agreements. However in 2015, it is forecast that microinverter average prices will still be close to 50% higher than those of conventional inverters limiting

their penetration to only 6% of the market. IMS Research’s 2011 PV Microinverter & Power Optimizer report predicts that the growing supplier base and decreasing prices of the two disruptive technologies will drive growth. “Disruptive technologies such as microinverters and power optimizers claim to offer many benefits including greater yield, easier installation and improved safety and monitoring; but currently their higher prices and relative immaturity in the marketplace has restricted uptake, especially in non-residential installations. Uptake of microinverters in particular has been very slow outside of North America with installers in Europe still more confident in using string inverters“, commented Tom Haddon, PV Market Analyst at IMS Research and co-author of the report. The new report from IMS Research found that, although the market is still incredibly young, several factors are likely to either enhance adoption of the technology or hinder it. A number of microinverter and power optimizer suppliers are known to be in active partnership discussions with module suppliers, to provide module-integrated solutions. It is predicted that 45% of microinverters and 40% of power optimizers will be shipped in combination with a module in 2015. “By partnering with module suppliers, microinverter and power optimizer suppliers gain access to a huge customer base and an established sales channel, present a better price proposition to customers, and also offer product differentiation to module suppliers.” added Haddon.

发展，特别是对于非住宅式安装系统。在北美地区以外，微型逆变

器的普及率发展非常缓慢，因为欧洲的安装商仍更青睐于组串式逆

变器。”

虽然新型逆变器市场的发展还在起步阶段，但有几个因素可

能会促进或阻碍它的发展。一些微型逆变器及电源优化器供应商目

前正积极与组件供应商协商合作，提供组件集成解决方案。预计

到2015年，45%的微型逆变器以及40%的电源优化器将与组件相

结合。Tom Haddon表示：“通过与组件供应商合作，微型逆变器

和电源优化器供应商可以获得庞大的客户群，并建立销售渠道，为

客户提供更优惠的价格，同时还可为组件供应商提供差异化的产

品。”

观点VIEWPOINT


观点VIEWPOINT


钱明今（Bruce Qian）THE FIRST GLOBALLY ISSUED CHINESE-ENGLISH BILINGUAL

第26届EU PVSEC闭幕：光伏发电将成为主要的电力来源

经过令人兴奋和忙碌的五天，今年的第26届欧洲光伏太阳

能会议与展览（PVSEC）于9月9日在CCH会议中心和汉

堡国际博览展馆落下帷幕。全球光伏界聚集在德国汉堡

开展业务联系，提出和讨论太阳能光伏行业的最新发展和创新。

4467位出席会议的代表来自世界各地，参与了涵盖了整个光伏技术

的范围的1500个展示活动。

在4个展览日内，沿光伏价值链的999国际参展商介绍最新的

产品和服务。这次展会共有9个展厅，共80000平方米。 40000多

名来自100多个国家和地区的光伏专业人士参观了本届展会。 EU

PVSEC为全球光伏太阳能行业创造了一个世界领先的科学，商

业，和工业交流的平台。

会议总主席Heinz Ossenbrink博士在EU PVSEC闭幕式上说：

“从EU PVSEC我们可以看到，在光电领域有许多令人振奋的发

展，光伏产业已准备就绪以满足光伏组件的全球需求。仅仅在欧

洲，我们正在安装45000兆瓦光伏以实现可再生能源的目标。光伏

产业已经足够强大，完全可以依靠大型光伏发电站和建筑物上安装

的光伏发电设施来实现目标。银行家们表示，他们在经济危机时期

并不看好光伏产业。但是，希腊政府说，Helios太阳能项目将有助

于走出危机！会议还强调了如何克服在不久的将来大规模安装的相

26th EU PVSEC Concludes: Photovoltaics Becomes a Major Electricity Source

After five inspiring and busy days, this year’s 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (26th EU PVSEC) closed its doors on September 9 at the CCH

Congress Centre and International Fair Hamburg. The global PV community gathered in Hamburg, Germany, to conduct business, to network and to present and discuss the latest developments and innovations in Photovoltaics. 4,467 Conference Delegates from around the world attended 1,500 scientific and technical presentations, covering the entire scope of PV technologies.

During four exhibition days, 999 international exhibitors from along the PV value chain presented the latest products and services on 80,000 square metres in nine exhibition halls. Over 40,000 PV professionals from more than 100 countries visited this show. The EU PVSEC constitutes once more the world’s leading science-to-science, business-to-business and science-to-industry forum for the global PV Solar sector.

Conference general chairman Dr. Heinz Ossenbrink, European Commission, DG Joint Research Centre, concluded at the EU PVSEC Closing: “We can see from the EU PVSEC Programme that

there are many exciting developments in the field of photovoltaics and that the PV industry is ready to meet the global demand for PV modules worldwide. Alone in Europe we are looking to install 45,000 MW PV to meet the renewable energy targets which is a doubling from today. The PV industry has shown that it will be robust enough to deploy large scale PV and PV in buildings to meet the targets. Bankers say that it does not look good for the PV industry in times of crisis, the Greek government, however, says the Helios Solar energy project will help out of the crisis! The conference also highlighted how to overcome issues related to the large scale deployment in the near future, such as smart grids and public acceptance. Photovoltaic technology becomes a major electricity source.”

Technical programme chairman Dr. Arnulf Jäger-Waldau, European Commission, DG Joint Research Centre, highlighted in his summary: “The scientific programme of this week has provided valuable news on research, development and application trends. In the field of advanced photovoltaics we can see that numerous companies and research centres are focusing to improve concentrator PV technology. CPV cells with laboratory efficiencies of over 41 percent and close to 40 percent in production are now a reality. In the field of nano-technology significant advances have been made, which will have a major impact on future cells. Organic PV is a fast growing research topic with the first companies producing products for building integration and for consumers. Silicon modules are the major PV products in the market. Replacing silver plating with copper plating will be core technique of future cells and we will see cells achieve similar efficiencies with this new technique. Advances in back contacted cells and efficiencies in silicon heterojunction cells was a highlight of the week. In those fields we saw record efficiencies in Europe and in Japan. Thin film still remains a smaller part of the overall PV production, but it is growing. Advances in CIGS, in flexible CIS and in CdTe were reported. Inverters are adding new features for grid management and stabilisation. System output forecasts are increasingly reliable. Sustainability and environmental issues are at the core of proactive PV industry activities. At the conference new approaches to PV architecture were presented and discussed. PV is increasingly being seen as an effective way to fight the current recession. Forecasts for 2011 are reported to be above 20 GW, driven by the increasing number of markets in the GW range.”

Dr. Arnulf Jäger-Waldau concluded, “So far each PV forecast has underestimated the growth of PV worldwide and future PV scenarios will have to be continuously readjusted to reflect the great advances of the sector.”

关问题，如智能电网和公众的接受程度。但是，光伏发电将成为一

个主要的电力来源。”

技术部主席Arnulf Jager Waldau博士在总结中强调：“本周末

的科学方案为研究、开发和应用趋势提供了有价值消息。在先进的

光电领域，我们可以看到，许多公司和研究中心为重点，以提高聚

光光伏技术。聚光光伏电池实验室效率超过41％，近40％的实际效

率现在已经成为现实。纳米技术领域也取得了显著的进展，这将会

对未来的电池产生较大影响。自从第一家公司生产出建筑一体化产

品，有机光伏成为一个快速成长的研究课题。在光伏产品市场上，

硅组件是主要产品。用铜浆替代银浆将是未来电池的核心技术，我

们将看到，通过这种新技术，类似的效率也可以实现。背接触电池

的进展和硅异质结电池效率的提高是本周展会的一大亮点。在这些

领域，我们看到欧洲和日本创纪录的电池效率。薄膜电池仍然是

整体光伏生产中的一小部分，但它在增长。在CIGS、柔性CIS和

CdTe电池方面也取得了进步。在电网管理和稳定性方面，逆变器

也有了新的特色。系统输出的预测越来越可靠。可持续发展和环境

问题是光伏产业发展需考虑问题的核心。发展光伏发电产业越来越

多地被视为对抗当前经济衰退的一个有效途径。由于受越来越多的

吉瓦级的市场驱动，2011年的安装量预测达20吉瓦以上。”

Arnulf Jäger-Waldau博士总结说：“到目前为止，每次光伏预

测都低估了世界范围内光伏的增长，未来的光伏市场将会有巨大变

化。”科学咨询委员会主席Wim Sinke教授在EU PVSEC第26届会

议闭幕时表示：“在欧洲能源研究联盟（EERA）的框架内，欧洲

科研院所正加强团队合作，以加快光伏发电的发展。”

商业 • 合作BUSINESS • COOPERATION






First Solar与Reliance Power签署100 MW供应合约

根据协议条款，First Solar将在今年年底为Reliance Power

提供40 MW的薄膜组件，Reliance Power是印度的一家

独立的电力生产运营商。其余的60 MW预计将在2012年

交付。

首批的40 MW组件将用于Reliance Power公司位于拉贾斯坦邦

Jaisalmer地区的光伏项目。该电站所发的电预计可帮助满足孟买

地区的能源需求。

据报道，在八月底，美国进出口银行为Reliance Power提供了

8430万美元的直接贷款，用于购买这40 MW的组件。根据一份公

布的声明显示，该供应合同是印度同类项目中最大的一笔。

First Solar and Reliance Power Enter 100 MW Supply Agreement

Under the terms, First Solar will deliver 40 MW of its thin film modules to Reliance Power, an independent power producer operating in India, by the end of the year. The

remaining 60 MW, meanwhile, are expected to be delivered in 2012. The first 40 MW will be used in Reliance’s photovoltaic project in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan. The generated power is expected to help meet Mumbai’s energy demand. At the end of August, the U.S. Export-Import Bank reportedly approved an $84.3 million direct loan to Reliance Power's Dahanu Solar Power Pvt. unit to purchase the 40 MW. According to a statement released, the supply agreement is said to be the largest of its kind in India.

GE帮助MPX加倍在巴西的产能

GE与EBX集团的分公司MPX宣布了一项合作协议，将加倍

MPX在巴西的第一家太阳能电站的产能。

该电站位于塞阿拉州的Fortaleza地区，使用了4680个太

阳能电池板，产能1 MW。而此次GE将帮助MPX将产能再增加1

MW，其中将使用该公司的薄膜电池板，Brilliance™逆变器、变压

器以及SunIQ™监测和控制系统。

MPX在巴西的首个太阳能电站占地12000平方米。该项目已

经获得了580万美元的投资，其中约69.5万美元来自美洲开发银行

（IADB）。

GE Technology to Help MPX Double its Solar Energy Production in Brazil

GE and MPX , a divis ion of EBX Group, owned by businessman Eike Batista, have announced an agreement that will double the output of MPX's first solar power

plant in Brazil.Currently the plant in Taua, Fortaleza, Ceara state, has 4,680 solar panel 1 megawatt system. With this new expansion, GE will provide an additional 1-MW solar power plant, which includes the company's thin film panels, Brilliance™ inverters, transformers and SunIQ™ monitoring and control system.The first MPX solar power plant in Brazil covers an area of 12,000 square meters. The project already has received a $5.8 million in investment, including approximately $695,000 from the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB).

钱明今（Bruce Qian）THE FIRST GLOBALLY ISSUED CHINESE-ENGLISH BILINGUA

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杜邦和Loxley共同完成8.7兆瓦太阳能光伏电站

杜邦2011年9月15日宣布Loxley公共有限公司（泰国曼谷）

合作完成了泰国一个8.7兆瓦的太阳能光伏电站。该电站

位于Prachin Buri省，距曼谷180公里，占地面积344000

平方米，采用了非晶硅薄膜光伏组件，预计将在2011年第四季度投

产。杜邦表示，该工厂将能够支持的小型的电力生产商的电力上网

项目

泰国的目标是到2020年可再生能源要满足其能源总能源需求

的20％，温室气体排放量减少30％。该电站由杜邦阿波罗和Loxley

新成立的合资公司——L Solar 1有限公司负责建设。杜邦阿波罗是

杜邦太阳能（特拉华州威尔明顿，美国杜邦公司）的子公司。

DuPont, Loxley Complete 8.7 MW PV Plant in Thailand

On September 15th, 2011, DuPont Apollo announced the completion of an 8.7 MW solar photovoltaic (PV) plant in Thailand in collaboration with Loxley Public

Company Ltd. (Bangkok, Thailand). The plant is located in Prachin Buri Province, 180 km from Bangkok, and covers 344,000 square meters of land.it is comprised of amorphous silicon thin-film PV modules and is scheduled to be commissioned in the fourth quarter of 2011. DuPont states that the plant will qualify for Thailand's Very Small Power Producer feed-in tariff program. Thailand has a goal to meet 20% of its total energy needs with renewable sources by 2022, as well as a goal to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the energy sector by up to 30% by 2020. The plant was build through DuPont Apollo and Loxley's newly formed joint venture, L Solar 1 Company Limited. DuPont Apollo is a subsidiary of DuPont (Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.).



商业 • 项目BUSINESS • PROJECT



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BlueChip佛罗里达最大的太阳能屋顶落成

美国太阳能开发商BlueChip Energy为输电网安装的佛罗里

达最大的太阳能屋顶已安装完成。这个1.2 MW的安装工

程是莱因哈特太阳能电站工程的一部分，占地 318,000平

方英尺的办公区域和太阳能组件设施横跨佛罗里达州的玛丽湖。

莱因哈特太阳能电站工程规划需要生成五百万瓦的电能以满足

ASp100 MW产能工厂2012年第一季度能源设施的需要。竣工后,电

站预计每年能产生1500万千瓦时的电能，贝尔电信集团也与电站签

署购买协议。最初将预期产生大约100个就业机会。

BlueChip Energy Connects Florida’s Largest Rooftop Solar Array US solar developer BlueChip Energy has connected

Florida’s largest solar rooftop installation to the grid. The 1.2MW installation is part of the planned 10MW Rinehart

Solar Farm. The array spans the company’s 318,000 square foot corporate offices and solar module production facility in Lake Mary, Florida,Plans call for the Rinehart Solar Farm to generate the balance of 5MW of energy needed to power equipment for ASP’s 100MW capacity plant by the first quarter of 2012. Upon completion, the Rinehart Solar Farm is expected produce an estimated 15 million kWh per year. BCE also has an agreement with Progress Energy Florida for the purchase of energy generated from the solar farm. Initially anticipating the addition of approximately 100 employment opportunities.

THE FIRST GLOBALLY ISSUED CHINESE-ENGLISH BILINGUAL 周凝（Millet Zhou）

东非第一个太阳能组件厂投产

Centrotec Sustainable公司的荷兰子公司——Ubbink East

Africa公司，目前已建成位于肯尼亚Naivasha地区的东

非的第一个光伏组件厂。Ubbink计划每年生产约3万套组

件，这些组件大部分用于非洲日益增长的小型光伏发电系统。

“我们的太阳能工厂——整个东非和中非的第一个工厂——开始

启动本地太阳能产业。”Ubbink东非首席执行官Haijo Kuper说，

“一年时间内，我们获得了对东非来说全新的技术，该工厂将会产

生30多个工作岗位。这也是我们对非洲大陆的持续发展作出的贡

献。”

Centrotec Opens East Africa’s First Solar Module Factory

Ubbink East Africa, Centrotec Sustainable's Dutch subsidiary, has opened East Africa's first PV module factory in Naivasha, Kenya. Ubbink plans to produce

around 30,000 modules a year, with the majority of these being used to cater for the growing number of small-scale systems in Africa.“Our solar factory – the first in the whole of East and Central Africa – is also kick starting local industry,” Ubbink East Africa CEO Haijo Kuper said. “Within the space of a year, we managed to qualify more than 30 employees for a technology that is completely new for East Africa and which is our contribution to the continent's ongoing development.”

Day4 Energy的光伏电池将在台湾生产

Day4 Energy与Ever Energy签署了一项协议。根据该协

议，Day4 Energy的DNA光伏电池将在台湾生产。据报

道，台湾光伏电池供应商将在未来几个月内推出新设计的

电池。

Day4 Energy的Stay-powerful 技术将被运用于DNA电池的生

产。该技术用于互相连接电池并收集其产生的电力。Day4 Energy

表示，Stay-powerful技术将取代传统的太阳能电池焊接工艺。

Day4's Cell Technology to be Manufactured in Taiwan

Day4 Energy has signed an agreement with Ever Energy Co. Ltd under which its Day4 DNA photovoltaic cells will be manufactured in Taiwan. The Taiwanese photovoltaic

cell provider will reportedly launch new cell designs in the coming months. The manufacturing process will combine Day4’s DNA cells with its stay-powerful technology, which interconnects the cells and collects their generated power. The stay-powerful technology, says Day4, replaces the traditional solar cell soldering process.


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SMA打造世界最大的太阳能逆变器中心

SMA Technology公司成立世界最大的太阳能逆变器服务中

心，该中心位于德国Niestetal地区。9月13日，德国联邦环

境、自然保护和核安全部长Norbert Röttgen与许多业内最

知名的行业参与者共同出席了SMA的逆变器服务中心开幕式。

从2012年春季开始，该公司会将其服务业务集中在这个约2.4

万平方米的服务中心，以进一步提升其对全球客户的服务。SMA

的生产基地位于Niestetal及Kassel地区，并拥有约6000名员工。今

年，该公司预计50%以上的销售来自海外。而对于德国本土业务，

该公司发言人表示，需求一直在增加。

SMA Commissions World’s Largest Solar Inverter Center

SMA Technology AG has commissioned the world’s largest solar inverter service center in Niestetal, Germany. With German Federal Minister for the Environment, Nature

Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Norbert Röttgen, in attendance, many of the most well-known participants in the industry met in Niestetal near Kassel, where SMA celebrated its 30 years in the businessin addition to opening the inverter service center. The company wi l l combine i ts ser vice act iv i t ies in the approximately 24,000 square meter building starting in spring 2012, in order to further enhance its services to customers worldwide. SMA manufactures in Niestetal and Kassel, and has a workforce of some 6,000 employees. This year, the company expects to obtain more than 50 percent of its sales abroad. For Germany, Urban anticipates new installations as in the past year "with an increase in demand".






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潘娜（Nana Pan）

Global Solar 35兆瓦CIGS薄膜工厂投产

铜铟镓硒（CIGS）薄膜光伏电池制造商Global Solar

Energy公司位于德国柏林Adlershof地区的工厂开始运

营。该公司生产柔性铜铟镓硒电池和组件，年产能达35

兆瓦。同时，还有一个类似工厂位于Tucson，公司目前拥有的总

制造能力70兆瓦。

本月初，试点成功后，工厂开始生产铜铟镓硒（CIGS）组

件，实行两班轮换工作制。根据计划，从第三季度开始，实行三班

轮换。到目前为止，60个工作岗位的工作人员已到位，2012年底

将产生另外100个岗位。组件转换效率高达12.6％，一些生产工具

都是定制的，该公司表示这样有助于确保优化系列产品。

Production Starts Rolling at Global Solar’s 35MW CIGS Factory C

IGS thin-film PV manufacturer Global Solar Energy has commissioned its new production facility in Berlin-Adlershof, Germany. The company manufactures flexible

copper-indium-gallium-(di)selenide cells and modules at the 35MW annual capacity site. Along with a sister factory in Tucson, AZ, the company now has 70MW of total manufacturing capability.Following successful pilot operations earlier this month, the facility staff manufactures the flexible CIGS modules on a two-shift rotation. Plans have been made to transition to a three-shift operation at the beginning of the third quarter. So far, 60 vacancies have been filled at the plant, with another 100 positions scheduled to open by the end of 2012.Module conversion efficiencies of up to 12.6% have been achieved; several of the process tools are custom-built, which the company said helps ensure that series production is optimized.

juwi Solar纳米比亚200kW离网混合光伏系统完工

juwi Solar GmbH 已经完成纳米比亚北部特桑克威地区200 kW离

网混合太阳能光伏系统的安装。这个混合太阳能系统包括918个

多晶太阳能光伏组件, 1MW蓄电池和三个综合柴油发电机。

特桑克威离网电站站长表示，“我们已经建立了一套工厂

标准，并会把这套标准应用到非洲其他项目上。”这个离网太阳

能光伏系统为特桑克威地区医院病房、供水系统、街道照明、警

察局、广播站、手机网络和100家居民提供电力。当地一家公司

NamPower 为特桑克威离网电站的运营商。

juwi Solar PV System Powers Namibian Town

juwi Solar GmbH has installed a 200 kW off-grid hybrid solar photovoltaic (PV) system in Tsumkwe in Northern Namibia. The hybrid solar PV system consists of 918 polycrystalline solar

PV modules, 1 MW battery storage and three integrated diesel generators. “We have set a standard with this plant that we would like to transfer to other African projects,” says Fabian Jochem, Head of Off-Grid Power Supply at juwi. The hybrid solar PV system powers Tsumkwe's hospital ward, water supply, street lighting, police station, radio station, the mobile network and 100 households. The plant is being operated by the local power company NamPower.

巴哈阳光能源公司计划为墨西哥太阳能产业投资5亿美元

9月13日，巴哈阳光能源公司表示将投资超过5亿美元在太阳

能电池板工厂和巴哈加利福尼亚州的能源电站，并将在墨西

哥与美国边境同时出售电力。

根据声明，墨西哥的墨西卡利公司今年将开始建设自己的设

施，计划达到每年100兆瓦的电池板产能和10兆瓦的太阳能设施并

扩展到150兆瓦。声明中还提到，墨西哥雇员将接受台湾省新北市

集中光伏模块系统制造商Arima EcoEnergy公司的培训。

Baja Sun Energy Plans $500 Million Solar Investment for Mexico

Sept. 13, Baja Sun Energy SRL said it will invest more than $500 million in a solar-panel factory and energy farm in Baja California that will sell power on both sides of the

Mexico-U.S. border.The Mexicali, Mexico-based company will start building its facility this year and plans to make panels capable of 100 megawatts annually and a 10-megawatt solar facility that will expand to 150 megawatts, according to a statement. Mexican employees will be trained by Arima EcoEnergy, a New Taipei City, Taiwan, manufacturer of concentrated photovoltaic module systems, Baja Sun said in the statement.


刘海明（Hasin Liu）

E.ON扩大欧洲太阳能投资

跟据贯穿欧洲大型太阳能项目的开发承诺，E.ON 宣布将开

始在意大利两家工厂的安装工作，其中就包括了该公司

最大的一家工厂。Fiume Santo 2 (FS2) 和5 (FS5)工厂将

是E.ON第六家和第七家光伏工厂，这两家工厂将在未来18月内进

行建设，总产能为29.6 MW。Fiume Santo 2 (FS2)一旦建成，将会

生产17.88兆瓦的太阳可再生能量，并成为E.ON最大的太阳能光伏

投资项目。

这两座工厂位于撒丁岛西北部托雷斯（Porto Torres）地区，

临近E.ON现在的火电厂，-Fiume Santo。这两项工程都使用晶体

硅光伏组件。FS2 和FS5工厂的建设将分别从六月份和七月份开

始。一旦两项工厂全部投产，将会生产足够的电量满足近2万家的

需求。

E.ON Further Expands its European Solar Portfolio

As part of its commitment to the development of large-scale solar projects across Europe, E.ON has announced the construction of two new installations in Italy-

including the company’s biggest plant. Fiume Santo 2 (FS2) and 5 (FS5) will be the sixth and seventh PV plants developed by E.ON in the last 18 months. Together, they have a combined capacity of 29.6 MW. When FS2 is completed, it will generate 17.88MW of renewable power from the sun and will be the biggest PV project in E.ON’s solar portfolio.Situated in the Porto Torres area in the north-west of Sardinia, FS2 and FS5 will be located next to E.ON’s existing coal-fired power plant, -Fiume Santo. Both projects use crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules. Constructions of FS2 and FS5 started in June and July respectively. At full capacity, the two plants will generate enough power to meet the annual average needs of approximately 20,000 households.








Phoenix Solar 在意大利建造227 kWp太阳能屋顶

Phoenix Solar 已经开始在意大利的227 kWp太阳能屋顶建

设, 并为不同的项目提供3.7 MW的太阳能组件。Phoenix

Solar AG首席销售官表示，“电网工程将于2011年8月31

日结束。‘电网回购’有效期也是2011年8月31日。”

Phoenix Solar AG意大利子公司将修建227 kWp太阳能光伏

电站屋顶，并使用Trina Sola和MiaSolé的组件，预计并网工程将

于2011年年底结束。Phoenix Solar也将作为独立电力生产商发货

First Solar太阳能的光伏组件，Phoenix Solar建设的两家太阳能电

站的产电高峰将分别达到1.7 MW 和1 MW。根据另一合约，公司将

向一家意大利投资商MiaSolé 提供太阳能光伏组件，这些组件将

被用于一家太阳能电站，这样罗马地区的供电高峰将达到1 MW。

Phoenix Solar Builds 227 kWp Solar Rooftop in Italy

Phoenix Solar has been commissioned to build a 227 kWp solar photovoltaic (PV) rooftop installation in Italy as well as providing 3.7 MW of solar modules to various

projects. “the grid will be completed as of 31 August 2011 and are therefore eligible for the feed-in tariffs valid up until then," says Ulrich Reidenbach, Chief Sales Officer of Phoenix Solar AG.Phoenix Solar AG's Italian subsidiary will build the 227 kWp rooftop solar PV power plant using Trina Solar and MiaSolé modules. It is expected to be connected to the grid before the end of the year. Phoenix Solar is also delivering solar PV modules from First Solar for an independent power producer to build two solar power plants with a peak power of 1.7 MW and 1 MW respectively. Under a second contract, the company will supply MiaSolé solar PV modules to an Italian investor to be used in the construction of a solar power plant with a peak power of 1 MW in the vicinity of Rome.



TerniEngergia在意大利完成57.3 MW项目

近日，TerniEngergia公司在意大利完成了28个光伏电站的

并网工作，共57.3 MW。这些项目将获得第四能源法案的

上网电价补贴。

在这57.3 MW的项目中，有8.7 MW完全由该公司建造，他们

将继续保留其所有权或在日后出售。有6.3 MW由该公司与别家公

司合作建造，另外42.3 MW由第三方建造。

这些光伏电站位于意大利皮埃蒙特、威尼托、翁布里亚、拉齐

奥、坎帕尼亚、莫利塞、普里亚以及撒丁岛地区。

TerniEnergia Installs 57.3 MWp of PV in Italy

Recently, TerniEnergia connected 28 photovoltaic plants worth 57.3 megawatts peak (MWp) to the Italian grid. As such, all the projects will receive direct access to the

fourth Conto Energia tariffs.Of the 57.3 MWp, 8.7 MWp were installed under full equity for the company itself. They will either remain in its ownership or be sold off at a later date. A further 6.3 MWp were installed for equally owned joint ventures, and the remaining 42.3 MWp were undertaken for third parties. The photovoltaic plants are located in the Piemonte, Veneto, Umbria, Lazio, Campania, Molise, Puglia and Sardegna regions of Italy.

波多黎各推出660万美元太阳能电池板项目

波多黎各投资了660万美元的太阳能板，计划安装在家庭，

企业，机场和美国的加勒比地区的学校。商务及经济发

展局局长Jose Perez-Riera说，政府将在未来十年内投

资总额2.9亿美元，以促进可再生能源项目。第一批项目之一就是

在波多黎各第二大城市庞塞的区域性机场安装太阳能面板。港口管

理局局长Alberto Escudero周三表示，170万美元的项目将提供750

KW的能量。波多黎各70%的电力是用石油生产的，其成本是美国

本土的两倍。

Puerto Rico Launches $6.6M Solar Panel Project

Puerto Rico is investing $6.6 million in solar energy panels that it plans to install in homes, businesses, airports and schools across the U.S. Caribbean territory. Commerce

and Economic Development Secretary Jose Perez-Riera says the government will invest a total of $290 million in the next decade to promote renewable energy projects. One of the first projects will be the installation of panels at a regional airport in Ponce, Puerto Rico’s second-largest city. Port Authority Director Alberto Escudero said Wednesday that the $1.7 million project will supply 750 kilowatts of energy. Puerto Rico uses petroleum to generate nearly 70 percent of its power, which costs twice that of the U.S. mainland.


刘海明（Hasin Liu）

大全新能源多晶硅扩产

多晶硅制造商大全新能源计划采用氯氢化技术将四氯化硅

（STC）转化成三氯氢硅（TCS）。采用氯氢化技术后，

该公司位万州生产基地的三氯氢硅年产能预计可增至22

万吨。

同时，该公司将把其目前的氢化炉改造成三氯氢硅沉积炉。技

术改造工程将于2011年10月份开始，机械竣工预计可于2012年第

三季度实现。

改造项目完成后，该公司万州生产基地的多晶硅年产能预计可

从目前的4300吨增加到9000吨。项目的总成本预计约为1.35亿美

元。

Daqo New Energy Increases Polysilicon Capacity

Chinese polysilicon manufacturer, Daqo New Energy is planning to adopt the hydrochlorination technology for the conversion of silicon tetrachloride (STC) into

trichlorosilane (TCS) at its Wanzhou polysilicon manufacturing facility. The adoption of the hydrochlorination technology is expected to increase the annual TCS production capability in the Company’s Wanzhou facility to 220,000 MT (metric ton).In the meantime, the Company wi l l retrof it i ts current hydrogenation furnaces into TCS deposition furnaces. The Company will commence this technology improvement project in October 2011, with targeted mechanical completion in the third quarter of 2012.When this project is completed, the Company is expected to expand its Wanzhou annual polysilicon manufacturing capacity from the current 4,300 MT to 9,000 MT. The total capital expenditure for the project is expected to be approximately $135 million.







三星计划在安大略省开设第四家太阳能工厂

加拿大安大略省省长Dalton McGuinty宣布三星计划在安大

略省London地区开设一个光伏组件制造工厂。此外，该

公司在多伦多、蒂尔森堡及温莎地区都建有生产太阳能

逆变器、风力涡轮和叶片的工厂，而位于安大略London地区的工

厂将用于生产太阳能组件。

Dalton McGuinty表示，该工厂将创造200个就业机会。而三星

公司并未透露该工厂规模及运营时间。但有媒体报道称，该工厂将

于2012年开始运营。

Samsung Planning to Open Fourth Ontario Solar Facility

Ontario Premier Dalton McGuinty has announced that Samsung is planning to open a photovoltaic module manufacturing facility in London. In addition to Toronto,

Tillsonburg and Windsor, where the company will produce solar inverters, wind turbines and blades, it will manufacture modules in Ontario’s London. According to McGuinty, 200 jobs are expected to be created. Samsung, however, could not be reached for comment regarding the size of the planned facility, or when it is expected to start operations. Media reports have said, however, it will be operational by 2012.

新西兰投资660万美元在汤加建1兆瓦光伏系统

据新西兰外交部长麦卡利，新西兰计划投资近8百万新西兰

元（660万美元）建设一个新的大型光伏系统。这个1兆

瓦的光伏电站将坐落在汤加王国，并预计年发电能力为

1880兆瓦时，占该太平洋岛上的能源需求的4％左右。

项目的建设是采取公私合作的形式，由Meridian Energy公

司、汤加电力公司和汤加政府共同负责，计划在今年年底前动工。

项目完成后，将有助于降低汤加当地的电力价格。目前汤加支付电

力价格比大陆的新西兰高7倍以上。

New Zealand to Invest US$6.6 Million in 1MW Pacific Island PV System

New Zealand is set to invest nearly NZ$8 million (US$6.6 million) in a new large-scale PV system, according to Foreign Minister Murray McCully. The 1MW plant will be

situated on Tonga, and with an annual energy generation capacity of 1880 MWh it is expected to cater for around 4% of the island’s energy requirements.Construction on the project, which is being funded through a public-private partnership with Meridian Energy, Tonga Power and the Tongan Government, is scheduled to begin before the end of the year. When completed, it will help reduce energy prices for Tongan households, which currently pay up to seven times more for electricity than mainland New Zealanders.


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中国华电30兆瓦的光伏工厂落户塞尔维亚

中国华电在塞尔维亚半自治省伏伊伏丁那30兆瓦的光伏工

厂已正式启动。该工程将建在政府自治的基金达镇，靠

近塞尔维亚的匈牙利和罗马尼亚边境，据当地报纸Blic

称，其毗邻科索沃, 伏伊伏丁那是塞尔维亚两个半自治地区之一,位

于前南斯拉夫省会城市诺维萨德，拥有自己的立法和执行理事会。

华电被普遍地认为计划于2011年下半年在香港首次公开招

募，但最近几个月全球金融市场似乎沉寂不安。像许多东欧国家,

塞尔维亚的能源部门由国有能源部掌控,强烈依赖于煤。塞尔维亚

总理米尔科，茨维特科维奇已表明能源部过些年将打破重组或私有

化，尽管他的言论遭受了猛烈的抵制，但德国莱茵集团已倾向于成

为能源部私有化进程中的战略伙伴。

China's Huadian 'Planning 30MW PV Park in Serbia

A unit of Chinese mega-utility Huadian has started development of a 30MW PV park in Serbia’s semi-autonomous Vojvodina province. The project will be built

on government-owned land in the town of Kikinda, near Serbia’s borders with Hungary and Romania, according to the local newspaper Blic. Alongside Kosovo, Vojvodina is one of two semi-autonomous regions in Serbia, boasting its own assembly and executive council in the provincial capital of Novi Sad and control over its infrastructure.

Huadian was widely believed to be planning a Hong Kong initial public offering in the second half of 2011 for its renewables division, Fuxin New Energy. But jitters in global financial markets have silenced such reports in recent months. Like many Eastern European countries, Serbia’s power sector – dominated by state-owned Electricity Power Industry of Serbia (EPS), and heavily reliant on coal – is in dire need of investment and upgrade.


周凝（Millet Zhou）





广运机电发表高效能光伏电池及组件整厂整线设备

专业致力于自动化系统规划、设计、制造的广运公司，延

续其在台湾35年的自动化系统生产的实际经验，于2011

年10月24日正式推出国内第一套由国人自主研发生产的

光伏整厂整线生产系统，包含了光伏电池生产全线及光伏组件生产

全线设备。

广运机电（苏州）有限公司为一台资企业，隶属于广运集团，

成立于1999年，总部设于苏州，年营业额约在3亿元人民币。广运

集团在台湾为上市/柜公司，在自动化生产设备领域有三十五年的

经验。跨足的领域含括：食品业自动化、电子业自动化、化工业自

动化、塑料业自动化、农业自动化、TFT/LCD/CF制程设备、物流

服务业、自动仓储、机场物流输送、光伏产业等领域。

凭借着数十年丰富的自行研发与制造能力，广运于2007年开

始积极投入高效率光伏设备研发，从单机到整厂整线Turnkey技术

服务，以及台湾与大陆两岸的技术整合后，目前广运已有能力提供

光伏产业全线制程自动化的Turnkey Solution。

据广运集团董事长谢清福表示：广运致力于光伏产业整厂整线

生产设备系统的研发，就是希望能做到：提供光伏生产全线的整合

服务，具有国际大厂的制造质量，但是却同时具有价格竞争力，以

及实现国内在地化生产制造的四大目标。让国内的光伏生产厂商能

以更实惠的建置成本，取得欧美、日本级的设备的生产效率。

广运本次推出的光伏产业整厂整线Turnkey Solution，包含光

Kenmec will Release Whole Plant Production Line and Facility for High Efficiency PV Cell and Module

Like the performance of Kenmec experienced in factory automation in Taiwan for 35 years, commit to the factory automation vision, design, manufacture, on November 24,

2011. They, will launch formally the first domestic Whole plant PV production line researched independently themselves, contains whole production line and all front equipment for PV cell and module.Kenmec Mechanical Engineering (Suzhou) Co., LTD is a Taiwan-funded enterprises, under the Kenmec Group, its Incorporated in 1999, headquartered in Jiangsu, China, with an annual turnover of around ￥300 Million. Kenmec Group is a listed company, it has been around for 30 years about factory automation. Set foot in the area include: the automation of Food industry, electronic industry, chemical industry, plastics industry, agriculture; TFT/LCD/CF equipment and processes; logistics industry; automatic warehouse; transportation of airport logistics; PV industry, etc.And with the independent research and manufacture ability. Kenmec have taken the initiative to the research of high efficiency PV facility since 2007-as technology Integration from stand-alone machines to technical service of whole plant production line and facility as well as technology in mainland China and Taiwan, Kenmec now has the capacity to provider Turnkey solution with factory automation of production line and processes for PV enterprises, over 70% can be produced domestically. According to Xie Qingfu, the Chairman of Kenmec Mechanical Engineer ing Co. Ltd, Kenmec focuses on research and development of equipment and system for PV industry turnkey solution. In this case, they hope Kenmec can provide a full range of integrated service for PV production, with quality level of international famous companies, but their service and products will be more competitive on prices. And, domestic manufacturing localization will be achieved. All these will enable domestic PV

来源（Source）: Solarbe.com

伏电池(Solar Cell)生产系统及光伏组件(Solar Module)整线生产系

统。不论是追日型光伏发电系统、大楼/家庭光伏发电系统或是、

工业厂房光伏发电系统的硅晶及组件的生产厂商都适用。

其中光伏电池(Solar Cell)生产设备系统，包含：晶圆检查机

(WIS)、蚀刻机(Texture)、磷扩散炉(Diffusion)、化学晶边纪缘机

( InOxSide )、电浆辅助化学相沈积炉(PECVD)、网印机(Printer)、

快速烧结炉 (FFF, Fast Firing Furnace)、IV检测及分类机(IV Tester

& Sorter)，及Texture 至PECVD各主机所衍接的Load/Unload设备

系统。除了其中的蚀刻机(Texture) 、磷扩散炉(Diffusion)与电浆辅

助化学相沈积炉(PECVD)单机部分搭配德国Rena、Centrotherm等

著名大厂外，其他的单机部分以及产线串联，完全由广运自行规划

制造。制程设备来自欧洲知名大厂及广运集团研发团队，因此欧

洲、台湾、大陆三方技术整合，将制程合理化，生产自动化，所以

能保证所产出的电池转换效率达16.5%以上，破片率达1%以下，

良率在98%以上。另广运将在2011/10/24的光伏设备发表会上展出

转换效率达17%的Double Printing技术，让国内的光伏产业生产厂

商能达到提高产量、降低投资成本、产出质量更稳定的状况。

而光伏组件(Solar Module)整线生产设备系统，则包括：串

焊(String)、排列(Lay Up)、封装压合(Laminator)、切边(Edge

Trim)、封胶包边(Edge Seal)、安装接线(Boxing)、装框(Framing),

模块成品测试(Sun-Simulating)设备。完全由广运集团研发团对自

行研发，生产制造，能为客户带来有效自动化节省生产作业人力，

降低人工操作破片率，提升组件产出量率。

谢清福表示，广运于2004年即许下「保护地球造福人类开发

绿色产品」的愿景，因此，开始着手光伏产业设备的投入，估计广

运的生产设备相较于欧美及日本生产的同级生产设备，广运可以协

助客户以至少降低30%的设备投资成本，预计每200百万瓦(MWp)

全线光伏电池(Solar Cell)生产线设备承制价格可以控制在约人民币

3.75亿元以下。目前国内外知名厂商已陆续与广运签订光伏设备的

采购合约，取得产出效率更高，产出质量更高，Turn-key的生产设

备，让国内光伏产业在世界市场上更具竞争力！

manufacturer can reach productivity of equipment like that made in Europe and America, Japan, but at more affordable cost.Kenmec unveiled Turnkey Solution service for PV industry, including Solar cell production systems and solar module production system, which can be applicable for manufacturers that makes silicon and modules for tracking solar PV system, building/household solar PV system, industrial plant solar PV system.Solar cell production equipment system includes wafer inspection machine (WIS), texture, phosphorus diffusion furnace, inoxside, plasma enhanced chemical phase furnace deposition (PECVD), printer, Fast Firing Furnace, IV tester & sorter, load/unload system for host connection from texture to PECVD. Except Texture, phosphorus diffusion furnace, and PECVD, which come from some famous manufacturers like Rena, Centrotherm, most equipments and production line connections are completely designed and manufactured by Kenmec alone. Process equipments are made by well-known European manufacturer and Kenmec R&D Team. So, technology integration from Europe, Taiwan and Mainland China enable the possibility of manufacturing process rationalization and of production automation. This ensure that the cell conversion efficiency of at least 16.5%, fragmentation rate of less than 1% and well-functioned rate of more than 98%, So that the domestic PV manufacturers can achieve increased production, lower investment costs and more stable quality.The whole line production equipment system of Solar Module includes:String, Lay Up, Laminator, Edge Trim, Edge Seal, Boxing, Framing, and Sun-Simulating equipment. The system which completely developmented and fabricated by the research team of Kenmec Group, can bring the customer seffective automation to save production operation, reduce manual fragmentation rate and improve the rate of output components.Xie Qingfu said, Kenmec promised the vision "to protect the earth for the benefit of human and development green products" in 2004.Therefore, they began to invest PV industry equipment. Compared to the production equipment in Europe and Japan, Kenmec could help customers to drive down the cost by 30% at least. It's expected that the price for every 200 megawatts (MWp) of whole photovoltaic cells (Solar Cell) production line equipment can be controlled below 375 million yuan. With higher output efficiency and quality, Turn-key's production equipment made Chinese photovoltaic industry more competitive on world market! Currently Kenmec had signed equipment purchase contracts with Motech Industries Inc and Yang Jiang Gaikehanneng Company.In addition Tian Bao Company and Hangzhou You Jia Company had also revealed the purchase intention of 200MW cell production lines Turn-key technology services.

商业 • 认证BUSINESS • CERTIFICATION


财经FINANCE


DERlab合伙共同开发国际太阳能光伏测试标准

欧洲和美国科研机构已经选择一份草案作为太阳能光伏组

件户外测试标准。分布式能源实验室DERlab优秀网络

系统的合作伙伴致力于模块在现实条件下的国际长期测

量。太阳能组件测试标准将会在１０月初进行公布。

DERlab实验室主席Nikos Hatziargyriou教授表示：“现实

条件下测量需求在增加．我们开发新标准来做出回应。”这个标准

将适用于实际能量产出的长期测试，并提供太阳能光伏组件在外部

实验室条件下的能量等级评定程序。

在测量标准下，两块太阳能模块将在并行领域测试至少一年的

时间，另一块太阳能光伏组件将会在暗处保留并作为比较对象进行

使用。

电流和电压在太阳能光伏组件的最大电力点将每隔１５秒被记

录．除此以外，它将测量放射强度和组件温度，并能获得全部电流

电压特性数据。

DERlab主席Roland Bründlinger表示，“在新的标准下，

DERlab建立了统一的测量程序，这个程序能够直接比较在不同气

候和不同地点特殊位置的太阳能组件的能量产出。”

DERlab Partners Develop International Solar PV Test Standards

Research institutes from Europe and the USA have adopted a draft for an outdoor test standard for solar photovoltaic (PV) modules. The project partners of the Network of

Excellence Distributed Energy Resources Laboratory (DERlab) aim to internationally unify long-term measurements of solar modules under real conditions. The solar PV module testing standard will be published at the beginning of October.“The demand for measurements under real conditions is increasing. We have reacted to this by developing this new standard,” says Professor Nikos Hatziargyriou, Chairman of the DERlab workshop. The standard will be for long-term measurement of the effective energy output, providing procedures for energy rating of solar PV modules outside laboratory conditions.Under the testing standard, two solar PV modules will be tested for at least a year in parallel field tests, and a third solar PV module will be kept in a dark place and used as a comparison.The current and voltage at the maximum power point of the solar PV module will be recorded every 15 seconds. In addition, it will measure the irradiation strength and the module temperature and capture the overall current/voltage characteristic. “With this new standard, DERlab creates uniform measuring procedures with which one can directly compare the energy yield of solar modules site-specifically in different locations and under the most varying of climatic conditions”, says Roland Bründlinger, Board Chairman of DERlab.



2011年十大表现最佳的太阳能光伏股票及市场分析

2011年至今，总部设在美国的GT太阳能公司的股票是表现最

好的股票，上涨了21％。尽管多晶硅为太阳能产业的原材料

并且受到价格压力，多晶硅设备制造商却取得最好的结果。

直到8月23日，30太阳能光伏股票中仅四个有积极表现。此外，

Solarplaza的2011十大表现最佳的太阳能光伏股票显示，8十个股

票中的八个股票都不是亚洲的品牌或公司。除了总部设在美国的

SunPower和相对较新的晶科太阳能，多数世界上最大的太阳能电

池组件的制造商大多在前十名之外。

SunPower公司的股票的相对强劲表现原因在于其今年早些时

候收购了法国Total。其他的十大公司分布于产业链中的不同位置：

从多晶硅生产商到逆变器制造商，从设备制造商到项目开发商。

为什么太阳能类股下跌？德国是2010年世界上最大的光伏市场，在2011年年初减少了

太阳能激励。同样的事情发生在市场规模紧随其后的意大利。与此

同时，行业景气度发生在供应链中。不仅现有的多晶硅，电池和组

Top 10 Best-Performing Solar PV Stocks in 2011

The shares of US-based GT Solar are the best-performing stock so far in 2011, with a 21% increase. Despite the price pressure on polysilicon as feedstock material in the solar

industry, this manufacturer of polysilicon equipment scored the best results. Until 23rd August, only four out of 30 solar PV stocks showed a positive result. Solarplaza’s Top 10 Best-Performing Solar PV Stocks in 2011 furthermore shows that eight out of ten stocks are non-Asian brands or companies. Most of the world’s biggest manufacturers of solar modules cannot be found in the Top 10, except for US-headquartered Sunpower and relative newcomer Jinko Solar. The relative strong performance of Sunpower’s stock can be explained by its takeover by France-based Total earlier this year. The other Top 10-listed companies have another position in the industry supply chain: from polysilicon producers to inverter manufacturers; and from equipment manufacturers to project developers.


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财经FINANCE


财经FINANCE


件制造商（主要在中国）扩大其生产能力，全球市场增长至少连续

十年，2010年呈现出一个非常高的增长速度——超过100％。这促

使太阳能光伏行业爆发，很多雄心勃勃的公司进入市场。这样做的

结果是价格和利润率的压力增大，这就需要降低成本。在这次关乎

生存的比赛中，短期的利润预期和股票估值都面临很大压力。

长远来看前途光明在目前成本和价格压力都很大的环境下，好处就是太阳能光伏

组件及系统变得更便宜更快。这将导致太阳能很快成为化石能源的

竞争对手，而不需要补贴，就是所谓的电网平价。因此，进一步降

低成本和降价是可以预期的，那么为太阳能的未来是无限光明的。

现在正处于太阳能具有成本竞争力的过渡阶段，太阳能股价格极具

吸引力。越来越多的市场正在兴起，并且变得更具成本竞争力。全

球太阳能光伏市场将不会停止增长。这只是从依赖补贴到电网平价

实现的过程。当然，风险也是有的，面对激烈的竞争，并不是所有

的制造商和业内公司都能生存下来。

展望2012经济的不确定性和政府削减预算给激励计划的延续带来了压

力。这可能导致行业的进一步压力，这就要求速度更快幅度更大的

成本和价格下降。与此同时，越来越多的市场将会出现，依靠太

阳能的更便宜的可持续能源解决方案也将出现，它们两者哪个能在

2012年占主导地位，仍有待观察。大多数专家预测，2013年和以

后几年光伏市场将会极其繁荣。因此问题是，股票现在是否价格

触底，或是2013年后不可避免的无限增长阶段之前还会继续小幅

下跌。如同任何行业一样，即使是繁华的太阳能产业，并非所有的

股票都是肯定的赢家。事实上，这是一个太阳能产业走向成熟的标

志。

（注：本文分析依据8月23日股市数据。）

Why Are Solar Stocks Down? Germany, the world’s biggest PV market in 2010, reduced its incentives for solar energy at the beginning of 2011. The same happened in the case of the runner-up, Italy. At the same time, an industry boom occurred in the supply chain. Not only did existing manufacturers of polysilicon, cells and modules in (mainly) China expand their production capacity, but the global market grew for at least ten consecutive years, showing an extremely high growth rate of over 100% in 2010. This spurred on the industry – and still today new, highly ambitious players are entering the market. The result of this is price and margin pressure, which necessitates cost reductions. In this game of survival, short-term profit prognoses and stock valuations are under pressure too.

A Bright Future in the Long Term The good point about this cost and price pressure situation is of course that solar PV modules and systems become cheaper, faster. This will lead to solar energy fast becoming a competitor to fossil energy without the need for subsidies, called grid parity. As a result, and with the further cost and price reductions ahead, the future for solar energy is bright and infinite. This transition phase of solar becoming cost-competitive is happening right now, with the result that solar stocks today are attractively priced. More and more markets are emerging and will become cost-competitive. The global solar PV market will not stop growing. It is just transitioning from dependence of a few subsidized markets towards many markets and reaching the point of grid parity. Apart from this upside, the downside risk is that, amidst the fierce competition, not all manufacturers and players will survive.

What is the Outlook for 2012? Economic uncertainty and government budget cuts put pressure on the continuation of incentive programs. This could result in further pressure on the industry, calling for increased and faster cost and price reductions. At the same time, an increasing number of markets will emerge, attracted by the cheap sustainable energy solution which solar energy offers. Which of these two developments will ‘win’ in 2012 is yet to be seen. Most experts are forecast that 2013 and the years thereafter will be extremely prosperous. The question therefore is whether stocks are now at the bottom price or whether they could drop a little more before going up, following the unavoidable infinite growth phase after 2013. As in any industry, even in the prosperous solar industry not all stocks are sure winners. Indeed, this is a sign that the solar energy industry is growing into a mature business.

通快销售额增长了51%

在六月截止的财政年度中通快集团获得了自建立以来最大

的销售增长额。

总部在德国的机床制造商和激光技术专家——通快在

2010/2011财政年度取得了20.25亿欧元的销售额。相比去年13.4亿

欧元的销售额，今年的销售额增长了51%。

面对这些初步数字，公司总裁Nicola Leibinger-Kammüller说

道：“过去的财政年度是公司史上第二个最成功的年度。我们成功

地缩短了与金融危机前发布的盈利记录的差距。”

2007/2008财政年度，通快的销售额为21.44亿欧元。Nicola

Leibinger-Kammüller解释道：“面对全球金融危机使德国制造业

陷入低迷的现实，这些初步的销售数字对通快来说是个好消息。”

其实2010/2011财政年度通快获得的订单数额达到了历史新

高——22.2亿欧元，超过了金融危机前的基准年2007/2008所记

录的21.5亿欧元。这个良好的增长势头从利润的角度来说是显而

易见的。“我们希望利润能以百万计的三位数增长。” Nicola

Leibinger-Kammüller补充道。通快将在2011年10月19日的年度

新闻发布会上公布最终的数字。

TRUMPF Sales Jump 51 Percent

The TRUMPF Group can look back on the biggest sales increase in the history of the company as it closes out the fiscal year that ended in June.

The Germany-based machine tool manufacturer and laser technology specialist recorded sales of 2.025 billion Euros in the

2010/11 fiscal year. Compared to last year's sales of 1.340 billion Euros, this year's sales figure represents an increase of 51 percent."This past fiscal year was the second most successful year in our company's history," said company President Nicola Leibinger-Kammüller in presenting the preliminary figures. "We succeeded in closing the gap to the record earnings posted before the financial crisis." In fiscal year 2007/08, TRUMPF posted sales valued at 2.144 billion Euros. Nicola Leibinger-Kammüller explains: "In view of the fact that the worldwide financial crisis brought the German manufacturing industry to its knees, these preliminary sales figures are good news." In fact, for the 2010/11 fiscal year, TRUMPF's orders received reached an all-time high in value of 2.22 billion Euros, thus exceeding the 2.15 billion Euros posted for the pre-crisis benchmark year 2007/08. This positive trend was also noticeable in terms of profits. "We are expecting profits to hit triple digits in the millions," added Nicola Leibinger-Kammüller. TRUMPF will announce its final figures at its annual press conference on October 19, 2011.

图：通快公司总裁Nicola Leibinger-KammüllerPicture: President Nicola Leibinger-Kammüller


科技TECHNOLOGY


科技TECHNOLOGY


人类的能源——以基层的地方企业为基础来获得可持续能源供应的创新方法

作者： Ronald F.M. Lange，9-om公司By Ronald F.M. Lange, 9-om AG

所有人的可持续能源讨论主题不清晰的“全民能源”，需要关注和界定“全

民”这个术语。虽然在政治上是不正确的，也绝对不存

在歧视，但必须是能够集中来讨论的，因此我们将“人们”分为

为3组。

第一组，人们可以使用有限的化石燃料例如用于做饭的木材

和取暖或照明的煤油，但并没有用上电能，包括使用发电机；也

没有使用燃料驱动的机器和汽车。第二组，人们能够使用不稳定

供应的的电力，包括通过输电网或发电机，以及获得不是很充足

的燃料来使用机器和汽车。

一般来说，这些人可以使用电话，电视，冰箱和计算机；

最后第三组，人们可以获得充足的电力和燃料供应来满足能源需

求。定义这些群体更多通过数量和地域分布情况，可以认为，第

三组的人主要集中在经济发达国家和中国，印度，亚太，拉丁美

洲和中东富裕地区。

粗略地说，人数在这里可以被定义为10-20亿人。根据国

际能源机构（IEA）提供的数字，第一组的人现在，也许将来也

是，主要分布在撒哈拉以南的非洲和东南亚。接下来的20年里，

预计中国，拉丁美洲和中东都会有大的改善。

从地理位置来看，被归于第一组的人数估计约12亿几乎均匀

地分布在非洲和南亚，中国约有2亿，3500万在拉丁美洲，2000

万在中东。确定第二组人的地理位置和人口数量是比较困难。假

设第二组是指除第一组和第三组以外的人，约25-35亿，主要分

布在亚太，中国，印度，拉美，后苏联，北非和中东。

从表现出来的经济收入水平和生活质量来看，被归于第二

Group I

第一组

Group II

第二组

Group III

第三组

access to fossil fuels

可获得化石燃料供应

Limited 有限 non-reliable 不稳定 Unlimited

充足供应

access to electricity

可获得电力供应

No 没有 non-reliable不稳定 Unlimited

充足供应

Geography

地理位置

Africa, South-Asia, Latin-

America, Middle-East

非洲，南亚，拉丁美洲和中东

Asia-Pacific, China, India, Latin-

America, post-Soviet states, North-

Africa, Middle-East and the slums of

big cities

亚太，中国，印度，拉美，前苏联国

家，北非，中东和大城市的贫民窟

economically developed countries,

the wealthy parts of China, India,

Asia-Pacific, Latin-America and

the Middle-East

经济发达的国家，中国，印度，亚

太，拉美和中东的富裕地区

number of people

人口数量

1.5 billion

15亿

2.5-3.5 billion

25-35亿

1-2 billion

10-20亿

表1：对第一，第二，第三组人的定义及其特征Table 1 Definition and characteristics of Group I, II and III

Energy for All People – An Innovative Approach to Provide Sustainable Energy Supply via Local Entrepreneurship at Grass Root Level

Sustainable energy for all people To discuss the ill-defined topic “energy for all people” it is needed to focus and define the term “all people”.

Although politically not correct and definitely not aiming to discriminate but needed to be able to come to a focused discussion, in this contribution the people will be divided in 3 groups.i.e. group I, people having access to limited amounts of fossil fuels as e.g. wood for cooking and heating or kerosene for lighting, and with no access to electricity including the use of generators and no access to fuels to run machines and cars; group II people having access to non-reliable electricity, both via a grid or generator, and non-reliable access to fuels to run machines and cars. In general, these people have access to a phone, a TV, a refrigerator and computer; and finally group III people have a reliable access to (unlimited amounts of) energy in the form of electricity and fuels. Defining these groups more regarding numbers and geographical distribution, it can be assumed that the people in group III are located mainly in the economically developed countries and the wealthy parts of China, India, Asia-Pacific, Latin-America and the Middle-East. Roughly, the number of people here could be defined as 1-2 billion people. Based on the numbers provided by the International Energy Agency (IEA) the people defined here as group I are, and will be in the future, mainly located in Sub-Saharan Africa and South-Asia. The expectation is that the situation will improve significantly in the coming 20 years in China, Latin-America and the Middle-East.Today’s geographical position of the group I people is estimated to be about 1.2 billion people almost evenly distributed between Africa and South-Asia, about 200 million in China, 35 million in Latin-America and 20 million in the Middle-East. To define the geographic position and the number of the people in group II is more difficult. As an assumption group II is defined here as people

组的人们生活在广阔的城乡结合区、大城市的贫民窟甚至发达国

家。这使得要准确定位和区分这个群体更加困难。但很明显，第

二组的人数最庞大，分布最广泛，所以也最容易被忽略。因此，

我们以能够获得有限且不稳定的能源供应来定义这个族群。

not covered by group I and III, which results in about 2.5 to 3.5 billion people located mainly in Asia-Pacific, China, India, Latin-America, the post-Soviet states, North-Africa and the Middle-East. Focusing more, the people in group II show a broad distribution in degree of prosperity and income and live both in semi-rural areas as well as in the slums of the big cities and even in economically developed countries. These characteristics make it difficult to pinpoint and define group II but it seems clear that group II is both the largest regarding the amount of people and due to its diffuseness, will most probably obtain the least attention. Hence, this contribution will concentrate on the people in group II, the people with access to limited and non-reliable energy.

采用什么方法能够使第二族群的人们得到稳定可靠的能源供应？

他们需要哪种形式的能源？或者换句话说，如何有效地帮助他们，及要

实现的最终目标是什么？大多数援助活动，重点主要放在第一组人们身

上，这些人没有用上电，并没有（大量）的燃料，可能是最需要提供太

阳能灯具的例子。

至关重要的一点是，多数情况下受援人群认为援助是免费的，这

种观念总是跟援助活动联系在一起。因此大部分都不会使情况发生可持

续性的改变。幸运的是这个问题已经得到关注，如今许多计划都是通过

提供可靠的小额贷款来发展地方企业，从而获得持续不断的改善。

对第二组的人们来说，其中一个重要的成功支持当然是推广最基

本的本地企业家精神。这种精神使他们在为了自我发展的同时，也体现

出对可持续性和盈利性商业活动的主人翁意识及责任感。

要开始创业活动并使其成功运作，获得教育，信息和沟通交流是

非常重要的。掌握该领域的最新发展动向，了解市场上原材料和其他地

区同类产品的价格，寻找客户和推销自己，都需要一个可靠的（移动）

What are the possibilities for people in group II to come to a sustainable and reliable energy supply? And what form of energy is needed? Or in other words, how to help efficiently and what is the final goal to be achieved with the help? Looking to most aid campaigns, the focus is mainly on the people in group I having no access to electricity and no access to (significant amounts) of fuel, with probably the most prominent example providing solar lamps.A point of attention in giving aid is the almost non-separated link in the mindset of the receiving people that giving aid is for free, which mostly does not result in a sustainable improvement of the situation. Fortunately this issue is recognized and today a sustainable improvement is often obtained aiming to develop local entrepreneurship, mostly stimulated by the availability of micro-credits.One of the keys of successful support to people in group II will

科技TECHNOLOGY


科技TECHNOLOGY


电话，无线电，电视，甚至更重要的互联网组成的信息网络。

所有这些需要的能量形式都是电力。电力同时也使机器运转；稳

定的电力供应是不管农业还是工业生产出可靠产品的必要条件；电动抽

水可改善灌溉条件和满足新鲜饮用水的供应，使妇女们不用在扛着沉重

的容器步行几个小时去取水。

总之，电力可以推动机器运行，消除危险和繁重的体力劳动，提

高生产率。在许多地区，一天内多次停电，使那些依赖电力的事业由于

缺乏能源供应而降低效率、利润受损。可靠的电力能源供应是提高人民

生活水平的直接措施。

在没有稳定的电力和电网可用甚至没有进入电网的地方，发电主

要使用柴油发电机，它由柴油发动机驱动。柴油发电机具有便携性、灵

活性、易用性和可分散发电等优势。但它的缺点也同样明显。

不但柴油的价格一直上涨，而且维修保养费用，噪音和污染都是

使用发电机的不利因素。那用什么来替代柴油发电机？在实际应用中，

可能将一直只用一个发电机。这样做的目的是减少其使用率并仅将其作

为备用机。

紧随柴油发电机之后的分散型发电机是风车、微型水力发电机，

小型沼气和光伏发电设施。最后是传统的水力发电设备，太阳能热电站

和大型沼气和生物燃料发电设施等大型中央工厂。

因此，根据地理位置的不同，发电设备的选择也会有风车，微型

水力发电机，小型沼气或光伏发电设备或者这些技术的组合。然而，第

二组的人们多数生活在阳光充足的地区，难以找到适合微型水力发电的

水流，风能也是同样的情况，微型水力和沼气发电需要维护，光伏发电

装置是最好的选择。

光伏装置的额外优势是模块化安装，不像其他发电装置需要水；

实际上白天及未来几天的太阳辐射都很容易预测。傍晚和夜晚所需的电

可由储存在电池里或者使用现有的柴油及沼气发电机来提供。

可持续的能源供应-地方企业根据上述资料，能提供可靠离网发电的理想配置是光伏、蓄电池

及现有的柴油发电机及相结合。文本框二的“太阳能光伏离网系统组

成”描述了这一潜在的设置更多的技术细节。现在问题是一个典型的第

二组人群经营的业务平均需要多少电能以及它的成本。

以3种业务为例：互联网服务亭，裁缝铺和金属加工行。互联网服

务亭以10台笔记本电脑（PC机），打印机/扫描仪和必要的周边设备来

算需要约750瓦的峰值功率。裁缝铺按10台缝纫机需要约1500瓦。而可

进行金属弧焊作业的加工行需要约15.000W峰值功率。假设保守计算

太阳能辐射量为1500WH/（year.Wp），那么网络服务亭、裁缝铺、修

配行各需要安装一个500Wp、1000Wp、10kWp的光伏设施。其成本以

2010年8月德国光伏组件价格3欧元/Wp计算，分别是网络服务亭1500欧

元，裁缝铺3000欧元剪裁和金属加工行30,000欧元。如果使用柴油发电

机的话，这些成本将是多少？

我们来做一个比较：假设每天光照6个小时，柴油价格每升1欧

元，柴油发电机的购买和维护成本不计在内。10千瓦柴油发电机使用

大约需要3.4升柴油每小时，导致在大约每天€20。因此，10千瓦光伏发

电系统将在1500天，或者少于4.5年内性价比超越，10千瓦的柴油发电

机。这种情况更便于在较小的500和1000Wp系统的情况下光伏发电系

统。

certainly be the introduction of local entrepreneurship at grass root level. This local entrepreneurship place local people in the ownership and accountability for their own development as well as in the responsibility of identifying sustainable and profitable business activities. To start a business and running it successfully, access to education, information and communication is of utmost importance. Being aware of the latest developments in the field, knowing the market prices of the raw materials and produced goods in other areas and being able to find customers and vice versa, needs a reliable access to (mobile) phones, radio/TV and probably most important access to the internet. The form of energy needed for these activities is electricity. Electricity can also be used to run machines and a reliable access to electricity is needed in the reliable production of both agricultural as well as industrial goods. Electric powered water pumping can improve irrigation and availability of fresh drinking water, avoiding women to walk for hours with heavy water containers. Electricity can run machines, eliminating dangerous and heavy manual work and improve productivity. In many areas, there are multiple power cuts during a day and businesses that rely on electricity become less efficient and lose profits as a result of power losses. A reliable access to electricity is a direct measure of improvement of living standards. Being dependent of a non-reliable power or electricity grid or even lacking access to the grid, electricity is mainly generated using diesel generators, which is an electrical generator driven by a diesel engine. The advantages of a generator like its portability, flexibility, easy use and decentralized generated electricity are recognized but the disadvantages are obvious too. Not only the steadily increasing diesel price but mainly the transport of diesel, the maintenance of the generator and the noise and pollution make the use of a generator less favorable. What alternatives to a diesel generator are available? In a realistic scenario a diesel generator will probably always be used. The goal would be to reduce its use and to use the diesel generator only as a back-up machine. Next to this diesel generator the only decentralized electricity generators are windmills, micro-hydropower, small biogas and photo-voltaic (PV) installations since conventional hydropower plants, solar thermal plants and large biogas and biofuel production facilities are large centralized factories. Hence, depending on the geographical location the choice of electricity generation will be based on wind, micro-hydro, small biogas, or PV, or using a combination of these techniques. However, with the majority of people in group II living in sunny

Business

业务

Equipment 设施 Peak power

(W)

峰值功率

Internet kiosk 10 laptop, printer/scanner,

necessary accessories

10部笔记本电脑，打印机/扫描

仪，必要的配件

750

Tailoring shop

裁缝铺

10 sewing machines, necessary

accessories

10缝纫机，必要的附件

1500

Repairing workshop

修配厂

sawing, dril l ing or shielded

metal arc welding (SMAW)

锯，钻或屏蔽金属电弧焊（手

工电弧焊）

15000

表2：业务及相关能量需求举例Table 2: Examples of businesses and the related power needed

areas with no suitable water streams for micro-hydro, as well as the fact that wind, micro-hydro and biogas need maintenance, PV installations are most probably the best choice. Next to the lack of moving parts making maintenance obsolete, additional advantages of PV are its modular setup, that no water is needed for the electricity generation as well as the fact that the sun radiation during the day and for the coming days can be predicted very well. The electricity needed in the evening and night can be stored in batteries or generated using (existing) diesel or biogas driven generators. Next to the lack of moving parts making maintenance obsolete in a PV module you do not have parts that move. For instance in a wind mill the propeller (wings) are turning. This turning needs an axis and the axis has to be maintained – you have to put grease and oil on it.In addition, hydropower has turbines that move around an axis. Here the blades can be damaged by pieces of wood or stones that come with the water. Biogas is burned to make steam and the steam drives also a turbine – again you need grease and oil. Also these moving parts have to be exchanged in time whereas the PV module stands there for more than 20 years and needs nothing.

Sustainable energy supply - local entrepreneurshipBased on the data described above, the ideal setup to provide reliable off-grid electricity is photo-voltaic (PV) combined with batteries or an existing diesel generator. Text box II “components of a solar PV off-grid system describes this potential setup in more technical detail. The question to ask now is how much electricity is needed on average by a typical group II person to run a business and what the costs for this electricity are. As an example 3 kinds of businesses are taken i.e. an internet kiosk could also be named as internet café. I think you have them. This is a “shop” with computers and where you pay a relative small amount of money to buy e.g. 30 min internet time. This means that you can use the computer to go on the internet for 30 min (or 60 if you pay more) I still do that when I am on holidays. 15 years ago a laptop did not exist as well as wireless internet and you are lucky this year since an ipad also didn’t exist 3 years ago and I doubt if you want to carry an additional 3kg up a mountain in your backpack, a tailoring and a repairing business. An internet kiosk having 10 laptops (PC), a printer/scanner and the necessary side equipment needs a peak power of about 750W. A tailoring business having 10 sewing machines needs about 1500W, whereas a metal repair shop being able to perform shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) does need a peak power of about 15.000W. Assuming a conservative solar energy radiation of 1500Wh/(year.Wp) the internet kiosk needs a PV installation of 500Wp, the tailoring business 1000Wp and the metal repair shop 10kWp. The

相对于柴油发电机而言，光伏系统的一个潜在缺点是：除了占地面

积较大之外，初始购置成本更高。一台10kW的柴油发电机约为4000欧

元。通常，安装太阳能光伏系统的高投资成本是传统能源技术所不能比

的。

运营与维护成本低，不存在燃料费用，以及越来越高的整体系统可

靠性和使用寿命，弥补了光伏技术初始投资成本较高的不足，并且柴油

节约本身即足以偿还贷款。那些愿意按照更长的折旧期限来计算回报率

的投资者需要克服高投资成本的问题。这些投资者可以采用分散式光伏

系统发电，以获得与柴油发电具有可比性的成本。这样，第II组的人们提

高生活质量的可能性将大大增加。

安装分散式光伏系统使第II组获得了可靠的、具有竞争力的电力供

应，从而使他们有一个平等的机会参与商业活动并获得（全球）竞争

力。这不仅有利于巩固其现有业务，还可以打开通往新业务的大门。问

题是如何实现此系统？实现的前提条件是要有金融机构愿意接受约30年

的折旧期限。

尽管乍看起来很难找到这样的金融机构，然而各国政府的财政战略

表明这些较长期的财政模型今天已经存在。例如：为集中式发电站提供

财政支持，为基础设施项目提供财政支持等。对于分散式光伏系统，有

实力雄厚的（本地）金融机构参与的另一个优势应该是可在现场制造光

伏组件。这样，不仅可以获得可持续的、高素质人力资源以及对产品更

深入的理解，而且还有助产生对产品的情感纽带。后者对于打破“免费

帮助”的思维模式和防止破坏行为是极其重要的。

由于缺乏了解，人们常常看不到光伏组件的价值，他们偷窃铜缆

并在黑市上销售，以便马上拿到现金。在草根人群中培养本土企业家精

神，以及提供生产和安装光伏组件的长期就业机会，是致力于发展地区

经济的本地金融机构所具有的优势。

具体地说，光伏组件最好采用玻璃-玻璃或玻璃-背板结构，并包含

单晶或多晶硅（c-Si）电池片以及作为封装材料的乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物

科技TECHNOLOGY


科技TECHNOLOGY


Conclusion A reliable and sustainable energy supply for all people is a pre-requisite for a successful society since the availability of energy is the key of solving other issues as e.g. water, food, diseases, education, environment and poverty. The main challenge is not to find new energy sources since the existing (fossil) energy reserves are huge, but the challenge is to convert these reserves fast into useful energy, which is electricity. This fast conversion is not possible using the existing centralized fossil and nuclear based energy generation technology making the decentralised and scalable energy generation using photo-voltaic (PV), which is the direct conversion of light into electricity, an ideal choice. Producing the PV modules locally and making PV a significant part of the energy mix, a sustainable economic development will be

obtained via local entrepreneurship. The reliable and predictable electricity generation will result in the starting and development of competitive enterprises, increased employment rates and the increased educational level will result in a more balanced and stable social structure. To lift this grass-route driven sustainable energy supply approach from the ground, investors willing to accept a longer as usual depreciation period are needed.

Separated Text Box I Global energy consumption Summarized key numbers:2010 400 EJ (= 12.7 TW) Total global energy consumption2009 3.262 EJ (= 0.1 TW) Total energy consumption The Netherlands2050 200 GJ (= 6300 W) Benchmark energy consumption per person globally, taking the Dutch living standard as reference

（EVA）。玻璃可以在本地生产，电池片、EVA和背板则可以进口。一

位光伏组件生产专家派驻现场至少12个月，以安装一条基本型手动生产

线，并由本地人员监督光伏组件的生产和安装。

手动生产线将提供约40个长期而良好的就业岗位，包括光伏组件的

实际安装。每年每班生产约3 MW所需要的工资和生产设备成本很低，主

要成本为原材料，每年约400万欧元，主要来自电池片。保守假设3 MW

光伏组件发电4500 MWh，估计售价为 0.10欧元/kWh，则所需要的融资期

限大约为10年。

因此，10年的贷款总额约为4,000万欧元，根据利率不同，大约

25～30年能够还清。此项为期30余年投资的结果是一座大约90～100 MW

的发电厂，以及大约40个直接而良好的工作岗位。该发电厂的盈利能力

能够为数座类似的发电厂提供财政支持，从而产生链式扩大效应，并促

进该地区的可持续发展。

除了投资者之外，本文所述的在较偏远地区生产光伏组件的商业

模式还依赖于能够生产光伏组件的人力资源。长期派驻（12～18个月）

一位光伏专家是雇佣并培训本地员工的前提条件。另外，这位光伏专家

也必须是一位经验丰富的管理者——这一点至关重要，以便能够与本地

人员共同管理光伏组件生产厂，从而确保可持续发展。太阳能电池片的

手工焊接工作最好由妇女完成，因为她们比较可靠、焊接质量更好。同

时，此方法还有利于充分授权，并帮助妇女实现自主独立。光伏组件的

安装可以由男人和女人来完成，因此该模式还能够促进男女平等和社会

均衡发展。

这种注重培养本土企业家精神的发展模式并非仅限于偏远地区，它

也适用于城市。越来越多的人从农村进入城市，估计在2007年，有50%

以上的人生活在城市里14)。有些时候，过快增长的城市很难为不断增加

的人口提供必要的公共设施，进而导致贫民窟增加和停电。在城市贫民

窟中生产光伏组件有若干好处。除了提供本地工作机会之外，光伏组件

还可以作为美观的（防水）屋顶，以提高贫民窟的生活标准；此外，所

产生的电力可直接送入现有或附近电网并卖给城市，从而减少断电。

这种光伏组件生产方法在促进本土企业家精神方面具有明显优势。

由（当地）政府提供长期财政支持也是可行的，但是实施此方法有哪些

困难呢？可能阻碍此模式实现的主要因素不是技术，也与当地人的教育

水平无关，最大可能是社会因素。确保人们能够可靠地使用电力以及促

进本土企业家精神会导致社会结构发生变化。目前的某些当权人士可能

会视此为一种威胁，并且他们很可能有能力停止或严重耽搁此项目。然

而，2011年初在中东发生的事件表明：人民的权力，而不是强大、稳定

的政治权力，最可能成为推动此社会变革的保护伞。

结论因为能源供应是解决诸如水、食物、疾病、教育、环境、贫穷等问

题的关键，所以为所有人提供可靠的可持续能源供给是实现成功社会的

先决条件。人们面临的主要挑战不是寻找新的能源，因为虽然现有（化

石）能源储备是巨大的，而所面临的挑战是将这些储备迅速转换成有用

的能量，即电力。现有的集中式化石及核能发电技术无法实现此快速转

换，因此，采用将光直接转化为电的光伏技术的分散式可升级发电模式

就成为最理想的选择。通过光伏组件的本地化生产以及使光伏发电成为

混合能源的重要组成部分，可以促进本土企业家精神，进而实现经济的

可持续发展。可靠而可预测的发电模式将促进竞争性企业的诞生和发

展，提高就业率和教育水平，从而实现更加平衡和谐、更加稳定的社会

结构。想要实现这一以草根族推动的可持续能源供应方案，我们需要愿

costs, based on the August 2010 PV module price in Germany 12) of €3/Wp, would be €1500 for the internet kiosk, €3000 for the tailoring business and €30.000 for the metal repair shop. How are these costs related to the electricity generation using a diesel generator? To come to a comparison it is assumed that the sun is shining 6h a day, that the diesel price is €1 per liter and the costs for purchasing and maintaining the diesel generator are not included in the calculation. The generation of 10kW using a diesel generator would need about 3.4 liter diesel per hour, resulting in roughly €20 per day.13a) Hence, the 10kW PV system would outperform the 10kW diesel generator in 1500 days or less than 4.5 years. The situation is even more advantageous for the PV system in the case of the smaller 500 and 1000Wp systems.

意接受较长折旧期限的投资者。

独立文本框I全球能源消耗2010年的全球能源消耗约为400 EJ。为了通过数据来定量地讨论全

球能源状况，我们以荷兰的生活标准作为参考。2009年，荷兰的能源消

耗为3.262 EJ。荷兰人口为1650万，人均能源消耗为198 GJ。比较2009

年与1979年的数据可以看出：荷兰人均能源消耗保持在一个相对稳定的

水平。1979年，1400万人口消耗了2.924 EJ，平均每人209 GJ。忽略节

能措施的潜在正面影响以及能源消耗在工业、交通和生活领域的潜在转

移，我们可以假设荷兰人均能源消耗在过去30年内保持在人均约200 GJ

的相对稳定的水平。采用外推法，可以假设荷兰将来的能源消耗不会发

生显著变化，到2050年，荷兰的人均耗能也将保持200 GJ。因此为了简

化问题，我们可以假设这个世界上的人如果拥有每年200 GJ的能源，就

可以按照荷兰人的生活标准生活。目前全球的能源消耗为400 EJ，因此

20亿人能够按照荷兰人的标准生活，这也正是实际情况。然而，要使60

亿人，或者2050年的90亿人，能够达到荷兰人的生活标准，我们必须分

别将能源产量增加3倍或4.5倍。3和4.5似乎不大，然而在未来40年内实

现此增长几乎是不可能的。能源生产从400 EJ升至1800 EJ需要在未来40

年内安装1400 EJ的生产能力，相当于每天96,000,000 GJ，或者每天建成

约2个核电站。很明显：凭借当前所采用的技术，我们永远不可能增加

产能到如此之高的水平。即使让目前60亿人口中的20亿人在2050年按照

荷兰的标准生活，也仍然需要在40年内安装200 EJ，或者每天13,700,000

GJ，相当于每2.5天建成一所核电站，这也是不现实的。另外，即使按

照瑞士联邦理工学院委员会于1998年提出的降低能源消耗路线和达到

2000W（63 GJ）社会目标，也仍然不足以确保所有人在2050年获得平衡

的能源供给，结论：我们今天面对的能源挑战并非一件闲差。

关键数字总结：2010 400 EJ（= 12.7 TW）全球总能源消耗

2009 3.262 EJ（= 0.1 TW）荷兰总能源消耗

2050 200 GJ（= 6300 W）全球人均能源消耗基准，以荷兰生活标

准为参考

图1：能源挑战示意图。多加10亿、40亿和60亿人达到荷兰目前的生活标准，分别需要每天增加0.4、0.9和3 GW的能源生产能力。参考数据：一所核电站的发电能力约为1GW。Figure 1 schematic representation of the energy challenge. To increase the living standard of an additional 1, 4 and 6 billion people to the current living standard in The Netherlands, an additional energy generating capacity of 0.4, 0.9 and 3 GW/day, respectively is needed. As a reference, a nuclear plant has a capacity of about 1GW.

独立文本框II离网光伏系统的组成a)独立太阳能光伏系统主要由四个部分组成，即太阳能光伏组件、

充电控制器、蓄电池和逆变器。a)

Separated Text Box II Components of a solar photo-voltaic (PV) off-grid systema) A solar PV stand-alone system consists of four major components i.e. the solar PV module, a charge controller, a battery and an inverter.

The solar photo-voltaic module

A solar photo-voltaic module converts light energy form the sun (photons) to electricity. The module or panel consists of interconnecting solar cells. The cells can be either wafer based crystalline silicon or thin-film based amorphous and/or micro-crystalline silicon, cadmium-telluride (CdTe) or coper-indium-gallium-selenide (CIGS). The vulnerable cells are in general protected for the environment by placing them behind a glass plate and embedding them in an encapsulant. The modules come in various sizes ranging from 10W to 250W. Multiple modules can be connected to generate the needed voltage and current to electrically power a full modern household. The modules produce DC power and domestic appliances running on DC power can be directly attached to the solar panel for day time use. AC current

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科技TECHNOLOGY


图a) 离网光伏（PV）系统的典型配置；b) 安装在蒙古乡村的太阳能光伏组件实例bFigure a) typical set-up of an off-grid photo-voltaic (PV) system; b) example of solar PV module setup in rural Mongoliab)

太阳能光伏组件太阳能光伏组件将来自太阳的光能（光子）转变为电能。太

阳能组件或太阳能板由互相连接的太阳能电池片组成。电池片可

以是硅晶片，也可以是非晶和/或微晶硅薄膜、碲化镉（CdTe）薄

膜或铜铟镓硒（CIGS）薄膜。一般来说，易碎的电池片放在玻璃

板下方并用封装材料进行封装以提供保护。组件的规格为10W至

250W。多个组件可以连接在一起以产生足够的电压和电流，为一

个完全现代化的家居提供电力。组件提供直流电，采用直流供电的

家用电器可以直接与太阳能板连接。通过逆变器可以获得交流电。

太阳能板占采用蓄电池的离网光伏系统的总成本的50%以上。安装

之后，太阳能板无需维护，也不用燃料和水，并根据白天的实际太

阳辐照度长时间地提供电力。大多数晶体硅组件制造商均担保在

90%额定功率输出的条件下发电10年，80%下担保25年。

充电控制器充电控制器，或者叫蓄电池调节器，用来限制蓄电池的充电或

放电电流。充电控制器的功能是防止蓄电池发生过充，以及避免在

夜间出现从蓄电池到太阳能组件的反向电流。另外，充电控制器还

能防止蓄电池完全放电（深度放电），或者采用蓄电池技术进行受

控放电。一般来说，充电控制器可以延长光伏太阳能电池阵列中的

蓄电池寿命。

蓄电池所发电力必须存储起来，以便在没有太阳时供电或者确保24

小时供电。一般采用充电电池来存储电力，目前最常用的电池是所

谓的深循环铅酸蓄电池。这些蓄电池的性价比极高，尽管铅有环保

问题，然而铅酸蓄电池的回收利用却是世界上最成功的资源回收案

例之一——蓄电池铅的回收率超过90%。这些铅酸蓄电池内是2V或

6V电池片，在现场连接在一起，提供正确的电压。此技术实现了大

型蓄电池组的组装，若采用整体式则太过笨重。蓄电池的使用寿命

用“设计寿命”或“循环寿命”来表示。如果维护得当，例如不过

度充放电、使用充电控制器等，铅酸蓄电池的寿命将很长。铅酸蓄

电池可以采用富液式（非密封）、吸附式玻璃纤维棉（AGM）式

或者胶体（阀控铅酸或VRLA）式。由于富液式非密封蓄电池需要

b)

is obtained using a so-called inverter. The solar panel accounts for >50% of the total cost of a PV off-grid system using a battery. Once installed, a solar panel needs no maintenance, no fuel or water and provides electricity for a long period based on the actual solar irradiance of the day. As an example of life span, the vast majority of crystalline silicon module manufacturers offer a warranty of electrical production for 10 years at 90% of rated power output and 25 years at 80%.c)

The charge controller

The charge controller or battery regulator is a device which limits the rate at which electric current is added or drawn from electric batteries. The function of the charge controller is to prevent the battery being overcharged and eliminates any reverse current flow from the batteries back to the solar modules at night. It can also prevent the undesired completely draining of the battery (deep discharging) or perform controlled discharges depending on the battery technology. The charge controller generally elongates the life of the batteries used in a PV solar array.

Battery for electricity storageIId, IIe)

The generated electricity has to be stored to secure an electricity supply when no sunlight is available or to secure a 24 hour electricity supply. The storage is mostly performed using rechargeable batteries with the so-called deep cycle lead-acid battery as the most widely used today. The cost-performance ratio of these batteries is well-known and even though lead has environmental concerns, lead acid battery recycling is one of the most successful recycling programs in the world with more than 90% of the battery lead being recycled.ref) These lead-acid batteries are produced in 2V or 6V cells, which are joined together on site to provide the correct voltage. This enables the assembly of a massive battery bank, which otherwise would be extremely heavy as a single unit. The lifetime of a battery is expressed as ‘design life’ or ‘cyclic life’. For a lead-acid battery an extended lifetime is obtained when carefully maintained i.e. not being over-charged or over-discharged, making the use of a charge controller a must. The lead acid batteries can be of a flooded (unsealed) type, an absorbed glass mat (AGM) type or of a gel (valve-regulated lead-acid or VRLA) type. Due to the fact that the flooded unsealed batteries need topping up with distilled water at certain intervals AGM or VRLA type batteries are recommended.

Next to the lead-acid battery other battery technologies which have potential for solar energy storage are Ni-MH (Nickel-Metal

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科技TECHNOLOGY


作者简介：Ronald F.M. Lange，1966年生于荷兰，在埃因霍温科技大学

跟随E.W. (Bert) Meijer教授研究超分子聚合物化学并取得有机化学

博士学位。从1988年7月到2002年1月，任职于荷兰DSM公司的工

程塑料领域。2002年1到2008年7月，加入BASF并在德国和英国担

任高级管理职位。2008年7月，他加入瑞士3S公司，并担任首席创

新官。2010年10月，创办9-om公司，致力于将发明转化为钞票，

并帮助客户取得成功。Ronald在经过同行评审的期刊上发表过超过

25篇论文，包括《Science》杂志，出席过超过30次特邀演讲，并

合作获得过超过30项专利。

Ronald F.M. Lange :

Ronald Lange, born 1966 in The Netherlands, studied organic chemistry and obtained his Ph.D. working on Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry with Prof. Dr. E.W. (Bert) Meijer at the Eindhoven University of Technology. From July 1988 till January 2002 he was predominantly active in the area of engineering plastics at DSM in The Netherlands. From January 2002 till July 2008 he joined BASF and held various research and senior management positions in Germany and the UK. In July 2008 he accepted the newly created position of Chief Innovation Officer at 3S Swiss Solar Systems in Switzerland and held this position till October 2010 when he founded the company 9-om, aiming to “translate inventions into $” and “to help customers to be more successful”. Ronald published >25 papers in peer-reviewed journals including Science, gave >30 invited lectures and co-authored more than 30 patents.

定期加注蒸馏水，所以推荐采用AGM或VRLA式蓄电池。

除了铅酸蓄电池之外，其他可能用于太阳能存储的蓄电池技术

是Ni-MH（镍金属氢化物）和锂离子蓄电池。与铅酸蓄电池相比，

这些蓄电池的能量密度和使用寿命更高，然而也昂贵得多。能量存

储领域的研发和技术进步基本跟上了可再生能源以及电动汽车计划

的发展。由于光伏工业更加关注于联网系统，因此尚不清楚光伏工

业和能源存储工业如何合作开发离网光伏市场。

逆变器离网逆变器的主要功能是将太阳能板发出的直流电（DC）转

变为交流电（AC），大多数家用电器都使用交流电。离网逆变器

有三种波形，即方波（效率最低）、修正方波（修正正弦波）和纯

正弦波。纯正弦波逆变器比较昂贵，但是与公用事业公司提供的交

流波形完全相容。因此，采用纯正弦波的离网逆变器提供的交流电

类似于联网系统，并且不影响家用电器的性能。修正正弦波逆变器

是价格与性能两方面的折衷方案。随着太阳能市场加快发展，联网

系统所用逆变器的成本越来越低，而离网系统领域也可从逆变器技

术的创新成果中获益。

hydride) and Li-ion (Lithium-ion) batteries. These batteries have higher energy density and longer lifespan compared to the lead acid battery but are still far more expensive. Research and technological advancement in the energy storage area has picked up significantly along with the development of renewable energy technologies and electric vehicle programs. As the PV industry is more focused on grid connected system, it is not clear how the PV industry and the energy storage industry are cooperating to develop the off-grid PV market.

Inverter

The primary function of an off-grid inverter is to convert the direct current (DC) produced by solar panels into alternating current (AC), that most of the house appliances use. Off-grid inverters are available in three wave forms – square wave (lowest efficiency), modified square wave (modified sine wave) and pure sine wave. Pure sine wave inverters are more expensive but have the advantage of being fully compatible with the alternating current waveform produced by utility company. As a result, an off-grid inverter with pure sine wave will provide AC current similar to a grid connected system and will not affect the performance of household equipments. Modified sine wave inverters can be used as a compromise in terms of price & performance. As the solar market is picking up the cost of inverters for grid-connected system is becoming lower and the off-grid segment can gain from the innovations in the inverter technology.

Schmid工艺及系统推动以丝网印刷为基础的单晶电池创造超过20%生产效率纪录

2011年8月23日，弗罗伊登施塔特—Schott Solar在156*156

的工业单晶电池片上创造了新的效率纪录。经位于弗赖堡

的弗莱恩霍夫太阳能研究所确认，最高转换效率为20.2%。

Schott Solar公司采用的是Schmid集团的生产工程技术。

首次突破20%效率的关键在于创新的电池设计并集成经优化的

前后表面设计。新纪录的电池片正面的设计和生产均在Schmid的

技术中心完成。制造工艺包括链式碱制绒，后续的p-n结构造以及

在世界先进太阳能企业广泛应用的Schmid选择性发射极工艺。后

期的工序在阿尔策瑙的Schott Solar完成，应用此前在Schott为多晶

硅电池开发的PERC结构。

Schmid 集团主管电池项目的副主席， Christian Buchner博士

强调道：“我们很荣幸能为一项新的世界效率纪录的诞生做出重要

贡献，这又再一次证明了我们的技术非常适合于制造高效率电池，

正如现今我们很多客户做的一样；而对于未来，对于更高效的电池

结构同样是十分完美的。”

结合链式碱制绒和生产广泛应用的选择性发射极技术得出近乎

完美的电池正表面。以上两项技术均是在Schmid研发中心的专家

团队研发，应用和优化起来的。这两项技术的特点是宽阔的工艺窗

口和优良的生产稳定性。这些性质都是这两项技术在工业化高效率

电池生产领域得以迅猛并成功发展的关键。

Dr. Buchner表示：“我们期待，正面金属化技术在未来能有

效减少正面电极银浆的消耗量并优化导电性能，在近期内把效率提

高至20.5%。面对持续增加的成本压力，这可以进一步增强太阳能

光伏发电技术相对其他传统能源的竞争力。”

20.2%的效率比旧纪录高出0.6%；相对平均效率达18%的量产

单晶电池技术，高出2%。

Schmid Processes and Systems Help Achieve New Efficiency Record of over 20% for Mono-Crystalline Solar Cells with Screen-Printed Metallization

Freudenstadt, 23 August 2011, Schott Solar AG has set a new efficiency record for mono-crystalline silicon solar cells in the industrial 156 x 156 millimeter format. Fraunhofer ISE

Institute of Freiburg has independently confirmed a peak efficiency of 20.2%. For production of the front side of the cell, Schott Solar AG Company based in Mainz made use of established production engineering technologies of Schmid Group from Freudenstadt.The key to exceeding the efficiency mark of 20% for the first time lay in combining an optimized front and rear cell surface in an innovative cell design.The front surface of the record-breaking cell was completely designed and processed in Schmid`s Technology Center in Freudenstadt. Processes applied included the use of alkaline texturing in the horizontal in-line process, the entire chain of immediate downstream production steps including formation of the p-n junction, and the most effective and well established selective emitter technology used in tier 1 manufacturing sites worldwide. Final processing was carried out by Schott Solar in Alzenau. For this purpose, the PERC structure concept, previously developed and successfully implemented by Schott for multi-crystalline cells, was applied."We are very pleased to have been able to make a crucial contribution toward achieving a new efficiency world record. This proves once again that our technologies are excellently suited to manufacture high-efficiency cells, as many of our customers do today, and also perfect for future, even more efficient cell architectures“, emphasized Dr. Christian Buchner, Vice President of Business Unit Cell with the Schmid Group. Combining in-line process for alkaline wafer texturing with the well-established production process for creating a selective emitter structure resulted in virtually perfect performance of the cell front surface. Both technologies were developed, implemented and optimized in the R&D Center of high-tech specialist Schmid, and are characterized by their wide process window and resulting production stability. These qualities were pivotal for their rapid and successful application in industrial production of high-efficiency solar cells."We expect that further technological improvement of the front-side metallization will, in the near future, achieve a cell efficiency of 20.5%, while at the same time substantially reducing the amount of silver required for the emitter electrode. Facing continued cost pressure, this will increase the competitiveness of photovoltaics in comparison to conventional sources of energy even further“, says Dr. Buchner.The new efficiency record of 20.2% is 0.6% higher than the previous value and more than 2% higher than that of conventional solar cells which, in mass production, achieve an efficiency of some 18%.



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北京七星华创电子股份有限公司地址：北京市朝阳区酒仙桥东路1号邮编：100015电话：86 010-84572690/64361831 ext:8416、8417传真：86 010-64331336 客服电话：86 010-64330988网址：http://www.sevenstar.com.cn邮箱：[email protected]主营产品：太阳能电池片生产设备

BEIJING SEVENSTAR ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.

Address: No1 Jiuxianqiao East Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing, P.R. ChinaTel:+86 010-8457269064361831 ext:8416, 8417Fax:+86 010-64331336 Call Center:+86 010-64330988Web: http://www.sevenstar.com.cnE-mail: [email protected] Products: Solar cell equipment

山亿新能源股份有限公司地址：江苏省无锡市新区新华路5号创新创意产业园H栋113室电话：86 510-83593131 传真：86 510-81819678邮箱：[email protected] / [email protected]网址：http://www.samilpower.com/主营产品：组串型逆变器、集中型逆变器

Samil Power Co., Ltd.

Address: Rm 113, H Building, iPark, No.5 Xinhua Road, New District, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China Tel: +86 510-83593131Fax: +86 510-81819678E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.samilpower.com/

山东金晶科技股份有限公司：地址：山东省淄博市高新技术产业开发区电话：86 533-3586318（市场部）传真：86 533-3586318（市场部）邮箱：[email protected] 网址： www.cnggg.cn主营产品：太阳能超白玻璃、超白玻璃、高档浮法玻璃、颜色玻璃、Low-E镀膜玻璃、AR减反射镀膜玻璃、纯碱及其延伸产品的开发、生产、加工、经营。

Shandong Jinjing Science & Technology Stock Co., Ltd

Address: Zibo High & New Technology Industrial Development Zone，Shandong，China.Tel： +86 533-3586318（Marketing）Fax : +86 533-3586318（Marketing）E-mail: [email protected]: www.cnggg.cn Main Products: Jinjing Solar Low Iron Glass, Jinjing Ultra Clear Glass, High Quality Clear Glass, TintedGlass,Low-E Glass, Anti-reflective Glass, Soda Ash and their extended products

浙江精功科技股份有限公司浙江省绍兴市柯桥经济开发区鉴湖路1809号电话：86 057584886707 fax：86 057584886726邮箱: [email protected]主营产品：多晶硅铸锭炉、多晶硅线剖锭机以及多晶硅片是浙江精功科技股份有限公司的主打产品，其中多晶硅铸锭炉最大铸锭硅锭重量为500kg，多晶硅线剖锭机最大工作速度为12m/s，多晶硅片最大产能为100MW。

zhejiang jinggong science&technology co,.ltd.

Address: #1809 jianhu road,keqiao,shaoxing,zhejiang,ChinaTel: +86 057584886707 Fax: +86 057584886726E-mail: [email protected] Products: Polycrystalline ingot furnace, polycrystalline ingot linear shearing machine and polycrystalline wafer is main products of Zhejiang Jinggong Science and Technology co,.Ltd. The maximum capacity for furnace is 500Kg, the maximum shearing speed for linear shearing machine is 3.5m/m2 and the producing capacity for polycrystalline wafer is 100MW.

广州恒星冷冻机械制造有限公司地址：广州经济技术开发区东区北片果园四路1号电话：86 020-62266755 传真：86 020-82266081网址：http://www.hstars.net邮箱：[email protected]主营产品：“宏星”牌水冷螺杆冷水机组、螺杆式低温冷水机组、螺杆式超低温冷水机组、恒温恒湿机组、洁净空调机组等工业制冷设备,广泛应用于太阳能光伏行业的加工工艺与生产环境控制等场合，为客户解决工艺用冷冻水与洁净环境空气要求。

Stars (Guangzhou) Refrigerating Equipment Manufacturing Co.,

Ltd.

Address: No.1 Guoyuan 4th Road, the Northern Part of the Eastern Section of Guangzhou Economic & Technological Development Zone, Guangzhou, ChinaTel: +86 020-62266755Fax: + 86 020-82266081E-mail: [email protected]

浙江尖山光电股份有限公司地址：浙江省海宁市尖山新区黄湾工业园8号电话： 86 573-87953796 传真：86 573-87953933网址： www.topointsolar.com邮箱： [email protected] 主营产品：太阳能电池和太阳能组件

Zhejiang Topoint Photovoltaic Co., Ltd

Address: No. 8 Huangwan Industry Park, Jianshan New Area, Haining, Zhejiang, ChinaTel: +86 573-87953796 Fax: +86 573-87953933Web: www.topointsolar.comE-mail: [email protected] Main Products: solar cell and solar module

宁波索能光伏自动化设备有限公司地址：浙江宁波余姚市新建北路192-4号电话：86 575-89806088/18957856878邮箱：[email protected]网址：http://soenenpv.com主营产品：国内最新型三段、四段型全自动层压机制造商！

Ningbo SoenenPV Automation Equipment Co.,Ltd

Address: Headquarter:YuyaoCity,Zhejiang,ChinaTel: +86 575-89806088/18957856878E-mail: [email protected]: http://soenenpv.comMain Products: The professional Manufacturer in China for the latest 3-stage,4-stage auto solar laminator

佛山市伊戈尔电业制造股份有限公司地址：广东省佛山市南海区简平路桂城科技园A3号电话：86 757-86256888/86256833/8625718传真：86 757-86256792/86256796网址：http://www.eaglerise.com邮箱：[email protected]主营产品：商用太阳能逆变器配套用干式变压器、电抗器；户用太阳能逆变器配套用环形变压器、非晶电感；太阳能电站并网用分裂变压器。

EAGLERISE ELECTRIC&ELECTRONIC (FOSHAN) CO.,LTD

Address: Guicheng Science&TechnologyPark,JianpingRoad,Nanhai,Foshan,Guangdong,ChinaTel: +86 757-86256888/86256833/8625718Fax: +86 757-86256792/86256796E-mail: [email protected]: http://www.eaglerise.comMain Products: Toroidal Transformer,Transformer For Halogen Lamp, Switching Power Supply, Filter Compensating Cabinet

72片单晶电池板

240单晶

BUSINESS DIRECTORY企业名录

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上海正泰电源系统有限公司地址：上海市松江区文合路855号4号楼电话：021-37791222 传真：021-37791222-6003销售热线：021-37791222-6800网址：www.chintpower.com邮箱：[email protected]主营产品：光伏并网逆变器、光伏系统解决方案及集成、光伏系统配套产品

SHANGHAI CHINT POWER SYSTEMS CO., LTD.

Address: Block 4, 855Wenhe Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai 201614, ChinaTel: +86 021-37791222 P.C.:201614Fax: + 86 021-37791222-6003Hotline: 021-37791222-6800E-mail: [email protected]: www.chintpower.comMain Products: Gird-tie PV Inverter, PV System Solution, PV System Accessories

广东保威新能源有限公司地址：广东省佛山市三水区乐平镇三水工业园新城大道北电话：86 757-87662928传真：86 757-87662921邮箱： info@ pvpowerway.com 网址： http://www.pvpowerway.com主营产品：太阳能电站支架

Powerway Renewable Energy Co.,Ltd

Address: Xincheng North Road, Sanshui Industrial Park, Leping, Sanshui, Foshan City, Guangdong ProvinceTel： +86 757-87662928 Fax : +86 757-87662921Web: http://www.pvpowerway.comE-mail: info@ pvpowerway.com Main Products: Solar mounting system for PV power plant

群升集团地址：浙江省永康市十里牌群升科技园（唐山路18号）电话：86 579-87158158/87153912/87153633传真：86 579-87153560邮箱： [email protected]网址：www.king-pv.com主营产品：拉棒、切片、电池片、组件、系统

Chinsun

Address: Shilipai Qunsheng industrial park, Yongkang city, ZhejiangTel: +86 579-87158158/87153912/87153633Fax: +86 579-87153560 Email: [email protected]: www.king-pv.comMain Products: Silicon, Ingot, Solar Cell, Solar Projects, Solar Applicatios, solar panel

北京科诺伟业科技有限公司地址：北京市海淀区王庄路1号清华同方科技广场B座19层电话：86 10-82378899传真：86 10-82379399 邮箱：[email protected]网址：www.bjcorona.com主营产品：光伏并网逆变器、独立逆变器、光伏控制器、控制逆变一体机

Beijing Corona Science & Technology

Co.,Ltd.

Address : 19F , B lock B , Ts inghua T o n g f a n g H i - t e c h P l a z a , N O . 1 , Wangzhuang Road, Haidian District, Beijing 10083, ChinaTel: +86 10-82378899Fax:+86 10-82379399E-mail: [email protected]: www.bjcorona.comMain Products: PV grid-connected Inverter, Off-grid Inverter, PV Controller, Integrated Photovoltaic Control Inverter

陕西众森电能科技有限公司地址：陕西省西安市火炬路东新世纪广场10618电话：86 29-82682948传真：86 29-82682946-604邮箱：[email protected]网址：www.gsolar.cn主营产品：超A级太阳模拟器、太阳电池光致发光缺陷检测仪、太阳能组件电池线

Gsolar Power Co., Ltd.

Address: 7 Huoju Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710043 China Tel: +86 29-82682948Fax:+86 29-82682946-604E-mail: [email protected]: www.gsolar.cnMain Products: Super A-Class Solar Simulator/ PL Detector/ Solar Module Production Line

苏州爱康光伏新材料有限公司地址：江苏省张家港经济开发区镇北西路电话： 86 510-86376666 传真： 86 510-86215710网址： www.akcome.com 邮箱： [email protected] 主营产品：EVA封装胶膜

Suzhou Akcome Photovoltaic New Material Co., Ltd

Address: West Zhenbei road, Economic development zone, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu, ChinaTel: +86 510-86376666 Fax: +86 510-86215710Web: www.akcome.com E-mail: [email protected] Main Products: EVA Films

特变电工新疆新能源股份有限公司地址：新疆乌鲁木齐市高新区长春南路399号电话：86 991-3672501/3685282传真：86 991-3672600 销售热线：400 669 8866邮箱：[email protected]网址：http://www.tbeasolar.com主营产品：光伏系统集成、光伏并网逆变器、组件、太阳能级单多晶硅片

TBEA XINJIANG SUNOASIS CO.,LTD

Address: No.399 South Changchun Road,Hi-tech Development District, Urumqi, ChinaTel: +86 991-3672501/3685282Fax: + 86 991-3672600 Sales hotline: 400 669 8866E-mail: [email protected]: http://www.tbeasolar.com

清源光电（厦门）有限公司地址：厦门观音山商务营运中心3号楼903室电话：86 592-5995030 传真：86 592-5995028网址：www.clenergy.com.cn邮箱：[email protected] 主营产品：光伏支架、光伏控制器、光伏并网逆变器

Clenergy (Xiamen) Technology Co., Ltd.

Address: C F9, #3 building, Guanyinshan CBD,Xiamen, ChinaTel:：+86 592-5995030 Fax: +86 592-5995028Web: www.clenergy.comE-mail: [email protected] Main Products: Solar Mounting System，Solar Inverter，Solar Controller


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光为绿色新能源有限公司地址：河北省高碑店市新工业园区电话：86 0312-2951188 传真：86 0312-2951166网址：www.lightwaysolar.com邮箱：[email protected] 主营产品：太阳能组件：p1650×990 Series p1310×990 Series p1970×990 Series 多晶硅太阳能电池片

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p1310×990 Seriesp1650×990 Series

库特勒自动化系统（苏州）有限公司地址：中国•江苏省苏州市吴中区兴吴路71号电话：86 512-65279800 传真：86 512-65271800网址： http://www.ksl-kuttler.com.cn邮箱： Marketing [email protected]主营产品：库特勒专业生产太阳能电池片的清洗制绒及刻蚀设备和相关自动化设备，并提供太阳能电池与组件生产线装配整厂自动化解决方案。产品类型：清洗制绒机、边缘刻蚀去磷硅玻璃机、自动上下料机

Kuttler Automation Systems(SuZhou) Co.,Ltd

Address: Add:No.71 Xingwu Rd.Suzhou,Jiangsu .ChinaTel: +86 512-65279800Fax: +86 512-65271800Web: http://www.ksl-kuttler.com.cnE-mail: Marketing [email protected] Main Products: Kuttler specializes in the equipment of Texture cleaning, PSG Isolation and the related automation equipment for solar cells production, based on which, Kuttlre can also provide solar module line equipment for the automation solutions.

大连连城数控机器有限公司地址：大连市甘井子区营城子工业园营日路29号电话：86 0411-62638856/62638895/15940896890传真：86 0411-62638955网址： www.lintonmachine.com.cn主要产品：光伏与半导体产业机械制造，晶硅体多线切割机-切方机/切片机

Dalian Linton NC machine Co.,Ltd

Address: No.29 of Ying Ri Road Yingchengzi Lndustrial Park.Ganjinzi District dalian .P.R.chinaTel: +86 0411-62638856/62638895/15940896890Web: WWW.Lintonmachine.com.cnMain Products:PV＆SEMI Machine Manufacture Multi-wire Square/Wire saw

常熟泓林电线电缆有限公司地址：中国江苏省常熟市高新技术开发区虞山工业园柳州路8号电话：86 512-51538298、51538277、51538278传真：86 512-51538297 邮箱：[email protected]网址： www.honglincable.com主营产品：太阳能光伏线缆

Changshu Honglin Wire&Cable Co.Ltd

Address: No.8 LiuZhou Road ,Yu Shan industrial Park, High & New Technique Development Area, ChangShu City ,JiangSu Province, ChinaTel: +86 512-51538298、51538277、51538278Fax:+86 512-51538297E-mail: [email protected]: www.honglincable.comMain Products: Solar Photovoltaic

秦皇岛博硕光电设备有限公司地址：秦皇岛市海港区北港大街99号电话： 0335-4288828 传真：0335-4289971网址： www.boostsolar.com邮箱： [email protected] 主营产品：太阳能电池组件生产线、太阳能电池组件层压机、太阳能电池组件测试仪、太阳能电池分选机

Qinhuangdao Boostsolar Photovoltaic Equipment Co.,Ltd

Address: No.99,Beigang Street Haigang District, Qinhuangdao Tel:： 0335-4288828 Fax:0335-4289971Web: www.boostsolar.comE-mail: [email protected] Main Products:Solar module production line、Solar Module Laminator、Solar Module Tester、Solar Cell Tester

沈阳光远新能源科技有限公司地址：沈阳市浑南新区远航西路5号电话：024-23786216 传真：024-23786525网站： www.gy-solar.cn邮箱： [email protected] 主营产品：太阳能电池组件生产线、太阳能电池组件层压机、太阳能电池组件测试仪、太阳能电池分选机

Shenyang Guangyuan New Energy Technology Co.,LtdAddress: No.5 Yuanhang West Road,Hunnan New District,Shenyang City,Liaoning,ChinaTel:： 024-23786216 Fax:024-23786525Web: www.gy-solar.cn E-mail: [email protected] Main Products:Solar module production line、Solar Module Laminator、Solar Module Tester、Solar Cell Tester

深圳格瑞特新能源有限公司地址：深圳市安安区西乡街道西成工业区12栋电话： 0755-27471460 传真：0755-27471900网站： www.ginverter.com邮箱： [email protected] 主营产品：太阳能逆变器

GROWATT NEW ENERGY Co.,LtdAddress: No.12 Building,Xicheng Industrial Zone ,Bao'an District,Shenzhen,ChinaTel:： 0755-27471460 Fax:0755-27471900Web:www.ginverter.comE-mail: [email protected] Main Products:Solar inverters


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江苏腾晖电力科技有限公司

联系人: 肖先生 (先生) 企业邮箱: [email protected]

企业地址: 江苏省苏州市常熟市沙家浜镇常昆路8号

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上海市零陵路899号飞洲国际广场19楼B-D座，邮编：200030ADD: Room B-D, 19th Floor. Cross Region Plaza, No. 899 Ling Ling Rd. Shanghai, P.R.China 200030

江苏省海安县海安镇黄海西路188号，邮编：226612No. 188, Huang Hai Rd(W), Hai An, Jiangsu,P.R.China 226612

TEL：+86(21)51506161-8023(Shanghai) +86(513)88782390(Hai'an)FAX：+86(21)51506162(Shanghai) +86(513)88782383(Hai'an)

M P： +8613918229251

海外市场经理 2人

营销总监 1人

总经理助理 1人

市场经理 1人

销售经理 3人

销售工程师 3人

组件技术工程师

组件常白班主管

组件标准化工程师

电池片工艺工程师/助工

生产管理和生产改善员

组件助理工艺工程师

自动焊接工

企业文化与员工关系主管

仪器校准助理工程师

印刷烧结&测试设备工程师

组件工艺主管、工程师

制绒/刻蚀设备工程师

电池设备工程师、技术员

组件设备工程师、技术员

PECVD设备工程师

采购工程师（项目）

人力资源招聘专员

国际市场销售经理

Master Production ControllerService Engineer – Greater China

Your responsibilities:• Installing and setting up our systems at the customer site• Training customers on the use of our system• Offering technical support on-site, by phone and email• Calibration and repair of our systems• Travelling frequently in Asia (more than 75%)

Your background:

• Experience with measurement technology and metrology• Familiar with measurement systems for the PV industry• Preferable specific know-how about BERGER systems• Fluency in Chinese both written & spoken• Good command of English both written & spoken• Team player with strong sociability and organization skills• Familiar with MS Offiice

Your perspectives:• Work within a motivated team in a comfortable and collegial atmosphere • Demanding job in an ambitious German company with international market leadership• Intensive training

Please submit your complete resume electronically to: [email protected]

德国贝格光科技有限公司上海代表处中国上海市浦东新区浦东南路999号新梅联合广场www.bergerlichttechnik.de

德国贝格光科技有限公司上海代表处

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