Ship DesignShip Design& Engineering& Engineering

IntroductionIntroduction• Principles of ship design• Basic ship structure, including

forces• Ship structural elements• Compartment Numbering• Submarine Design• Piping Systems & Coloring

Basic Design Basic Design ConsiderationsConsiderations

• Operation Employment• Mission: task or job ship is designed to

perform• Armament: measure of offensive &

defensive power of ship• Protection: features designed to thwart or

minimize destructiveness of enemy attack• Maneuverability: rapid course/speed

changes• Cruising range: distance a ship can travel

at cruising speed without refuel/reprovision

Basic Design Basic Design ConsiderationsConsiderations

• Structural design & seaworthiness• Stability: ability of ship to return to an

upright position when heeled over• Displacement: measured in tons of

water• Freeboard: vertical distance between

top of hull and water line• Hull shape• Beam

Basic Forces Acting on Basic Forces Acting on ShipsShips

• Stress• Load per unit area (psi)• Tension, compression, shear, torsion

• Strain• Deformation per unit length

• Longitudinal Bending• Sagging• Hogging

StressStress• Def’n: load a member is carrying

per unit area (psi)• Types:

• Tension: axial stress exerted by pulling

• Compression: axial stress exerted by pressure on ends

• Shear: equal but opposite forces at right angle

• Torsion: stress caused by twisting motion

StrainStrain• Def’n: the distortion/deformation

per unit length as a result of stress • Measured in inches per inch (in/in)

SaggingSagging• Condition where ship is supported

more at its ends• Compression of main deck• Tension of the bottom/keel

HoggingHogging• Condition where ship is supported

more in its middle• Tension of main deck• Compression of bottom/keel

Ship Structural Ship Structural ElementsElements

• Keel• Centerline backbone of ship• Runs the length of the ship

• Framing• Ribs of ship, provide structural strength

-> define form of ship• Types:

• Transverse (extend outward from keel)• Longitudinal (parallel to keel, run length of

ship)

Ship Structural Ship Structural ElementsElements

• Bottom• Cellular region comprised of keel &

framing• Plating

• Skin over framework -> rectangular steel plates welded together

Ship Structural Ship Structural ElementsElements

• Decks• “Floors” of a ship (sometimes called

“levels”)• Horizontal partitions that form tiers• Main deck is uppermost complete deck

• Bulkhead• “Walls” of a ship• Horizontal partitions that form

compartments• Can either be structural or non-

structural (joiner)

Ship Structural Ship Structural ElementsElements

Ship Structural Ship Structural ElementsElements

• Doors• Passage between spaces on SAME

level• Can be Water-Tight (sealed with

“dogs”)• Individually acting v. Quick-acting

• Hatches• Passage between spaces on

DIFFERENT levels• Most are water-tight boundaries

Compartment Compartment NumberingNumbering

• System used for ships built after 1949• 4 main parts

• Deck • Frame• Compartment• Use

ex: 5 – 32 – 0 – E

Deck Frame Compartment Use

Compartment Compartment NumberingNumbering

• Deck: • Meaning: “Space is located on this deck”• Upper levels are 01,02… successively from main• Main deck is 1• Lower decks are 2,3,4… successively from main

Compartment Compartment NumberingNumbering

• Frame: • Meaning: “Forward boundary of

compartment is on or immediately aft of this frame number”

• Sequential number given to transverse frames fore to aft

Compartment Compartment NumberingNumbering

• Compartment: • Indicates position of compartment

relative to centerline• Centerline compartments are “0”• Numbers follow in succession from

centerline outboard • Even numbers for Port side (2,4,6, …)• Odd numbers for Starboard side (1,3,5,

…)

… 6 4 2 0 1 3 5 …

Port Centerline Starboard

Compartment Compartment NumberingNumbering

• Use: • Letter that designates primary use of

the space• Examples

• “A”: Supply & Storage• “C”: Control (ship control or fire control)• “E”: Engineering • “F”: Fuel tank• “L”: Living • “M”: Ammunition• “T”: Trunk• “V”: Void• “W”: Water tank

Submarine DesignSubmarine Design• Hull (made of HY-80 or HY-90 steel)

• Watertight envelope designed to resist submergence pressure at CRUSH DEPTH

• Inner hull (pressure hull)• Outer hull (non-pressure hull)

Pressure HullPressure Hull• Single hull design

• US submarines• Quieter• Larger interior volume

• Double hull design• Russian submarines• Easier to manufacture• Ability to absorb damage

Submarine DesignSubmarine Design• Structural Members

• Similar to surface ship but rounded for submarine hull shape and THICKER

• All levels have expansion joints (varying submergence pressures)

Submarine AppendagesSubmarine Appendages• Plane surfaces

• Fairwater• Bow• Stern• Rudder

• Sail and superstructure• Free-flood area

Material SelectionMaterial Selection• Cost• Weight• Durability

• Steel normally used because of strength

• Aluminum and other alloys for corrosion resistance

• Ease of manufacturing

Questions, Questions, Comments, Comments, Concerns?Concerns?