ship operations - old dominion universityaverma/nsf/ship operations im 4/ship...• cargo operations...

6/11/2009

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Marine Tech 2009 - 2011

SHIP OPERATIONS

Lean Institute - ODU 1


This module is intended to introduce participants

Module Description and Goals

Lean Institute - ODU

This module is intended to introduce participants to basic concepts in ship loading operations and ship stability.

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CONTENTS• Types of Ships 5 min• Ship Organization 5 min• Cargo Operations 40 min• Hands-on Activity 1 25 min


y• Hands-on Activity 2 30 min• Ship Motions 10 min• Ship Stability 20 min• Hands-on Activity 3 10 min• Hands-on Activity 4 25 min• Hands-on Activity 5 10 min

Total 3 hrs 3


• Drill Ship: Vessels carrying out drilling operations, equipped with drilling rig and its own propulsion visual.merriam-webster.com/.../drill-ship.php

Types of Ships


machinery

• Bulk Carrier: Single deck vessel carrying homogeneous unpacked cargoes

p p p

www.ships-info.info/label-bulk-carriers.htm

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Types of Ships• Container Vessel: Ship

specially designed to carry standard containers


• Float-On/Float-Off: Special Vessels which may be submerged to allow the floating on or off of cargo

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_ship

commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Float_on_Floa...5


Types of Ships

• Barge: A flat bottomed boat used for transport of heavy goods.


• Tug Boats: Boat used to maneuver, primarily by towing or pushing other vessels. Tugboats are also used to tow barges

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thames_gravel_barge.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North-shore-tugboats.jpg6

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Find the type of ship

Transport heavy goods

Carry unpacked cargoes

Barge

Bulk carrier


Carry unpacked cargoes

Carry standard containers

Carry out drilling operations

Used for towing barges

Container Vessel

Drill ship

Tug Boats

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SHIP ORGANIZATION The captain/Master is the highest responsible officer, acting on behalf of the ships owner


Captain/Master

Deck Department

Engine Department

Steward Department

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The department is responsible for ship’s overall

Deck Department:SHIP ORGANIZATION


ship s overall appearance, preservation and for safely receiving, discharging and caring of cargo during a voyage.

9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deck_officer


Deck Department Personnel

Chief Mate

Second Mate

Cargo Operations and StabilityIn charge of

DutiesSHIP ORGANIZATION


Third Mate

Boatswain

Able Seamen

Ordinary seamen

navigationSafety Officer

Deck duties

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The department responsible for getting the ship to and f h d

Engineering Department:

SHIP ORGANIZATION


from anywhere and responsible for all the equipment used throughout the ship

www.sailorsmaritimeacademy.com 11

www.maritime-connector.com/ContentDetails/168


Engine Department Personnel

Second Engineer

Chief Engineer Oversee Engine Department and maintenance of equipment

In charge Refrigeration systems main engines

DutiesSHIP ORGANIZATION


Third Engineer

Fourth Engineer

Oiler

Pump man

Ordinary seamen

In charge of boilers ,feed pumps and fuel condensers

Responsible for electrical, sewage treatment

Operation of liquid cargo transfer system

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The department responsible for

Steward Department:

SHIP ORGANIZATION


responsible for maintaining the ship’s store , providing repair parts, laundry services and also feeding the people

13http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward's_Department


Steward Department Personnel

Chief Steward

Duties

SHIP ORGANIZATION


Chief Cook

Steward’s Assistant

Preparing and serving meals and keeping inventory

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SHIP ORGANIZATION



• In charge of everything aboard shipMaster

SHIP ORGANIZATION


• Maintenance of ship and stowage of cargoChief Mate

• In charge of machinery aboard shipChief Engineer

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Cargo Operations

• Stowage of Cargo


Stowage of Cargo

• Loading / Unloading Cargo

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Cargo OperationsGoods carried by a shipare known as cargo


Stowage:Stowage is the amount of room for storing cargo on board a ship

18freport.wa.gov.au

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Types of Cargo


Bulk Cargo

Container Cargo19www.etftrends.com

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_cargo


The Twenty Foot Equivalent or TEU represents the cargo

Units of Cargo Capacity


capacity of a standard shipping container 20 foot long and 8 foot wide

A 40-foot long container equals 2 TEU.Carrying Capacity – 24 tons

20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-foot_equivalent_unit


Principles of Stowage

The fundamental objectives of cargo stowage are:- To protect the ship

T t t th


- To protect the cargo- To obtain the maximum use of available cubic of ship- To provide for rapid and systematic loading and discharging

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Stowage of CargoCargo is stowed in holds and tanks of the ships

Lean Institute - ODUwww.hesnes.no/company/saga/cargo.jsp?id=23 22

Cargo holds


Ships designed for carrying large amounts of cargo must take on ballast water for proper stability.

Loading/Unloading Cargo



Loading/Unloading CargoBallast would be discarded when the cargo is loaded.


deck

Ballast Tanks

Water level Water

level

earthsys.ag.ohio-state.edu

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Loading/Unloading Cargo

• Cargo In -1

• Ballast water Out2

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2


At source port

At destination port

• Ballast water Out -

• Ballast Water In -

• Cargo out -34

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Loading Cargo

There are three basic methods of arranging


methods of arranging items in cargo hold:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_loading 26


Loading Cargo1. Horizontally:

When a single item or class of items is to be t d i l th t fill


stored in a layer that fills from side to side and front to rear.


Loading Cargo2. Vertically:

Items are stored in columns that go from top of the hold on


down so that several types of items are available during any stage of emptying hold

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Loading Cargo

3. In Blocks: Assortments of


Assortments of various types of items are made up and loaded together.

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Loading CargoHANDS–ON ACTIVITY - 1


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Stowage of Cargo

Volume


Given a certain amount of cargo what is the amount of space that will be consumed in stowing it?

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Stowage of Cargo

Weight


Given certain volume of space what is the number of tons, units or pieces that will go into the space?

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A value that is used to answer the above two

Stowage of Cargo


questions:

Stowage Factor

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Stowage of Cargo

Stowage Factor:

Th t f t i d fi d th b f bi f t


The stowage factor is defined as the number of cubic feet required to stow 1 ton of a given cargo.

f = 2,240/D cu ft/ton= 2,240 x V/W cu ft/ton

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Where,f = Stowage factor

Stowage of Cargo


D = Density of the commodity in pounds per cubic foot

2,240 = The number of pounds in 1 long ton V = Volume of the containerW = Weight of container in pounds

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Stowage of Cargo

A cargo consisting of cases weighing 400 pounds and measuring 2 5 feet x 1 feet x 1 feet to be stowed Find


measuring 2.5 feet x 1 feet x 1 feet to be stowed. Find stowage factor(f)?

f = 2240 *V/WV = 2.5 x 1 x 1= 2.5 cu ftW = 400 pounds

f = 2240 x 2.5/400f = 14 cu ft/ton

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Broken Stowage:The cargo space which is unavoidably lost when stowing cargo due to the type and nature of cargo loaded.

Stowage of Cargo


Broken Stowage

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V = Volume of cargo holdv = Volume of cargo

t d i V

Stowage of Cargo

Broken


stowed in V

The percentage of broken stowage =L= (V-v)/V *100

Stowage

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Stowage of Cargo

Given a certain volume of space(V), a cargo with a stowage factor(f) and estimated broken stowage percentage (L) the


number of tons(T) of cargo that will fit into space is

T = (V *(1-L)) / f

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The volume of the cargo hold is 60,000 cu ft. Estimated broken stowage is 10 percent and stowage factor is 56. Find the number of tons(T) that can be stowed in the hold?

Stowage of Cargo


number of tons(T) that can be stowed in the hold?

T = (V *(1-L)) / fT = 60000*0.9/56T = 964 tons

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BREAK

Lean Institute - ODU 435 minutes


Cargo Loading

Draft: The draft of the ship’s hull is the vertical

Water Line


ship s hull is the vertical distance between the waterline and the bottom of the hull

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Cargo Loading

A ship can be fully loaded in three ways:


1. FULL IN WEIGHT: It can be full in weight when it is at its maximum draft

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Max draft

Draft line Water line


Cargo Loading

2. FULL IN SPACE: It can be full in space when the hold is filled up to the hatch covers


p

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3. FULL AND DOWN: It is full in weight as well as in space

Cargo Loading


Max draft


Cargo LoadingHANDS–ON ACTIVITY - 2


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Cargo Loading

Load the ship to obtain a Full and Down condition and


pcalculate Broken Stowage.

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Cargo Loading

Step 1: Calculate the volume of the cargo hold (V) :


Measure the height (h) ,width (w) and depth (d).

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Step 2: Load the ship till the ship is at its maximum draft.

Cargo Loading


Water line

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Cargo Loading


Water line

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Max draft


Cargo Loading

S 4 C l l f b k

Step 3: Calculate total volume occupied by the cargo(v) :


Step 4: Calculate percentage of broken stowage :L= (V-v) / V *100

L : The percentage of broken stowageV : Volume of cargo holdv : Volume of cargo stowed in V

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Cargo Loading

Container being loaded on a ship

Types of Cranes Used:


Gantry cranes are used to move containers to or from the ship.

54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_(machine)

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Another type of

Cargo Loading


ypGantry Crane

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Bulk handling

Cargo Loading


crane used for lifting bulk cargoes

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Deck cranes are located on ships and boats and

Cargo Loading


on ships and boats and used for cargo loading and unloading where shore unloading facilities are not available

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Cargo Loading - Video



• Pitch: Vessel rotates about the transverse (side-to-side) axis.

Ship Motions


(side to side) axis.

• Roll: Vessel rotates about longitudinal (front/back) axis.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_motions59


Ship Motions

• Yaw: Vessel rotates about vertical ( /d ) i


(up/down) axis.

• Surge: Linear longitudinal (front/back) motion.

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Ship Motions

• Heave : Linear vertical (up/down)


motion.

• Sway: Linear lateral (side-to-side) motion.


Find the type of Motion

Linear longitudinal motionMotion along longitudinal axis Roll

Surge


Motion along longitudinal axis Motion along transverse axis Linear vertical motion.

Roll

HeavePitch

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Ship Stability

• The stability of a vessel refers to its ability to stay upright in the water.


• The main consideration is the correct distribution of cargo weight.

celebrating200years.noaa.gov/.../cargo-ship.html 63


If too much weight is in the upper decks of ship, the ship will have small amount of stability and be in a condition known as

Ship Stability


tender.

If too much weight is concentrated on lower holds the ship will have excess of stability and be in a condition known as stiff.

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• Hogging – too much weight at the endsShip Stability

Fore Aft


• Sagging – too much weight amidships

AftFore

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While stowing the cargo, the only necessity is to ensure that the weight is equal on both

Ship Stability


g qsides of the ship’s centerline

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Ship Stability

The initial stability of a ship refers to the relationship M


between three important points on it.

The Center of Gravity (G)The Center of Buoyancy (B)The Metacenter (M)

G

B

Cross sectional view of ship67


Center of Gravity

The center of gravity (G) i th i t t


(G) is the point at which the whole weight of the vessel can be said to act vertically downward.

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G


Center of Gravity

As a general rule a


glower center of gravity means a more stable vessel

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Center of Buoyancy

A body submerged wholly or partially in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the


weight of the fluid displaced.

Center of buoyancy(B) is the center of gravity of the volume of water the hull displaces.

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HANDS–ON ACTIVITY - 3

Find Center of Gravity and Center of Buoyancy



Metacenter

Metacenter is the intersection between the line through the

Line through BWhen ship is in

equilibrium Line through BWhen ship is

inclined


center of buoyancy of a hull in equilibrium, the line through the center of buoyancy when the hull is inclined slightly

GM

B

M

G

B

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacentric_height

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Metacentric Height “GM”

Metacentric Height

GM


Metacentric Height (GM) is the distance between the metacenter and the center of gravity of the vessel.

GM

B

MG

B

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Adding or shifting weights vertically causes center of gravity



to move in the same direction.

If center of gravity is too high the ship becomes unstable.

www.caradvice.com.au/date/2006/07

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M

If Meta center(M) is above the Center of G it (CG) th hi i


G

Gravity(CG) the ship is stable. Will tend to upright itself when tilted by a wave.

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GIf Meta center(M) is below the Center of


M

below the Center of Gravity(CG) the ship is unstable. Will not upright itself if tilted by a wave.

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Metacentric HeightHANDS–ON ACTIVITY - 4





The weights (w) are shifted from center through a distance of d cm

Model used for metacentric height calculation

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Shift in Center ofGravity = GG1= (w*d)/W


G = Original center of gravityG1= New center of gravityd = distance moved in cm W = weight of ship w = weight of washers

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wd



AB


Metacentric Height (GM) = GG1* BC/AB

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BC

Plumb Weight

Plumb Line


Free Surface Effect

Free surface effect is


one of the several mechanisms where a ship can become unstable and roll-over (capsize).

81http://www.tc.gc.ca/marinesafety/Tp/tp10038/27-stab-free-surface-effect.htm


It refers to the tendency of liquids and of small objects which can act as liquid and can shift inside cargo holds.

Free Surface Effect



Free Surface Effect

When a vessel with full tank heels over, the contents of the tank do not


contents of the tank do not shift.

The tank's centre of gravity does not change, so it does not affect the vessel's stability

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Free Surface Effect

When a vessel with partially filled tank heels over the contents of the


over, the contents of the tank will shift.

The centre of gravity moves over to the side, making the vessel less stable.

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This effect is similar to that caused by adding weights on

Free Surface Effect


y g gdeck raising the vessel’s CG which causes a decrease in GM and thereby it’s stability

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Free Surface Effect

How to avoid free surface effect?• Try to have as few partially filled tanks and compartments as

possible.


p• By dividing a tank into two equal parts with a baffle, the free

surface effect is greatly reduced.

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Free Surface Effect HANDS–ON ACTIVITY - 5



Review of Topics

• Types of ships based on their application• Different departments in a ship and its organization


• Cargo loading and unloading operations • Six types of ship motions in response to the sea• Stability of a ship• Calculation of Metacentric height• Free surface effect

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For more information on this modulePlease contact:

Dr. Alok K. Verma, P.E., CmfgERay Ferrari Professor


ay e a o essoDirector-Lean InstituteOld Dominion University.Phone (757) 683-3766Fax (757) 683-5655Email: [email protected]

ship operations - old dominion universityaverma/nsf/ship operations im 4/ship...• cargo operations...

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