BHIM

AVA

RAM

, AN

DH

RA P

RAD

ESH

1

A Sanitation (or Shit) Flow diagram presents a clear picture of how excreta flows are managed within the city. The diagram clearly depicts how excreta flows from user interface to the final disposal. It has the following stages:

Containment

ØIn the periphery of the city, mostly low to middle-income households are dependent on the lined pit with semipermeable walls and an open bottom, without an outlet. Prefabricated concrete rings are installed to create a pit

ØWhile in the centre of the city, the middle to high-income group households have lined tanks with impermeable walls and open bottom with an outlet connected to open drains or septic tanks connected to open drains

ØHouseholds having an individual bore well prefer lined structure as containment system to avoid the intrusion of black water into the ground water. As most of the households use groundwater for washing and non-drinking purpose

ØFor the construction of the lined tanks, the prefabricated concrete rings are installed into the dug pit. Few households informed during survey that they have sealed the containment by pouring concrete at bottom of the pit

ØIn case of septic tanks, a rectangular pit is dug and then in-situ construction of the septic tank is carried out. Baffle walls are provided in the septic tank as per the availability of area; in case of space constraint a fully lined tank with outlet connected to open drain is constructed

ØIn case of apartment buildings ranging from 4 floors, baffle walls are provided in the septic tanks

ØTypes of on-site containments observed during field visit: -• Septic tanks connected to open drains (33%

population)• Lined tanks with impermeable walls and

open bottom connected to open drains (17% population)

• Lined pit with semipermeable walls and open bottom without outlet (49% population)

SHIT FLOW DIAGRAM (SFD)2

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SFD Description

Onsite sanitation

SN not contained: 25%

FS contained: 17%

FS not contained: 57%

FS contained – emptied: 15%

FS not contained – emptied: 29%

1%Open

defecation

28%FS not

contained

44%FS not

delivered totreatment

25%SN not

delivered totreatment

Open defecation

2% FS contained– not emptied

Safely managed Unsafely managed

Local area Neighbourhood City

Key: WW: Wastewater, FS: Faecal sludge, SN: Supernatant

Offsite sanitation

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Ph: +

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1-29

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5124

- 63

94- 6

399

Fax

: +91

-11-

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5879

E-m

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cse@

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BHIM

AVA

RAM

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DH

RA P

RAD

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Ø1% of the population practice open defecation ØFS contained or not is dependent on the

system polluting the groundwater. Depth of groundwater table <10m from the sanitation system is considered to pose a significant risk

Emptying & Transportation

ØEmptying of the containment systems in the city takes place using private vacuum tankers

ØPrivate emptiers are solely responsible for the emptying services. There are a total of 6 private operators and 7 vehicles operating in the city

ØAll the suction machines are truck mounted. The capacity of each tank of a vacuum tanker is 5000 litres.

ØThe emptiers advertise and market their services using beguiling wall paintings, hoardings and distribution of business cards. These emptiers operate within the city as well in neighbouring towns charging 2500/trip within the city, while 3000/trip outside the city

ØAssembling of the vacuum tankers takes place at 75 km away from the city, Rajahmundry in Andhra Pradesh. A preowned truck with an average age of vehicle being 2-5 years is preferred for assembling into a vacuum tanker

ØOn a peak day, these private emptiers get about 7-8 trips per day, with an average of 1 hour dedicated to one trip

ØThe emptying is usually carried out by 3 people (1 driver + 2 labourers)

ØEmptying frequency ranges from 3 months to 2 years for the lined pit with semi-permeable walls and open bottom without outlet. Emptying frequency for septic tanks is 7 to 10 years

ØDue to no clear differentiation between the volume of the effluent and solid FS generated from the containment, it is assumed to be 50% each to reduce maximum error

Figure 1: Cast Rings

Figure 2: Lined pit with semi permeable walls and open bottom without outlet or overflow

Figure 3: Private Vacuum Tanker

Figure 4: Advertisement of vacuum tankers to call for emptying service

BHIM

AVA

RAM

, AN

DH

RA P

RAD

ESH

20

17

Cen

tre

for

Scie

nce

and

Envi

ronm

ent

41, T

ughl

akab

ad In

stitu

tiona

l Are

a, N

ew D

elhi

110

062

, IN

DIA

Ph: +

91-1

1-29

9561

10 -

5124

- 63

94- 6

399

Fax

: +91

-11-

2995

5879

E-m

ail:

cse@

csei

ndia

.org

W

ebsi

te: w

ww

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3

Figure 5: Containment outlet connected to open drain

Figure 6: Yenamuduru Drain, where sewage and septage is disposed

ØSN is attributed to be from 25 % of the population (16% from septic tanks and 9% from lined tanks)

ØFS contained is attributed to be from 17% of the population ( 17% from septic tanks ), FS contained emptied is attributed to be from 15% (assuming 90% of the system gets emptied), FS contained not emptied is attributed to be from 2% of the population which is FS remains in the tank and never be emptied

ØFS not contained is attributed to be from 57% of the population (49% from lined pit and 8% from lined tank). FS not contained emptied is attributed to be from 29 % of the population (22% from lined pit and 7% from lined tanks). FS from 28% population is not contained and not emptied which includes 24% infiltration and 4% FS which remains in the tank)

Treatment and Disposal

ØThe collected septage from households by private emptiers and the sewage generated in the city is disposed at Yenamadarru Drain

ØThe sewage flows in 30-35 km long drain and meets Kolleru Drain at Upputeru Village

ØThe Yenamadaru drain was basically a fresh water canal, which is currently polluted by the paper mills and others micro and small medium enterprises at 10-30 km upstream of the canal

ØThere is no treatment of sewage and septage generated in the city

ØIn total, FS of 98% population is unsafely managed and 2% population is safely managed

20

17

Cen

tre

for

Scie

nce

and

Envi

ronm

ent

41, T

ughl

akab

ad In

stitu

tiona

l Are

a, N

ew D

elhi

110

062

, IN

DIA

Ph: +

91-1

1-29

9561

10 -

5124

- 63

94- 6

399

Fax

: +91

-11-

2995

5879

E-m

ail:

cse@

csei

ndia

.org

W

ebsi

te: w

ww

.cse

indi

a.or

g

4

BHIM

AVA

RAM

, AN

DH

RA P

RAD

ESH

Suggestions

Short term goals• Recognize the private emptiers and issue them

license to operate• Buy more vacuum trucks, if there is a shortfall• Identify 2-3 suitable disposal sites (so that the

distance travelled by the trucks is optimized). The land could be taken on lease, private parties can be encouraged to develop business around treated faecal sludge.

• Develop DPRs for FSTPs (faecal sludge treatment plants) at these identified disposal sites

Medium term goals• Demarcate land for STPs/FSTPs in the master plan • Enforce scheduled desludging• Improve bylaws, to enforce proper design of septic

tanks• Implement decentralized waste water treatment

systems at several locations to treat supernatant and grey water and encourage reuse of treated waste water

Onsite sanitation

SN contained: 17% SN contained and delivered to treatment: 17%

FS contained: 54%

FS not contained: 29%

FS contained – not emptied: 22%

FS contained – emptied: 32%

FS not contained – emptied: 13%

FS delivered to treatment: 45%

16%FS not

contained

Open defecation

17% SN Treated

22% FS contained–not empted

45% FS treated

Safely managed Unsafely managed

Local area Neighbourhood City

Key: WW: Wastewater, FS: Faecal sludge, SN: Supernatant

Offsite sanitation