silage making.docx

7/25/2019 Silage making.docx

1/16

SILAGE MAKING FOR

SMALL

SCALE FARMERS

FOOD AND AGRICULTUREORGANIZATION

OF THE UNITED NATIONS


2/16

Introduction

How to improve the nutrition o !rmer"# mi$%in& !nim!$" when e!'h !mi$( %eep" on$( one )!ir( 'ow*Durin& the 'o$)+ 'ontinent!$ winter+ the m!,or o))er" !v!i$!-$e !re whe!t or m!i.e "tr!w+ to&ether withh!( !n) 'on'entr!te) ee)"/

A" ! minimum+ it i" e""enti!$ to provi)e ! &reen o))er "upp$ement to enh!n'e rumen un'tion or-ovine !nim!$"/ Thereore+ one "hou$) )eve$op winter o))er 'rop"/

For "m!$$ho$)er !rmer" with $imite) pro)u'tion '!p!'it(+ 0n)in& enou&h ee) in the winter month" tom!int!in &oo) mi$% pro)u'tion i" !$w!(" ! pro-$em/ M!n( !re or'e) to -u( h!(+ 'on'entr!te" or "i$!&e,u"t to %eep their !nim!$" !$ive !n) !re un!-$e to -ene0t )ue to the hi&her pri'e" p!i) or !nim!$ ee)in the winter month"/

What is silage?

For!&e whi'h h!" -een &rown whi$e "ti$$ &reen !n) nutritiou" '!n -e 'on"erve) throu&h !n!tur!$1pi'%$in pro'e""/ L!'ti' !'i) i" pro)u'e) when the "u&!r" in the or!&e p$!nt" !re ermente) -( -!'2teri! in ! "e!$e) 'ont!iner 31"i$o#4 with no !ir/ For!&e 'on"erve) thi" w!( i" %nown !" 1en"i$e) or!&e# or1"i$!&e# !n) wi$$ %eep or up to three (e!r" without )eterior!tin&/ Si$!&e i" ver( p!$!t!-$e to $ive"to'%!n) '!n -e e) !t !n( time/

Why silage nothay?For!&e" '!n -e m!)e into h!( to 'on"ervethenutrient"+ e"pe'i!$$( protein+ -eore the( )e'$ine inthe p$!nt/ However it i" oten too wet to )r( the"u''e""u$$( !n) "pe'i!$ m!'hiner(+ h!" to -eu"e) to !""i"t the or!&e to )r( 5ui'%$(/For!&e'rop" "u'h !" m!i.e+ !re too thi'%2"temme) to)r( "u''e""u$$( !" h!(/Si$!&e i" 'on"i)ere) the -etter w!( to'on"erveor!&e 'rop"/ A or!&e 'rop '!n -e 'ut e!r$( !n)on$( h!" to h!ve 678 )r( m!tter to -een"i$e)

"u''e""u$$(/ There i" no nee) to )r( out the p$!nt

Disadvantages:m!teri!$ !n( more th!n th!t+ "o wet we!ther i" not

"u'h ! 'on"tr!int !" it i" with m!%in& h!(/ Si$!&e i" not intere"tin& or m!r%etin& !"

it"Si$!&e m!%in& i" $on& pr!'ti'e) -( the $!r&er !&ri2'u$tur!$ "e'tor+ -ut the pro)u'tion metho)re$ie"on he!v( e5uipment !n) $!r&e pro)u'tion+ inor)er to )i& or -ui$) "tor!&e pit" !n) to 'ompre""the &reen m!""+ puttin& it -e(on) the re!'ho"m!$$ho$)er !rmer"/

v!$ue i" )i9'u$t to -e )etermine)/

It )oe" not !$$ow $on&er tr!n"port!tion:

The wei&ht in're!"e" m!nipu$!tion 'o"t":

H!" 'on"i)er!-$( $ower vit!min D 'ontent

'om2p!re) to h!(/

Advantages:

St!-i$e 'ompo"ition o the ee) 3"i$!&e4 or

!

$on&er perio) 3up to ; (e!r"4:

The erment!tion in "i$!&e re)u'e" h!rmu$nitr!te" !''umu$!te) in p$!nt" )urin&)rou&ht" !n) in over2erti$i.e) 'rop"/


3/16

Principle of silage

makingAt h!rve"t+ p$!nt 'e$$" )o not imme)i!te$( )ieB: the( 'ontinue to re"pire !" $on& !" the( rem!in !)e25u!te$( h()r!te) !n) o(&en i" !v!i$!-$e/ The o(&en i" ne'e""!r( or the ph("io$o&i'!$ pro'e"" o re"pi2r!tion+ whi'h provi)e" ener&( or un'tionin& 'e$$"/ In thi" pro'e""+ '!r-oh()r!te" 3p$!nt "u&!r"4 !re 'on2"ume)3oi)i.e)4 -( p$!nt 'e$$" in the pre"en'e o o(&en to (ie$) '!r-on )ioi)e+ w!ter !n) he!t "u&!r o(2

&en '!r-on )ioi)e w!ter he!tOn'e in the "i$o+ 'ert!in (e!"t"+ mo$)" !n) -!'teri! th!t o''ur n!tur!$$( on or!&e p$!nt" '!n !$"o re!'h

popu$!tion" $!r&e enou&h to -e "i&ni0'!nt "our'e" o re"pir!tion/ In the "i$!&e m!""+ the he!t &ener!te)

)urin& re"pir!tion i" not re!)i$( )i""ip!te)+ !n) thereore the temper!ture o the "i$!&e ri"e"/

A$thou&h ! "$i&ht ri"e in temper!ture rom 7 to 7F i" !''ept!-$e+ the &o!$ i" to $imit re"pir!tion -(

e$imin!tin& !ir 3o(&en4 tr!ppe) in the or!&e m!""/

Some !ir wi$$ -e in'orpor!te) into !n( "i$o )urin& the 0$$in& pro'e""+ !n) ! "$i&ht in're!"e in "i$!&e tem2

per!ture i" $ %e$(/ The"e temper!ture in're!"e" '!n '$e!r$( -e $imite) -( h!rve"tin& !t the proper moi"2

ture 'ontent !n) -( in're!"in& the -u % )en"it( o the "i$!&e/ Gener!$$(+ it i" )e"ir!-$e to $imit re"pir!tion

)urin& the erment!tion pro'e"" -( u"in& 'ommon "en"e te'hni5ue" th!t in'$u)e '$o"e in"pe'tion o the

"i$o w!$$" prior to 0$$in&+ h!rve"tin& the or!&e !t the proper moi"ture 'ontent+ !),u"tin& the 'hopper prop2

er$( 30nene"" o 'hop4+ r!pi) 0$$in&+ thorou&h p!'%in&+ prompt "e!$in& !n) '$o"e in"pe'tion o p$!"ti'" or

ho$e"/


4/16

Dry matter andmoistureI)e!$$(+ 'orn "i$!&e "hou$) -e h!rve"te) !t the moi"ture 'ontent !ppropri!te or the t(pe o "i$o u"e)/Re'ommen)e) moi"ture 'ontent" !re J;@7 per'ent or hori.ont!$ "i$o"+ J6J per'ent or 'onven2tion!$ tower "i$o"+ ;;J7 per'ent or $imite)2o(&en "i$o"+ !n) J; per'ent or "i$o -!&"/

Corn "i$!&e (ie$) !n) 5u!$it( !" inuen'e) -( &rowth "t!&e/

Maturity Stage

E!r$( )ent

Moisture %

@6

JJ

J6

J7

=?mi$%$ine

6mi$%$ine

no mi$%$ine

De$!(in& h!rve"t '!n re)u'e -oth the 0-er !n) "t!r'h )i&e"t -i$it( !" the "tover &et" more $i&ni0e) !n)the overm!ture %erne$" -e'ome h!r)er !n) $e"" )i&e"ti-$e i $et un-ro%en !ter en"i$in&/ Corn th!t i"en"i$e) etreme$( wet wi$$ erment poor$( !n) $o"e nutrient" -( "eep!&e+ whi'h !$"o h!" potenti!$ to)!m!&e the "i$o !n) i not 'ont!ine)+ 'ont!min!te $o'!$ w!ter "upp$ie"/ Another pro-$em with 'hop2pin& "i$!&e with too mu'h moi"ture i" th!t ! $!r&er !mount o $!'ti' !'i) i" nee)e) to re)u'e the pH/

Thi" re"u$t" in ! $on&er perio) o time -eore the "i$!&e -e'ome" ermente)+ pro)u'in& ! $ower 5u!$it("i$!&e/ Si$!&e th!t i" too )r( m!( re"u$t in poor$( p!'%e) m!teri!$+ '!u"in& more mo$) !n) "poi$!&e)ue to !ir tr!ppe) in the "i$!&e/ In )r(+ over m!ture 'orn "i$!&e+ the "tover portion o the p$!nt i" $e"")i&e"ti-$e !n) 'ont!in" $ower !mount" o "u&!r" !n) vit!min A/ It wi$$ not p!'% we$$ in the "i$o+ moreo(&en wi$$ -e pre"ent !n) it wi$$ t!%e $on&er to &et throu&h the !ero-i' ph!"e into the!n!ero-i'ph!"e o erment!tion/ Nutrient" wi$$ -e u"e) or re"pir!tion )urin& the !ero-i' ph!"e+ the temper!tureo the "i$!&e wi$$ in're!"e !n) po""i-$( -urn/

Parts of plant Dry matter in early a!ripening

phase "%#

Dry matter in early a!ripen$

ing phase "%#Gr!in

Co-"

Le!

66

?

??

?

=

?

J

Stem

Co- "heet"

The !pproim!te moi"ture $eve$ o 'hoppe) "i$!&e '!n -e )etermine) -( me!n" o ! &r!- te"t/B

S5uee.e the 'hoppe) or!&e ti&ht$( into ! -!$$ or ?7 to 67 "e'on)"+ !n) then re$e!"e 5ui'%$(/ For2!&e 'hoppe) into 6 to =?2in'h pie'e" "hou$) -e u"e)/

Dr( m!tter i" the mo"t import!nt !'tor or pro)u'tion o &oo) 5u!$it( "i$!&e/ The optim!$ 5u!$it("i$!&e i" pro)u'e) rom 'omponent" with )r( m!tter 'ontent" r!n&in& -etween 67 !n) 6;8/

In the o$$owin& t!-$e the per'ent!&e o moi"ture in )ierent p!rt" o the m!i.e p$!nt !re "hown+ !"we$$ !" the i)e!$ time or h!rve"t or "i$!&e prep!r!tion/

ondition of the forage&all

Appro!imate moisturecontent

-!$$ ho$)" it" "h!pe !n) there i" 'on"i)er!-$e ree

,ui'e

Over @;8

-!$$ ho$)" it" "h!pe -ut there i" ver( $itt$e ree

,ui'e@7 to @;8

-!$$ !$$" !p!rt "$ow$( !n) there i" no ree ,ui'e

-!$$ !$$" !p!rt r!pi)$(

J7 t7 @7 8

>e$ow J7 8


5/16

In're!"e) moi"ture or $!'% o )r( m!tter in "i$!&e 'omponent" "hou$) -e !voi)e) when po""i-$e+ !" the!'tivit( o the $!'to2!'i)i' -!'teri! i" )e're!"e) !n) the !'tivit( o the -ut(ri' !'i) pro)u'in& -!'teri! i"in're!"e)/ The optim!$ 5u!ntit( o )r( m!tter i" !'hieve) in the $!"t ph!"e o ve&et!tion o the p$!nt"/Phen the we!ther 'on)ition" )o not !$$ow time$( h!rve"t+ re"u$tin& in too wet or too )r( "i$!&e m!teri!$"+the )e"ire) moi"ture '!n -e !'hieve) -( miin& )r( !n) wet 'omponent"/ The 'ompo"ition o the )r( !n)wet 'omponent" i" )etermine) throu&h u"e o the


6/16

Preparation of silage from hole mai.eplantsCorn h!rve"te) or "i$!&e i" !n import!nt ee) 'rop+ where 'rop$!n) oten i" $imite)/ The 'rop provi)e"$ive"to'% pro)u'er" with ! hi&h2(ie$)in&+ re$!tive$( 'on"i"tent "our'e o or!&e !n) the !nim!$" with !hi&h$( )i&e"ti-$e !n) p!$!t!-$e ee)/ Corn "i$!&e pro)u'e" more ener&( per !'re th!n !n( other 'rop

Corn "i$!&e "erve" !" ! hi&h2ener&( or!&e or )!ir( 'ow"/ Thi" i" mo"t import!nt or hi&h2pro)u'in&her)" !n) on !rm" eperien'in& pro-$em" with m!%in& or -u(in& hi&h 5u!$it( h!( 'rop or!&e/ Corn"i$!&e+ with it" re$!tive$( hi&h2ener&( 'ontent+ i" !$"o we$$ !)!pte) or u"e in $ow2'o"t r!tion" or !tten2in& '!tt$e/ Corn "i$!&e re5uire" $e"" $!-or per ton to pro)u'e th!n m!n( other or!&e 'rop"/ It '!n e2ten) the h!rve"t perio) or the entire 'orn !'re!&e !n) provi)e !n opportunit( or "!$v!&e o "tre""e)or )!m!&e) 'orn0e$)"/ A$"o+ 'orn "i$!&e '!n e9'ient$( re'('$e p$!nt nutrient"+ e"pe'i!$$( $!r&e!mount" o N !n) K/ The mo"t !)e5u!te moment or h!rve"t o m!i.e )urin& the ve&et!tion i" the "o'!$$e) w! ripenin& ph!"e o the m!i.e &r!in/

The pre"en'e o ! )!r% 'o$ore) $!(er !t the -!"e o the m!i.e &r!in i" !$"o !n in)i'!tor or the !ppro2pri!te time o h!rve"t or "i$!&e pro)u'tion/ On'e the 0r"t &r!in" with )!r% $!(er !re noti'e) (ou "hou$)w!it or 62 wee%" more -eore h!rve"tin&/

At thi" time the !ver!&e )r( m!tter 'ontent" o the m!i.e p$!nt i" 6726;8/ Ater the in)i'!te) ph!"e+the 'ontent" o )r( m!tter )e're!"e" !" the "tem" &et -ro%en !n) $e!" !$$ o/ The m!i.e '!n -e

"i$!&e) with or without other 'omponent"/ The who$e m!i.e p$!nt "hou$) -e h!rve"te) -( 'uttin& it =72=? 'm rom the &roun)/

The p!rti'$e" o the m!i.e p$!nt+ when 'hoppin& it or "i$!&e "hou$) -e -etween one !n) three 'enti2meter" in $en&th+ !$thou&h the optim!$ $en&th )epen)" on the ve&et!tion ph!"e !" "hown in the t!-$e/

Phase ofvegeta&le

Dry matter"%#

?72?;

1ength of particle"cm#

Mi$% 62;

=26Mi$% 2 P!

P!

?;267

6726; 7/@2=


7/16

om&ined silage

I more 'rop" !re !v!i$!-$e+ it i" hi&h$( re'ommen)!-$e to pro)u'e "i$!&e trou&h 'om-inin& o morepro)u't" or -( pro)u't"/ The mo"t e'onomi'!$$( e!"i-$e re"u$t" !re o-t!ine) when $ow 5u!$it( 'ompo2

nent"+ 3'rop" th!t '!nnot -e "i$!&e) on their own+ "u'h !" ruit" !n) $e!" o "u&!r -e!t !n) "unower4!re !))e) to more 5u!$it!tive 'omponent" 3m!i.e+ !$!$! et'/4 up to 678/

A" !n e!mp$e+ hi&h 5u!$it( "i$!&e '!n -e pro)u'e) rom who$e p$!nt o m!i.e 3;84+ m!i.e 'one !n)&r!in 3?;84 !n) re"h !$!$! 36784/

Le!" !n) ruit" o "u&!r -e!t '!n -e !$"o u"e) or prep!r!tion o 'om-ine) "i$!&e+ !" the( 'ont!in"u9'ient "u&!r per'ent!&e 32J84/ The -e"t 'om-in!tion i" "u&!r -e!t $e!" !n) ruit+ to&ether withwho$e m!i.e p$!nt" or m!i.e "tr!w/ A m!in "u''e"" 'on)ition i" th!t the "u&!r -e!t )oe" not h!vemu'h e!rth in it/

Phen (ou 'om-ine "u&!r -e!t with who$e m!i.e p$!nt" or "i$!&e pro)u'tion+ it i" -e"t to u"e m!i.ep$!nt" in ! $!ter "t!&e o ve&et!tion/

The "u&!r -e!t 'ontent" )epen)" on the )r( m!tter o the m!i.e p$!nt !n) u"u!$$( in the tot!$ miture'ontri-ute" with ?;2678/

Silage production from drought a2ectedcropsPhen 'orn i" "o )rou&ht "tre""e) th!t it m!( not re"ume &rowth+ it "hou$) -e en"i$e)/ Corn in thi"'on)ition u"u!$$( h!" ew e!r" !n) h!" $e!ve" th!t h!ve turne) -rown !n) !re !$$in& o/ The net en2er&( 'ontent o )rou&ht )!m!&e) 'orn oten i" ;=77 per'ent o norm!$+ !n) it "ometime" 'ont!in""$i&ht$( more 'ru)e protein/ Drou&ht "tunte) "i$!&e oten 'ont!in" hi&h 0-er )i&e"ti-i$it(+ "o when it i""upp$emente) with !))ition!$ &r!in+ it '!n -e !n e'e$$ent or!&e !n) "u"t!in hi&h mi$% pro)u'tion/One 'on'ern with )rou&ht2"tre""e) 'orn i" the potenti!$ or hi&h nitr!te $eve$" in the "i$!&e/ Hi&h nitr!te$eve$" !re oun) where nitro&en r!te" were !pp$ie) !n) when ! )rou&ht2"tre""e) 'rop w!" 'hoppe)within three )!(" o$$owin& ! r!in/ En"i$in& 'rop" th!t !re "u"pe'te) to h!ve hi&h nitr!te $eve$" i" pre2erre) to &reen 'hoppin&+ -e'!u"e erment!tion wi$$ )e're!"e nitr!te $eve$" -( !-out ;7 per'ent/ Hi&htemper!ture !n) )rou&ht '!u"e" !''umu$!tion o nitro&en in p$!nt"+ whi'h !e't" "i&ni0'!nt$(the'onver"ion o the ee)/ The $!'ti' !'i) pro)u'e) when "i$!&in& re)u'e" the nitro&en 'ontent in p$!nt"/

Silage production from frostedcornCorn i" o''!"ion!$$( )!m!&e) or %i$$e) -( ro"t -eore it re!'he" the )e"ire) m!turit( or en"i$in&/ I thero"t i" e!r$( !n) &reen $e!ve" rem!in on the p$!nt+ the 'rop wi$$ 'ontinue to !''umu$!te )r( m!tter !n)"hou$) -e $et in the 0e$) unti$ it re!'he" the !ppropri!te moi"ture 'ontent/


8/16

Silage in &ags

The QnewQ metho)+ where-( 'ut &reen m!"" i" "tore) in $!r&e "!'%" m!)e rom po$(thene+ h!" in !'t-een te"te) in re"e!r'h "t!tion" or "ome (e!r"/ It i" not+ however+ ! 'omp$e pro'e""/ I)e!$$(+ the

&reen m!"" i" 'ut into "m!$$ pie'e"+ o !-out 6 'm $on&+ !n) the"e+ !re u"e) to 0$$ the -!&"/ The m!te2ri!$ i" pre""e) removin& the !ir !n) there-( preventin& )e'ompo"ition on'e the -!& h!" -een 0$$e) !n)"hut/ The ee) '!n -e "tore) in thi" w!(+ without $o"in& the nutritive 5u!$it(+ or up to ! (e!r/ Thi" !$$ow"!rmer" to m!int!in ee) $eve$" throu&h the winter/

The purpo"e o 'hoppin& !n) 'omp!'tin& or!&e or "i$!&e i"

To re$e!"e !" mu'h p$!nt "u&!r !" po""i-$e or erment!tion

To en"ure th!t !$$ the !ir i" pu"he) out o the p$!nt m!teri!$ "o th!t when the "i$o i""e!$e)+ the p$!nt m!teri!$ i" ree o !ir/ Thi" i" when erment!tion wor%" -e"t to pro2)u'e $!'ti' !'i)/

Choppin& '!n -e )one -( h!n) -ut thi" '!n t!%e too mu'h time or or!&e on more th!n 7/= he't!re"+"o it i" preer!-$e th!t ! or!&e 'hopper -e u"e)/

It i" import!nt to time the 'uttin& o the or!&e "o th!t the 'ut or!&e i" not "ittin& or more th!n ! )!(w!itin& to -e 'hoppe) !n) en"i$e)+ otherwi"e it wi$$ -e'ome mo$)( or to )r(/

It i" import!nt th!t on'e the or!&e h!" -een 'hoppe) it i" p$!'e) in the "i$o" !n) 'omp!'te) !" mu'h!" po""i-$e to &et the !ir out -eore the "i$o i" "e!$e)/ A %e( e!ture o "i$!&e -!&" i" th!t it !$$ow" 'on2"erv!tion o !v!i$!-$e o))er in "m!$$ 5u!ntitie"+ over ! $on& perio) o time/ Thi" "tron&$( 'ontr!"t" withtr!)ition!$ "i$!&e m!%in& te'hni5ue"+ where $!r&e !mount" o o))er !re h!rve"te) !n) 'hoppe) !t onetime/ A" e!mp$e ! !rmer !mi$( mi&ht 'on"erve ! 'oup$e o -!&" ! )!( over the &rowin& "e!"on+whi'h wou$) !$$ow their mi$%in& !nim!$ to -e e) over the ?77 )!(" o !utumn !n) winter/ The o))ermi&ht in'$u)e !$$ p!rt" o the 'orn p$!nt+ $e!( &r!"" wee)"+ et'/+ whi'h 'ou$) -e !$"o p!rt$( !ir2)rie)-eore 'hoppin& !n) en"i$in&/ It i" !$"o po""i-$e to pro&re""ive$( remove $e!ve" rom m!i.e p$!nt" !"the( 'ommen'e to "ene"'e/

Advantages

e'!u"e the who$e -!& i" e) out to the !nim!$+ it me!n" the re"t o the "i$!&e whi'h i" in the other-!&" i" not epo"e) to !ir !t remov!$ !n) i" thereore un"poi$e)/ Mu'h o the "i$!&e in pit " h!"-een oun) to -e "poi$e) )ue to poor "e!$in& !n) epo"ure to !ir ever( )!( when the "i$!&e i" re2move) or ee)in&/

The -!& i" e!"i$( "tore) !n) e!"i$( port!-$e "o th!t !n( mem-er o the !mi$( '!n '!rr( it to the ee)trou&h or the 'ow/


9/16

Disadvantages

There !re ! ew )i"!)v!nt!&e" to u"in& "i$!&e -!&"/ Amon& them !re

the import!n'e o pe"t 'ontro$ to prevent )!m!&e on the -!&"+'ont!inment !n) )i"po"!$ o the p$!"ti'+ on'e "i$!&e i" remove) rom the -!&+the nee) to 'hop the &reen m!""+ !" 'hoppe) m!teri!$ ten)" to m!%e mu'h -etter "i$!&e+-e'!u"e more !ir '!n -e "5uee.e) out o it )urin& the p!'%in& pro'e""+ !n) the "m!$$ pie'e"'!nnot pun'ture the -!&/

Pith '!reu$ p$!nnin&+ !$$ o the"e o-"t!'$e" '!n -e over'ome/ Mo"t $o"e" o "i$!&e )urin& the pro'e""o''ur )ue to

Seep!&e $o""e" when )r( m!tter i" $e"" th!n 6? 8/

Unnoti'e) -ir)ro)ent )!m!&e to the -!&" re"u$tin& in "poi$!&e $o""/

Too wet 3&!"eou""eep!&e $o""e"4 or too )r( "i$!&e 3"poi$!&e4/

Storage

It i" import!nt to pi'% ! "uit!-$e $o'!tion or the "tor!&e -!&"/ O-viou"$(+ one wou$) wi"h to %eep themre$!tive$( '$o"e+ in !n !re! th!t h!" !)e5u!te )r!in!&e !n) e!"( !''e""/ Keepin& the -!&" !w!( romother ee) "our'e"+ m!( re)u'e )!m!&e rom -ir)" !n) ro)ent"/ St!'%in& the '!reu$$( in ! room '!nprote't them !&!in"t r!t"+ mi'e !n) other pe"t"/ A$thou&h open "torin& in ! w!( )i"!-$in& ro)ent" toorm $!(er"+ !n) 'overin& with ! thin p$!"ti' oi$ to prevent )!m!&e rom -ir)" i" "ometime" mo"t ee'2tive/ The "ur!'e !re! "e$e'te) or "tor!&e o "i$!&e -!&" h!" ! $!r&e imp!'t on "i$!&e 5u!$it( !n) e!"eo ee)in& rom the -!&/ >!"e) on eperien'e the "ur!'e" r!te) !" o$$ow"

Con'rete

A"ph!$t "ur!'e/ Le"" epen"ive th!n 'on'rete/ H!" mo"t o the "!me !)v!nt!&e" o 'on'rete/


10/16

Packing

Se$e't ! &oo) -!&/ Stron& hi&h )en"it( p$!"ti' -!&" 3rom erti$i.er -!&" to "hoppin& -!&"4 !re!v!i$!-$e+ with '!p!'it( rom ;7 2 ; %& o re"h 'hoppe) &reen o))er/ >!&" with no o-viou" ho$e"'!n -e pur'h!"e) in p!'%" o rom ten to hun)re):

The 5u!$it( o -!&" u"e) i" import!nt/ Hi&h2 r!ther th!n $ow2)en"it( p$!"ti' re)u'e" the potenti!$or te!rin&/ The "e!$ mu"t -e without ho$e" !n) thi" m!( re$!te to !'tor( pr!'ti'e/ I ho$e" !repre"ent !$on& the "e!$+ "ti'%( t!pe or t!rm!"ti' m!( -e u"e) to rep!ir "e!$" !" the -!&" !re tie)/

Inner -!&" 3i more -!&" !re u"e)4 !$"o ten) to &et )!m!&e)+ -ut thi'%er -!&" !re !$w!(" $e"")!m!&e)+ to the etent th!t two r!ther th!n three $!(er" o -!&" !re "u9'ient/


11/16

3illing

Phi$e 0$$in& (our "i$!&e -!&"

Do not !$$ow the ee) to -e'ome 'ont!min!te) with )irt:

En"i$e !t proper m!turit( !n) moi"ture 3;8 2 J84:I moi"ture $eve$" !re hi&her+ re)u'e the p!'%2in& pre""ure to !voi) 're!tin& mu"h(+ "i$!&e+ or -etter (et+ w!it unti$ the or!&e i" )rier: I moi"ture$eve$" "$ip -e$ow J;8+ in're!"in& the p!'%in& pre""ure '!n he$p:

The o))er '!n -e h!n) 'hoppe)+ or 'hoppe) throu&h ! 'utter:

; ;7 %& o 'hoppe) &reen o))er i" '!reu$$( p!'%e) into ! -!&+ in or)er to !voi) m!%in& !n(ho$e" in the -!&:

the -!& i" &ent$( -ut 0rm$( "5uee.e) -( h!n) to epe$ !ir+ !n) whi$e 'ompre""e)+ the-!& i"'$o"e):

4odent control

Si$!&e -!&"+ e"pe'i!$$( "i$!&e rom o))er m!i.e !ttr!'t ro)ent"/ On'e in+ ro)ent" 'ou$) e!"i$( hi)e

-etween -!&"+ 'hewin& throu&h the p$!"ti' -!&"+ !n) re"u$tin& in !ero-i' "poi$!&e/

Monitor the "i$!&e -!&" on ! re&u$!r -!"i" or !n(ro)ent+ -ir) or $ive"to'% )!m!&e:

r ro)entpe"t 'ontro$+ !" $ie epe't!n'( o theDo not u"e e$ement!$ "u$ur or 'hemi'!$ me!n" op$!"ti' i" re)u'e) when epo"e) to 'hemi'!$":

Fre5uent$( "ome orm o 'on"tru'tion m!( -e re5uire)/ Thi" mi&ht -e within !n ei"tin& "tore

"u'h !" $!r&e 'ement or '$!( "tor!&e" ,!r":

$tern!tive$(+ "tor!&e 3"he$ve"4 '!n -e 'on"tru'te) with $e&" in or)er to %eep the "tore o theA&roun)+ "h!pe) in ! w!( to prevent r!t" !n) mi'e '$im-in& 3"u'h!" mu"hroom "h!pe) $e&"u"e) or &r!in "tore"+ or prote'te) $e&" with met!$ hori.ont!$ )i"'" or )ownw!r) !'in& 'one"4/


12/16

Sealing the &ag

I -!&" !re u"e)+ $e!nin& he!vi$( on the or!&e m!teri!$ in the -!& then t(in& the rem!inin& p$!"ti' !"'$o"e to the m!teri!$ !" po"" -$e !n) !" ti&ht$( !" po""i-$e+ wi$$ 'omp!'t the "i$!&e !n) then "e!$ itrom !ir/ M!%e "ure there i" enou&h p$!"ti' to tie+ up+ "o th!t it )oe" not 'ome ree rom the twine/

To-!''o twine or h!( -!$in& twine i" -e"t or t(in& up the -!& !n) it "hou$) -e twine) !roun) the topo the -!& "ever!$ time" to en"ure the -!& i" 'omp$ete$( "e!$e)/ Remem-er to "e!$ ti&ht$(/ Sever!$metho)" '!n -e u"e) to "e!$ the -!&"

For $!r&er -!&"/ Stret'h the rem!inin& p$!"ti' !" !r !" it wi$$ re!'h+ then p$!'e ! woo)en -o!r)on the p$!"ti' !n) wr!p it !roun) the -o!r) -!'% tow!r) the -!&+ $i%e re2"e!$in& ! -!& o pot!to'hip":

For "m!$$er -!&"+ the ne'% o the -!& w!" twi"te) then turne) over !n) tie) with twine:

ou '!n !$"o pr!'ti'e n!i$in& o woo)en -o!r)" to the one u"e) to wr!p the en) o the p$!"ti'-!&/ u"t ro$$ the -o!r) !n) p$!"ti' two or three time" !n) p$!'e ! "e'on) -o!r) on the top/ N!i$the two -o!r)" to&ether "$i&ht$( !$tern!tin& the !n&$e o the n!i$"/

ontents

Fo))er with hi&h "u&!r 'ontent+ wi$$

'on"erve

we$$:

Fo))er with $ow "u&!r 'ontent i" more $i%e$(

to rot th!n erment:

M!n( 'rop re"i)ue" $o"e mu'h o their "o$u2

-$e '!r-oh()r!te" )urin& the 0n!$ "t!&e" o&r!in ripenin&+ !n) whi$e the re"i)ue i" $et to)r( in the 0e$):

The )rier the "i$!&e+ the more )r( m!tter i"

p!'%e) into ! &iven vo$ume -ut the more

"u"'epti-$e i" to !ir movement !n) )r( m!t2ter $o""e": Den"itie" !$"o ten) to )e're!"e !"

p!rti'$e

"i.e in're!"e"/0valuation cornsilageOn'e the "i$!&e h!" un)er&one !n !)e5u!te erment!tion+ u"u!$$( in 6 wee%"/ Ev!$u!tion o the "i$!&e pH!n) erment!tion !'i)" '!n provi)e ee)-!'% on whether the erment!tion o''urre) un)er i)e!$ 'on)ition"u"in& ! pH "en"itive p!per/ In &ener!$+ pH v!$ue" or 'orn "i$!&e "hou$) -e in the 6/; to /6 r!n&e+ $!'ti'!'i) $eve$" "hou$) -e in the J8 r!n&e+ !'eti' !'i) ?8 or $e""+ propioni' !'i) 7=8+ !n) -ut(ri' !'i) $e""th!n 7/=8/ Ammoni! N $eve$" "hou$) -e $e"" th!n ;8/ Other !'tor" th!t '!n -e u"e) to ev!$u!te the"i$!&e in'$u)e temper!ture+ "me$$+ !n) the !ppe!r!n'e o the "i$!&e/ Si$!&e temper!ture" "hou$) &ener!$$(-e within =; to ?77F o the !m-ient temper!ture/ Hi&her temper!ture" in)i'!te th!t o(&en i" penetr!tin&into the "i$!&e !n) re"u$tin& in !ero-i' )e'ompo"ition/ The "i$!&e "hou$) !$"o not h!ve ! r!n'i) o)or+ !"2"o'i!te) with '$o"tri)i!$ erment!tion in wet "i$!&e"/ A vine&!r o)or '!n !$"o -e !""o'i!te) with wet "i2$!&e" th!t h!ve hi&h $eve$" o !'eti' !'i)/ An !$'oho$ o)or i" !""o'i!te) with erment!tion -( (e!"t+ whi'hre"u$t" rom "$ow ee) out r!te" !n) !ir penetr!tion in the "i$!&e !'e/ There "hou$) !$"o not -e !n( vi"i-$emo$) in the "i$!&e+ whi'h i" oten !n in)i'!tion o hi&h )r(2m!tter 'ontent !t en"i$in& or poor "e!$in&/

M!%in& ! 0e$) !""e""ment

Step = Co$$e't ! "!mp$e o "i$!&e th!t i" repre"ent!tive o wh!t i" to -e e) to the !nim!$"/

Step ? M!%e !n !""e""ment o the "i$!&e on ph("i'!$ !ppe!r!n'e !n) teture/

Step 6 M!%e !n !""e""ment o the "i$!&e on the -!"i" o 'o$or/

Step M!%e !n !""e""ment o the "i$!&e on the -!"i" o the !rom! o the "i$!&e/

=?


13/16

Physical Appearance and5e!ture

Silage haracteristics andInterpretation

Le!(+ "ot teture Li%e$( to h!ve hi&h ME/ Cru)e protein i" pro-!-$( hi&h/ ME or $e!( tropi2'!$ p!"ture "i$!&e" i" $ower th!n or temper!te p!"ture "i$!&e" !t the"!me &rowth "t!&e/Le!(+ -ut $e!ve" more 0-rou"

Stemm(+ 0-rou": "ee) he!)" pre"ent

Li&ht !m-er -rown

Norm!$ 'o$or or wi$te) $e&ume"+ whi'h !re u"u!$$( ! )!r%er 'o$or h!n&r!"" "i$!&e"/

Norm!$ 'o$or r!n&e or &r!""+ 'ere!$ !n) m!i.e "i$!&e"/

Norm!$ 'o$or r!n&e or wi$te) &r!"" "i$!&e"/ He!vi$( wi$te) "i$!&e" wi hre"tri'te) erment!tion ten) to -e &reener/

T(pi'!$ o $!te2'ut &r!"" !n) 'ere!$ "i$!&e"/ C!n o''ur with $ow DM "i2$!&e"+ !n) we!ther2)!m!&e) &r!"" "i$!&e"/ >ottom $!(er o wet "i$!&e'!n -e (e$$ow with ruit( !rom!/

Some he!tin& h!" o''urre) )urin& "tor!&e or )ue to !ero-i' "poi$!&e

)urin& ee)out/ Some $o"" in )i&e"ti-i$it( !n) he!t )!m!&e o protein/More 'ommon wi h wi$te) "i$!&e"/>rown

More eten"ive he!tin&/ M!( !$"o -e "ome -$!'% p!t'he" o "i$!&e on the"ur!'e/ Si&ni0'!nt $o"" in )i&e"ti-i$it( !n) hi&h proportion o protein i"he!t )!m!&e) !n) un!v!i$!-$e to the !nim!$/ In!)e5u!te 'omp!'tion+)e$!(e) "e!$in& or poor !ir e'$u"ion/ U"u!$$( !''omp!nie) -( "i&ni0'!ntproportion o w!"te 3mo$)(4 "i$!&e/

D!r% -rown

Aroma Silage haracteristics andInterpretationMi$)+ p$e!"!nt$( !'i)i'+ "our Norm!$ $!'ti' !'i) erment!tion )e"ir!-$e/

mi$% or n!tur!$ (o&hurt"me$$

er( $itt$e "me$$+ -ut "$i&ht

"weet !rom!

He!vi$( wi$te) "i$!&e with $itt$e erment!tion+ e"pe'i!$$( rom 'rop"with$ow "u&!r 'ontent/ Stron&er !rom! !" DM 'ontent !$$"/

e!"t" h!ve p$!(e) !n !'tive ro$e in the erment!tion/ Eth!no$ $eve$"hi&h/ The"e "i$!&e" !re oten un"t!-$e )urin& ee) out/

Sweet+ ruit( !$'oho$i' !rom!

Sour vine&!r "me$$


14/16

3eeding silage tocattle

Si$!&e "hou$) -e e) !" "oon !" po"" -$e+ preer!-$( within ! ew hour"/ Ater ee)in&+ the ee)-un%" mu"t -e '$e!ne) out to prevent !n( rem!inin& "i$!&e+ whi'h wi$$ "poi$+ 'ont!min!tin& the netee) out/

Si$!&e '!n -e provi)e) to !nim!$" in num-er o )ierent re'ipe" -!"e) on it" 'ompo"ition !n) the-ree) !n) u"e o the !nim!$"/ In &ener!$ "i$!&e "hou$) -e u"e) up to ?; %& per )!( or ;;o %& !ni2m!$ !n) up to ; %& or "heep !n) &o!t"/

The o$$owin& re'ipe" !re u"e) mo"t 'ommon$( to o-t!in the -e"t re"u$t" when ee)in& ! ;;7 %&!nim!$

A$!$! h!( @ %& o$$owe) -( M!i.e "i$!&e =@ %&A$!$! h!( ? %&+ me!)ow h!( 6 %&+ m!i.e "i$!&e =; %&+ r(e &r!in = %&A$!$! h!( ? %&+ me!)ow h!( 6 %&+ m!i.e "i$!&e =? %&+ oi$ -e!t re"h + =; %&


15/16


16/16

Principle of silagemaking

Thi" tr!inin& m!teri!$ i" m!)e po""i-$e -( the &enerou" "upport o the Ameri'!n peop$ethrou&h the Unite) St!te" A&en'( or Intern!tion!$ Deve$opment 3USAID4/ The 'ontent" !rethe re"pon"i-i$it( o the Foo) !n) A&ri'u$ture Or&!ni.!tion o the Unite) N!tion" 3FAO4 !n))o not ne'e""!ri$( ree't the view" o USAID or the Unite) St!te" Government/

=J

silage making.docx

Documents