silicates sio n silicon oxide 1/3 of all minerals are silicates about 95% of the earth’s crust...
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Silicates SiOn silicon oxide
1/3 of all minerals are silicates
about 95% of the Earth’s crust is composed of silicates
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Earth’s Crust Chemical CompositionELEMENT WEIGHT%
O (oxygen) 47Si (silicon) 28Aluminum 8Fe (iron) 5Ca (calcium) 4Na (sodium) 3K (potassium) 3Mg (magnesium) 2
Total 98.5%
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Average Mineral Crustal Composition Mineral Weight%
feldspar * 66 *quartz * 10 *magnetite/hematite 6
Ferromagnesium minerals *
(olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite) 15 *
Total 97
*silicate
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Other important minerals
muscovite (mica) gypsumclays halitecalcite dolomite
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MINERAL IDENTIFICATION
Primarily based on physical properties.
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The properties of each mineral are determined by:
chemical elements present
arrangement of elements in the mineral structure
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Streak (scratchability)Color of powdered mineral
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Specific gravity Au gold PbS galena
Density - mass/volume
Specific gravity - mass of sample / mass of equal volume of water
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Cleavage
planar surfaces caused by breaks along planes of weakness in atomic structure.
Number of directions and angle important.
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Cleavage
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cleavage
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Cleavage
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FractureIrregular surfaces caused by breaks
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Crystal formExternal morphology due to atomic
structure. Quartz and corundum
have 6 crystal faces.
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Luster
The way in which light is reflected, e.g., metallic, glassy
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Color
Poor except for metallics and silicate varieties
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Hardness Mohs Hardness Scale
1. Talc2. Gypsum
2.5 finger nail 3.5 penny
3. Calcite4. Fluorite5. Apatite
5.0 nail 5.0-6.0 glass and knife blade
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6. Orthoclase (feldspar) 7. Quartz 8. Topaz 9. Corundun10. Diamond
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Striations Striations odormagneticDouble Refraction
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Mineral Resources
Ore -- mineral that can be mined for a profit
Gangue --worthless minerals in
an ore body
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examples of oresAg silverAu goldCopper sulfides (covellite)Fe oxides (hematite)PbS lead sulfide (galena)
The U.S.A imports about 80% of the most used 16 metals!
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