silverbeet and spinach - ausveg€¦ · silverbeet and spinach via a strategic agrichemical review...

Silverbeet and Spinach

Strategic Agrichemical Review Process

2011-2014 HAL Projects - MT10029 & VG12081

AgAware Consulting Pty Ltd Checkbox 3D Pty Ltd

February 2014

Horticulture Australia project no:

MT10029 – Managing pesticide access in horticulture. VG12081 - Review of vegetable SARP reports.

Contact: Noelene Davis

Checkbox 3D Pty Ltd PO Box 187 Beecroft NSW 2119

Ph: 0424 625 267 Email: [email protected]

Purpose of the report:

This report was funded by Horticulture Australia and the Australian vegetable industry to investigate the pest problem, agrichemical usage and pest management alternatives for the siverbeet and spinach

industry across Australia. The information in this report will assist the industry with its agrichemical selection and usage into the future.

Funding sources: MT10029 - This project has been funded by HAL using the vegetable industry levy and across industry

funds with matched funds from the Australian Government. VG12081 - This project has been funded by HAL using the vegetable industry levy and matched funds

from the Australian Government.

Date of report:

15 February 2014

Disclaimer: Any recommendations contained in this publication do not necessarily represent current Horticulture

Australia Ltd policy. No person should act on the basis of the contents of this publication without first

obtaining independent professional advice in respect of the matters set out in this publication.

Silverbeet and Spinach SARP 2014 Page 1

Contents 1. Media Summary ......................................................................................................................... 2

2. The Australian silverbeet and spinach industries ....................................................................... 3

3. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 3

3.1. Background ............................................................................................................................. 3

3.2. Minor use permits and registration ........................................................................................... 4

3.3. Methods ................................................................................................................................... 4

3.4. Results and discussions ........................................................................................................... 5

4. Pests and diseases of cucumber .................................................................................................. 5

4.1 Diseases of silverbeet and spinach ........................................................................................... 5

4.1.1 High priority diseases ............................................................................................................ 6

4.1.2 Summary ............................................................................................................................... 8

4.2 Insects and molluscs of silverbeet and spinach ...................................................................... 10

4.2.1 High priority insects and molluscs ....................................................................................... 10

4.2.2 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 14

4.3 Herbicides use in silverbeet and spinach ................................................................................ 19

5. References ................................................................................................................................ 21

Information: ................................................................................................................................... 21

Acronyms ...................................................................................................................................... 21

Acknowledgement ......................................................................................................................... 21

6. Appendices ............................................................................................................................... 22


1. Media Summary

A Strategic Agrichemical Review Process (SARP) through the process of a desktop audit and industry

liaison assesses the importance of the diseases, insects and weeds (plant pests) that can affect a horticultural industry; evaluates the availability and effectiveness of fungicides, insecticides and

herbicides (pesticides) to control the plant pests; determines any ‘gaps’ in the pest control strategy and

identifies suitable new or alternatives pesticides to address the ‘gaps’.

Alternative pesticides should ideally be selected for benefits of:

Integrated pest management (IPM) compatibility

Improved scope for resistance management

Sound biological profile

Residue and trade acceptance domestically and for export

SARP workshops for silverbeet and spinach were conducted in Tasmania, South Australia and Victoria as

part of combined vegetable meetings in 2008, 2010 and 2011. The results of the process provide the

silverbeet and spinach industry with pesticide options for the future that the industry can pursue for registration with the manufacturer, or minor-use permits with the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary

Medicines Association (APVMA).

DISEASE

Diseases identified as high priorities:

Disease (common name) Disease (scientific name)

Cercospora leaf spot Cercospora spp.

Damping off Pythium spp., Phytophthora spp., Fusarium spp., Rhizoctonia spp.

Sclerotinia rot Sclerotinia spp.

As with most minor crops there is a gap in the available fungicides for treatment of major diseases. Growers need further chemistry for alternation to keep disease under control and to reduce the risk of

resistance developing.

At the same time it must be recognised that some of the Agchem companies are making efforts to add

minor crops to product registrations.

INSECTS and MOLLUSCS

Insects and molluscs identified as high priorities:

Pest (common name) Pest (scientific name)

Green peach aphid Myzus persicae

Helioverpa Helicoverpa spp.

Slugs and snails Gastropoda

Vegetable weevil Listroderes difficilis

Western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis

As a generalisation there is a need for different chemistry to be used for alternation, in particular to

reduce resistance risks. However for some pests, such as aphids, control can be easier if IPM is used.

This reduces the priority of the pest for action on new insecticides.

There are no chemicals permitted for a number of low priority uses. Growers must rely on control by

other chemicals already being used in the crop. This can be difficult when the management strategy is

not targeted to the problem.


WEEDS

No weeds were reported as a high priority for new registrations or permits. Most weeds can be controlled

with currently available herbicides but growers would welcome inclusion of silverbeet and spinach in new chemical registrations.

Growers generally use a pre-plant weed control (general knockdown herbicides) to prepare the paddock. Growers then either alternate the herbicides used or use them in combination for effective weed control.

All the herbicides registered are either pre-emergent herbicides or early post-emergent herbicides.

2. The Australian silverbeet and spinach industries

The Australian silverbeet and spinach industries are small horticultural industries. Consumption of silverbeet and spinach has risen in recent years with the growth in healthier lifestyles and moves to fresh

food.

Accurate statistics on silverbeet and spinach production are not available, but they are known to be

grown in reasonable quantities at: o Melbourne Metro area (Vic)

o Lockyer Valley (QLD)

o Perth Metro outer areas (WA) o North Adelaide Plains (SA)

o Sydney Basin (NSW)

In 2008/09, silverbeet and spinach was grown by 386 growers on 1,373 ha, producing 8,638 tonnes at

6.3 tonnes/ha worth $24.7 million (farm gate).

The silverbeet species referred to in this report is Beta vulgaris and the spinach species referred to in this report is Spinacia oleracea.

The most common grown commercial silverbeet variety is the crumpled textured, large, glossy dark

green leafed, thick white fleshy stemmed varieties. The most common grown commercial spinach variety

is the slightly crinkled, vivid green leafed, fine stemmed varieties.

For both silverbeet and spinach, there is also a range of ‘baby-leaf’ varieties that fit within the ‘salad mix’ niche market. These are not included in this review.

Due to the variety of weather and growing conditions across Australia and the introduction of different varieties of silverbeet and spinach, the Australian industry is now able to supply domestic markets with

fresh silverbeet and spinach throughout the year.

3. Introduction

3.1. Background

Growers of some horticultural crops suffer from a lack of legal access to crop protection products

(pesticides). The problem may be that whilst a relatively small crop area is valuable in an agricultural sense, it is not of sufficient size for agchem manufacturers to justify the expense of registering a product use on

that crop. Alternately, the disease, pest, or weed problem may be regional or spasmodic, making agchem

companies unwilling to bear the initial high cost of registering suitable pesticides. As an added complication some horticultural crops may be grown in protected cropping or hydroponic situations. These can have a

significant impact on pesticide performance and residue outcomes, further increasing product development requirements and registration costs.

Growers may at times be in a situation where they face severe losses from diseases, pests and weeds if they do nothing to protect their crops, or face penalties if they use a product that is not registered or available via

a permit. The silverbeet and spinach industry is very aware of the possible consequences of the use of unregistered or non-permitted pesticides. These can include: produce with unauthorised pesticide residues;

rejection at both local and export market levels; placing Australian export trading arrangements in jeopardy, and; fines and penalties.


Environmental concerns, consumer demands, and public opinion are also significant influences in the marketplace related to pest management practices. Industry/IPM Practitioners must strive to implement

best management practices and tools to incorporate a pest management regime where strategies work in harmony with each other to achieve the desired effects while posing the least risks.

Pesticides have always been an important tool in the production of silverbeet and spinach. They control the various diseases, insects and weeds that affect the crop and can cause severe economic loss in modern high

intensity growing operations. Pesticides are utilized in seedling production, pre-plant, during plant establishment, through crop development and into crop maturity to maximise crop yield, quality and

customer appeal.

From a pesticide access perspective, the APVMA classifies silverbeet and spinach as a group as minor crops.

The crop fits within the APVMA crop group 013: Leafy vegetables (including brassica leafy vegetables).

As a consequence of the issues facing the silverbeet and spinach industry regarding pesticide access, Horticulture Australia Ltd and the vegetable industry undertook a review of the pesticide requirements in

silverbeet and spinach via a Strategic Agrichemical Review Process (SARP). See Appendix 1 – the Strategic

Agrichemical Review Process. The aim was to determine solutions (primarily pesticide) to current and future pest threats.

This SARP process identified diseases, insect pests and weeds of major concern to the silverbeet and spinach

industry. Against these threats available registered or permitted pesticides, along with non-pesticide solutions, were evaluated for overall suitability in terms of IPM, resistance, residues, withholding period,

efficacy, trade, human safety and environmental issues. Where tools were unavailable or unsuitable the

process aimed to identify potential future solutions.

This report is not a comprehensive assessment of all pests and control methods impacting on silverbeet and spinach production in Australia but attempts to prioritise the major problems.

3.2. Minor use permits and registration

Silverbeet and spinach are classified as minor by the APVMA. Therefore access to minor use permits can

be relatively straight forward as long as a reasonable justification is provided. Possible justification for future permit applications could be based on:

New disease, insect or weed identified as a cropping issue

No pesticide available

Current pesticides no longer work – resistance

Current pesticides limiting trade

IPM, environmental or operator issues

Loss of pesticides due to removal from market

New, effective pesticide registered in another crop

Alternate pesticide has overseas registration or minor use permit

With each of these options, sound, scientific argument is required to justify any new registrations or permit

applications.

Another option for the silverbeet and spinach industry is for manufacturers to register new pesticides uses in the crop.

3.3. Methods

The SARP was conducted in Tasmania, South Australia and Victoria as part of combined vegetable

meetings in 2008, 2010 and 2011. The meeting included leading growers, consultants, government

agencies, agchem companies and agricultural reseller staff.

Participants were given a comprehensive list of most major pests of silverbeet and spinach and

asked to prioritise them into high, moderate and low categories.

Participants were then asked to list the main pesticides and or other control agents used for each

pest.

Mostly pesticide trade names were used and the list provided was certainly not comprehensive but a

starting point for further assessment.


Pesticides that are under review by the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority

(AVPMA) were listed.

Information was collated onto Excel spreadsheets for diseases, insects and weeds.

The information was circulated to participants for any further comments to ensure the accuracy of

the information.

Each alternative pesticide was assessed for:

o IPM compatibility

o Improved scope for resistance management

o Sound biological profile

o Residue and trade acceptance domestically and for export

Final selections of proposed new pesticides for the silverbeet and spinach industry to pursue were listed.

3.4. Results and discussions

Results and discussions are presented in the body of this document.

4. Pests and diseases of silverbeet and spinach

4.1 Diseases of silverbeet and spinach

Common name Scientific name

HIGH PRIORITY

Cercospora leaf spot Cercospora spp.

Damping off Pythium spp., Phytophthora spp.,

Fusarium spp., Rhizoctonia spp.

Sclerotinia rot Sclerotinia spp.

MODERATE PRIORITY

Alternaria leaf spot Alternaria spp.

Downy mildew Peronospora spp.

Powdery mildew Erysiphe betae

Rust Uromyces betae

LOW PRIORITY

Anthracnose Colletotrichum spp.

Grey mould Botrytis cinerea

Biosecurity risk

None listed

Opinion on the priority of diseases can vary across the industry, and equally the priorities can vary with

the seasons. Mildews, for example, can be devastating in certain seasons.


4.1 .1 High pr ior i ty d iseases

Cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora spp.)

Cercospora leaf spots are circular, about 2 to 4 mm in

diameter, with light to dark tan centres and dark-brown to reddish-purple borders.

Elliptical lesions may occur on leaf blades, veins, and

petioles. Leaf spots coalesce and kill large areas of leaf tissue. Severely diseased leaves wither and die, but

remain attached to the crown

Cercospora leaf spot is considered a major-moderate problem in all states.

o Growers alternate the use of different fungicides to reduce the resistance risk.

o Growers would like other protective/curative fungicides for alternation. o The slightest disease on leaves can lead to whole crop being unmarketable.

Fungicides registered for the control of Cercospora leaf spot in silverbeet and spinach are:

o Mancozeb (various products) - Group M3 protectant fungicide

Commonly used. 14 day withholding period.

Used as a protectant only. It is not effective in high pressure situations.

Also registered for downy mildew control. Growers have concerns that mancozeb requires regular applications and will not control

the disease once established. Moderately disruptive to some beneficial insects in an IPM situation.

Fungicides listed for control of Cercospora leaf spot control in silverbeet and spinach via permit are:

o Propiconazole (various) (PER13655, expires Jun 2014) - Group 3 protectant/curative fungicide

For use in spinach only. Commonly used.

Reported as very effective.

Growers expressed concern that with a heavy reliance that resistance may develop. Minimal impact on most beneficial insects.

Application has been made to renew the permit.

Potential fungicides for control of Cercospora leaf spot control in silverbeet and spinach:

o Several actives are registered for control of Cercospora in other vegetables, including

chlorothalonil, copper, hydrogen peroxide+peroxyacetic acid (PERATEC PLUS^), sulphur.

Damping off (Pythium spp., Phytophthora spp., Fusarium spp., Rhizoctonia spp.)

Symptoms of damping-off and root rot consist of

poor seed germination, pre-emergence death of seedlings, post-emergence death of newly

emerged seedlings, stunted plants, yellowed lower leaves, general poor growth, wilting, and

eventual collapse and death of older plants. Roots

of infected plants can appear water-soaked or brown to black in colour. In severe cases, nearly

all roots may be girdled or rotted off.

While all stages of silverbeet and spinach can be infected by root rot organisms, newly emerging plants and young seedlings are very susceptible.

Damping-off is considered a major-moderate problem in all states.

o Growers use crop rotations to minimise disease.

o Limited control options available.

http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/F/D-VC-FOXY-FO.003.html

http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/F/D-VC-FOXY-FO.003.html

http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/P/D-VC-PYTH-SD.001.html


Fungicides registered for the control of Damping-off in silverbeet and spinach.

The only registrations are for soil fumigants, including: o 1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin (various) fumigant

Restricted chemical Broad vegetable claim for control of soil borne diseases as pre-plant treatment

Schedule 7 dangerous poison

There are no fungicides listed for control of Damping-off control in silverbeet and spinach via

permit.

Potential fungicides for the control of soil borne diseases :

o Cyazofamid (likely to be called RANMAN^?, new ISK/FMC Fungicide) – FRAC code 21 – contact and residual fungicide

Application for registration is with the APVMA, for potatoes, brassicas and possibly brassica leafy vegetables.

Inhibits oomycetes fungal development. Overseas registrations for pythium damping-off

Resistance management tool.

o Fluopicolide is a new Bayer active in the FRAC group 43, a group with no actives registered in Australia. Bayer CropScience has applied for approval of the active in Australia but registration

of a registered product will take some time. An IR-4 use request indicates efficacy on

Aphanomycete spp. and Pythium spp. It would be sensible to approach Bayer to discuss development opportunities.

Sclerotinia rot (Sclerotinia spp.)

Sclerotinia overwinter on plant debris on the ground and in

soil. There are two phases of this disease: the damping-off

phase, which affects seedlings and the phase which causes a watery soft rot in mature silverbeet and spinach.

Sclerotinia organisms are active in temperatures above 10°C when humidity is high.

The symptoms begin as small watery areas, the watery spots

enlarge and develop a cottony white mass that converts the

plant to a slimy, wet mass that produces abundant sclerotia.

Sclerotinia rot is considered a major-moderate problem in all states.

o Growers use crop rotations to minimise disease. o Limited control options available.

Fungicides registered for the control of Sclerotinia rot in silverbeet and spinach.

o Boscalid (various) – Group 7 protectant and curative fungicide Efficacious, especially when applied 3-4 weeks after planting.

Grower concern with the development of resistance in Sclerotinia resulting from overuse of Filian and limited options.

o Penthiopyrad (FONTELIS) Group 7 – protectant Fungicide. Applied before disease development.

Also registered for powdery mildew

o Cyprodinil + fludioxonil (SWITCH) - Group 9 +12 protective and systemic fungicide Use increasing

Minimal impact on beneficials

Fungicides listed for Sclerotinia rot control in silverbeet and spinach via permit are:

o Tebuconazole (various, PER10908) – Group 3 protectant and curative fungicide:

Occasionally used. Considered effective.

Should be applied during early stages of disease.

Growers concerned at limited options available. Minimal impact on all beneficial insects

Permit expires 31st March 2014, application for renewal has been made.


4.1 .2 Summary

High Priority Diseases and control options

As with most minor crops there is a gap in the available fungicides for treatment of major diseases. Growers need further chemistry for alternation to keep disease under control and to reduce the risk of

resistance developing.

At the same time it must be recognised that some of the Agchem companies are making efforts to add minor crops to product registrations.

Disease Control option

Cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora

spp.)

Currently registered fungicides Mancozeb (various products) - Group M3 protectant fungicide

Currently permitted fungicides

Propiconazole (various) (PER13655, expires Jun 2014) - Group 3 protectant/curative fungicide

Fungicide gaps

New, “safer” chemistry

Potential fungicide solutions

Several actives registered in other vegetables, including chlorothalonil, copper,

hydrogen peroxide+peroxyacetic acid (PERATEC PLUS^), sulphur

Non-chemical options

Crop rotation

Damping off

(Pythium spp., Phytophthora spp., Fusarium

spp., Rhizoctonia spp.)

Currently registered fungicides

Only soil fumigants such as 1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin are registered.

Permitted fungicides: None

Fungicide Gaps: New, “safer” chemistry

Potential fungicide solutions - Cyazofamid (likely to be called RANMAN^?, new ISK/FMC Fungicide) – first new

product registration under assessment at the APVMA. - Fluopicolide, a new Bayer fungicide being assessed for first registration by the

APVMA. Efficacy on Aphanomycete spp. and Pythium spp.

- Pencycuron (MONCERON^) – reported as efficacious in trials but the product may not be widely available


Crop management techniques, including: - Varietal choice

- Grafting onto resistant rootstocks - Crop rotations

- Good farm and crop hygiene

- Optimal irrigation scheduling, - Disinfection and testing of the water supply

- Control of fungus gnats which spread the fungus

Sclerotinia rot Currently registered fungicides Boscalid (various) – Group 7 protectant and curative fungicide.

Cyprodinil + fludioxonil (SWITCH^) - Group 9 +12 protective and systemic fungicide.

Penthiopyrad (FONTELIS^) - Group 7.

Currently permitted fungicides Tebuconazole (various, PER10908) – Group 3 protectant and curative fungicide.

Fungicide Gaps: None identified


Crop rotation.

Good hygiene


Currently available fungicides

Disease Active WHP, days

Chemical group

Alternaria Leaf

Spots

Chlorothalonil 7 M5

Chlorothalonil+Pyrimethanil (PER11352, expires Sep 2014) 7(H), *(G) M5+9

Anthracnose Zineb (PER12862, expires Jul 2014) 7(H), 14(G)

M3

Botrytis blight /

Botrytis rot / grey mould

Chlorothalonil+Pyrimethanil (PER11352, expires Sep 2014) 7(H), *(G) M5+9

Chlorothalonil 7 M5

Penthiopyrad (FONTELIS^) 3 7

Downy Mildew Chlorothalonil 7 M5

Copper 1 M1

Dimethomorph 14 40

Fosetyl-Aluminium (PER13068, expires Jun 2016) 7 33

Mancozeb 14 M3

Mancozeb + Metalaxyl-M (RIDOMIL GOLD MZ^)

(PER13673, expires Sep 2016) 14 4+M3

Phosphorous Acid (PER11951, expires Mar 2015) NR 33

Leaf Spot (Cercospora

Beticola)

Mancozeb 14 M3

Propiconazole (PER13655, expires Jun 2014 (it will be renewed))

7 3

Powdery Mildew Penthiopyrad (FONTELIS^) 3 7

Potassium Bicarbonate (PER13695, expires Aug 2017) NR M2

Propiconazole (PER13655, expires Jun 2014) 7 3

Quinoxyfen (PER11991, expires Mar 2016) 7 13

Sulphur NR M2

Trifloxystrobin (FLINT^) (PER13658, expires Sep 2014) 3 11

Rust Propiconazole (PER13655, expires Jun 2014 (it will be renewed))

7 3

Sclerotinia Rot Boscalid 7 7

Cyprodinil+ Fludioxonil

(SWITCH^)

7 9+12

Penthiopyrad (FONTELIS^) 3 7

Tebuconazole (PER10908, expires Mar 2014, appln for renewal has been

made)

35 3

Soil borne diseases incl Fusarium,

Verticillium wilts,

Rhizoctonia, Pythium

1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin

NR

(H)=Harvest (G)= Grazing NR= not required *= do not graze or cut for stockfood


4.2 Insects and molluscs of silverbeet and spinach

Common name Scientific name

HIGH PRIORITY

Green peach aphid Myzus persicae

Helioverpa Helicoverpa spp.

Slugs and snails Gastropoda

Vegetable weevil Listroderes difficilis

Western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis

MODERATE PRIORITY

African Black Beetle Heteronychus arator

Mites - including Two-spotted, Tomato russet, European red, Rust

Tetranychus urticae, Aculops lycopersici, Panonychus ulmi, Eriophyidae

Redlegged earth mite Halotydeus destructor

Two-spotted mite Tetranychus urticae

LOW PRIORITY

Beet webworm Spoladea recurvalis

Green Vegetable bug Nezara viridula

Jassids Cicadellidae

Looper caterpillars Chrysodeixis spp.

Plague thrips Thrips imaginis

Rutherglen bug Nysius vinitor

Webworm Lepidoptera

Wireworm and False wireworms Elateridae, Gonocephalum spp.

Biosecurity risk

None listed

Decisions on priority pests can be difficult, as some moderate or low priorities can cause major crop losses at different times. As an example, Rutherglen Bug can cause huge problems along with thrips.

These pests affect many crops and control is difficult, when they are continually blown in by winds.

4.2 .1 High priori ty insects and molluscs

Green peach aphid (Myzus persicae)

Aphids are sap-sucking insects that deposit a sugary waste that encourages the growth of a sooty mould. Aphids can develop

large colonies. They stunt young plants by sucking the sap and nutrients from leaves.

However the largest problem is contamination of produce, making it unsaleable. They also cause problems when they act

as vectors for viruses.

Best management practice includes: the use of IPM compatible insecticides in combination with reliance

on parasitic wasps. Beneficial species for controlling aphids - Brown lacewings, Hoverflies, Parasitic wasps and Ladybird beetles.

Aphids are considered a major-moderate problem in all areas.

o Aphid numbers can vary, but can be heavy.

o Growers want IPM compatible alternatives. o A number of aphicides have been introduced to the market in recent years.

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Insecticides registered for the control of aphids in silverbeet and spinach are:

o Chlorantraniliprole + thiamethoxam (DURIVO^) - Group 4A + 28 contact and systemic insecticide

For use as a seedling drench or soil drench for aphid control - also controls lepidoptera,

whitefly and thrips. Registered for green peach and brown sowthistle aphid only

Adds significantly to the cost of seedlings from nurseries. Rarely used.

Moderately disruptive to some beneficial insects (including predator mites) in an IPM situation.

o Pirimicarb (various) - Group 1A contact and systemic insecticide

Spinach registration only Occasionally used.

Very effective. Minimal impact on most beneficial insects.

o Potassium salts of fatty acids (various) – contact biological insecticide

Minimal impact on most beneficial insects.

o Pyrethrins+piperonyl butoxide (various) – Group 3A contact insecticide

Good knockdown Harmful to beneficials

o Spirotetramat (MOVENTO^) – Group 23 contact and systemic insecticide Occasionally used.

Green peach aphid registration only

Very effective. Moderately disruptive to some beneficial insects in an IPM situation.

o Sulfoxaflor (TRANSFORM^) – Group 4C insecticide Field situations only.

May have adverse effects on parasitic wasps in IPM situations.

Registered for green peach and brown sowthistle aphid only

Insecticides are listed for control of aphids in silverbeet and spinach via permit:

Petroleum oil (various) – contact insecticide General aphid claim.

Occasionally used - only when needed. Effective.

Also controls thrips and whiteflies.

Moderately harmful to some beneficial insects.

Heliothis (Helicoverpa armigera and Helicoverpa punctigera )

This caterpillar varies greatly in appearance. They can

reach lengths of 50 mm. It is generally initially pale green, sometimes with black dots, and a pattern of thin

dark lines running along the body, the lines being

darker around the second and third segments.

Helicoverpa species feed prolifically on leaves and are capable of causing large amounts of damage.

Helicoverpa are considered a moderate-major problem in all areas.

o Several years ago Helicoverpa was difficult to control with available insecticides due to insecticide resistance.

o A number of new products have been introduced to the market in recent years.

Insecticides registered for Helicoverpa control in silverbeet and spinach are:

o Bacillus Thuringiensis var Kurstaki (Btk) (various) - Group 11C contact insecticide

Bt is commonly used. Very effective on small grubs, but needs regular reapplication.

Minimal impact on all beneficial insects.


o Chlorantraniliprole (various, including CORAGEN^) - Group 28 contact and systemic insecticide Occasionally used in some regions.

Very effective, but expensive. Minimal impact on all beneficial insects.

o Chlorantraniliprole + Thiamethoxam (DURIVO^) - Group 4A + 28 contact and systemic

insecticide For use as a seedling drench or soil drench for aphid control - also controls lepidoptera,

whitefly and thrips. Adds significantly to the cost of seedlings from nurseries.

Rarely used. Moderately disruptive to some beneficial insects in an IPM situation.

o Flubendiamide (BELT^) – Group 28 contact and systemic insecticide

Occasionally used in some regions. Very effective, but expensive.


Helicoverpa punctigera registration only.

o Helicoverpa NPV (various) – biological insecticide

Occasionally used in some regions. Very effective on small grubs.


o Indoxacarb (various) - Group 22A contact and systemic insecticide

Occasionally used in some regions. Considered effective.

Moderately harmful to some beneficial insects.

o Spinetoram (SUCCESS NEO^) - Group 5A contact and systemic insecticide Helicoverpa punctigera registration only.

Commonly used in some regions. Very effective on a range of pests, including thrips.

Moderately disruptive to some beneficial insects in an IPM situation.

Growers expressed concern that resistance may develop. Used for Lepidoptera and WFT.

Resistance to some insecticides is an important issue. Growers are trying to manage resistance with the selective use of selective insecticides and beneficial insects.

No insecticides are available for the control of Helioverpa in silverbeet and spinach via permit.

Slugs and snails (Gastropoda)

Slugs and snails prefer moist environments and live off

decaying animal matter, algae, and plant material such as leaves and stems. These pests are most active on cool, wet

and humid nights.

Slugs and snails leave silvery trails which can dry to appear

like gold dust. These trails are the mucus they secrete in order to move. Slugs and snails eat holes in leaves of plants

and seedlings chewed off at the base.

Slugs and snails are considered a high-moderate priority in all areas.

o They also feed on weeds so weed control is important in managing this pest.

Insecticides registered for the control of slugs and snails in silverbeet and spinach are:

o Iron Edta Complex (various) – molluscicide

Occasionally used. Very effective.

Needs constant re-application.

o Metaldehyde (various) – molluscicide Commonly used.

Very effective. Needs constant re-application.


o Methiocarb (various) – Group 1A insecticide. Commonly used snail and slug bait.

Very effective. Needs constant re-application.

Under review by APVMA.

There are no molluscicide listed for control of slugs and snails in silverbeet and spinach via permit.

Vegetable weevil (Listroderes difficilis)

Vegetable weevil adults are greyish-brown and the snout is

short and stout. Adults are about 8 mm long. Larvae are legless, slightly curved grubs. Larvae are initially creamy-

white with a black head. As foliage is consumed, they

develop a yellow-green colour and reach a length of about 14 mm.

Both adults and larvae feed upon foliage and roots and can

inflict serious damage. The principal damage is reported to occur when larvae feed on the developing tissue of plants,

stunting plant development. Large larvae will feed on mature foliage, consuming everything except the large veins. Initially, larval

feeding produces small round holes, but larger larvae produce large irregular holes.

Vegetable weevil is considered a major-moderate problem in all states.

They are very difficult to control and can occur in large numbers.

Growers want IPM compatible alternatives.

No insecticides are registered for the control of Vegetable weevil in silverbeet and spinach.

Insecticides listed for the control of Vegetable weevil in silverbeet and spinach via permit:

o Alpha Cypermethrin (PER14433, Expires Jun 2017) - Group 3A insecticide

o Chlorpyrifos (PER14583, expires Mar 2019) - Group 1B insecticide

Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis)

The adults are tiny insects, generally measuring only 1

to 2 mm in length. They have thin bodies and vary in

colour from near black to straw coloured.

While thrips can cause direct damage to foliage and fruit, their role as vectors of tomato spotted wilt is of

primary concern, especially in tomato and pepper.

They are weak fliers but are capable of infesting large

areas of crop as they are easily blown by wind.

They cause most damage by discolouring, scaring and deforming leaves as they feed. They are fast

breeders when the weather is warm but not too hot and are capable of producing 12-15 generations per

year with optimal conditions. Females live for up to 30-45 days and are capable of reproducing after approx 15-20 days.

Western flower thrips are considered a major-moderate problem Vic, NSW and WA and a moderate

problem in Queensland.

o All insecticides used in alternation due to rapid resistance development to many commonly used insecticides.

o Growers find it difficult to distinguish difference between thrips species with the naked eye due

to their very small size. o WFT develop resistance more easily than other thrips species.

o Growers need multiple options.


Insecticides registered for the control of Western flower thrips in silverbeet and spinach are:

o Abamectin (various) - Group 6 contact and systemic insecticide

Commonly used in some regions. Very effective on a range of pests, including mites.

Growers expressed concern that with a heavy reliance and limited options that resistance

may develop. Moderately disruptive to some beneficial insects in an IPM situation.

o Chlorantraniliprole + Thiamethoxam (DURIVO^) - Group 4A + 28 contact and systemic insecticide

For use as a seedling drench or soil drench for aphid control - also controls lepidoptera, whitefly and thrips.

Adds significantly to the cost of seedlings from nurseries.

Rarely used. Moderately disruptive to some beneficial insects in an IPM situation.

o Spinetoram (SUCCESS NEO^) - Group 5A contact and systemic insecticide Commonly used in some regions.

Very effective on a range of pests, including heliothis.

Moderately disruptive to some beneficial insects in an IPM situation. Growers expressed concern that a heavy reliance and limited options that resistance may

develop. Used for Lepidoptera and WFT.

No insecticides are listed for control of Western flower thrips in silverbeet and spinach via permit.

4.2 .2 Summary

High Priority Insects and control options

As a generalisation there is a need for different chemistry to be used for alternation, in particular to

reduce resistance risks. However for some pests, such as aphids, control can be simple if IPM is used. This reduces the priority of the pest for action on new insecticides.

There are no chemicals permitted for a number of low priority uses. Growers must rely on control by

other chemicals already being used in the crop. This can be difficult when the management strategy is not targeted to the problem.

Insect Control option

Green peach aphid (Myzus persicae,)

Currently registered insecticides

Chlorantraniliprole + thiamethoxam (DURIVO^) - Group 4A + 28 contact and systemic insecticide

Pirimicarb (various) - Group 1A contact and systemic insecticide

Potassium salts of fatty acids (various) – contact biological insecticide Pyrethrins+piperonyl butoxide (various) – Group 3A contact insecticide

Spirotetramat (MOVENTO^) – Group 23 contact and systemic insecticide Sulfoxaflor (TRANSFORM^) – Group 4C insecticide

Currently permitted insecticides

Petroleum oil (various) – contact insecticide

Insecticide Gaps

Sufficient permits and registrations now

Potential insecticide solutions

None identified by growers at SARP meetings.


Best management practice includes the use of IPM compatible insecticides in

combination with reliance on parasitic wasps.



Helicoverpa Helicoverpa spp.


Bacillus Thuringiensis var Kurstaki (Btk) (various) - Group 11C contact insecticide Chlorantraniliprole (various, including CORAGEN^) - Group 28 contact and

systemic insecticide

Chlorantraniliprole + Thiamethoxam (DURIVO^) - Group 4A + 28 contact and systemic insecticide

Flubendiamide (BELT^) – Group 28 contact and systemic insecticide Helicoverpa NPV (various) – biological insecticide

Indoxacarb (various) - Group 22A contact and systemic insecticide Spinetoram (SUCCESS NEO^) - Group 5A contact and systemic insecticide


None

Insecticide Gaps

Helicoverpa resistance to many chemicals however recent introductions to the market have reduced the gaps.


Metaflumizone (New BASF active).

Novaluron - Group 15. Farmoz and United Phosphorous have approvals of this active.


IPM strategies to manage resistance.

Slugs and snails

Currently registered molluscicides

Iron Edta Complex (various) – molluscicide.

Metaldehyde (various) – molluscicide. Methiocarb (various) – Group 1A insecticide.

Currently permitted molluscicides

None

Molluscicide Gaps

None identified by participants in SARP


IPM strategies – required to manage resistance.

Vegetable weevil

(Listroderes difficilis) Currently registered insecticides

None


Alpha Cypermethrin (PER14433, Expires Jun 2017) - Group 3A insecticide Chlorpyrifos (PER14583, expires Mar 2019) - Group 1B insecticide

Insecticide Gaps

Products, in particular IPM compatible, to control these pests


A range of actives have in-crop weevil approvals for other crops and also have

MRLs established for silverbeet / spinach. These include: Bifenthrin, imidacloprid, maldison, tau-fluvalinate


IPM strategies to manage resistance.



Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis)


Abamectin (various) - Group 6 Chlorantraniliprole + thiamethoxam + (DURIVO) - Group 4A + 28

Spinetoram (SUCCESS NEO^) - Group 5A contact and systemic insecticide


Phorate (various, PER8930, expires Jul 2016) - Group 1B – 10 wk WHP.

Insecticide Gaps

Soft alternatives, more alternatives.


Efficacy and residue data required

- Cyantraniliprole (BENEVIA^, not yet registered) – Group 28 – new product in

assessment at APVMA. Same chemical group as Chlorantraniliprole. IR4 projects for various crops/thrips, beetles, leafminer, psyllids, whitefly

- Flonicamid (new ISK/FMC product)– Group 9C. First registration application in assessment at APVMA. IR4 projects on whiteflies.


IPM strategies

Currently available insecticides

Insect Active WHP,

days

Chemical

group

African Black

Beetle Chlorpyrifos (PER14583, expires Mar 2019) NR 1B

Ants Pyrethrins+Piperonyl Butoxide 1 3A

Armyworm Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki NR 11

Aphid - Brown

Sowthistle

Chlorantraniliprole

+Thiamethoxam (DURIVO^) 28 4A28

Sulfoxaflor (TRANSFORM^) 3 4C

Aphid – Green

Peach

Chlorantraniliprole

+Thiamethoxam (DURIVO^) 28 4A28

Spirotetramat (MOVENTO^) 3 23


Aphids Petroleum (PER12221, expires Nov 2017) 1 _

Potassium salts of fatty acids NR _

Pirimicarb 2 1A

Pyrethrins+Piperonyl Butoxide 1 3A

Cabbage moth Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki NR 11

Trichlorfon 2 1B

Cabbage white

butterfly Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki NR 11

Trichlorfon 2 1B

Caterpillars Pyrethrins+Piperonyl Butoxide 1 3A

Cluster Caterpillar Chlorantraniliprole

+Thiamethoxam (DURIVO^) 28 4A+28

Cricket Chlorpyrifos NR 1B

Cucumber moth Spinetoram (SUCCESS NEO^) 3 5

False Wireworms Chlorpyrifos (PER14583, expires Mar 2019) NR 1B

Green Mired Petroleum (PER12221, expires Nov 2017) 1 _


Insect Active WHP,

days

Chemical

group

Green Vegetable

Bug Petroleum (PER12221, expires Nov 2017) 1 _

Trichlorfon 2 1B

Grey Cluster Bug Petroleum (PER12221, expires Nov 2017) 1 _

Helicoverpa Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki NR 11

Chlorantraniliprole

(CORAGEN^) 3 28

Chlorantraniliprole


Helicoverpa NPV NA

Indoxacarb 3 22A

Helioverpa

Punctigera -

Native Budworm

Flubendiamide (BELT^) 1 28

Spinetoram (SUCCESS NEO^) 3 5

Leafhoppers Petroleum (PER12221, expires Nov 2017) 1 _


Lightbrown apple

moth Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki NR 11

Locust - Australian

Plague

Carbaryl + Chlorpyrifos +

Diazinon + Maldison SL 1A/1B

Loopers Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki NR 11

Chlorantraniliprole


Lucerne Leafroller Chlorantraniliprole


Mite – Blue Oat Chlorpyrifos NS 1B

Bifenthrin (PER12947, expires Apr 2015) NR(H), 28(G)

3A

Mite - Redlegged Earth Mite

Alpha Cypermethrin (PER14433, Expires Jun 2017) 1 3A

Bifenthrin (PER12947, expires Apr 2015) NR(H),

28(G) 3A

Chlorpyrifos NA 1B

Mealybug Potassium salts of fatty acids NR _

Mites Petroleum (PER12221, expires Nov 2017) 1 _

Mites – two

spotted Potassium salts of fatty acids NR _

Propargite 7 12C

Sulphur NR _

Rutherglen Bug Dimethoate (PER13308, expires Oct 2014, Vic only)

NR (seed

only)

1B

Rutherglen Bug Petroleum (PER12221, expires Nov 2017) 1 _

Trichlorfon 2 1B

Stable Fly Larvae

(Stomoxys Calcitrans)

Chlorpyrifos, Permethrin,

Deltamethrin, Alpha-Cypermethrin, Beta-

Cyfluthrin, Fipronil,

Emamectin, Esfenvalerate, Diazinon (Per14565, Expires

Mar 2019)

(PER14565, expires Mar 2019,

WA only)

NR(H),

*(G) _

Thrips Petroleum (PER12221, expires Nov 2017) 1 _

Potassium salts of fatty acids NR _


Thrips - Western

Flower Thrips Abamectin 3 6

Chlorantraniliprole 28 4A+28


Insect Active WHP,

days

Chemical

group

+Thiamethoxam (DURIVO^)

Spinetoram (SUCCESS NEO^) 3 5

Thrips-Plague Alpha Cypermethrin (PER14433, Expires Jun 2017) 1 3A

Vegetable

Leafhopper

Chlorantraniliprole


Vegetable Weevil Alpha Cypermethrin (PER14433, Expires Jun 2017) 1 3A

Chlorpyrifos (PER14583, expires Mar 2019) NR 1B

Webworms Diazinon 14 1B

Whitefly Potassium salts of fatty acids NR _


Whitefly-

greenhouse Botanical Oil NR -


Whitefly -

Silverleaf

Chlorantraniliprole


Wireworms Chlorpyrifos (PER14583, expires Mar 2019) NR 1B (H)=Harvest (G)= Grazing NR= not required *= do not graze or cut for stockfood


4.3 Herbicides use in silverbeet and spinach

Herbicides registered and used in silverbeet and spinach: Chloridazon (PYRAMIN^) – Group C general pre-emergent residual herbicide

o For use in silverbeet only.

o Commonly used as a pre or post sowing before crop emergences for broadleaf and grass

weed control. o Growers comment that it provides excellent control of broadleaf weeds.

Phenmedipham (BETANAL^ FLOW) - Group C post-emergent herbicide.

o Registered for use in silverbeet only. o Commonly used as a early post emergent for broadleaf weed control.

o Growers comment that it provides excellent control of broadleaf weeds - used via

previous issued permit.

Glyphosate (various) – Group M pre-plant general knockdown herbicide

o Commonly used.

o Works well as a pre-crop spray.

Paraquat + diquat (various) - Group L pre-plant general knockdown herbicide

o Occasionally used.

o Works well as a pre-crop spray

The herbicides listed for control of weeds in silverbeet and spinach via permit are:

Clethodim (PER13397, expires Dec 2016) – Group A grass selective post-emergent herbicide

o Annual Ryegrass

(Lolium Rigidum) And Winter Grass (Poa Annua) That Are Resistant To Quizalafop Herbicides.

o Considered very effective.

Ethofumesate (various, PER14081 expires Jul 2014) – Group K general residual herbicide

o Used pre-plant in silverbeet and spinach.

o Commonly used. o Considered very effective.

o Issues with use on some varieties and soil types - crop phytotoxicity. o Permit expires 31-Jul-13. No manufacturer in registering use

Fluazifop-P as butyl (various, PER12017, expires Jun 2016) – Group A grass selective post-

emergent herbicide .

o For use in silverbeet and spinach. o Commonly used.

o Considered very effective. o It is used to spot spray grass weeds such as couch grass post-emergent.

o Controls most grass weeds. Does not control Winter grass (Poa annum).

o Permit expires 30-Jun-16. No manufacturer in registering use.

o Metolachlor (various, PER13626, expires Jun 2017)) - Group K pre-plant residual herbicide

o For use in silverbeet and spinach. o It is commonly used as an effective pre- emergent annual broadleaf and grass control

herbicide. o Considered very effective.

o Controls many weeds.

o Permit expires 30-Sep-17. No manufacturer in registering use.

Phenmedipham (BETANAL/BETANAL FLOW, PER11855, expires Jun 2014) - Group K selective

post-emergent herbicide.

o Recently registered for use in silverbeet. o Commonly used as a early post emergent for broadleaf weed control.

o Growers comment that it provides excellent control of broadleaf weeds - used via

previous issued permit. o Permit expires 30-Jun-14.


Propachlor (RAMROD^, PER12008, expires Sep 2015) - Group K selective post-emergent

herbicide. o For use in silverbeet and spinach.

o It is commonly used as an effective post- emergent annual broadleaf and grass control herbicide.

o Considered very effective.

o Controls many weeds. o Permit expires 30-Sep-15. No manufacturer in registering use.

Growers generally use a pre-plant weed control (general knockdown herbicides) to prepare the

paddock. Growers then either alternate the herbicides used or use them in combination for effective weed control. All the herbicides registered are either pre-emergent herbicides or early post-

emergent herbicides.

Most weeds can be controlled with currently available herbicides.

No weeds were identified as a high priority for control.


5. References

Informat ion:

Australasian Biological Control 2008 (http://www.goodbugs.org.au/)

Australian Bureau of Statistics, Agricultural Commodities, 2002-03. 7121.0.

Australian Horticultural Statistics Handbook (2003)

Australian Pesticide and Veterinary Medicines Authority website. Website: www.apvma.gov.au

Ausveg ‘Domestic Vegetable Industries Snapshot’ (209) website: http://www.ausveg.com.au

Ausveg ‘Fresh Vegetable Exports’ (2011) website: http://www.ausveg.com.au

Bejo Zaden, The Netherlands, website: www.bejo.com

Biobest 2008 http://207.5.17.151/biobest/en/nieuws/scanivital.htm

Codex MRL database

Cornell university- http://plantclinic.cornell.edu/FactSheets.htm

Diseases of Vegetable Crops. Department of Primary Industries Queensland, 1994.

Infopest, Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Queensland Government, July 2012.

Integrated Pest Management for crops and pastures (2008) Paul Horne and Jessica Page

IOBC Working Group - Classification of side effects to beneficial insects website: http://www.iobc-

wprs.org/expert_groups/01_wg_beneficial_organisms.html

IPM Technologies final report. Project: Pesticide effects on beneficial insects and mites in

vegetables.

IR-4 Project. Website- http://ir4.rutgers.edu/index.html Managing Insects and Mites in horticultural crops, QLD DPI, 1994.

McMaugh, ‘What garden pest or disease is that?’ published 1989.

New South Wales Department of Primary Industries websites.

Pest management strategy documents for Queensland’s fruit and vegetable industries, Queensland

Fruit and Vegetable growers, 2003 & 2008.

USA Foreign Ag Service- www.mrldatabase.com

Images: Google images

Infopest, Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Queensland Government, July 2012.

Acronyms

APVMA …….. Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority DPI …………. Department of Primary Industries

HAL ………… Horticulture Australia Ltd

IPM ………… Integrated pest management IR-4 ………… Interregional Research Program 4 (USA)

MRL ………… Maximum residue limit (mg/kg or ppm) Plant pests ….. Diseases, insects, nematodes, viruses, weeds, etc

Pesticides …... Plant protection products (fungicide, insecticide, herbicide, nematicides, etc).

SARP ………. Strategic Agrichemical Review Process WHP ………… Withholding period

Acknowledgement

APVMA: All staff especially Alan Norden Government agencies: Each state DPI as excellent sources of information

Industry development officers and associates

Thanks go to the many industry people who contributed information and collaborated on the review of

this report.

^Trademark

http://207.5.17.151/biobest/en/nieuws/scanivital.htm

http://plantclinic.cornell.edu/FactSheets/botrytis/botrytis_blight.htm

http://ir4.rutgers.edu/index.html

http://www.mrldatabase.com/


6. Appendices DIAGRAM 1: The Strategic Agrichemical Review Process

CROP

New or emerging disease, insect and weed problems

List of currently registered pesticides available

List of currently permitted pesticides available

Current disease, insect and weed problems

Parameters to consider

List of GAPS in

available control

measures

IPM

Residues & ExportEnvironment

Resistance & alternation

pesticides is suitable

Reasons why pesticide

is not suitable

Continue to use

Possible control options

Support from experts

Beneficials Agrochemicals

New Zealand & overseas

information

Support from

manufacture

Parameters to consider

IPM Resistance & alternation

Environment Residues & Export

INDUSTRY REVIEW / ASSESSMENT

Suitable pesticide is selected

Apply for registration or develop use pattern

Overseas programs

options

Pesticide data generation

Joint

international

projectsOutcomes

from

existing

HNZ

projects


Appendix 2 – currently available fungicides in silverbeet and spinach.

Active Disease WHP

,

days

Chemica

l group

Chlorothalonil Alternaria Leaf Spots 7 M5

Botrytis Rot

Downy Mildew

Chlorothalonil+Pyrimethanil

(PER11352, expires Sep 2014) Alternaria leaf spots 7(H), *(G)

M5+9

Botrytis blight / grey mould

Penthiopyrad

(FONTELIS^)

Botrytis blight / grey mould 3 7

Powdery mildew

Sclerotinia

Copper Downy Mildew 1 M1

Dimethomorph Downy Mildew 14 40

Fosetyl-Aluminium (PER13068, expires Jun 2016) Downy Mildew 7 33

Mancozeb Cercospora Leaf Spot 14 M3

Downy Mildew

Leaf Spot

Mancozeb +

Metalaxyl-M

(RIDOMIL GOLD MZ^)

(PER13673, expires Sep 2016) Downy Mildew 14 4+M3

Phosphorous Acid (PER11951, expires Mar 2015) Downy Mildew NR 33

Potassium (PER13695, expires Aug 2017) Powdery Mildew NR M2

Propiconazole (PER13655, expires Jun 2014) Leaf Spot (Cercospora

Beticola)

7 3

Powdery Mildew

Rust

Quinoxyfen (PER11991, expires Mar 2016) Powdery Mildew 7 13

Boscalid Sclerotinia Rot 7 7

cyprodinil+

fludioxonil (SWITCH^)

Sclerotinia Rot 7 9+12

Tebuconazole (PER10908, expires Mar 2014,

appln for renewal has been made)

Sclerotinia Rot 35 3

Trifloxystrobin

(FLINT^)

(PER13658, expires Sep 2014) Powdery Mildew 3 11

Zineb (PER12862, expires Jul 2014) Anthracnose 7(H),

14(G)

M3

Sulphur Bean rust NR M2

Powdery mildew

1,3-dichloropropene +

chloropicrin

Soil borne diseases incl Fusarium, Verticillium wilts,

Rhizoctonia, Pythium

NR -

(H)=Harvest (G)= Grazing NR= not required *= do not graze or cut for stockfood


Appendix 3 – currently available insecticides in silverbeet and spinach.

Active Insect WHP,

days

Chemical

group

1,3-dichloropropene +

chloropicrin Plant parasitic nematodes NR 8B

Symphylans (garden

centipedes)

Wireworms

Abamectin Thrips - Western Flower

Thrips 3 6

Alpha Cypermethrin (PER14433, Expires Jun 2017) Mite-Redlegged Earth Mite 1 3A

Thrips-Plague

Vegetable Weevil

Bifenthrin (PER12947, expires Apr 2015) Mite-Blue Oat NR(H),

28(G) 3A

Mite-Redlegged Earth Mite

Botanical Oil Whitefly – greenhouse NR -

Carbaryl + Chlorpyrifos +

Diazinon + Maldison Locust - Australian Plague SL 1A/1B

Chlorantraniliprole

(CORAGEN^) Helicoverpa 3 28

Chlorpyrifos (PER14583, expires Mar 2019) African Black Beetle NR 1B

Cricket – field, mole

(PER14583, expires Mar 2019) False Wireworms

Spinach Mite – Blue Oat

Spinach Mite - Redlegged Earth Mite

(PER14583, expires Mar 2019) Vegetable Weevil

(PER14583, expires Mar 2019) Wireworms

Chlorpyrifos, Permethrin,

Deltamethrin, Alpha-

Cypermethrin, Beta-Cyfluthrin, Fipronil,

Emamectin,

Esfenvalerate, Diazinon (Per14565, Expires Mar

2019)

(PER14565, expires Mar 2019,

WA only)

Stable Fly Larvae

(Stomoxys Calcitrans) NR(H),

*(G) _

Diazinon Webworms 14 1B

Dimethoate (PER13308, expires Oct 2014,

Vic only) Rutherglen Bug NR

(seed

only)

1B

Flubendiamide (BELT^) Helioverpa Punctigera -

Native Budworm 1 28

Helicoverpa NPV Helicoverpa NA

Indoxacarb Helicoverpa 3 22A

Petroleum (PER12221, expires Nov 2017) Aphids 1 _

Green Mired

Green Vegetable Bug

Grey Cluster Bug

Leafhoppers

Mites

Rutherglen Bug

Thrips

Pirimicarb Aphids

2 1A


Active Insect WHP,

days

Chemical

group

Potassium Salts Of Fatty

Acids Aphids NR _

Mealybug

Thrips

Two Spotted Mite / Spider

Mite

Whitefly

Propargite Mites – two spotted 7 12C

Pyrethrins+Piperonyl

Butoxide Ants 1 3A

Aphids

Caterpillars

Leafhoppers

Thrips

Whiteflies

Spinetoram (SUCCESS

NEO^) Helioverpa Punctigera -

Native Budworm 3 5

Cucumber moth

Thrips - Western Flower

Thrips

Spirotetramat

(MOVENTO^) Aphid – Green Peach 3 23

Sulfoxaflor

(TRANSFORM^) Aphid - Brown Sowthistle 3 4C

Aphid – Green Peach

Whitefly - greenhouse

Sulphur Mites – two spotted NR _

Chlorantraniliprole

+Thiamethoxam

(DURIVO^)

Aphid - Brown Sowthistle 28 4A+28

Aphid – Green Peach

Cluster Caterpillar

Helicoverpa

Loopers

Lucerne Leafroller

Thrips - Western Flower

Thrips

Vegetable Leafhopper

Whitefly - Silverleaf

Bacillus thuringiensis

kurstaki Armyworm NR 11

Cabbage Moth

Cabbage White Butterfly

Helicoverpa armigera (Corn Earworm / Cotton

Bollworm)

Helicoverpa punctigera (Native Budworm)

Lightbrown Apple Moth

Loopers

Vine Moth

Trichlorfon Cabbage Moth 2 1B

Cabbage White Butterfly

Cutworms, Qld, NT only

Green Vegetable Bug

Rutherglen Bug (H)=Harvest (G)= Grazing NR= not required *= do not graze or cut for stockfood


Appendix 5 – currently available herbicides in silverbeet and spinach.

Active Weed Chemical

group

Clethodim (PER13397, expires Dec 2016) Annual Ryegrass (Lolium Rigidum) And

Winter Grass (Poa Annua) That Are Resistant To Quizalafop

Herbicides.

A

Ethofumesate (PER14081, expires Jul 2014) Grass and Broadleaf J

S-metolachlor (PER13626, expires Jun 2017) Grass and Broadleaf K

Propachlor

(RAMROD^)

(PER12008, expires Sep 2015) Grass and Broadleaf-Label

Fluazifop-P-butyl (PER12017, expires Jun 2016) Grass Weeds-Label A

Phenmedipham (BETANAL^ FLOW)

(PER11855, expires Jun 2014) Label Weeds C

Chloridazon Grass and Broadleaf C

Glyphosate Grass and Broadleaf M

Paraquat + diquat Grass and Broadleaf L

silverbeet and spinach - ausveg€¦ · silverbeet and spinach via a strategic agrichemical review...

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