simon spooner university of macau 5th september 2011
DESCRIPTION
中国 — 欧盟流域管理项目 EU-China River Basin Management Programme Water Allocation and Pollution Load Management … a very Chinese approach … Will it work?. Simon Spooner University of Macau 5th September 2011. Objective. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
中国中国——欧盟流域管理项目欧盟流域管理项目EU-China River Basin Management EU-China River Basin Management
ProgrammeProgramme
Water Allocation and Pollution Load Management … a very Chinese approach … Will it work?
Simon SpoonerUniversity of Macau5th September 2011
ObjectiveThe programme aims at supporting MWR, MEP and related Chinese partners to enhance integrated river basin management (IRBM) policies and practices through sharing EU experience and best practices.
TITLE RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME
Total Amount €186.5 M Project Duration 2007 – 2012
European CommissionGrant
€25 M:
- € € 88.3 M TA - € € 5.75.7 M Incidentals - €10 M Co-financing of CPRWRP
Chinese Contribution
€ 79 M (PRC budget)
€ 82.5 M (World Bank loan)
Consultants Consultancy Consortium
DHV BV (Netherlands) WS Atkins Int. Ltd (UK) COWI AS (Denmark) SWECO Int. AB (Sweden) Alterra BV (Netherlands)
Project Descriptive Data
Staffing: 4 EU Key Experts, 10 Support staff in 2 offices, YRCC, Zhengzhou and CWRC, Wuhan>250 short term experts from EU and China 5 months to 3 days each.
Contracting Agency: European
Commission Delegation
Executing Agency:
Ministry of Commerce
Implementing Agencies:
Ministry of Water
Resources
Ministry of Environmental
Protection
YRCC – Yellow River
Conservancy Commission
CWRC – Yangtze River Commission
Program area
Programme StructureProgramme Structure 项目结构项目结构
4.1 Awareness raising on EU WFD4.2 Testing of management practices4.3 Piloting of river basin management
mechanism5.1 Participatory sub-watershed
management, design and planning5.2 Participatory sub-watershed
implementation and replication5.3 CPRWRP MIS5.4 CPRWRP impact M&E
2.1IRBM Action Framework2.2Climate Change Adaptation3.1Institutional Strengthening Water
Pollution Control3.2Pollution Prevention and Control Plan3.3EWERS (Pollution incidents)3.4Clean Technology Promotion3.5Advanced Water Quality Monitoring
政策 / 中欧对话平台Policy/ EU-China dialogue platform
黄河Yellow River
长江Yangtze River
1.1 EU China Dialogue 1.2 Research Studies1.3 Capacity Building in IRBM1.4 Awareness Raising and Dissemination of Results
1.1 中欧对话1.2 研究1.3 流域综合管理能力建设1.4 意识提高和成果推广China - Europe
Water Platform
Yellow River
Main Factors:• Flooding: Raised river beds• Resource: Only 2% of National Total
- In 1997 ran dry 226 days- Now flows all year, but runoff reduced
• Quality: 55% worse than grade V- Only 20% of reaches grade III or better
•56 bm3 annual flow, •54 bm3 storage•1.6 BTons sediment flux
• 5400 km long• 795,000 km2 basin• 112 million people
Desiccated Yellow River
1683 60 74
122 136
226
142
420
50
100
150
200
250
1991年 1992年 1993年 1994年 1995年 1996年 1997年 1998年 1999年
days of the ri ver dryi ng i n Li j i n Stati on
1683 60 74
122 136
226
142
420
50
100
150
200
250
1991年 1992年 1993年 1994年 1995年 1996年 1997年 1998年 1999年
days of the ri ver dryi ng i n Li j i n Stati on
Changes of River Rhine 莱茵河的变化
Liao
Grade IGrade IIGrade IIIGrade IVGrade VWorse than Grade V
All Rivers
River Water Quality Grade:
River water quality in China
中国的流域水质As reported by MEP国家环保总局报告
96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04
96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 0496 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04
96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 0496 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04
96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04
96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04
96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04
96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04
96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04
96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04
96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04
96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04
MWR “Three Red Lines” 水利部三条红线
- water development and utilisation to control water quantity, 通过水资源开发和利用控制水质
- water use efficiency to curb waste of water提高用水效率杜绝浪费
- pollutant carrying capacity in water function zones to strictly control pollution discharge loads.通过水功能区纳污能力严格控制排污
总量控制红线 总量控制红线 Red line of total amount controlRed line of total amount control
红线 红线 1 1 Red line 1Red line 1
国家 国家 StateState
流域 流域 BasinBasin 省级区域 省级区域 Provincial areasProvincial areas
城市 城市 CitiesCities
中国水资源管理形势及实践Water Resources Management Situation and Practice in China
Water Allocation• Set Total: water allocation regulations set amount of surface water users are allowed to abstract and how
reservoirs are to be regulated to balance supply and demand.• Seasonal Adjustment: yearly water allocation plan is implemented through monthly regulating schemes
and, in times of high water demand, ten-day water regulating schemes. • Indexes: Yearly total water abstraction indices of the main stream and tributaries are set by YRCC, which
controls abstractions and reservoir releases. Adjust index in time of drought• Stakeholder Process: YRCC Prepare plans and assessments working closely with the Provincial Water
Resources Bureaus.• Ratify: Final plan agreed by Provincial Governors, then submitted to State Council• FYP: Yearly water allocation planning to be incorporated into regional socio-economic development plans.
Water Allocation• Negotiations based on a fixed baseline of 1987• Does not fully account for the changes in development levels over time• Deciding the Baseline problem for all water Trading Schemes
58 bcm total - 37 useable, 14 for sediment transport, 7 for Ecological restoration
• Accounts for need for sediment flows• Not yet clear on calculation of environmental flows• Based on long term water resource of YR, now may be much less• Water Allocation fully Utilised
Water Rights Transfer - Ningxia, Inner Mongolia Pilot
• New water user cannot get water drawing permit• Must arrange transfer from existing user• Invest in agricultural water saving• Be allowed to draw that water• Direct transaction places individual value on the water transfer.
中国水资源管理形势及实践Water Resources Management Situation and Practice in China
红线 红线 3 Red line 33 Red line 3 水功能区纳污红线
Assimilative red line of Assimilative red line of water functional zonewater functional zone
No 1 Document on Water Quality improvement1 号文件 - 水质改善
- The approach is of total load management (article 21)总量控制管理(第 21 条)
- linked to setting of performance targets for officials to be incorporated to the existing system of letters of responsibility (article 22). 考察官员的绩效目标,并将其与当前的责任相联系
This is a quite radically different approach to EU, and possibly to anywhere else in the world. It is highly ambitious in terms of the technical and institutional tools required for implementation.这与欧盟及世界上其他地方有 很大的不同,从实施的技术角度和制度层面都是很有挑战性的。
Mechanisms of WFD: 水框架指令的机制
• Characterise River Basins 流域的特点• Establish water bodies at Risk
• Establish Reference conditions 建立基准条件
• Monitoring 监测• Chemistry, Biology, Morphology 化学、生物、形态• One out all out
• Prepare River Basin Management Plans 准备流域管理规划
• Implement Programme of Measures 实施项目方法• Check progress 检查程序• Repeat Cycle 重复循环
Europe‘s waterbodies should achieve ‘good status’ by 2015 欧洲水体在 2015 年前应达到良好状态
No 1 Document on Water Quality improvement1 号文件 - 水质改善
- The approach is of total load management (article 21)总量控制管理(第 21 条)
- linked to setting of performance targets for officials to be incorporated to the existing system of letters of responsibility (article 22). 考察官员的绩效目标,并将其与当前的责任相联系
Pollution load Management• Sounds straight forward • But how to actually make it work?
• There are discharge standards which have been tightened• But no real equivalent of BAT• Currently no proper discharge permitting system
• Plan is for Pollution Load Based system
• MWR have guidelines for how to Calculate the Carrying Capacity and Pollution Load allocations SL 348-2006
• But getting into the detail of these encounters many uncertainties and problems
Pollution load Management• River catchment defined into Water Functional Zones • Calculate Carrying capacity
• COD and Ammonia• Based on Upstream standard• 90 percentile low flow• Standard Decay coefficients• Effective discharge point calculation
Downstream WFZ
水功能区下断面
Upstream WFZ
水功能区上断面
Effective discharge point*
有效污染物排放点
Flow and decay of pollutants污染物负荷消减
WFZ assessment point
水功能区评价点
* Effective discharge point is calculated by taking an average position of all discharge points, weighted by pollutant load.有效污染物排放点的计算方法是,使用每个点源的污染负荷量,计算得出所有污染物排放点的平均负荷。
Pollution load Management• Calculate pollution load allocation
• Compare the known discharges to the Carrying Capacity• If less than Carrying capacity then leave as are• Apply industry standards, Still greater than CC?• If still greater then apply proportional reductions to meet Carrying capacity• Meets WFZ standard now?? … Doubt it!
Downstream WFZ
水功能区下断面
Upstream WFZ
水功能区上断面
Effective discharge point*
有效污染物排放点
Flow and decay of pollutants污染物负荷消减
WFZ assessment point
水功能区评价点
* Effective discharge point is calculated by taking an average position of all discharge points, weighted by pollutant load.有效污染物排放点的计算方法是,使用每个点源的污染负荷量,计算得出所有污染物排放点的平均负荷。
Some Problems with Pollution load system污染负荷管理系统的问题
- Definition of Flow regime 定义流态- Not River basin approach – Reaches are disconnected
并非流域理念-河流是不连续的- Takes no account of actual river water quality data
不考虑实际的河流水质数据- Diffuse pollution is not considered 不考虑面源污染- Uncertainty in Data and models not managed数据和模型的不确定性- Abstractions and diversions not properly considered
没有适当考虑取水和调水- Problems of data sharing between sectors部门之间数据共享问题- Timetable for attainment not defined没有目标实现时间表- Flow and quality solutions not yet linked流量和质量不匹配- Mechanisms for translating pollution load for river reach to discharge control for factory / town and objective for official 将河段污染负荷分解到工厂、城镇排污口的机制以及官员目标
RBMP Contribution to PL Allocation
• Enhanced Pollution Load management system• Model and GIS based system for undertaking the calculations. Ability to:
• extend calculation procedure to different flow regimes• consider diffuse sources• account for unknown data and uncertainty• Account for river basin network effects• Use actual water quality data, predict outcome of strategies to meet WFZ• Quantitative methods for
comparing strategies and future horizons.• Support of integration of
calculations to administrative process
Upstream WFZ
水功能区上断面
Abstraction –remove flow and
load 取水—取走流量和污染负荷
Effective discharge point
有效污染物排放点
Catchment and unknown flows and
loads面源和未知污染源
Flow and decay of pollutants污染物负荷消减
WFZ assessment point
水功能区评价点
Where is this Going?• Water Allocation
• Scientific assessment process • Passes to a stakeholder political negotiation process• Allocation of a scarce resource• Mechanisms for trading of the Water allocation• Currently internally in Provinces• Potential to make inter province / region at multiple administrative levels• Link water allocation and pollution allocation through Water Permit
• Compare to Europe where abstraction and discharge only loosely linked in most cases
Where is this Going?• Pollution Load Management
• Requires improved Scientific assessment process that accounts for all sources and Basin Network effects• Yet to establish stakeholder political negotiation process• Allocation of an overabundant liability• No Mechanisms for trading of the Pollution allocation (possible?)• Currently internal in River reach• Potential to make inter province / region at multiple administrative levels across River basin• Link water allocation and pollution allocation through Water Permit
• Link to administrative personnel performance assessment of CPC
• But system as presently conceived will not actually achieve WFZ objectives in an efficient way
Where is this Going? …. Future• Integrated Quantity and Quality Management
• Water Functional Zones to include comprehensive river health assessment - Accounts for Biology, morphology, social status, hydrology
• Design system to actually meet these Targets• Flow regime basis of Pollution Load calculation could match with the Water Allocation and environmental flows requirement
• The statutory Pollution load allocation system based on simple local principles in WFZ supplemented with River basin Level planning for optimised investment
• Models and Pollution indices may be used as mechanism for optimised planning of pollution control and Benefit Cost analysis.
中国水资源管理形势及实践 Water Resources Management Situation and Practice in China
取水许可制度
Water-drawing permit system
水资源管理制度Water resources
management system
水资源管理制度Water resources
management system
水资源 论证制度
Water resources argumentation
system
水功能区 管理制度
Management system in water functional zone
计划与节约用水制度
Planning and saving water system
入河排污口管理制度
Management system of sewage drainage outlet to
river
总量控制与定额管理Gross amount control and quota management
Conclusions 结论- Integrated River Health monitoring is now being introduced in China, based on best international practice
前流域健康综合监测的方法已经引进到中国,这些方法基于国际上最好的实践经验- Better mechanisms for pollution Load management are being developed, based on Chinese administrative
systems.
更好的污染负荷管理系统目前只在开发,基于中国的行政体系- Together these can help drive change and improvement
这些工作将带来变化和改进- Much Technical development still required
依然需要更多的技术- May seem confused now, but so did WFD 10 years ago
- Supporting guidance very important to evolution
谢谢Thank You
谢谢Thank You
Very different from
EU
Will it Work??
Very different from
EU
Will it Work??
管理规定• 《建设项目水资源论证管理办法》 ( 修订 )• 《建设项目水资源论证资质管理办法》(修订)• 《建设项目水资源论证论证报告书审查工作管理规定》 ( 修订 )• 《建设项目水资源论证条例》(起草)• 《建设项目水资源论证表》(起草) 技术标准• 《建设项目水资源论证导则》(修订)• 《水利水电建设项目水资源论证导则》( 2011 )• 《重点行业项目水资源论证》(在编) Administrative provisions• Administrative Measures for Water Resources Argumentation of Construction Projects (revision)• Administrative Measures for the Qualification of the Water Resources Argumentation of Construction Projects (revision)• Administrative Provisions for Examination of the Water Resources Argumentation Report of Construction Projects (revision)• Clauses of the Water Resources Argumentation of Construction Projects (draft)• Water Resources Argumentation Form of Construction Projects (draft) Technical standards • Guidelines for the Water Resources Argumentation of Construction Projects (revision)• Guidelines for the Water Resources Argumentation of Water Conservancy and Hydroelectricity Construction Projects (2011)• The Water Resources Argumentation of the Projects of Key Industries (being compiled)
论证制度政策和技术体系 论证制度政策和技术体系 The argumentation system policies and the technical systemsThe argumentation system policies and the technical systems
II. 水资源论证制度的建立与发展II. The Establishment and Development of Water Resources Augumentation System
Compare to EU 与欧盟相比Combined approach 综合方法• Discharge Standards 排放标准
• Best available Technology 最佳可用技术
• River needs / Ecological outcomes 生态治河
Economically viable 经济可行
Trade Trade DischargeDischargeagreementagreementFlow & ConcentrationFlow & ConcentrationFlow & Concentration
DischargeDischargePermitPermit
Flo
w &
Lo
adF
low
& L
oad
Flo
w &
Lo
ad
To WWTWTo WWTWOr Or Direct to RiverDirect to River
River Reach河段
River Reach河段
Other Flow & LoadTotal Load
for Region
Total Load
for Region
WWTWWWTWWWTWWWTW
River BasinWQ Model
River BasinWQ Model
FactoryFactoryFactoryFactory
AbstractionAbstractionPermitPermit
Assimilative CapacityAssimilative Capacity
Allocation of Loads to Discharges
Allocation of Loads to Discharges
Economic Cost BenefitEconomic Cost Benefit
Domestic Wastewater
DischargeDischargePermitPermit
OrOrBAT ControlBAT ControlBAT ControlDischarge StandardsDischarge StandardsDischarge Standards
River Needs
River Needs
River Needs
River Reach 河段Pollution Load
Model污染负荷模型
Pollution LoadModel
污染负荷模型
企业企业
DischargeDischargePermitPermit
排放排放许可许可
DischargeDischargePermitPermit
排放排放许可许可
Other Flow & Load其他流量和负荷
Air DispersionModel
污染负荷模型
Air DispersionModel
污染负荷模型
DownstreamWater Functional Zone Target下游水功能区目标
Discharge Standards 排放标准
Best Available Techniques 最佳可行技术
Environmental Capacity
Environmental Capacity 环境容量
Discharge Standards 排放标准
Best Available Techniques 最佳可行技术
Environmental Capacity 环境容量
BAT ControlBAT ControlBAT ControlBAT ControlAcceptable Pollution Loadings可接受的污染负荷
Assimilative Capacity纳污能力
Assimilative Capacity纳污能力
Principles and Practice of IPPC Principles and Practice of IPPC 原则和实践的综合污染防治和控制
RBMP Contribution to PL Allocation• Enhanced Pollution Load management system• Model and GIS based system for undertaking the calculations. Ability to:
• extend calculation procedure to different flow regimes• consider diffuse sources• account for unknown data and uncertainty• Account for river basin network effects• Use actual water quality data and predict actual outcome of strategies to meet objectives• Provide quantitative methods for comparing strategies, outcomes and future horizons.• Support of integration of calculations to administrative process
Catchment Model
流域模型
Point
点源Diffuse
面源
Abstractions
取水
Catchment Model
流域模型
Point
点源Diffuse
面源
Abstractions
取水 River Flows
河流流量
River water quality
河流水质
River Flows
河流流量
River water quality
河流水质
GIS / Database GIS
数据库GIS / Database GIS
数据库
Model模型校正Model模型校正
Scenarios管理与干预方案的模拟
Scenarios管理与干预方案的模拟
River Basin Indexing河流流域指数
River Basin Indexing河流流域指数
Monitoring Data监测数据
Monitoring Data监测数据
Data processing 数据处理
Discharge / Abstraction
Impact取水/排水影响
Discharge / Abstraction
Impact取水/排水影响
Intervention Ranking
采取的措施排序
Intervention Ranking
采取的措施排序
Economic Cost of Projects
项目经济成本
Economic Cost of Projects
项目经济成本
Schematic of River Basin Water Quality Calculations and Model
河流流域水质模型示意图
River ReachAssimilative
Capacity analysis流域纳污能力分析
River ReachAssimilative
Capacity analysis流域纳污能力分析
Plan to meet River objectives达到河流水质目标的计划
Plan to meet River objectives达到河流水质目标的计划
Time of travel
时间
Decay Coefficients
衰减系数
Time of travel
时间
Decay Coefficients
衰减系数
Transport FactorsTransport Factors
WFZ ComplianceSituation
水功能区符合情况
WFZ ComplianceSituation
水功能区符合情况Water Function
Zoning objectives水功能区目标
Water Function Zoning objectives水功能区目标
Total Load Allocations总量分配
Total Load Allocations总量分配
Point 点源
Diffuse面源
Trans-jurisdiction Reach Planning跨界河段规划
Trans-jurisdiction Reach Planning跨界河段规划
Catchment and reach Data
Flow Scenarios (Ave, 75%ile, Dry etc)
流量模拟(平均,75%保证率,旱季等等)
Water Allocation Plan水量调度方案
Flow Scenarios (Ave, 75%ile, Dry etc)
流量模拟(平均,75%保证率,旱季等等)
Water Allocation Plan水量调度方案
Joint pollution control
Planning
联合控制污染规划
Joint pollution control
Planning
联合控制污染规划
EPB
Discharge Permit Controls环保局排污控制
许可
WWTP污水处理厂
WWTPWWTP污水处理厂污水处理厂
?
BOD, DO, NHBOD, DO, NH4, 4, N, P N, P
O2OO22
River Ecosystem zone河流生态区Abstraction取水Discharge排水
Urban城市UrbanUrban城市城市I ndustry工业I ndustryI ndustry工业工业
Livestock家畜LivestockLivestock家畜家畜
Agriculture农业AgricultureAgriculture农业农业
Fishery渔业FisheryFishery渔业渔业
Nature自然NatureNature自然自然
Reaeration/ Decay再曝气/衰减
ReaerationReaeration/ Decay/ Decay再曝气再曝气//衰减衰减
Groundwater地下水GroundwaterGroundwater地下水地下水
Groundwater地下水GroundwaterGroundwater地下水地下水
HydraulicStructures水文建筑物
HydraulicHydraulicStructuresStructures水文建筑物水文建筑物
AtmosphericDeposition大气沉降
AtmosphericAtmosphericDepositionDeposition大气沉降大气沉降
Permits许可 :Abstraction抽水Discharge排放
Monitoring监测
DataData数据数据
ControlsControls控制控制
ObjectivesObjectives目标目标
GIS
Model模型
StrategyStrategy战略战略
Water Resources水资源
Water qualityFunction Zones水质功能区
Planning / investment计划/投资
Enforcement执行
Integrated Water Resources Integrated Water Resources Protection PlanningProtection Planning加强水污染控制规划加强水污染控制规划
Integrated Water Resources Integrated Water Resources Protection PlanningProtection Planning加强水污染控制规划加强水污染控制规划
Flow & ConcentrationFlow & Concentration
估 算 的 流 量 和 浓 度估 算 的 流 量 和 浓 度
Flow & ConcentrationFlow & Concentration
估 算 的 流 量 和 浓 度估 算 的 流 量 和 浓 度
DischargeDischargePermitPermit
Flo
w &
Lo
ad
Flo
w &
Lo
ad
流量
和负
荷流
量和
负荷
Flo
w &
Lo
ad
Flo
w &
Lo
ad
流量
和负
荷流
量和
负荷
To WWTWTo WWTWOr Or
Direct to RiverDirect to River
River Reach 河段
Total Load
for Region区域排放总量
River BasinWQ Model
流域水质模型
River BasinWQ Model
流域水质模型
AbstractionAbstractionPermitPermit
取水许可取水许可
Assimilative CapacityAssimilative Capacity
Allocation of Loads to Discharges
工厂间的总量分配
Allocation of Loads to Discharges
工厂间的总量分配
Economic Cost BenefitEconomic Cost Benefit
DischargeDischargePermitPermit
BAT BAT ControlBAT BAT Control Discharge StandardsDischarge Standards排放标准
Discharge StandardsDischarge Standards排放标准
River Needs
River Needs
河流需求River N
eeds
River Needs
河流需求 WWTWWWTW
污水处理厂污水处理厂
企业企业