Simply Put: Words

Prefixes

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

PrefixRoot WordCombining vowelCombining form

Suffix

Break words down into parts…

Medical terms

Many if not most of these terms usually have Latin or Greek origins.The Latin form is used to describe or

modify something, as in an adjective Ren/o means kidney and is used in the terms

renal disease and renal tubule.The Greek form is used to describe a

pathological finding.Nephr/o means kidney and is used in the

terms nephritis and nephropathy.

DIRECTIONAL PREFIXES

CONTRASTING PREFIXES

Prefixes – at the beginning of a word

Epi- upper, above

Extra- outsideHyper- above,increase

more than normal

Hypo- below, under,

decreased

Infra- below, beneath

Directional Prefixes

Inter- betweenIntra- withinMeta- beyondPer- throughSub- below, under, decreased

Super- above, increased, more than normal

Supra- above, increased more than normal

Trans- across

Ultra- above, increased, more than normal

EPI-

SUB- HYPO-

EXTRA-

META-ULTRA-

SUPER-SUPRA-HYPER-

INFRA-

PER-

INTER- INTRA-

TRANS-

Directional

Transcontinental Trans | continental

Extraterristrial Extra | terrestrialIntercellular Inter | cellularEpicenter Epi | centerHypothermia Hypo | thermiaHyperactive Hyper | activeInfrastructure Infra | structureSubzero sub | zero

Some examples of words with directional prefixes…

Translocate trans | locateHypothyroid hypo | thyroidHyperthyroid hyper | thyroidSupranatural supra | naturalIntranasal intra | nasalSuperimposed super | imposedPerennial per | ennial

(through the years-year after year)

…and so, some medical words with directional prefixes.

HYPO-HYPER-

INFRA-SUB-HYPO-

FLASHCARDS: Below are two sets of prefixes. Why is each set grouped the way they are?

Ab- away from ab|ductionAd- toward ad|duction

Dys- difficult, painful, bad dys|phagiaEu- good, easy, normal eu|thyroid

Endo- within or inside endo|parasiteEx-Exo- without, out of, outside, away fromEcto-

Contrasting Prefixes

Poly- many, excessive poly|uriaOligo- scant, very little olig|uria

Pre- before pre|operativePeri- around peri|operativePost- after post|operative

Anti- against anti|emetic (vomiting)

A- without, no a|traumatic

An- without, no an|uria

Brady- slowTachy- fast

Mal- bad

Leuk- white

Bi- twice, two, doubleDi-

Extra Prefixes used in medicine

http://www.globalrph.com/medterm6b.htm

My favorite go to website for medical prefixes, roots, suffixes

A root is a word part that gives the essential meaning of the word

Root words may need a combing vowel, usually an “o” which usually makes the word easier to pronounce“i” and “e’ may also be used

Root words

The root word plus the combining vowel makes up the combining formOften written (and pronounced)

Ren/oGastr/oCardi/o

Rule 1:When the suffix or next word part begins with

a consonant use a combining vowelArthr/o and –scope = Arthroscope

Rule 2:Don’t need a combining vowel if the suffix

starts with a vowelGastr/o and –itis = gastritis

Rule 3:A combining vowel is used when two or more

root words are joined togetherGastr/o and enter/o and –it is = gastroenteritis

GastroenteritsNasolabial Colorectal

Most medical root words or combining forms usually describe a part of the body

Root words (prefixes?)

Py/o- pusPneum/o- lungs, airDerm/o- skinAden/o- glandBucc/o cheekCyt/o cell

UrinaryCyst/o- bladderNephr/o- kidneyRen/o- kidney

Skeletal and MuscleMy/o- muscleArthr/o- jointChondr/o- cartilageAxill/o- armpitOste/o- boneCost/o ribs

Head , Neck, and FootCephal/o- headEncephal/o- brainCervic/o neckCrani/o- skullPod/o- foot

CardiovascularThorac/o- chestCardi/o- heartVen/o- veinArteri/o arteryHem/a- blood

Eyes Ears NoseOpth/o- eyeOt/o- earRhin/o- noseNas/o- nose

DigestiveGastr/o- stomachLapar/o abdominal wallEnter/o- intestine (small

intestine)Col/o- colon (large intestine)Hep/a- liverPancreat/o pancreasSplen/o- spleen

Nervous systemNeur/o- nerveMyel/o- spinal cord

MouthOr/o mouthStomat/o mouthGloss/o tongueLabi/o lips

FunXanth/o yellowZo/o animal life

Xanthinuria - ?

Anatomystudy of body structure

Physiologystudy of body function

Pathologystudy of the nature, causes, and development

of abnormal conditionsEtiology

study of disease

The suffix -logy means the study of.

Study of…

-plasia describes formation, development, and growth of tissue and cell numbers.

-trophy describes formation, development, and increased size of tissue and cells.

Suffixes…tissues

Neoplasia = any abnormal growth of tissue in which multiplication of cells is uncontrolled, more rapid than normal, and progressive

Tumors

Tumor Terms

Tumor: a distinct mass of tissue formed from a neoplasm (-oma means tumor or neoplasm)benign: not recurringmalignant: tending to spread and become life-

threatening

Prefixes used to describe tissue growth:a- = withouthypo- = less than normalhyper- = more than normaldys- = badana- = withoutneo- = new

Prefixes…tissues

Formation Terms

Anaplasa: change in the structure of cells and their orientation to each other

Aplasa: lack of development of an organ or tissue or cell

Dysplasia: abnormal growth or development of an organ or tissue or cell

Hyperplasia: abnormal increase in the number of normal cells in normal arrangement in an organ or tissue or cell

Formation TermsHypoplasia: incomplete or less than normal

development of an organ or tissue or cellAtrophy: decrease in size or complete wasting

of an organ or tissue or cellDystrophy: defective growth in the size of an

organ or tissue or cellHypertrophy: increase in size of an organ or

tissue or cell

Glands• Aden/o means gland.

– Exocrine glands secrete material into ducts.• Exo- means out; crine means to secrete.

– Endocrine glands secrete chemicals into the bloodstream for transportation to organs and other structures throughout the body.• Endo- means within; crine means to secrete.

Organs

An organ is a part of the body that performs a special function or functions.

Each organ has its own combining form or forms.See Table 2–2.

These combining forms usually have Latin or Greek origins.

1. The prefix___________means below. The prefix _________________means across.

a) Supra- a) Meta-b) Super- b) Infra-c) Inter- c) Transd) Sub- d) Ultra-

2. The prefix ___________means beyond. The prefix________________means between.

a) Hypo- a) Infra-b) Hyper- b) Intra-c) Meta- c) Inter-d) Per- d) Epi-

Thursday August 29

The prefix _________means many.olig- poly-an- eu-

The prefix ___________means outside, while the prefix ___________means inside.pre-, post- endo-, exo-hyper-, hypo- inter-, intra-

Bell Work Tuesday Sept ember 3

Which prefix means around?epi- supra-peri- meta-

Which prefix means very little or scant?anti- peri-oligo- an-

AnuriaPolyuriaOliguria

What is the prefix in each word above and what does each word mean?

True or False?Cardio- means bladderRhin0- means muscleArthro- means jointHepa-means liverHema-means kidneyNephro- means liverOsteo- means bone

Bell work Wednesday, September 4

Hepatic Lipidosis is a fatty ____________.

Cardiomyopathy is a disease of the _____________.

Nephrotoxixity is a poisonous effect on the _________.