SIMS 213: User Interface Design & Development

Marti HearstTues, March 7, 2006

Today

Content Layout Technique: WireframingGraphic Design

Wireframing

What is the main idea?– Separate content from layout and display– Graphic Design:

• Use the page layout to signal the flow of interaction• Group conceptually related items together

– Nielsen: • What does the layout communicate?• Test if a page of content becomes more usable because of the layout• A template (for a home page) should contain what items?

From http://www.gotomedia.com/macromedia/monterey/architecture/

From http://www.gotomedia.com/macromedia/monterey/architecture/

How to Test A Layout

Study conducted by Thomas S. Tullis from Fidelity Investments in 1998Assessed the usability of five alternative template designs for their intranets. Method:– Show templates with “greeked” text– Draw labeled boxes around each page corresponding

to 9 elements– No overlapping allowed– Indicate if something appears not to be there

The Elements

1. Main content selections for this page 2. Page title 3. Person responsible for this page 4. Intranet-wide navigation (e.g., intranet home, search) 5. Last updated date 6. Intranet identifier/logo 7. Site navigation (e.g, major sections of this section of the

intranet) 8. Confidentiality/security (e.g, Public, Confidential, etc.) 9. Site news items

From http://www.useit.com/alertbox/980517.html

From http://www.useit.com/alertbox/980517.html

From http://www.useit.com/alertbox/980517.html

From http://www.useit.com/alertbox/980517.html

Wireframing Study

Different parts of the designs scored betterBest parts were taken from each design and combinedResulted in an overall better score

Results of Study

CorrectPage

Elements

Subjective Appeal

(-3 to +3)

Template 1 52% +1.3

Template 3 67% +0.9

Final Design 72% +2.1

Graphical Design in UI Design

Sources: – GUI Bloopers, Chapter 3

• Jeff Johnson– Principles of Effective Visual Communication for GUI design

• Marcus in Baecker, Grudin, Buxton and Greenberg, Readings in Human-Computer Interaction: Toward the Year 2000

– Designing Visual Interfaces• Mullet & Sano, Prentice Hall

– The Non-Designers Design Book• Robin Williams, Peachpit Press

– The Zen of CSS Design• Dave Shea and Molly Holzschlag, New Riders• Really terrific! Design aesthetics plus how to code it.

– http://www.csszengarden.com/

Graphical Design in UI Design

Graphical Design must account for:– A comprehensible mental image– Appropriate organization of data, functions, tasks and roles– High-quality appearances

• The “look”

– Effective interaction sequencing• The “feel”

From http://www.warrenkramer.com/design/1/index.shtml

A Note on Tools

Many tools make it difficult to do layout correctly– Powerpoint especially!– As Maggie Law showed, can use Excel!

Layout Grids: A Design Staple

Organization– Use contrast to bring out dominant elements– Use grouping of elements by proximity– Use alignment for organization and aesthetics

ConsistencyNavigational CuesThe eye travels along the paths cut out for it in the work. – Paul Klee

http://hotwired.lycos.com/webmonkey/98/28/index4a_page2.html?tw=design

Layout Grids

From http://www.cultsock.ndirect.co.uk/MUHome/cshtml/print/grids.html

Two Column Layout Grids

From http://www.cultsock.ndirect.co.uk/MUHome/cshtml/print/grids.html

Three Column Layout Grids

From http://www.cultsock.ndirect.co.uk/MUHome/cshtml/print/grids.html

Symmetry vs. Asymmetry

Beware of too much symmetry

From http://www.cultsock.ndirect.co.uk/MUHome/cshtml/print/grids.html

Four Column Layout Grids

Layout Grids

Window to widget

spacing

Widget to widget

spacing

No Ok

Message text in Arial 14, left adjusted

Standard icon set

Fixed components

Format of variable contents

No Ok

Message text in Arial 14, left adjusted

Standard icon set

No Ok

Do you really want to delete the file “myfile.doc” from the folder “junk”?

?

Apply

Cancel

The file was destroyed

BadLayout:

GoodLayout:

Slide fromSaul Greenberg

Visual Consistency

Internal consistency– Same conventions and rules for all elements of the GUI (unless strong reason to do

otherwise)– Enforced by a set of application-specific grids

External consistency– Follow platform and interface style conventions– Use platform and widget-specific grids– Deviate from conventions only when it provides a clear benefit to user

Two-level Hierarchy•indentation•contrast

Grouping by white space

Alignment connects visual elements in a sequence

Logic of organizationalflow

Slide fromSaul Greenberg

User grouping to show relationships between screen elements

Bad Good Good

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From http://www.cultsock.ndirect.co.uk/MUHome/cshtml/print/grids.html

Grid Layout Recommendations

Number of lines per page – # of lines you can fit on each page in your chosen font is

divisible by the number of grid sections you intend to have.

– Method: Flow some text on to a page and get a print-out in various column widths and different font sizes

From http://www.cultsock.ndirect.co.uk/MUHome/cshtml/print/grids.html

Grid Layout Recommendations

Margins: a function of how much you need to fit on to each page– (From paper layout, not on-screen)

• Foredge (also known as outside margin): – should be an average of head (top margin) and foot (bottom margin)

• Foot (also known as bottom margin): – Should always be bigger than the head (top margin), at least 50%

bigger than the bottom.– This is due an optical illusion called the optical centre -- we tend to see the

centre of a page as being slightly higher than the actual centre.

• Back (also known as inside or gutter margin): – the two back margins taken together should be roughly as wide as the

foredge

Navigational cuesProvide initial focusDirect attention to important, secondary, or peripheral items as appropriateAssist in navigation through materialOrder should follow a user’s conceptual model of sequences

bad good

IBM's Aptiva Communication Center

No regard fortask order; noorganization

Haphazard layoutfrom mullet & sano

Repairing a Haphazard layoutfrom mullet &sano

Bad alignment Poor choice of colors to distinguish labels from editable fields

Economy of visual elements

– Minimize number of controls

– Include only those that are necessary• eliminate, or relegate others to secondary windows• (but don’t want too many extra windows!)

– Minimize clutter • so information is not hidden

Overuse of 3-d effects makes the window unnecessarily cluttered

Slide adapted from Saul Greenberg

More Guidelines

From Chapter 3 of GUI Bloopers– Missing group boxes– Inconsistent group box style– Inconsistent separator style– Shoddy labeling and spacing

• Radiobutton spacing• Inconsistent property label alignment• Very long labels• Poor label placement• Unlabeld container components

– Inconsistent fonts– Tiny fonts

Web Page Layout

– Controversies about:• Should users scroll?• How much whitespace?

– Spool’s claims• Users scroll if the top part of the page contains useful information.

– (If it contains branding, ads, etc, they assume more of the same below.)• Whitespace negatively correlated with usefulness

– Viewing a page through a browser is like putting a small hole in a piece of paper and holding over the middle of a magazine page

– Layout design is different for the web than print

– Our studies suggest:• Text and link clustering is favored• Others claim this aids scannability

Related Issues

Text – legibility– typefaces and typesetting Color and Texture Iconography

–signs, icons, symbols; concrete to abstract Visual identity

–unique appearance Animation

–dynamics of display