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    W f l j a p h r o A f r c f l o s ) ] b o w a y a b o a m ^ a j o | 1

    W^ Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt

    ^PH^HWAC EHP A^^CFOM POWOAPGB ^PHKOG]

    Wfljaphro Afrcflos]bo way aboam

    JPH_^ 17

    Mollfs Johrjo

    Pailatb W

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    W f l j a p h r o A f r c f l o s ) ] b o w a y a b o a m ^ a j o | 0

    W^ Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt

    Wfljaphro Afrcflos]bo way ehrwarm

    AGDLHZCOMJOIOL]

    ]bfs rophrt fs a rosuct he oeehrts alm motafcom alacysfs hl tbo thpfg alm attoipt bas `ool iamo

    th iado tbfs stumy rocovalt alm flehriatfvo, Coarlflj alm vacuo morfvom as a rosuct he tbfs

    prhkogt ehr agamoifg purphso wfcc `o hur paraiotor ehr suggoss, Zo whucm cfdo th ioltfhl tbo

    laios he tbo flmfvfmuac wbhso supphrt alm jufmalgo bocpom us th iado tbfs appcfom rosoargb

    prhkogt a vory jhhm coarlflj oxporfolgo,

    Hur agamoifg iolthr# Is, Frfla ^fsiollaya was acways avafca`co th jufmo us tbrhujb alm

    alswor hur quorfos, Zo aro jratoeuc ehr tbo flsfjbts alm dlhwcomjo sbarom th us `y bor, Bor

    vacua`co flputs bocpom us sbapo tbo rophrt fl tbo iallor ft stalms thmay, Zo whucm acsh cfdo

    th tbald Mr, @acadrfsbla Jralmbf# wbhso prosolgo alm ghltrf`utfhl was grugfac fl

    gballocfzflj tbfs prhkogt at ovory stajo,

    Zo whucm cfdo th tbald Ir, Moallatb Ducatbuljo# Ghultry boamWfljaphro# FA]A ehr jfvflj

    us vacua`co flsfjbts a`hut tbo avfatfhl flmustry wftb bfs oxporfolgo,

    Zo whucm acsh cfdo th oxtolm hur jratftumo th Is, Uoola Kambav ehr bor flputs alm jufmalgo,

    Zo whucm cfdo th tbald tbo staee he W^ Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt# Wfljaphro ehr tbofr

    supphrt fl iadflj ovorytbflj as ghiehrta co as phssf`co ehr coarlflj,

    ]bo ghltrf`utfhl he pohpco ioltfhlom a`hvo fs flvacua`co, ]bofr jufmalgo bas iamo tbo appcfom

    rosoargb prhkogt a vory vacua`co alm ioihra`co coarlflj oxporfolgo,

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    W f l j a p h r o A f r c f l o s ) ] b o w a y a b o a m ^ a j o | 7

    W^ Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt

    MOGCAPA]FHL

    Zo boro`y mogcaro tbat tbo iattor flgcumom fl tbfs appcfom rosoargb prhkogt oltftcom

    Wfljaphro afrcflos tbo way ehrwarm fs tbo rosuct he tbo stumy alm fltorvfow garrfom hut `y

    us, Zo eurtbor mogcaro tbat tbfs fs hur hrfjflac whrd alm bas lht `ool pu`cfsbom alywboro

    `oehro, ]bfs prhkogt whrd bas `ool garrfom hut ehr tbo shco purphso he su`ifssfhl fl partfac

    eucefcciolt he tbo roqufroiolts he Jch`ac Iastors fl @usfloss Amiflfstratfhl at W^ Kafl Wgbhhc

    he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt# Wfljaphro,

    GH^VPFJB] AWWFJLIOL]

    EHP ]BO JHHM ALM UAC_A@CO GHLWFMOPA]FHL# rogofpt he wbfgb fs boro`y

    agdlhwcomjom# tbo ^rhkogt toai "Assfjlhr boro`y frrovhga`cy tralseors alm assfjls th W ^

    Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt "Assfjloo chgatom at Mu`af# Wfljaphro# Wymloy# fts

    suggosshrs alm assfjls# fl porpotufty# acc rfjbt "wbotbor lhw dlhwl hr boroflaetor flvoltom

    tftco# alm fltorost# tbrhujbhut tbo whrcm# flgcumflj aly ghpyrfjbts alm rolowacs hr oxtolsfhls

    tboroth# fl "prhkogt tftco&

    FL ZF]LOWW ]BOPOHE# Assfjlhr bas mucy oxogutom tbfs ajrooiolt,

    Mato ;

    ^rhkogt ]oai;

    Mollfs Johrjo JA^P10GII1>1 "Wfjl& )))))))))))))))))))))))))))

    Pailatb W JA^P10GII112 "Wfjl& )))))))))))))))))))))))))))

    ^rhkogt Iolthr; Is, Frfla ^fsiollaya

    Wfjlaturo;

    W^ KAFL WGBHHC HE JCH@AC IALAJOIOL] M_@AF ) WFLJA^HPO

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    W f l j a p h r o A f r c f l o s ) ] b o w a y a b o a m ^ a j o | =

    W^ Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt

    ]a`co he ghltolts

    Oxogutfvo Wuiiary ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :

    Fltrhmugtfhl he tbo afrcflo flmustry ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2

    Bfsthry he tbo afrcflo flmustry ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6

    Asfal afrcflo flmustry ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1>

    ^rosolt mayafrcflo flmustry ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 11

    Wfljaphro afrcflos ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 10

    Posoargb prh`coi,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1?

    Wghpo he tbo rosoargb ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1?

    Posoargb iotbhmhchjy ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 15

    Wtatoiolt he prh`coi ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 15

    ^rh`coi Moeflftfhl ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1:

    Posoargb Mosfjl alm ^cal ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1:

    Waipcflj alm Mata Ghccogtfhl ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 12

    Quacftatfvo stumy ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 12

    Cftoraturo rovfow ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 01

    @hhds,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 01

    Artfgcos alm Khurlacs ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 01

    Agamoifg Khurlacs ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 0=

    Wdytrax ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 02

    Wdytrax rovfows ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 71

    ^rfiary Posoargb ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7=

    Moihjrapbfg alacysfs ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7?

    Eagthr Alacysfs,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7:

    ^orgoptuac Iappflj ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =7

    Pocatfvo sghrflj ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =5

    Wuiiary he tbo ghipcaflts ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =6

    Gcustor alacysfs ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ?>

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    W f l j a p h r o A f r c f l o s ) ] b o w a y a b o a m ^ a j o | ?

    W^ Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt

    Hlcflo @hhdflj,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ?7

    Gbogd)Fl Hptfhls ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ?=

    Jrool Flftfatfvos ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ??

    Doy eflmfljs erhi tbo rosoargb ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ?5

    WFAPogolt movochpiolts ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ?5

    Poghiiolmatfhls ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ?:

    Cfiftatfhls ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ?2

    Euturo sghpo ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ?2

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    W f l j a p h r o A f r c f l o s ) ] b o w a y a b o a m ^ a j o | 5

    W^ Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt

    ]a`co he efjuros

    Efjuro 1)Alacytfgac bforargbfgac Iotbhm ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 00

    Efjuro 7)ghipcaflt alacysfs ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 70

    Efjuro = ) ^rfiary Posoargb ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7=

    Efjuro ? ) Ajo ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7?

    Efjuro 5 ) Latfhlacfty ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7?

    Efjuro : ) Jolmor ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7?

    Efjuro 2 ) Eroquolgy he travoc ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 75

    Efjuro 6 ) Hggupatfhl ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 75

    Efjuro 1> ) urphso he travoc ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 75

    Efjuro 11) Eagthr alacysfsFl)ecfjbt sorvfgo ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 72

    Efjuro 10 ) Eagthr alacysfs ) paraiotors th gbhhso al afrcflo ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 76

    Efjuro 17 ) PojrossfhlChyacty ^rhjrai ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =>

    Efjuro 1= ) Pojrossfhl ) Chyacty ^rhjrai WFA ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =1

    Efjuro 1? ) Poghiiolmatfhl ) Cfdort sgaco ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =1

    Efjuro 15 ) Pojrossfhl ) Fl)ecfjbt sorvfgo ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =0

    Efjuro 1: ) Pojrossfhl ) Jrhup ) Fl)ecfjbt sorvfgo ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =0

    Efjuro 12 ) orgoptuac iappfljLatfhlacfty ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =7

    Efjuro 16 ) ^rfgo Ghiparfshl ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ==

    Efjuro 0> ) Poashls ehr gbhhsflj htbor afrcflos a`hvo Wfljaphro Afrcflos ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ==

    Efjuro 01 ) orgoptuac iappflj ) Pato WFA ) WFA Ecfors ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =?Efjuro 00 ) ^orgoptuac Iappflj ) Ajo ) Pato WFA ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =?

    Efjuro 07 ) ^orgoptuac Iappflj ) Hggupatfhl ) Pato WFA ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =5

    Efjuro 0=) orgoptuac Iappflj ) Fl)ecfjbt sorvfgo ) Wfljaphroals ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =2

    Efjuro 0? ) orgoptuac Iappflj ) Fl)ecfjbt sorvfgo ) WFA Ecfors ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =2

    Efjuro 05 ) ^orgoptuac Iappflj ) Fl)ecfjbt sorvfgo)Chyacty prhjrai ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =2

    Efjuro 0: ) GcustorFl)ecfjbt sorvfgo ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ?>

    Efjuro 02 ) Jrhupflj he gusthiors ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ?1

    Efjuro 06 ) Iuctfpco ghiparfshl,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ?0

    Efjuro 7> ) Latfhlacfty ) Grhss ta`ucatfhl ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ?0

    Efjuro 71 ) Hggupatfhl ) Grhss ta`ucatfhl ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ?7

    Efjuro 70 ) WFA Ecfors ) Grhssta`ucatfhl ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ?7

    Efjuro 77 ) Hggupatfhl ) Whurgo he `hhdfljGrhss ta`ucatfhl ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ?=

    Efjuro 7= ) Ajo ) Gbogdfl hptfhls ) Grhssta`ucatfhls,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ?=

    Efjuro 7? ) Jrool Flftfatfvo 1 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ??

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    W f l j a p h r o A f r c f l o s ) ] b o w a y a b o a m ^ a j o | :

    W^ Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt

    Efjuro 75 ) Jrool Flftfatfvo 0 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ??

    Oxogutfvo Wuiiary;

    Fl a rapfm gbaljflj iagrhoghlhifg ghlmftfhls# ghlstalt flgroaso fl euoc prfgos alm

    flgroasom ghipotftfhl lht hlcy erhi htbor eucc sorvfgo afrcflos# `ut acsh erhi `umjot afrcflos fl

    shutb)oast Asfa,

    Wfljaphro Afrcflos "WFA& bas phstom a chss he _WM 71i ehr Kal)Iargb quartor# 0>10,

    ]bfs fs tbo efrst tfio WFA fs eagflj a chss sflgo ft `ogaio pu`cfg fl 162?, ]bo `fjjost gbaccoljo

    ehr WFA fs th cfvo up th fts hwl roputatfhl he `oflj a proifui sorvfgo prhvfmor alm ulmfsputom

    ghst coamor, WFA fs acsh eagflj tbroat erhi Oifratos# Qatar alm Qaltas afrcflos ehr ecfjbts

    hrfjflatflj hut he Wfljaphro,

    Hur soghlmary stumy goltorom hl Wdytrax# th ulmorstalm tbo passoljor proeorolgos

    alm tbofr proeorrom afrcflos, ]bo prfiary survoy ghlmugtom ghvorom pohpco erhi mfeeorolt

    latfhlacftfos# alm ajo jrhups th ulmorstalm tbo porgoptfhl he tbo afrcflo passoljors,

    ]bo iafl purphso he tbfs stumy was th ulmorstalm passoljors porgoptfhl a`hut WFA#

    tbo aroas he WFA wbfgb looms th `o ammrossom alm th prhvfmo roghiiolmatfhls, Hur soghlmary

    stumy# iaflcy erhi Wdytrax flmfgatom tbat WFAs iafl aroas he ghlgorl aro soat ghiehrt# fl)

    ecfjbt oltortafliolt alm quacfty he ehhm alm `ovorajo, ]bfs was rovacfmatom `y WFAs scfp fl tbowhrcm afrcflo raldflj, Hur prfiary survoy rovoacom sfifcar rosucts sujjostflj tbo loom ehr WFA

    th fiprhvo hl tbo a`hvo ioltfhlom paraiotor th ghltfluo th `o prhefta`co,

    Bhwovor# rogolt upmatos a`hut WFA rovoac tbat tboy aro flvostflj th fiprhvo tbofr fl)

    ecfjbt oltortafliolt# soats alm chuljo eagfcftfos# wbfgb fs agtuaccy a part he hur

    roghiiolmatfhls,

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    W f l j a p h r o A f r c f l o s ) ] b o w a y a b o a m ^ a j o | 2

    W^ Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt

    Fltrhmugtfhl he tbo afrcflo flmustry

    ]bo afrcflo flmustry fs al ovhcvflj flmustry, Ft gators th thurfsi# oghlhifg jrhwtb alm

    tramo aihlj latfhls, Ft fs tboroehro tbo ehgac phflt he jch`acfzatfhl,

    ]bo afrcflo flmustry bas jrhwl `y a`hut 2/ por yoar fl tbo past mogamo 0>>> th 0>1>,

    @usfloss alm cofsuro travoc bas jrhwl strhljcy whrcmwfmo, Cast yoar# tbo Afrcflos garrfom 1,:?

    `fccfhl passoljors, ]bo avafca`fcfty he carjo afrgraets sugb as tbo Afr`us 72> @hoflj ::: alm

    @hoflj :=: iamo ft ghlvolfolt alm aeehrma`co th travoc, Jhvorliolts fl movochpflj ghultrfos

    bavo roacfzom tbo `oloefts he thurfsi th tbofr latfhlac oghlhifos, ]boy bavo spurrom tbo

    movochpiolt he roshrts alm flerastrugturo, ]boy bavo ool suggosseuc fl curflj thurfsts erhi

    tbo prhsporhus ghultrfos fl tbo movochpom Asfal# Zostorl Ourhpoal alm Lhrtb Aiorfgal

    ghultrfos, ]hurfsts erhi movochpflj ghultrfos acsh bavo a iakhr say fl tbo iass flgroaso fl tbo

    vhcuio he traeefg, "Drhh# 0>1>&

    @usfloss travoc bas jrhwl, Ghipalfos aro jhflj fltorlatfhlac wftb boavy flvostiolts

    fl fltorlatfhlac iardots, ]bo suppcy alm prhmugtfhl gbafls alm tbofr gusthiors aro tbo low

    fltorlatfhlac iardot, ]bo rapfm jrhwtb he whrcm tramo bas acsh ghltrf`utom th jrhwtb fl

    `usfloss travoc,

    ^rhefta`fcfty he tbo Afrcflo Flmustry fs gchsocy asshgfatom wftb oghlhifg tramo alm

    jrhwtb, Murflj tbo efrst bace he tbo 166>s# tbo flmustry sueeorom erhi whrcm rogossfhl alm tbo

    aetoriatb he tbo Juce Zar, ]bo lui`or he fltorlatfhlac passoljors mrhppom ehr tbo efrst tfio,

    ]bo eflalgfac mfeefguctfos woro as afrcflos hvor hrmorom afrcflos fl tbo `hhi yoars he tbo cato

    162>s# oxgoss gapagfty fl tbo iardot, Afrcflos sueeorom boavy chssos he -0>,=`l fl tbo yoars

    erhi 166> th 166=, "Drhh# 0>1>&

    Wflgo tbol# afrcflos bavo roghjlfzom tbo loom ehr ramfgac gbaljo th olsuro tbofr

    sustafla`fcfty, Ialy bavo trfom th gut ghsts# romugo gapagfty jrhwtb alm flgroaso cham eagthrs,

    At a tfio he rolowom oghlhifg jrhwtb# flmustry as a wbhco th roturlom th prhefta`fcfty; Afrcflos*

    prhefts woro -?`l fl 1665# coss tbal 0/ he thtac rovoluos, ]bfs fs way `ochw tbo covoc FA]A`ocfovos fs logossary ehr afrcflos th survfvo, ]boy ghucmlt ghltrhc tbofr mo`ts# `ufcm gasb

    rosorvos alm iafltafl sustafla`co flvostiolt covocs, Ialy afrcflos roiaflom ulprhefta`co,

    ]h ioot tbo roqufroiolts he tbofr flgroasfljcy mfsgorlflj gusthiors# shio afrcflos bavo

    flvostom boavfcy th fiprhvo tbo quacfty he sorvfgo tbat tboy heeor, Ih`fco Gbogd)fl# low

    fltoragtfvo oltortafliolt systois# alm ihro coj spago % ghiehrta`co soatflj aro kust shio he

    tbo prhmugt olbalgoiolts tbat woro fltrhmugom th attragt alm rotafl gusthiors,

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    W f l j a p h r o A f r c f l o s ) ] b o w a y a b o a m ^ a j o | 6

    W^ Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt

    A lui`or he eagthrs aro ehrgflj afrcflos th `oghio ihro oeefgfolt, ]bo Ourhpoal _lfhl

    "O_& bas put fts ehht mhwl alm rucom tbat jhvorliolts sbhucm lht supphrt alm su`sfmfzo tbofr

    chss)iadflj afrcflos, Ocsowboro thh# afrcflos aro oflj prfvatfzom, ]h appoaso prosolt alm

    appoac th prhspogtfvo sbarobhcmors# tbo afrcflos bavo th `oghio ihro ghipotftfvo alm oeefgfolt,

    Morojucatfhl fs acsh stfiucatflj ghipotftfhl, Ialy chw ghst `umjot afrcflos aro ghiflj flth tboeray, ]bo _W com tbo way fl 16:2 alm Ourhpo ehcchwom suft, ]bo eflac stajos he morojucatfhl fl

    tbo O_ thhd pcago fl Aprfc 166:, ]bfs acchwom al afrcflo erhi hlo ioi`or stato th ecy

    passoljors wftbfl alhtbor ioi`or*s mhiostfg iardot, *Hpol sdfos* ajrooiolts aro `ojfllflj

    th mfsialtco shio he tbo rojucatfhls jhvorlflj wbfgb garrfors gal ecy hl shio he tbo rhutos,

    Bhwovor# tbo avfatfhl flmustry fs dlhwl ehr fts strhlj latfhlacfst soltfiolts thwarms tbofr

    mhiostfg *ecaj garrfors*, Fl ialy parts he tbo whrcm# sovorac afrcflos stfcc ghltfluo th eago

    cfiftatfhls,

    Mospfto tbfs# tbo afrcflo flmustry bas prhgoomom thwarms jch`acfzatfhl alm

    ghlshcfmatfhl, ]bfs fs a lhriac gbaragtorfstfgs asshgfatom wftb ialy htbor flmustrfos, ]bo

    osta`cfsbiolt he accfalgos alm partlorsbfps aihlj afrcflos bas `ool jhhm, ]bo lotwhrds bavo

    oxpalmom# tbus afmflj gusthiors, Bulmroms he afrcflos bavo oltorom flth iakhr accfalgos#

    wbfgb raljo erhi iardotflj ajrooiolts th ghmo)sbarflj th oqufty tralseors alm eralgbfsos,

    Bfsthry he tbo afrcflo flmustry

    Aiorfgal avfatfhl pfhloors# Pueus ^hrtor alm Eromorfgd Iarrfhtt# woro tbo efrst th

    attoipt th start afrcflos usflj afrsbfps fl tbo ifm)16tb goltury, ]boy ehgusom hl tbo eaihus

    Low VhrdGacfehrlfa rhuto, ]boy mfm lht suggoom, ]bo afrcflos woro strugd `y ifsbaps as tbo

    afrsbfps gatgbflj efro alm tbo afrgraet `oflj rfppom apart `y spogtathrs,

    MOCAJ# Moutsgbo "Cuetsgbfeeabrts)Adtfoljosoccsgbaet& was tbo whrcm*s efrst afrcflo, Ft was

    ehulmom wftb jhvorliolt assfstalgo hl Lhvoi`or 15# 16>6,]boy hporatom afrsbfps

    ialueagturom `y ]bo [oppocfl Ghrphratfhl# boamquartorom fl Eraldeurt, ]bo afrcflos tbat stfcc

    oxfst aro Austracfa*s Qaltas#Lotborcalms* DCI# Ghchi`fa*s Avfalga# # alm Gzogb

    Popu`cfg*s Gzogb Afrcflos, "Jroolscot# 0>>5&

    ]hly Kallus ghlmugtom tbo _lftom Wtatos* efrst sgbomucom ghiiorgfac afrcflo ecfjbt hl 1

    Kaluary 161= ehr tbo Wt, ^otors`urj)]aipa Afr`hat Cflo, Gbacd*s Fltorlatfhlac Afrcflos `ojalsorvfgo `otwool Ifaif alm @fiflf fl tbo @abaias fl 1616, Gbacd*s fs gcafiom th `o tbo hcmost

    ghltfluhuscy hporatflj afrcflo fl tbo _lftom Wtatos ultfc fts gchsuro fl 0>>2,

    Zhrcm Zar FF alm Zhrcm Zar F `rhujbt low cfeo th tbo afrcflo flmustry, Afrcflos erhi tbo accfom

    ghultrfos ehrosaw a euturo moialm ehr ghiiorgfac afr travoc alm tralsphrtfhl he garjh, ]boy

    woro oajor th flvost fl afr travoc, Ihst he tboso low afrgraet woro `asom hl Aiorfgal `hi`ors

    sugb as tbo @)06, "Jroolscot# 0>>5&

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_Porterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Marriotthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DELAGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airlines_by_foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeppelinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airlines_by_foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airlines_by_foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qantashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qantashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviancahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Airlineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Jannushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk%27s_International_Airlineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk%27s_International_Airlineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Jannushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Airlineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviancahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qantashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airlines_by_foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeppelinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airlines_by_foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DELAGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Marriotthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_Porter
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    W f l j a p h r o A f r c f l o s ) ] b o w a y a b o a m ^ a j o | 1>

    W^ Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt

    Fl tbo 16?>s# tbo afrcflo flmustry fl tbo Zost was mhiflatom `y @hoflj :>:#Mhujcas

    MG)2# Mo Bavfccalm Ghiot# alm Wum Avfatfhl Garavocco#wbfco tbo Oastorl `chg bam stato)

    hwlom ecoots he]uphcov ]u)1>= alm ]uphcov ]u)10=,

    ]bo afrcflos saw a iakhr `hhst fl tbo 16:>s, @hoflj :=:# IgMhllocc Mhujcas MG)1>#

    alm Chgdboom C)1>11 woro flaujuratom, ]bo wfmo `hmykui`h kot sorvfgo# wbfgb fs stfcc tbo

    stalmarm fl fltorlatfhlac travoc# was flftfatom, ]bo ]uphcov ]u)1== alm Ghlghrmo# iamo

    suporshlfg travoc a roacfty, Ghlghrmo ecow erhi 1656 th 0>>7, Fl 16:0# Afr`us `ojal fts

    hporatfhls, Afr`us `ojal prhmugflj Ourhpo*s ihst ghiiorgfaccy suggosseuc cflo he afrcflors th

    mato, Afrcflors woro iamo wftb oeefgfolgy fl iflm, Afr`us acsh eoaturom ihmorl ocogtrhlfg

    ghgdpfts th ola`co pfchts th ecy iuctfpco ihmocs wftb iflfiac traflflj,

    Zfccfai K, ]h`fl ehulmom ]ravoc Ghlgopts# Flg, fl 16:1, ]ravoc Ghlgopts was tbo efrst

    ghipaly th movochp travoc dfts ehr Efrst Gcass alm @usfloss Gcass ga`fls, ]boy acsh prhvfmom

    fl)ecfjbt omugatfhlac jaios ehr dfms, ]bo travoc dfts alm omugatfhlac jaio prhjrais bavo

    `oghio a logossfty fl afrcflo travoc alm bavo `ool utfcfzom ehr 0? yoars "Jroolscot# 0>>5&

    Asfal afrcflo flmustry

    ^bfcfppflo Afrcflos "^AC& fs tbo hcmost sgbomucom garrfor stfcc fl hporatfhl, Ft was heefgfaccy

    ehulmom hl Eo`ruary 05# 16=1, Ft fs acsh tbo hcmost afrcflo fl Asfa stfcc hporatflj ulmor fts

    gurrolt laio, Flmfa was acsh hlo he tbo efrst ghultrfos fl Asfa th oi`rago gfvfc avfatfhl, Afr

    Flmfa was hlo he tbo efrst Zost Asfal afrcflo ghipalfos, Ft startom as ]ata Afrcflos fl 1670# a

    mfvfsfhl he ]ata Whls Ctm, ]bo afrcflo was ehulmom `y Flmfa*s coamflj flmustrfacfst# KPM ]ata,

    ]ata Afrcflos was acsh hlo he tbo whrcm*s efrst iakhr afrcflos wbfgb ojal fts hporatfhls wftbhut

    aly supphrt erhi tbo Jhvorliolt, "Flmustry watgbors# 0>10&

    ]bo hut road heZhrcm Zar FF# tbo afrcflo prosolgo fl Asfa gaio th a stalmstfcc, Ialy

    low ecaj garrfors mhlatom tbofr afrgraet ehr ifcftary afm, Fl 16=?# rojucar ghiiorgfac sorvfgo was

    rosthrom fl Flmfa, ]ata Afrcflos `ogaio a pu`cfg cfiftom ghipaly ulmor tbo laio Afr Flmfa hl

    Kucy 06# 16=5, Jhvorliolt he Flmfa agqufrom =6/ he tbo afrcflo, Fl roturl# tbo afrcflo was

    jraltom status th hporato fltorlatfhlac sorvfgos erhi Flmfa as tbo mosfjlatom ecaj garrfor ulmor

    tbo laio Afr Flmfa Fltorlatfhlac,

    Murflj tbo ora hemoghchlfzatfhl# low Asfal ghultrfos oi`ragom afr tralsphrt, IacayalAfrways Cfiftom# Hrfolt Afrways "cator ^adfstal Fltorlatfhlac Afrcflos Gatbay agfefg heBhlj

    Dhlj# Oc Ac fl Fsraoc# Jaruma Flmhlosfa# Kapal Afrcflos# ]baf Afrways Fltorlatfhlac#

    alm Dhroal Latfhlac Afrcflos gaio flth tbo ehray at tbfs tfio, "Flmustry watgbors# 0>10&

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_707http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_707http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Comethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud_Aviation_Caravellehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud_Aviation_Caravellehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-104http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-124http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_L-1011http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widebodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-144http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Tobinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Classhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Classhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Airlineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Airlineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JRD_Tatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_India_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decolonizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Airways_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Airways_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orient_Airwayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_International_Airlineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_International_Airlineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathay_Pacifichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Konghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Konghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Alhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garuda_Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Airlineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_Airways_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_National_Airlineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_National_Airlineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_Airways_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Airlineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garuda_Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Alhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Konghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Konghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Konghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathay_Pacifichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_International_Airlineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orient_Airwayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Airways_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Airways_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Airways_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decolonizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_India_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JRD_Tatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Airlineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Airlineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Classhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Classhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Tobinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-144http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widebodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_L-1011http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-124http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-104http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud_Aviation_Caravellehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Comethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_707
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    W f l j a p h r o A f r c f l o s ) ] b o w a y a b o a m ^ a j o | 11

    W^ Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt

    ^rosolt mayafrcflo flmustry

    ]bo gurrolt Afrcflos flmustry fs sbhwflj schw `ut rh`ust

    jrhwtb# as ft ghios hut he tur`ucolt tfios, Zftb ghipotftfhl

    alm hporatflj ghsts hl a bfjb# tbo ghlgoltratfhl fs hl `oghiflj

    a coalor alm oeefgfolt, ]boy acsh bavo th ghlstaltcy coarl erhi

    tbo grfsos alm sbhgds, ]bol tboro aro oxtorlac shurgos cfdo

    ghlstalt tur`ucolgos alm gbaccoljos erhi laturac mfsastors alm

    phcftfgac flsta`fcfty, ]bo afrcflo flmustry acsh bas th doop tragd

    he rfsflj hfc prfgos# taxatfhl# alm gar`hl oifssfhl lhris, ]bo

    afrcflo flmustry bas sbhwl rosfcfolgo th sustafl ftsoce, ]boflmustry bas roghvorom erhi tbo oghlhifg grfsfs he 0>>:)>2 alm

    fs fiprhvflj, Agghrmflj th FA]A# fl 0>11# afr tralsphrt

    passoljor traeefg jrow ?,6/ `ut prhefts eocc `y ?>/ muo th tbo tur`ucolt oghlhifg sgolarfh, Afr

    travoc moialm roiafls rh`ust mospfto schw oghlhifg jrhwtb fl ialy rojfhls, "]ycor# 0>10&

    @ut# mospfto tbo flgroaso fl passoljors# tbo flmustry bas

    strujjcom th iado sfjlfefgalt prhefts, Actbhujb rovoluos rhso y

    6,=/ th -?62 `l# prhefts oarlom woro -:,6`l# wbfgb fs bace wbol

    ghiparom wftb 0>1>, ]bfs was carjocy muo th stoop flgroaso fl

    tbo @rolt grumo hfc# tbus aeeogtflj avfatfhl euoc prfgos4 tbo

    avorajo prfgo he a `arroc he hfc rhso erhi -:6 fl 0>1> th -105 fl

    0>10, "]ycor# 0>10&

    Fl 0>11# tbo flmustry bam al ammftfhl he 25? mfrogt

    sorvfgos# rfljflj tbo thtac lui`or he mfrogt afrphrt)pafr

    ghllogtfhls th apprhxfiatocy 7?#>>># ut tboro aro varfatfhls fl

    tbo passoljor iardot porehrialgo johjrapbfgaccy, Whutb

    Aiorfgal afrcflos jrow eastost at a rato he 11/, ]bo afrcflos fl Aerfga sbhwom tbo woadost

    porehrialgo# muo th phcftfgac turihfc fl tbo rojfhl, Lhrtb Aiorfgal afrcflos

    sbhwom a woad jrhwtb he 7/, ]bfs sbhws tbat tbo

    iardot fs iaturo bas saturatom, ]bo oiorjflj Asfa

    ^agfefg iardot sbhwom a stoamy jrhwtb he ?/# `ut

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    W f l j a p h r o A f r c f l o s ) ] b o w a y a b o a m ^ a j o | 10

    W^ Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt

    cossor tbal cast yoar muo th tbo oartbquado alm tsulaif fl Kapal,

    Ourhpoal afrcflos sbhwom strhljost jrhwtb# at 6/, ]boy aro acsh aihlj afrcflos fl tbo

    tbroo carjost rojfhls,

    ]bo mhiostfg afr travoc flmustry sbhws a mfeeorolt pattorl acthjotbor, ]bo mhiostfg

    avfatfhl iardots aro mhiflatom `y tbo _lftom Wtatos % Gbfla# wbh tado up =>/ he tbo iardotsbaro, ]bo _W iardot jrow `y kust 1,7/ fl 0>11 fl ghiparfshl th tbo Gbfloso iardot wbfgb

    jrow `y acihst 11/, ]bo Flmfal mhiostfg iardot jrow `y 15/ ovol tbhujb ft fs kust hlo)

    twocetb tbo sfzo he tbo _W iardot, @razfc# wbfgb jrow `y 1=/# fs acsh al oiorjflj iardot wftb

    carjo phtoltfac, Kapals mhiostfg iardot was tbo whrst bft alm was romugom `y 1?/ muo th

    laturac gacaiftfos fl oarcy 0>11, "]ycor# 0>10&

    Wfljaphro afrcflos

    Wfljaphro Afrcflos Cfiftom fs tbo ecajsbfp garrfor he Wfljaphro, Ft fs al fghlfg `ralm, Ft fs

    a su`sfmfary he Wfljaphro Jhvorliolt alm bhcmflj ghipaly ]oiasod bhcmfljs, ]oiasad

    bhcmfljs hwl ?=/ vhtflj sbaro, Wfljaphro jhvorliolt bhcms a jhcmol sbaro vfa tbo Iflfstry he

    Eflalgo,

    Wfljaphro Afrcflos `ojal wftb tbo flghrphratfhl he Iacayal Afrways Cfiftom fl 16=:,

    Wfljaphro Afrcflos gaio flth oxfstolgo aetor a phcftfgac mfsajrooiolt otwool Wfljaphro alm

    Iacaysfa soparatom tbo afrcflo Iacaysfal)Wfljaphro afrcflos, "Jca`# 0>>0&

    Hporatflj erhi Gbaljf Afrphrt# Wfljaphro# Wfljaphro Afrcflos fs al fghlfg ralm, ]bo

    afrcflo fs dlhwl ehr fts oxgoptfhlac quacfty he ecfjbts alm sorvfgo acfdo, Wfljaphro Afrcflos tados

    prfmo fl `oghiflj tbo pfhloors fl tbo flmustry ehr varfhus fllhvatfvo alm quacfty up jramatfhls

    th olbalgo gusthior oxporfolgo, ]boy aro dlhwl th `o tbo pfhloors fl tbo prhvfmflj fl)ecfjbt

    ehhm alm `ovorajo sorvfgo, ]boy rovhcutfhlfzom tbo uso he togblhchjy `y flgcumflj fl)ecfjbtoltortafliolt# Drfs oltortafliolt# wbfgb fs lhtgbos aboam he tbo provfhus togblhchjy usom,

    "Jca`# 0>>0&

    Wfljaphro Afrcflos as a `ralm fs acsh dlhwl ehr fts fghlfg afrbhstoss, ]boy aro gaccom tbo

    Wfljaphro Jfrcs, ]boy aro phrtrayom as joltco alm garflj, ]boy ghipcoiolt Wfljaphro Afrcflos

    schjal Ajroat way th ecy, ]boy aro part he acc tbo amvortfsflj gaipafjlflj as tboy `ocfovo tbat

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    W f l j a p h r o A f r c f l o s ) ] b o w a y a b o a m ^ a j o | 17

    W^ Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt

    tbo Wfljaphro Jfrc fs tbo eago he tbo afrcflo alm al assot fts ghipotfthrs mhlt bavo, "Zfrtz %

    Boragcohus# 0>>6&

    Pogoltcy fl 0>>5# Wfljaphro Afrcflos was tbo efrst afrcflo th ecy tbo Afr`us A72>, Zftb a

    ecoot he 66# tboy aro dlhwl th bavo hlo he tbo yhuljost ecoots fl tbo whrcm, Chw ecoot ajo assfsts

    tboi fl jottflj ihro afr tfio alm ihro euoc oeefgfolgy, "Jca`# 0>>0&

    ]bo doy th tbo suggoss fs tbat tboy fjlhro tbo grhwm, Zbol tbo ghipotfthrs ehgusom hl

    ghst guttflj ioasuros# Wfljaphro Afrcflos ehgusom hl ammflj vacuo th tbofr gusthiorsoxporfolgo alm `ufcm chyacty, ]boy ehgus hl amborflj th tbroo ehgus phflts# ^rhmugt coamorsbfp

    alm lotwhrd ghllogtfvfty, ]boy sflgorocy flvost fl traflflj tbofr toai th olsuro tbo updoop he

    sorvfgo stalmarms,]boy bavo `ool yoar aetor yoar raldom fl tbo ]hp ?> Zhrcms Ihst Amifrom

    Ghipalfos `y tbo Ehrtulo Iajazflo, ]boy bavo tbo roghjlftfhl he `oflj tbo @ost Afrcflo fl tbo

    Ghlmo Last ]ravocor iajazflo 07 he tbo 0= tfios# apart erhi varfhus htbor roghjlftfhls alm

    awarms whl yoar aetor yoar, ]boy aro acsh coamors fl tbo `usfloss sojiolt travoc, "Jca`# 0>>0&

    Hee cato cast eflalgfac yoar 0>11)10# ovol tbhujb tboy agbfovom a lot prheft he -005

    ifccfhl# tboy wolt flth a chss he -7= ifccfhl fl tbo =tb quartor,

    ]bfs fs gausom `ogauso he flgroasom lui`or heghipotfthrs ecfjbts th Wfljaphro# `ottor

    togblhchjfgaccy oqufppom ghipotftfhl fl tbo ehri he Afr Gbfla# Qatar Afrways alm Oifratos,

    ]bo phcftfgac tolsfhl fl Ifmmco Oast pusbom tbo euoc prfgos th -17> por `arroc, ]bo Ourhpoal

    grfsfs alm laturac mfsastors sugb as tbo Kapaloso ]sulaif alm oartbquado rosuctom fl cossor

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    W f l j a p h r o A f r c f l o s ) ] b o w a y a b o a m ^ a j o | 1=

    W^ Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt

    lh he passoljors proeorrflj th ecy, Euoc ghst fs hlo he tbo ihst fiphrtalt ghst ghiphlolts#

    tadflj a sbaro he 76,2/,

    Vot ghlsfmorflj tbofr

    porehrialgo fl tbo past =1 yoars

    Wfljaphro Afrcflos fs oxpogtom th jot`agd th hl tragd vory shhl, ]boy

    bavo statom pcals th fltrhmugo

    rovaipom soats alm ga`fl fltorfhrs

    achlj wftb al upjramom fl ecfjbt

    oltortafliolt# th doop tbofr lhso

    aboam he tbofr Asfal alm Ifmmco

    Oastorl rfvacs, ]boy bavo acroamy

    startom tbo romosfjlflj pbaso he

    tbofr afrgraet fltorfhrs `y balmflj hvor tbo prhkogt @IZ Jrhup su`sfmfary Mosfjl whrds _WA

    alm Kaios ^ard Asshgfatos th groato tbo loxt joloratfhl fl ecfjbt oxporfolgo,

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    W f l j a p h r o A f r c f l o s ) ] b o w a y a b o a m ^ a j o | 1?

    W^ Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt

    Posoargb prh`coi

    ]h alacyzo tbo gusthior obavfhr alm roghiiolm gusthior goltrfg apprhagb th

    Wfljaphro afrcflos th ghpo wftb jch`ac grfsfs % flgroasom ghipotftfhl erhi chw ghst garrfors fl a

    ihro cf`oracfzom iardot,

    Wfljaphro Afrcflos fs hlo he tbo `ost afrcflos fl tbo whrcm, Ft bas `ool a pfhloor fl

    pursuflj varfhus gusthior goltrfg ovhcutfhls fl tbo afrcflo flmustry, Ft fs a trolm sottor alm

    dlhwl ehr oeefgfolgy alm gusthior erfolmcy apprhagb, Wovorac stumfos bavo rovoacom tbat tbo

    Wfljaphro Afrcflos `usfloss ihmoc fs a `olgbiard ehr tbo afrcflo flmustry whrtb ropcfgatflj,

    ]bo rogolt rfso fl ghipotftfhl erhi afrcflos agrhss tbo jch`o# jch`ac oghlhifg grfsos alm

    siartor gusthiors bas pusbom Wfljaphro Afrcflos th hlo he tbo chwost hporatfhlac porfhms

    sflgo fts flgoptfhl, ]bfs rosoargb wfcc alacyzo tbo aroas wboro tbo ghipotfthrs he Wfljaphro

    Afrcflos aro sghrflj fl toris he passoljor eoom`agd alm sujjost eoom`agd hl tbo aroas he

    fiprhvoiolt th iafltafl suproiagy fl tbo flmustry,

    Wghpo he tbo Posoargb

    ]bo sghpo he tbfs rosoargb fs th ghlgoltrato hl Wfljaphro afrcflos# tbo ghlsuiors

    hpflfhl hl tbofr proeorrom afrcflos alm tbo aroa he fiprhvoiolt ehr Wfljaphro afrcflos,

    ]bo oarcfor rosoargb ehgusom hl coarlfljs erhi Wfljaphro Afrcflos as al Fghlfg `ralm

    alm a `usfloss ihmoc whrtb oiucatflj, ]bo rogolt ovacuatfhl hl tbo porehrialgo he tbo

    flmustry alm tbo Wfljaphro Afrcflos statos tbat ghipotftfhl fs gatgbflj up, ]bo bfjb quacfty

    gusthior sorvfgo alm suporfhr fl)ecfjbt sorvfgo ehr wbfgb Wfljaphro Afrcflos was ghlsfmorom hlo

    he tbo `ost fs lhw a ialmato ehr tbo afrcflo flmustry, Afrcflos aro fiprhvflj hl tbo aspogts he

    oeefgfolgy alm ihmorl ecoot, ]bo flmustry fs a ihro covoc pcayflj efocm as ghiparom th a mogamo

    ajh, ]bo sghpo fl tbfs protoxt fs th ovacuato tbo gurrolt trolms wbfgb com th tbo mrhp fl tbo

    porehrialgo he Wfljaphro Afrcflos alm roghiiolm a euturo ghurso he agtfhl, ]bfs wfcc bocp

    Wfljaphro afrcflos th jot `agd th fts phsftfhl fl tbo flmustry wboro ft fs dlhwl th `o fl,

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    W f l j a p h r o A f r c f l o s ) ] b o w a y a b o a m ^ a j o | 15

    W^ Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt

    Posoargb Iotbhmhchjy

    ]bo rosoargb was mhlo hl soghlmary alm prfiary `asfs, ]bo soghlmary rosoargb was

    garrfom hut y jatborflj fltorprotatfhls alm mata a`hut tbo flmustry# ghlsuior porgoptfhl almWfljaphro Afrcflos# vfa cftoraturo rovfow# agamoifg rovfow# khurlacs alm artfgcos, Wdytrax# a

    trustom hlcflo wo`sfto wftb ihro tbal ? ifccfhl rovfows hl afrcflos alm afrphrts was alhtbor

    iakhr shurgo usom th `hcstor tbo eflmfljs he tbo soghlmary rosoargb,

    A part he tbo prfiary rosoargb# Quacftatfvo alm Qualtftatfvo alacysfs was garrfom hut hl travoc

    ajolts alm afrcflo passoljors# stroljtbolom wftb doy flsfjbts erhi flmustry oxports,

    Wtatoiolt he prh`coi

    ]hmays gusthiors `uyflj ba`fts aro east ovhcvflj muo th mylaifg iagrh alm ifgrh

    oghlhifgac gbaljos, ]bo gusthior bas ovhcvom, ]hmay tboy aro sphfct `y gbhfgo, ]boy aroawaro he tbo prhmugts alm sorvfgos avafca`co, ]boy oxpogt quacfty at hptfiac prfgos, Bolgo tbo

    gbaccoljo ehr tbo afrcflo flmustry cfos fl agbfovflj iaxfiui gusthior satfseagtfhl wftb jhhm

    vacuo prhphsftfhl, ]bo afrcflo tbat fs a`co th mocfvor tbfs stratojy gal `oghio tbo iardot coamor,

    Wfljaphro Afrcflos fs al fghlfg `ralm alm iardot coamor ehr tbo cast 7,? mogamos, @ut

    gurroltcy ft fs schwflj chsflj fts iardot sbaro# th ihro ghipotftfvo afrcflos, Bolgo tboro fs a

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    W f l j a p h r o A f r c f l o s ) ] b o w a y a b o a m ^ a j o | 12

    W^ Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt

    Waipcflj alm Mata Ghccogtfhl

    Fl hrmor th ovacuato fe hur rosoargb iotbhmhchjy alm quostfhllafro woro aggurato alm

    javo us rocovalt mata# wo ghlmugtom a pfcht survoy, A ghiprobolsfvo ovacuatfhl he tbo pfcht tost

    quostfhllafro javo flsfjbts th fiprhvo tbo survoy alm iado iflhr amkustiolts,

    ]bo pfcht quostfhllafro bavflj 0= quostfhls was porgofvom as coljtby `y tborosphlmolts, ]bo pfcht stumy acsh rovoacom tbat tboro was a ecaw fl tbo strugturo he tbo

    quostfhllafro rojarmflj tbo quostfhls th `o alsworom `y tbo Wfljaphro Afrcflos ecfors alm tbo

    lhl ecfors, Ihrohvor wo ovol fmoltfefom tbat tbo lh, he pohpco proeorrflj a `umjot afrcflo woro

    ihro, ]bfs baiporom hur alacysfs he pohpco wbh proeor eucc sorvfgo garrfors, Bolgo wo

    asgortaflom tbo loom th efctor tbo rosphlmolts wbol ghlsfmorflj tbo pohpco agghrmflj tbo

    proeorolgo he afrcflo sorvfgo,

    Hlo quostfhl wftb tbo paraiotors hl a cfdort sgaco was gbogdom ehr eagthr alacysfs alm

    a rojrossfhl was rul th asgortafl tbo stroljtb he tbo mata,

    ]bo prfiary rosoargb mata ghccogtfhl was garrfom hut hl twh iomfuis, ]bo passoljors

    hlcflo survoy tarjotom 2> rosphlmolts "www,quactrfgs,ghi& alm tbo barm ghpy survoy tarjotflj

    7> rosphlmolts was ghlmugtom at tbo arrfvac alm moparturos chuljo aroa he Gbaljf afrphrt, Zo

    rogofvom 1>= rosphlsos hlcflo alm 1? barmghpy survoy rosphlsos, Zo mfsghltfluom tbo

    balmhut survoy ogauso rosphlmolts ghipcaflom a`hut tbo quostfhllafro oflj chlj th efcc,

    Quacftatfvo stumy;

    Doy flsfjbts erhi Flmustry oxports;

    Aetor fltorvfowflj twh flmustry oxports tbo ghiihl hpflfhls erhi tboi `htb a`hut tbo

    afrcflo flmustry fl jolorac alm Wfljaphro afrcflos aro as ehcchws;

    ^rfgo solsftfvo gusthiors; ]bo gusthiors aro prfgo ghlsgfhus alm oxpogt th jotiaxfiui vacuo wbol tboy travoc `y eucc sorvfgo afrcflos, ]bo eucc sorvfgo afrcflos aro lht

    hlcy ghipotflj wftb htbor eucc sorvfgo afrcflos `ut acsh wftb `umjot afrcflos wbfgb oat

    up flth tbofr iardot sbaro, Gcoarcy# WFA fs chsflj fts sbaro th prfgo solsftfvo passoljors,

    Lh ghiprhifso hl sorvfgo; Efrstcy# sorvfgo oxpogtatfhls bavo flgroasom ehr passoljors`ogauso tboy lhw bavo zorh thcoralgo th eaucty sorvfgo, Ihrohvor# fe a passoljor gbhhsos

    a eucc sorvfgo hvor htbor eucc sorvfgo hr ovol `umjot afrcflos# tbofr oxpogtatfhls aro lhw

    ihro tbal bhw iugb ft usom th `o fl tbo oarcy 0>>>s, Woghlmcy# sflgo ft fs tbo `uyors

    iardot# alm tbo passoljors aro lhw eroo th phst tbofr oxporfolgos hl `chjs alm shgfac

    lotwhrdflj sftos# ft agts cfdo whrm he ihutb, Bolgo# a `ochw par sorvfgo `y aly afrcflo

    wfcc bavo fts rfppcflj oeeogt, WFA fs a`co th bavo bfjb sorvfgo stalmarms,

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    W f l j a p h r o A f r c f l o s ) ] b o w a y a b o a m ^ a j o | 16

    W^ Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt

    Chlj bauc ecfjbts aro lht joloraccy proeorrom; Muo th tbo avafca`fcfty he garrforsacihst acc hvor tbo whrcm# pohpco proeor th bavo a `road fl tbofr chlj mfstalgo khurloys,

    Fl jolorac# passoljors proeor bavflj twh iomfui bauc ecfjbts ratbor tbal hlo chlj bauc

    ecfjbt,

    WFA sorvfgos; Actbhujb `htb tbo oxports ratom WFA sorvfgos as suporfhr th ihst he tboafrcflos# rogoltcy tbo flmustry oxports wbh aro acsh eroquolt ecyors gcafi tbat tboro fs a

    cagd he ghlsfstolgy fl tbo sorvfgo stalmarms agrhss mfeeorolt sogthrs, Ehr oj, A Wfljaphro

    Iui`af sogthr iay rogofvo a mfeeorolt covoc he sorvfgo ghiparom th a Wfljaphro

    Mu`af sogthr,

    Quacfty he fltorfhrs he WFA; Actbhujb WFA stfcc bavo hlo he tbo yhuljost ecoot fl tboflmustry# tbo fltorfhr fs motorfhratflj, Ajafl# ft soois th `o flghlsfstolt as ft varfos

    `otwool mfeeorolt sogthrs, Bhwovor# tbfs motorfhratfhl fs wbol hlo ghiparos th WFAs

    hwl stalmarms, WFA fs stfcc `ottor tbal ihst he tbo rost agrhss tbo jch`o as ear as

    fltorfhrs aro ghlgorlom,

    WFA staeetbhrhujb prheossfhlacs; WFA aro vory prheossfhlac fl tbofr apprhagb# tboybavo a wocc wrfttol sgrfpt ehr acihst ovory a`orratfhl tbat passoljor alm staee fs cfdocy

    th olghultor, Actbhujb tbfs whrds hut th `o fl eavhr he WFA hl ihst hggasfhls#

    passoljors at tfios iay tori ft as flecoxf`fcfty fl sorvfgo,

    Hlcflo prosolgo alm gacc goltors; WFA stfcc looms th gatgb up fl tbofr hlcflo prosolgo,]bo wo`sfto appoars th o coss usor)erfolmcy ghiparom th htbors alm acsh bavo cfiftom

    prosolgo fl tbo tbfrm party wo`sftos, ]bo gusthior garo goltors acsh aro lht as oeeogtfvo

    as ihst he fts ghultorparts,

    Doy flsfjbts erhi eroquolt ecyors;

    A quacftatfvo stumy was ghlmugtom hl tol eroquolt ecyors, ]boy woro asdom hpol olmom

    quostfhls `asom hl tbo mfsgussfhl jufmo "roeor appolmfx&, ]bo suiiary he tbo coarlflj fs as

    ehcchws;

    ^roeorrom afrcflos; @osfmos WFA# Oifratos# Qatar alm Qaltas aro tbo htbor proeorromafrcflos# wbfgb bavo a ghipara`co sorvfgo,

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    W f l j a p h r o A f r c f l o s ) ] b o w a y a b o a m ^ a j o | 0>

    W^ Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt

    Whurgo he `hhdflj; Ihst passoljors proeor th `hhd tbrhujb afrcflo wo`sftos hr tbfrmparty wo`sftos wbol tboy aro travoccflj ehr porshlac purphso# `ut uso tbo fl bhuso

    travoc bhuso hr travoc ajolts th `hhd tfgdots ehr heefgfac purphsos,

    ^araiotors ghlsfmorom `oehro `hhdflj a partfgucar afrcflo; ^ulgtuacfty# fl ecfjbtsorvfgo# ghlvolfolgo fl toris he ecfjbt tfifljs alm eroquolt ecyor prhjrai pcay a vftac

    rhco fl motoriflflj tbofr gbhfgo he afrcflo, Bhwovor# wbol tboy travoc ehr heefgfac

    purphso# ft fs ihro th mh wftb tbo gap tbat fs put hl tbo afrcflo earo wbfgb motoriflos

    tbo gbhfgo he afrcflo,

    Jh Jrool; Eroquolt ecyors aro joloraccy awaro he tbo jh jrool flftfatfvos he afrcflos,]boy aro wfccflj th travoc afrcflos prhihtflj jrool flftfatfvos `ut aro ulwfccflj th `oar

    tbo ghst `urmol,

    Doy flsfjbts erhi travoc ajolts;

    A quacftatfvo stumy was ghlmugtom hl lflo eroquolt ecyors, ]boy woro asdom hpol olmom

    quostfhls `asom hl tbo mfsgussfhl jufmo "roeor appolmfx&, ]bo suiiary he tbo coarlflj fs as

    ehcchws;

    ^rfgo; Agghrmflj th tbo travoc ajolts prfgo pcays tbo ihst fiphrtalt rhco wbolpassoljors gbhhso al afrcflo th ecy,

    Htbor paraiotors; ]broo travoc ajolts hut he tbo lflo survoyom `ocfovo tbat passoljorschhd at fl)ecfjbt sorvfgo# pulgtuacfty# ajjajo spago alm saeoty as htbor fiphrtalt eagthr

    ehr gbhhsflj al afrcflo,

    Ecoxf`fcfty he WFA; ]ravoc ajolts fl jolorac `ocfovo tbat WFA fs lht vory ecoxf`co flagghiihmatflj cast ifluto roquosts he travoc ajolts,

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    W f l j a p h r o A f r c f l o s ) ] b o w a y a b o a m ^ a j o | 01

    W^ Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt

    Cftoraturo rovfow

    @hhds;

    Agghrmflj th Ecyflj Bfjb# mospfto ihst he tbo afrcflo ghipalfos eagflj tostflj tfios wftb

    rfsflj euoc prfgos ghupcom wftb jch`ac oghlhifg

    schwmhwl# Wfljaphro afrcflos fs hlo he tbo vory eowafrcflo th phst prhefts ghlsfstoltcy ehr tbo cast tbroo alm

    a bace mogamos, ]bo autbhrs attrf`uto tbo suggoss th

    tbo fiphrtalgo jfvol th fllhvatfhl# bavflj a yhulj

    ecoot he afrgraets# rfjhrhus traflflj alm socogtfhl

    prhgoss# oiphworiolt# alm prheft ghlsgfhusloss alm

    ghst guttflj was fljraflom fl ovory oipchyoo, Mospfto

    ghst guttflj ioasuros# Wfljaphro Afrcflos lovor

    ghiprhifsom hl quacfty ghupcom wftb ghlstalt

    fllhvatfhls wbfgb com th tbo suggoss he Wfljaphro

    afrcflos, "Chfzhs ]b Boragcohus# 0>>5&

    ]bo `hhd# ]bo Whutbwost Afrcflos Zay mosgrf`os bhw Bor`ort Doboccor agbfovom bfjb

    porehrialgo usflj tbo phwor he rocatfhlsbfps, Whutbwost

    afrcflos bavo `ool tbo pfhloors fl `umjot afrcflos, ]bo

    afrcflos suggoss sthry fs ajafl muo th fllhvatfhl alm

    iafltaflflj mfeeorolt ghiiulfgatfhl togblfquos th

    mfeeorolt stadobhcmors sugb as Eroquolt# tfiocy alm

    prh`coi shcvflj ghiiulfgatfhl, "Jfttocc# 0>>=&

    Artfgcos alm Khurlacs;

    Agghrmflj th FA]A 0>10# Afrcflos aro al ossoltfac ghiphlolt he tbo travoc alm thurfsi

    flmustry alm arjua`cy tbo carjost flmustry fl tbo

    whrcm, ^rhgoss alm movochpiolt fl tbo

    tralsphrtatfhl sogthr fs tbo agd`hlo ehr tbo

    oghlhifg prhsporfty he tbo ghultry# `htb

    mhiostfgaccy alm fltorlatfhlaccy1, Mospfto acc tbfs

    tbo afrcflo flmustry fs eagflj troiolmhus

    tur`ucolgo sflgo tbo morojucatfhl, hst tbo

    morojucatfhl otwool 16:: alm 1660# afrcflo

    flmustry oarlom a jrhss rovoluo he _WM 0 trfccfhl

    WFA ehgusom hl fllhvatfhl#

    yhulj ecoot# rfjhrhus traflflj

    alm socogtfhl prhgoss#

    oiphworiolt# alm iamo

    oipchyoos prheft alm ghst

    ghlsgfhus, ]bfs bocpom tboi

    agbfovo tbofr mosfrom thp alm

    `htthi cflo,

    ^fhloor he `umjot afrcflosWhutb

    wost afrcflos agbfovom bfjb

    porehrialgo `y usflj tbo phwor

    he rocatfhlsbfps,

    Jch`accy# phst tbo morojucatfhl

    `otwool 16:: alm 1660# afrcflo

    flmustry bas oarlom prhefts he

    hlcy >,5/ he tbofr thtac rovoluo,

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    W f l j a p h r o A f r c f l o s ) ] b o w a y a b o a m ^ a j o | 00

    W^ Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt

    wbfst fts hporatflj oxpolso was as bfjb as _WM 1,65 trfccfhl# spfracflj th kust >,5/ lot prheft he

    tbo thtac rovoluo, "]ycor# 0>10&

    Agghrmflj th FA]A "Kaluary 0>10 tbo fltorlatfhlac sgbomucom passoljor traeefg

    ioasurom fl P^Ds f,o, Povoluo assoljor Dfchiotors fs ghlstaltcy flgroasflj sflgo 0>>0

    `arrflj twh sot`agds fl 0>>7 alm 0>>2 hwflj thtbo jch`ac eflalgfac grfsfs, ]bo P^D bas

    flgroasom erhi 1?> `fccfhl por ihltb fl Kal

    0>>7 th 0:? `fccfhl por ihltb fl Kal 0>10, As

    por FA]A# tbo iakhr ghltrf`uthrs th whrcmwfmo

    P^D fs Ourhpo "10> `fccfhl ( ihltb& alm Asfa

    pagfefg "1>> `fccfhl( ihltb&, "]ycor# 0>10&

    Almrow Ghhd# Jrabai ]allor# Wtopbol Almorshl fl tbofr rosoargb papor tftcom

    Ovacuatflj tbo truo ghst th afrcflos he hlo ifluto he

    afr`hrlo hr jrhulm mocay; mosgrf`o tbo varfhus roashls

    alm typos he afrgraet mocays alm tbo mfrogt ghst

    fipcfgatfhls, ]boy bavo arrfvom at startcflj eagts sugb

    as a 5? ifluto ecfjbt mocay iay ghst up th 1?> ourh por

    ifluto ehr hlcy bhcmflj tbo afrgraet, "Ghhd# 0>>=&

    Efjuro 1)Alacytfgac bforargbfgac Iotbhm

    P^D bas flgroasom erhi 1?> `fccfhl

    por ihltb fl Kal 0>>7 th 0:?

    `fccfhl por ihltb fl Kal 0>10,

    A sfxty efvo ifluto ecfjbt mocay

    ghucm ghst tbo afrcflo upth 1?>

    Ourh por ifluto,

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    W f l j a p h r o A f r c f l o s ) ] b o w a y a b o a m ^ a j o | 07

    W^ Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt

    Agghrmflj tbo prfiary alm soghlmary stumy

    ghlmugtom `y Amcf I# Kfa)^of alm Wfaw)^olj C erhi

    _lfvorsftf Wfals Iacaysfa# Iacaysfal afrcflos#

    Gatbay pagfefg alm Wfljaphro afrcflos woro ihstoeefgfolt fl toris he sorvfgo quacfty ehr ecfjbts

    calmflj at ^olalj# Iacaysfa he : afrcflos

    ghlsfmorom, Erhi afr travocors# wofjbts ehr oagb

    grftorfhl woro motoriflom usflj pafr wfso

    ghiparfshl iotbhms, ]bo varfa`cos usom aro taljf`fcfty# rocfa`fcfty# Posphlsfvoloss alm

    assuralgo# ghurtosy he ga`fl grow# ga`fl saeoty prhgomuro# ghiehrt alm gcoalcfloss, Alacytfgac

    bforargbfgac iotbhm was usom th ovacuato tbo sorvfgo quacfty he afrcflos, "Iustaea# Kfa# ^olj# %

    Baifm# 0>>?&

    Afrcflo saeoty alm sogurfty bas acsh `ool al fltojrac part coamflj th tbo prhefta`fcfty he

    afrcflos, WAO Fltorlatfhlac saeoty# ghlmugtom a prfiary stumy hl afrgraet aggfmolts, Bhwovor#

    tbfs stumy bas eurtbor sghpo ehr fiprhvoiolt as tbo sogurfty aspogt he tbo 6(11 attagds was

    lht ghlsfmorom, "Iatbows# 0>>>&

    Chhesjarm prfiarfcy ehgusom hl tbo Ourhpoal garrfors

    alm bhw th ialajo tbo saeoty stalmarms he afrcflos

    murflj tbo tfios he morojucatfhl, Autbhr fl cottflj

    chhsomosgrf`os tbo sogurfty fssuos fl tbo whrcm#

    gbaljos fl sogurfty togblfquos alm prh`cois wftb

    h`shcoto sogurfty systoi alm bhw ft bas fipagtom tbo

    `ralm he tbo afrcflos, "Chhesjarm 166>&

    Agghrmflj th a soghlmary rosoargb ghlmugtom

    `y Gbfa A alm ^bau F ; ]bo papor stumfos twh asfal

    afrcflos laiocy Iacaysfal afrcflos alm Wfljaphro

    Afrcflos# tbo porgofvom quacfty fs tbo mfeeorolgo hetbofr oxpogtatfhls alm porgoptfhls ehriom a`hut tbo

    afrcflos, Ft acsh statos tbat ghrphrato gucturo oeeogts

    sorvfgo quacfty, ]bo varfa`cos usom fl tbo artfgcos

    flgcumo ]fiocfloss# ghiehrt# ghlvolfolgo alm

    Ehr ecfjbts calmflj at ^olalj#

    Iacaysfa ) Iacaysfal afrcflos#

    Gatbay ^agfefg alm WFA aro ihst

    oeefgfolt fl toris he sorvfgo

    quacfty,

    H`shcoto sogurfty systoi bas a

    mfrogt fipagt hl tbo `ralm he tbo

    afrcflo,

    ]fio ghlvolfolgo fs tbo ihst

    fiphrtalt eagthr ehr eroquolt alm

    ihmorato ecyors alm mostflatfhl

    fs tbo shco fiphrtalt grftorfa ehr

    cfjbt ecyors,

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    W f l j a p h r o A f r c f l o s ) ] b o w a y a b o a m ^ a j o | 0=

    W^ Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt

    mostflatfhls, Eurtbor tbo rosoargb ioltfhls tbat ghlvolfolgo fs tbo ihst fiphrtalt grftorfa ehr

    eroquolt alm ihmorato ecfors wboro as cfjbt ecfors "3 twh trfps a yoar& raldom mostflatfhls as

    tbofr iafl proeorolgo, "Altbhly Gbfa# 1666&

    Agamoifg KhurlacsAgghrmflj th ^rhe, Mavfm Zossocs#

    Ghlsuiors actbhujb awaro he tbofr gbhfgos stfcc

    gbhhso tbofr proeorrom afrcflo, ^rfgo fs tbo doy

    eagthr# ioacs alm upjramos aro coss fiphrtalt# alm

    ialy mhlt ovol porgofvo a mfeeorolgo fl chw ghst

    garrfors alm eucc sorvfgo garrfor, Cofsuro travocors moac wftb afrcflos uctfiatocy ehr hhdflj# alm

    `usfloss travocors moac wftb ]A, ^rfhr th 0>>1# ghlvolfolgo alm chyacty prhjrai woro tbo

    fiphrtalt eagthrs ghlsfmorom ehr gbhhsflj al afrcflo,Iomfa Whurgos usom wbol `hhdflj# lh, he

    afrcflos ghlsfmorom# eroquolt ecyor ioi`orsbfp aro tbo mfeeorolt varfa`cos usom, "Zossocs# 0>>5&

    Agghrmflj th Atfcjal O alm Adflgf W# tbo jap

    `otwool oxpogtom sorvfgo alm porgofvom sorvfgo

    motoriflos tbo satfseagtfhl covoc he gusthiors, ]bo

    eagthrs tbat prhipt al flmfvfmuac th oxpogt a quacfty he

    sorvfgo fs whrm he ihutb# porshlac looms alm past

    oxporfolgos,Fltorlot# Ehhm alm `ovorajo# ga`fl#

    aostbotfgs# ghlvolfolgo# mopolma`fcfty alm fl)ecfjbt

    agtfvftfos aro tbo doy varfa`cos ghlsfmorom, Fltorlot

    alm Ehhm alm `ovorajo woro tbo twh ihst grftorfa

    wbfgb bam tbo iaxfiui mfeeorolgos fl tbfs prfiary

    stumy wbfgb was gbartorom afrcflos gusthiors wftb iakhrfty he fts gusthiors erhi Jorialy,

    "Atfcjal# Adflgf# % Adshy# 0>>2&

    Agghrmflj th Capro I alm ]sfdrftsfs L# afrcflos

    coarl erhi hporatflj oxporfolgos fl tbo sbhrt tori th

    romugo gusthior mfssatfseagtfhl alm ehcchw tbo _sbapom eulgtfhl he hporatflj oxporfolgo fl tbo chlj

    rul th coarl th balmco gusthior mfssatfseagtfhl,

    Gusthiors flgroaso tbofr oxpogtatfhls `asom hl tbofr

    past oxporfolgo, Agghrmflj th Basdott "166:

    ghipalfos agbfovo bfjb prhefta`fcfty y oftbor ehgus

    ^assoljor chyacty fs sfjlfefgalt

    achlj wftb prfgo, Ioacs alm

    upjramos aro coss sfjlfefgalt fl

    ghiparfshl th prfgo,

    Jap `otwool porgofvom alm

    oxpogtom sorvfgos motoriflo tbo

    satfseagtfhl covoc he gusthiors,

    Fltorlot alm ehhm % `ovorajo aro

    tbo twh ihst fiphrtalt grftorfa

    th motoriflo passoljor

    satfseagtfhl,

    ^assoljors flgroaso tbofr

    oxpogtatfhls `asom hl past

    oxporfolgos,

    Afrcflos coarl erhi tbofr

    hporatflj oxporfolgos th romugo

    passoljor mfssatfseagtfhl fl tbo

    sbhrt tori,

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    W f l j a p h r o A f r c f l o s ) ] b o w a y a b o a m ^ a j o | 0?

    W^ Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt

    hl hporatfhls "fl tbo sorvfgo mocfvory systoi& hr ehgus hl iardot "fl tbo tarjot iardot&,]bo

    varfa`cos ghlsfmorom aro ifsbalmcom `ajjajo# hvor sacos# Molfom `harmflj# cato arrfvacs# chlj

    ecfjbts alm ghllogtfhls, Ihst eucc sorvfgo afrcflos coarl eastor tbal ehgusom afrcflos, Ihst

    afrcflos pfl phfltom th hlo alhtbor ehr ghipcaflts rogofvom wboro as Whutb wost afrcflos usom a

    ghccogtfvo apprhagb# lht pcayflj tbo `caio jaio alm was eastost fl tbo coarlflj gurvo, "Capro %]sfdrfdtsfs# Iargb 0>>5&

    Agghrmflj th [oftbaic U alm @orry C alm

    ^arasuraial A# tboro fs a zhlo he thcoralgo soparatos

    tbo mosfrom sorvfgos erhi amoquato sorvfgos alm varfos

    agrhss gusthiors, Ft acsh oxpalms alm ghltragts

    wftbfl tbo saio gusthior alm tbo mosfrom covoc he

    sorvfgo fs su`kogt th gbaljo cossor tbal tbo amoquato

    sorvfgo covoc, A phsftfvo rocatfhlsbfp oxfsts otwool

    tbo covoc he porshlac looms alm mosfrom sorvfgo, ]bo

    papor acsh statos tbat tbo bfjbor tbo covoc he oxpcfgft

    sorvfgo prhifsos# tbo bfjbor fs tbo covoc he mosfrom alm

    promfgtom sorvfgo, Covoc he mosfrom alm promfgtom sorvfgo fs ocovatom `ogauso he phsftfvo whrm he

    ihutb, "[oftbaic# @orry# % arasuraial# 1667&

    Gurrolt porehrialgo sghros gal

    `o ghiparom th ghipotftfhl `ost

    pragtfgo stalmarms th fmoltfey

    gurrolt sorvfgo covocs,

    ^orgoptfhls alm oxpogtatfhls he

    mfeeorolt gusthior jrhups gal `o

    fmoltfefom alm ghiparom,

    Efjuro 0

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    W f l j a p h r o A f r c f l o s ) ] b o w a y a b o a m ^ a j o | 05

    W^ Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt

    As por a stumy ghlmugtom `y ]forol W "0>>2&

    hl tbroo aspogts he afrcflo sorvfgo quacfty laiocy tfio

    ecfjbt arrfvacs# ajjajo rophrts# alm ecfjbt

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    he afrcflo sorvfgo quacfty4 hl tfio ecfjbt arrfvacs#

    `ajjajo rophrts alm ecfjbt galgoccatfhls agtuac rophrtom mata hl sorvfgo quacfty aro tbo

    varfa`cos usom, Fleagt# fl _W# agtuac survoy rovoacs tbat agtuac ghlsuior porgoptfhl aro whrso

    tbal rophrtom fl _W afr travoc ghlsuior rophrt, "]forol# 0>>2&

    Agghrmflj th Kalawamo U# accfalgos fipagt tbo

    porgofvom quacfty he afrcflos alm passoljors oxpogt tbo

    saio covoc he sorvfgo wbfco travoccflj fl partlor afrcflos

    frrospogtfvo he tbo afrcflos, ]bo varfa`cos ghlsfmorom aro

    Hl)tfio porgoltajo# ecfjbt fssuos# molfom `harmfljs#

    roeulms alm earo ghipcaflt, Hl)tfio oxporfolgo# roeulm prhgomuro otg, bavo a jroator fipagt

    hl tbo passoljors oxporfolgo tbal tbo fl)ecfjbt oxporfolgo, "Kalawamo# 0>1>&

    As ear as chw ghst garrfors aro ghlgorlom

    Arrfefl A# Waccob A# Azfz L# As`umfl A "0>1> mospfto

    travoccflj fl a chw ghst afrcflo actbhujb aeehrma`fcfty fs

    tbo prfio grftorfa# passoljors stfcc oxpogt garflj alm

    taljf`co aspogts he sorvfgo,]boy iust o vfsuaccy

    appoacflj alm loat fl appoarolgo at acc tfio, ]bfs

    flmfgatos tbat chw ghst afrcflos# fe tbo sueefgo tbo iust

    bavo paraiotors# gal phso a tbroat th tbo eucc sorvfgo afrcflos, "Arrfefl# Waccob# Azfz# % As`umfl#

    Eo`ruary 0>1>&

    Htbor stumfos acsh flmfgato tbat wo`sftos bavo alfipagt hl `uyflj mogfsfhls, Agghrmflj th ^hwocc I

    "0>1> tboro aro tbroo aspogts tbat motoriflo tbo

    oeeogtfvoloss he a wo`sftoghltrhcca co# soif)ghltrhcca co

    alm ulghltrhcca`co, Ghltrhcca`co eagthrs flgcumo ghchur#

    ehlt# sgrool cayhut# lavfjatfhl, ]bo soif)ghltrhcca`co

    flgcumo porgofvom sogurfty alm ulghltrhcca`co flgcumo porgofvom sogurfty, Uarfa`cos flgcumom

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    tbal _W fl toris he hl tfio ecfjbt

    arrfvacs# `ajjajo rophrts alm

    ecfjbt galgoccatfhls,

    Hl tfio oxporfolgo alm roeulm

    prhgomuros otg, bavo a jroator

    fipagt tbal fl)ecfjbt oxporfolgo,

    Actbhujb aeehrma`fcfty fs tbo

    prfio grftorfa ehr `umjot afrcflos#passoljors ghltfluo th oxpogt

    garflj alm taljf`co aspogts he

    sorvfgo phsflj a tbroat th eucc

    sorvfgo afrcflos,

    Ghltrhcca`co aspogts sugb as ehlt#

    ghchr# hrfoltatfhl fl al afrcflo

    wo`sfto bas a `ottor flecuolgo fl

    tbo `uyflj mogfsfhl,

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    W f l j a p h r o A f r c f l o s ) ] b o w a y a b o a m ^ a j o | 0:

    W^ Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt

    aro Ehlt# ghchr# hrfoltatfhl alm htbor vfsuac varfa`cos woro flmfvfmuaccy ioasurom# oaso he

    hrmorflj alm quacfty he bocp, ]bo stumy statos tbat ghltrhcca`co aspogts bavo ihro flecuolgo fl

    `uyflj mogfsfhl tbal soif ghltrhcca`co alm buial rosphlso fs aeeogtom y ghchur# hrfoltatfhl#

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    Agghrmflj th Gcoios I# Jal G# Dah ]# Gbhhlj

    I "0>>2& fl tbofr khurlac Al oipfrfgac alacysfs he

    gusthior satfseagtfhl fl fltorlatfhlac afr travoc#

    surprfsfljcy# tfiocfloss fs tbo coast fiphrtalt

    mfiolsfhl as porgofvom y afrcflo passoljors,

    Eflmfljs flmfgato tbat passoljors porgoptfhl he

    fltorlatfhlac afr travoc sorvfgo quacfty wfcc mfeeor

    agghrmflj th passoljors ajo# jolmor# flghio# hggupatfhl alm iarftac status, ]bo paraiotors

    ghlsfmorom fl tbfs stumy aro ]fiocfloss# assuralgo# ghlvolfolgo# bocpeucloss# ghiehrt# ioacs#

    alm saeoty alm sogurfty, "Gcoios# Jal# Dah# % Gbhhlj# 0>>2&

    A Barwarm @usfloss gaso stumy ]bo Jch`o; Wfljaphro Afrcflos `acalgflj agt `y Zfrtz

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    ghlsfmors ialy eagthrs th `o tbo ulmfsputom ghst coamor

    fl tbo afrcflo flmustry, WFA spolms ihro tbal fts

    ghipotfthrs fl eow doy aroas cfdo `uyflj low afrgraet#

    traflflj# ca`hur ghst hl ecfjbts alm fllhvatfhl, As a

    rosuct ft spolms coss hl ^rfgo por afrgraet# euoc

    iafltolalgo alm ropafr muo th tbofr yhulj ecoot he

    afrgraets# chw sacarfos# tboy attragt yhulj barm whrdors

    `ogauso he tbo afrcflos roputatfhl, Acsh# tbo sacos alm

    amiflfstratfhl ghst fs coss `y bavflj a coal ghrphrato boam quartors# bavflj iaxfiui chyac

    gusthiors alm spolmflj iflfiui hl `agd heefgo togblhchjfos fl aroas tbat mhos lht aeeogt

    gusthior oxporfolgo, "Zfrtz B, # 0>1>&

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    afrcflos he ifmmco oast laiocy Oifratos alm Qatar,

    WFA wftlossom tbo `fjjost mrhp fl sbaro prfgos alm

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    `acalgo tbofr muac stratojy he

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    alm ulmfsputom ghst coamor,

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    Qatar alm Oifratos,

    Hwlflj A)72> fs lh ihro a

    mfeeoroltfathr sflgo Iacaysfal

    afrcflos alm ]baf afrways acsh

    hwl tboi,

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    W f l j a p h r o A f r c f l o s ) ] b o w a y a b o a m ^ a j o | 02

    W^ Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt

    ghlgorl,Oifratos alm Qatar phso a tbroat muo th `ottor sorvfgo, IAW alm ]baf afrways bavo

    purgbasom A72># sh WFA mhos lht bavo a mfeeoroltfatfhl fl toris he fts ecoot, WFA bas a :,7/

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    ]bus# tbo afrcflo flmustry fl tbo whrcm thmay soois th o tbo hlo wftb chts he bfjbs almchws# mopolmolt hl varfhus eagthrs `oyhlm tbo hrjalfzatfhls mfrogt ghltrhc sugb as jch`ac

    oghlhifg grfsfs# Ourhpoal grfsfs# woatbor# vhcgalfg asb otg, Mospfto tbo gbaccoljos# FA]A"0>10&

    fs hptfifstfg a`hut `rfjbtor mays aboam ehr tbo flmustry whrcmwfmo altfgfpatflj a jrhwtb fl

    P^Ds th 02>,

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    roghjlfzom y acc afrcflos agrhss tbo whrcm, Ft ghlmugts tbhrhujb prheossfhlac aumfts alm

    prhmugt alm sorvfgo quacfty olgbiardflj prhjrais, ]bo afrcflo flmustrys ihst prhmugt alm

    sorvfgo quacfty prhjrai# tbo Wdytrax Afrcflo Quacfty Aumft "WAQA& fs flstftutfhlacfzom ehr tbo

    cast twolty yoars, ]bo Quacfty gortfefgatfhl prhvfmom fs a jch`ac roghjlftfhl he erhlt cflo

    stalmarms alm ft fs fl ghipcfalgo wftb tbo stalmarms he Zhrcm Afrcflo Quacfty Aumft "ZAQA&,

    "Wdytrax# 0>10&

    WAQA appcfos fts ovacuatfhl systoi th assoss prhmugt alm sorvfgo quacfty ehr afrcflos

    alm afrphrt hporatfhls, ]boso stalmarms aro rovfowom ehr ghipcfalgo hl al alluac `asfs, ]bo

    jrhulm sorvfgo hporatfhls flgcumo wo`sfto hporatfhls alm acc erhlt cflo hporatfhls sugb as

    tfgdotflj# gbogd)fl# sogurfty# chuljos otg, at tbo afrcflos `aso bu`, ]bo hl`harm sorvfgoalacysfs fs a ihro motafcom hlo flgcumflj ghro prhmugt stalmarms alm sorvfgo alm mocfvory

    oeefgfolgy agrhss varfhus paraiotors,

    @asom hl tbo aumfts# Wdytrax prhvfmos star raldfljs th afrcflos, ]bfs bocps tbo afrcflos

    h`tafl aggurato# flmopolmolt# quacfty alacysfs alm olgbiardflj hl rocatfvo porehrialgo,

    Ihro tbal 2>> aspogts aro ghlsfmorom `oehro prhvfmflj a raldflj, Wdytrax fs acsh a wocc dlhwl

    pcatehri ehr passoljors th prhvfmo rovfows a`hut afrcflos alm afrphrts,

    @osfmos# Wdytraxs alluac whrcm afrcflo awarm fs vory prostfjfhus alm phpucar, Afrcflos

    aro awarmom hl varfhus gatojhrfos sugb as afrcflo he tbo yoar# `ost fl ecfjbt oltortafliolt

    awarm# ga`fl staee awarm# alm `ost soat awarm# `ost gatorflj awarm alm rojfhlac afrcflos

    awarms as wocc, ]bo awarms aro mogfmom aetor a motafcom survoy ghlmugtom hvor a porfhm he tol

    ihltbs, Apprhxfiatocy ofjbtool ifccfhl passoljors agrhss 1>> mfeeorolt latfhlacftfos aro

    stumfom, ]bfrty ofjbt paraiotors alm acihst 0>> afrcflos aro ghlsfmorom ehr tboso awarms, Ft

    bas a phcc `roador prhjrai th olsuro tbat tboro fs lh mupcfgatfhl he rosphlmolts fl tbo survoy,

    "Wdytrax# 0>10&

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    W f l j a p h r o A f r c f l o s ) ] b o w a y a b o a m ^ a j o | 06

    W^ Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt

    @ochw aro tbo rosucts he tbo Zhrcm afrcflo awarms ehr 0>10, ]h ulmorstalm tbo phsftfhl

    he Wfljaphro afrcflos aihljst htbor fltorlatfhlac pcayors agrhss mfeeorolt paraiotors# wo bavo

    stumfom tbo mata sflgo 0>1>,

    WDV]PARAfrcflo he tbo yoar awarm, "Wdytrax# 0>10&)]a`co 1

    Qatar Afrways fs vhtom as tbo `ost afrcflos ehr tbo cast twh yoars, Actbhujb

    Wfljaphro afrcflos appoar ghlsfstoltcy fl tbo thp tbroo afrcflos he tbo yoar# ft bas scfppom erhi

    tbo 0lm phsftfhl fl 0>1> alm 0>11 th 7rm fl 0>10,

    WDV]PAR@ost fl)ecfjbt oltortafliolt awarm"Wdytrax# 0>10&)]a`co 0

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    W f l j a p h r o A f r c f l o s ) ] b o w a y a b o a m ^ a j o | 7>

    W^ Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt

    Oifratos bavo ghlsfstoltcy rogofvom tbo ost fl)ecfjbt oltortafliolt awarm ehr tbo cast

    tbroo yoars, Ajafl actbhujb Wfljaphro afrcflos aro aihljst tbo thp tbroo# ft bas scfppom th tbo

    tbfrm phsftfhl fl 0>10,

    WDV]PARGa`fl staee awarm"Wdytrax# 0>10& ) ]a`co 7

    Iacaysfal afrcflos alm Asfala afrcflos hggupy tbo efrst alm soghlm phsftfhl rospogtfvocy

    wbfcst Wfljaphro afrcflos bas `ool scfppflj fl rald sflgo 0>1> alm gurroltcy fs lht aihljst

    tbo thp tbroo afrcflos he tbo whrcm fl toris he ga`fl staee oxgoccolgo,

    WDV]PAR@ost soat awarm "Wdytrax# 0>10& ) ]a`co =

    As ear as tbo `ost soat awarm fs ghlgorlom# Hial afrways bas tbo `ost `usfloss gcass

    soat alm Asfala fl tbo oghlhiy gcass gatojhry, Ajafl# Wfljaphro Afrcflos bas `ool scfppflj fl

    rald fl tbo `usfloss gcass gatojhry alm appoars at tbo tbfrm phsftfhl as ear as tbo oghlhiy

    gcass fs ghlgorlom,

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    W f l j a p h r o A f r c f l o s ) ] b o w a y a b o a m ^ a j o | 71

    W^ Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt

    WDV]PAR@ost gatorflj awarm "Wdytrax# 0>10& ) ]a`co ?

    Fl tbo `ost gatorflj awarm gatojhry# Otfbam# Wwfss# Qaltas alm Wfljaphro afrcflos

    rogofvo tbo awarm ehr efrst gcass# `usfloss gcass# proifui oghlhiy alm oghlhiy gcass

    rospogtfvocy, Wfljaphro afrcflo mhos lht appoar aihlj tbo thp tbroo fl tbroo he tbo ehur

    gatojhrfos,

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    WFA, Fl hrmor th ghiparo WFA wftb htbor ghipotflj afrcflos# wo stumfom tbo rovfows he Oifratos#

    Qatar# Gatbay pagfefg# Iacaysfal afrcflos# Asfala alm Qaltas as wocc, Zo stumfom 1>> rovfows

    he WFA alm tbfrty oagb he tbo htbor afrcflos fl motafc, ]bo porfhm he stumy fs `otwool Aprfc th

    Aujust 0>10, "Wdytrax# 0>10&

    Hut he 1>> rovfows he WFA# tbfrtool passoljors whucm lht roghiiolm WFA th htbors, Hl

    a sgaco he efvo "wftb efvo `oflj oxgoccolt& 16# 1:# 1?# 1? alm 0= passoljors ratom vacuo ehr

    ihloy# soat ghiehrt# staee sorvfgo# gatorflj# alm oltortafliolt as `ochw ehur, Aetor stumyfljtbo ghiiolts ft fs ovfmolt tbat tbo iaxfiui ghipcaflts aro `ogauso passoljors aro lht

    satfsefom wftb tbo fl)ecfjbt oltortafliolt# soat ghiehrt alm quacfty he ehhm, "Wdytrax# 0>10&

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    W f l j a p h r o A f r c f l o s ) ] b o w a y a b o a m ^ a j o | 70

    W^ Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt

    Efjuro 7)ghipcaflt alacysfs

    Hut he tbo 1>> rovfows stumfom# sfxty passoljors bam a thtac he lfloty ghipcaflts, Hut he tboso

    16 ghipcaflts woro rocatom th fl)ecfjbt oltortafliolt# ehurtool th soat ghiehrt alm 10 th

    quacfty he ehhm, Ufsf`cy# tboso aro tbo tbroo iakhr aroas he ghlgorl ehr WFA erhi a passoljors

    phflt he vfow, ]bo suiiary he tbo eflmfljs erhi htbor rovfows fs mopfgtom fl tbo ta`co `ochw,

    ]a`co 5) Laturo he ghipcaflts

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    W f l j a p h r o A f r c f l o s ) ] b o w a y a b o a m ^ a j o | 77

    W^ Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt

    ]bo a`hvo ta`co roftoratos tbo eagt tbat fl)ecfjbt oltortafliolt# soat ghiehrt alm quacfty

    he ehhm fs tbo aroa he ghlgorl ehr WFA, @osfmos# ft appoars as fe tboso paraiotors aro tbo aroa he

    ghlgorl ehr ihst he tbo htbor afrcflos as wocc, Ft fs ovfmolt erhi tbo a`hvo ta`co tbo Oifratos

    bas iflfiui ghipcaflts fl fl)ecfjbt oltortafliolt# wbfgb ro)oipbasfzos tbat Oifratos fs tbo

    awarm wfllor fl tbfs gatojhry fl tbo Wdytrax)whrcm afrcflos awarm, Qatar Afrways sooi th bavoiflfiui lui`or he ehhm alm gatorflj rocatom ghipcaflts, Ihst he tbo htbor paraiotors

    sooiom sugb as staee sorvfgo# chyacty prhjrai# wo`sfto alm chyacty prhjrai mfm lht sooi th `o

    al h`vfhus aroa he ghlgorl ehr tbo afrcflo passoljors, "Wdytrax# 0>10&

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    W f l j a p h r o A f r c f l o s ) ] b o w a y a b o a m ^ a j o | 7=

    W^ Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt

    ^rfiary Posoargb

    Efjuro = ) ^rfiary Posoargb

    Posoargb Wtratojy;

    @asom hl tbo cftoraturo rovfow wo ehulm hut tbo loom th mh alacysfs fl tbroo ways;)

    Mfsgussfhl jufmo was sbarom wftb travoc ajolts alm eroquolt ecfors ehr quacftatfvoflehriatfhl, ]bo ehgus quostfhls ammom flth tbo quostfhllafro,

    Eagthr alacysfsulmorstalm tbo jrhupflj he tbo paraiotors alm wbfgb sojiolts he tbomoihjrapby cay fl tbo zhlo,

    Gcustor alacysfsth eflm hut ehr wbfgb sojiolts aro gortafl paraiotors fiphrtalt ^orgoptuac iappflj ) th ulmorstalm ghro aroas he ehgus ehr Wfljaphro Afrcflos

    Cfiftatfhls;

    ]bo ghlstraflts alm cfiftatfhls oxporfolgom murflj tbo ghurso he stumy woro ;)

    Cfiftom lui`or he quacfty rosphlmolts alm ehgus jrhup Aetor 1? rosphlmolts ghipcaflom tbat tbo quostfhllafro was thh chlj# tbo barm ghpy he

    tbo survoy bam th `o mfsghltfluom, Mopolmolgy hl tbo barm ghpy flgroasom,

    Uory eow passoljors at tbo afrphrt iamo al oeehrt th efcc tbo survoy, ]bo survoy was ghlmugtom at a tfioeraio he 1? mays, ]bo 71 travoc ajolts rosphlmolts mata mfm lht rovoac a trolm hr fleorolgo,

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    W f l j a p h r o A f r c f l o s ) ] b o w a y a b o a m ^ a j o | 7?

    W^ Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt

    Moihjrapbfg alacysfs;)

    Ajo

    ]bo iakhrfty he tbo rosphlmolts woro erhi

    tbo ajo gatojhry `otwool 12yoars alm =?

    yoars# wbh woro :6/ he tbo oltfro survoy,

    Efjuro ? ) Ajo

    Latfhlacfty

    ]bo iakhrfty he tbo rosphlmolts woro

    ehrofjlors, Zo tarjotom a carjo lui`or he

    ehrofjlors as wo waltom th ghccato

    fleorolgo he tbo porgoptfhl he travoc

    whrcmwfmo a`hut Wfljaphro Afrcflos, ]bo

    Wfljaphroals travoccflj Wfljaphro Afrcflos

    bavo a chyacty eagthr# wbfgb ghucm bavosdowom tbo mata, Bolgo tbo ammftfhl he a

    carjo lui`or he ehrofjlors rucom hut aly

    sdowom mata, Efjuro 5 ) Latfhlacfty

    Jolmor

    Zo ialajom th gapturo mata erhi a

    lui`or he eoiacos, ]bo hlcy

    roqufroiolt he bavflj eroquolt ecfors hl

    tbo survoy baiporom tbo roashl ehr

    jottflj ihro eoiacos hl tbo survoy,

    Efjuro : ) Jolmor

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    W f l j a p h r o A f r c f l o s ) ] b o w a y a b o a m ^ a j o | 75

    W^ Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt

    Eroquolgy he travoc

    ]bo survoy ialajom th gapturo

    a carjo lui`or he rosphlmolts wbh

    travoc 0 th = tfios a ihltb alm = th 2

    tfios a ihltb, ]bo iakhrfty he tbo

    rosphlmolts eocc flth tbo coss tbal 0

    tfios a ihltb gatojhry, Zo ghlsfmorom

    00 rosphlmolts wbh eacc ecy ihro tbal

    = tfios a ihltb as eroquolt ecfors,

    Efjuro 2 ) Eroquolgy he travoc

    Hggupatfhl

    ]bo survoy was efccom `y tbo

    iakhrfty he prheossfhlacs alm

    `usflossporshl ( oltroprolours,

    ]bo == prheossfhlacs alm 7=

    `usflossporshl ( oltroprolours

    olghipassom ihst he tbo eroquolt

    ecfors,

    Efjuro 6 ) Hggupatfhl

    ^urphso he travoc

    ]bo iakhrfty he rosphlmolts f,o, =>

    gapturom woro erhi tbo gatojhry he

    `htb travoc alm cofsuro, ]bo

    rosphlmolts wbh travoc shcocy ehr@usfloss hr Cofsuro ghiprfsom he a

    carjo porgoltajo,

    Efjuro 1> ) ^urphso he travoc

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    W f l j a p h r o A f r c f l o s ) ] b o w a y a b o a m ^ a j o | 7:

    W^ Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt

    Eagthr Alacysfs;

    ]bo eagthr alacysfs was garrfom hl tbroo iakhr quostfhls wbfgb woro hl tbo cfdort sgaco,

    ]boso quostfhls ghlsfmorom doy paraiotors hl wbfgb tbo rosphlmolts ioasurom;)

    ]bo paraiotors he fiphrtalgo wbfco gbhhsflj a eucc sorvfgo afrcflo Patflj Wfljaphro Afrcflos fl ghiparfshl wftb htbor proeorrom afrcflos Patflj tbo fl)ecfjbt sorvfgo he Wfljaphro Afrcflos fl ghiparfshl wftb tbo fl)ecfjbt he

    htbor proeorrom afrcflos,

    Zo tostom Bhw mh rato Wfljaphro Afrcflos fl ghiparfshl th htbor afrcflos hl tbo

    `asfs he eagthr alacysfs alm ehulm a jrhupflj he gortafl eagthrs thjotbor,

    ]a`co : ) Ghiparfshl he WFA wftb htbor afrcflos

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    W f l j a p h r o A f r c f l o s ) ] b o w a y a b o a m ^ a j o | 72

    W^ Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt

    ]a`co 2 ) Ghiparfshl he Fl)ecfjbt sorvfgo he WFA wftb htbor afrcflos

    Erhi tbo alacysfs wo fleorrom tbat tbo

    wbol passoljors ghiparo alm ovacuato

    Wfljaphro Afrcflos wftb htbor afrcflos# tboy

    ghlsfmor tbo chyacty prhjrai4 gacc goltor

    oeefgfolgy# chuljo eagfcftfos# ajjajo balmcflj#

    tfio ghlvolfolgo alm ghipcaflt romrossac,

    ]bfs fs a vory gusthior sorvfgo mrfvol gbhfgo,

    ]bo htbor gatojhry he pohpco ghlsfmors

    pulgtuacfty# mostflatfhl ghllogtfvfty alm fl)

    ecfjbt sorvfgo as tbo grftorfa alm paraiotors th

    ghiparo Wfljaphro Afrcflos wftb htbor

    proeorrom hr echwl afrcflos he tbo whrcm,

    Efjuro 11) Eagthr alacysfsFl)ecfjbt sorvfgo

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    W f l j a p h r o A f r c f l o s ) ] b o w a y a b o a m ^ a j o | 76

    W^ Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt

    Zo tostom tbo paraiotors tbat yhu ghlsfmor wbfco gbhhsflj al afrcflo hl tbo `asfs he

    eagthr alacysfs alm ehulm a jrhupflj he gortafl eagthrs thjotbor,

    ]a`co 6 ) Fiphrtalt ^araiotors

    Zo fleorrom tbat wbol a passoljor gbhhsos al afrcflo

    muo th soat ghiehrt# bo(sbo ovol ghlsfmors fl)ecfjbt

    sorvfgo# pulgtuacfty# gacc goltor oeefgfolgy, ]bo

    passoljors ghlsfmor chyacty prhjrai wftb chuljoeagfcftfos, assoljors wbh ghlsfmor earo as al fiphrtalt

    paraiotor acsh ghlsfmor tbo ajjajo acchwalgo heeorom

    `y tbo ecfjbt,

    ]bo eagthr alacysfs was garrfom hut hl tbo chyacty

    prhjrai, ]bo alacysfs fleorrom tbat tbo chyacty prhjrai

    ioi`ors bavo mfeeorolt roqufroiolt s erhi tbhso wbh

    aro lht chyacty ioi`ors, ]bo chyacty prhjrai ioi`ors

    ghlsfmor tbo ghllogtfvfty he ecfjbt alm pulgtuacfty wftb

    soat ghiehrt, ]boy ghlsfmor chuljo eagfcftfos achlj wftb

    tbo chyacty prhjrai, Zbol tboy ghlsfmor tbo prfgo he tbo

    tfgdot# chyacty prhjrai ioi`ors ovol ghlsfmor tbo

    `ajjajo acchwalgo th iado mogfsfhls,

    Efjuro 10 ) Eagthr alacysfs ) paraiotors th gbhhso al afrcflo

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    W f l j a p h r o A f r c f l o s ) ] b o w a y a b o a m ^ a j o | =>

    W^ Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt

    Efjuro 17 ) PojrossfhlChyacty ^rhjrai

    As ehr tbo lhl)ioi`ors# wbol iadflj a gbhfgo he afrcflos fl tbo eucc sorvfgo hptfhls#

    tboy ghlsfmor soat ghiehrt# fl)ecfjbt sorvfgo# pulgtuacfty# alm gacc goltor oeefgfolgy alm

    mostflatfhl ghllogtfvfty as hlo ghiphlolt, A gortafl sot he lhl)ioi`or rosphlmolts ghlsfmor

    tfiflj he ecfjbts wbol tboy ghlsfmor tbo earo, Cfdo chyacty prhjrai ioi`ors# tbo lhl)ioi`ors

    ghlsfmor tbo chuljo eagfcftfos wbol tboy ghlsfmor usflj a chyacty prhjrai,

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    W f l j a p h r o A f r c f l o s ) ] b o w a y a b o a m ^ a j o | =1

    W^ Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt

    Efjuro 1= ) Pojrossfhl ) Chyacty ^rhjrai WFA

    Zbol tbo eagthr alacysfs hl tbo chyacty ioi`ors he Wfljaphro Afrcflos was garrfom hut#

    fleorolgo rhujbt th cfjbt mfeeorolt sots he paraiotors, ]boy ghlsfmorom ajjajo acchwalgo# gacc

    goltor oeefgfolgy alm fl)ecfjbt sorvfgo as hlo ghiphlolt, Alhtbor jrhupflj was iamo fl tbo

    ghllogtfvfty he ecfjbts# pulgtuacfty alm chuljo eagfcftfos, ]bfs gcoarcy mfeeoroltfatos tbo

    rosphlmolts woro passoljors erhi chlj bauc ecfjbts, Al fltorostflj eagt was a`hut tbo jrhupflj

    he tbo earo wftb soat ghiehrt, ]boro fs al flvorso ghrrocatfhl fl tbo earo alm soat ghiehrt, ]bo

    passoljors wbh aro prfgo ghlsgfhus wfcc lht bavo a proeorolgo fl tbo soat ghiehrt, ]bhso wbh

    aro wfccflj th pay a proifui oxpogt bfjb stalmarms fl soat ghiehrt,

    A rojrossfhl alacysfs was garrfom hut hl tbo cfdort sgacos wbfgb ghiparom tbo fl)ecfjbtsorvfgo he Wfljaphro Afrcflos alm wftb htbor afrcflos, ]bfs was ioasurom wftb tbo mopolmolt

    varfa`co; whucm yhu roghiiolm Wfljaphro Afrcflos th htbors,

    Efjuro 1? ) Poghiiolmatfhl ) Cfdort sgaco

    ]bo rosuct sbhwom tbat Woat ghiehrt wftb a Wfj, vacuo he >,>>1 was tbo ihst fiphrtalt grftorfa

    ehr tbo passoljors ehcchwom `y ehhm % `ovorajo alm afrphrt assfstalgo, ]bo fl)ecfjbt sorvfgo was

    lht grftorfa muo th a phhr sghro, ]bo passoljors wfcc lht roghiiolm tbfs paraiotor, ]bfs

    gortaflcy sbhws tbat fl)ecfjbt oltortafliolt fs hlo he tbo aroas wboro tboy ghlsuiors aro lht

    bappy a`hut, ]bo htbor phssf`fcfty fs tbat tbo ghipotfthrs cfdo oifratos alm Qatar Afrways bavo

    `ottor fl)ecfjbt oltortafliolt hptfhls avafca`co,

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    W f l j a p h r o A f r c f l o s ) ] b o w a y a b o a m ^ a j o | =0

    W^ Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt

    Efjuro 15 ) Pojrossfhl ) Fl)ecfjbt sorvfgo

    ]bo a`hvo oquatfhl was ehriom tadflj flth ghlsfmoratfhl acc tbo paraiotors alm put

    thjotbor th iado al fleorolgo wbfco roghiiolmatfhl wbol roghiiolmflj Wfljaphro Afrcflos,

    Woat ghiehrt alm afrphrt assfstalgo sghrom tbo `ost Wfj, vacuo alm tboso varfa`cos aro tbhso

    roqufro attoltfhl as tbo passoljors wfcc roghiiolm Wfljaphro Afrcflos mopolmflj hl tbo

    porehrialgo he tboso varfa`cos,

    Efjuro 1: ) Pojrossfhl ) Jrhup ) Fl)ecfjbt sorvfgo

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    W f l j a p h r o A f r c f l o s ) ] b o w a y a b o a m ^ a j o | =7

    W^ Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt

    ]h prhvo tbo autboltfgfty alm agguragy he tbo mata# a mata romugtfhl was mhlo hl tbo

    fl)ecfjbt sorvfgo paraiotors# soat ghiehrt# ghurtohusloss alm rosphlsfvoloss he staee# fl)ecfjbt

    oltortafliolt# quacfty alm hptfhls he ehhm alm `ovorajo hptfhls alm afrphrt assfstalgo, Acc tbo

    paraiotors woro ghlsfmorom as hlo ghiphlolt he fl ecfjbt sorvfgo alm a rojrossfhl was rul th

    gbogd mopolmolgy he tbo whucm yhu roghiiolm Wfljaphro Afrcflos th htbors hptfhl wftb tbofl)ecfjbt sorvfgo, ]bo rosuct rovoacom tbat tbo passoljors wfcc roghiiolm Wfljaphro Afrcflos th

    htbors hlcy wbol tboy aro bappy wftb tbo fl)ecfjbt sorvfgo he Wfljaphro Afrcflos,

    Wfljaphro Afrcflos bas hlo iakhr aroa th ehgus hl, ]boy loom th ehgus hl tbo

    paraiotors he fl)ecfjbt sorvfgo th bhcm hee ghipotftfhl erhi tadflj away tbofr sbaro he tbo

    iardot, ^assoljors aro lhw ovacuatflj Wfljaphro Afrcflos fl toris he tbo fl)ecfjbt sorvfgo

    porehrialgo wftb htbor eucc sorvfgo garrfors,

    ^orgoptuac Iappflj;

    ^orgoptuac iappflj was garrfom ehr acc tbo paraiotors avafca`co wftb tbo sojiolts wftbamoquato lh, he rosphlmolts vhtflj ehr tbo paraiotor,

    ]bo porgoptuac iappflj was garrfom hut hl tbo latfhlacfty `asfs, ]bo rosucts sbhwom

    tbat ehr Wfljaphroals earo# tfiflj he ecfjbts# @ajjajo acchwalgo alm pulgtuacfty was vory

    fiphrtalt, ]boy woro flmfeeorolt a`hut tbo chuljo eagfcftfos alm gusthior garo oeefgfolgy,

    Efjuro 12 ) ^orgoptuac iappfljLatfhlacfty

    ]bo ehrofjlors ghlsfmorom earo# @ajjajo acchwalgo# mostflatfhl ghllogtfvfty alm tfiflj he

    ecfjbts as tbo ihst fiphrtalt eagthrs hl wbfgb tboy mogfmo hl tbo afrcflos, Cfdo tbo

    Wfljaphroals# tbo ehrofjlors acsh mfm lht ghlsfmor chuljo eagfcftfos alm gusthior garo oeefgfolgy

    as al fiphrtalt grftorfa wfcc gbhhsflj al afrcflo,

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    W f l j a p h r o A f r c f l o s ) ] b o w a y a b o a m ^ a j o | ==

    W^ Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt

    Efjuro 16 ) ^rfgo Ghiparfshl

    ]bo porgoptuac iappflj sbhwom tbo fiphrtalgo he prfgflj wbol Wfljaphroals alm

    ehrofjlors gbhhso al afrcflo, A prfgflj ghiparfshl he shio he tbo iakhr mostflatfhls agrhss tbo

    jch`o `rhujbt flth tbo porspogtfvo tbo prfgflj phcfgy he Wfljaphro Afrcflos, ]bo rosuct sbhwom

    tbat Wfljaphro Afrcflos bas hlo he tbo bfjbost earos fl tbo flmustry, ]bfs fs al fiphrtalt eagthrth ghlsfmor,

    Efjuro 0> ) Poashls ehr gbhhsflj htbor afrcflos a`hvo Wfljaphro Afrcflos

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    W f l j a p h r o A f r c f l o s ) ] b o w a y a b o a m ^ a j o | =?

    W^ Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt

    Fl tbo survoy tbat was garrfom hut# earo was vhtom as tbo soghlm ihst fiphrtalt grftorfa

    `ogauso he wbfgb acsh al fiphrtalt grftorfhl ehr Wfljaphroals alm ehrofjlors, Wfljaphro

    Afrcflos prfgflj loom th `o ghlsfmorato th tbo gurrolt trolms, ]h gbarjo a proifui# Wfljaphro

    Afrcflos iust ghltfluo th heeor `ost phssf`co gusthior sorvfgo,

    Fl tbo rosucts he tbo porgoptuac

    iappflj ft was statom tbat tbo

    passoljors wbh bavo echwl Wfljaphro

    Afrcflos woro ulbappy wftb tbo fl)

    ecfjbt sorvfgo stalmarms alm

    mostflatfhl ghllogtfvfty fl ghiparfshl

    th tbo htbor proeorrom afrcflos, ]bo

    passoljors aro lht bappy wftb tbo

    earo# `ut mhlt ghipcafl a`hut ft, ]boy

    mhlt iflm payflj ehr tbo sorvfgo as

    chlj as Wfljaphro Afrcflos doops

    prhvfmflj tboi wftb tbo `ost phssf`co sorvfgo,Efjuro 01 ) ^orgoptuac iappflj ) Pato WFA ) WFA Ecfors

    Fl ghiparfshl th htbor afrcflos# tbo Wfljaphro Afrcflo ecfors woro vory bappy wftb tbo

    chyacty prhjrai# chuljo eagfcftfos# ghipcaflt romrossac alm tfiflj he tbo ecfjbts, Whio

    passoljors woro lht bappy wftb tbo mostflatfhl ghllogtfvfty as tboy aro bhhdom th Wfljaphro

    Afrcflos alm whucm proeor th travoc hlcy vfa tbfs afrcflo,

    Efjuro 00 ) ^orgoptuac Iappflj ) Ajo ) Pato WFA

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    W f l j a p h r o A f r c f l o s ) ] b o w a y a b o a m ^ a j o | =5

    W^ Kafl Wgbhhc he Jch`ac Ialajoiolt

    ]bo porgoptuac iappflj he moihjrapby agghrmflj th ajo acsh ghlsfmorom tbat

    Wfljaphro Afrcflos cajjom `obflm fts ghipotftfhl fl fl)ecfjbt sorvfgo, ]boro woro acsh htbor

    ghiphlolts as mostflatfhl ghllogtfvfty alm pulgtuacfty wboro Wfljaphro Afrcflos cajjom

    `obflm ehr shio rosphlmolts, Earo was acsh a eagthr tbat bam eaccol hut he eavhr fl shio he tbo

    rosphlmolts porspogtfvo, ]boro soois th `o a gcoar ghrrocatfhl he pohpco ulbappy wftb tbo fl)ecfjbt sorvfgo `ogauso he wbfgb tboy aro lht bappy wftb tbo earos gbarjom `y Wfljaphro Afrcflos,

    Efjuro 07 ) ^orgoptuac Iappflj ) Hggupatfhl ) Pato WFA

    ]bo trolm he rosphlmolts ulbappy wftb tbo fl)ecfjbt sorvfgo fs acsh sool wbol gbogdom

    agghrmflj th hggupatfhl, ]bo prheossfhlac alm `usflossporshls(oltroprolours acsh ghlsfmorom

    fl)ecfjbt sorvfgo he Wfljaphro Afrcflos chsflj jrhulm th tbo htbor proeorrom afrcflos, Earo fs acsh

    a eagthr tbat fs ghlstaltcy sool as a prh`coi aroa, Wfljaphro Afrcflos fs lht a`co th kustfey tbo

    proifui earo ratos wftb fl)ecfjbt sorvfgo hptfhls tbat fs cajjflj `obflm fts ghipotftfhl,

    Pocatfvo sghrflj;

    Pocatfvo sghrflj fs a iotbhm th ghiparo WFA wftb tbo htbor afrcflos ghlsfmorom ajaflst

    paraiotors, ]bo shurgo he tbo mata fs tbo rosphlmolts wbh bavo alsworom twh rocatom

    quostfhls,

    Gacgucatfhl;

    ]bo sghros aro gacgucatom `asom hl tbo ehcchwflj ta`co, Ehr oj, fe a passoljor bas

    socogtom Iacaysfal afrcflo as tbo proeorrom afrcfl