sinusitis - gmch.gov.in lectures/ent/sinusitis.pdf · sinusitis “changing trends in the...
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SINUSITIS“CHANGING TRENDS IN THE MANAGEMENT”
Dr Surinder K SinghalDLO, MS, DNB,DHM,MNAMS, FIMSA
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Changing Trends• Better understanding of
–Anatomy–Physiology – Pathophysiology
• Changing bacteriology• Changing clinical features• Accurate diagnosis • Better Medical Management • Changing Surgical Management
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ANATOMY OF PARANASAL SINUSES
• SINUSES ARE AIR FILLED BONY CAVITIES IN THE SKULL
• COMMUNICATE WITH THE NASAL CAVITIES VIA OSTIA
• HUMDIFY , FILTER AND WARM THE INSPIRED AIR
• CONTRIBUTE TO THE RESONANCE OF VOICE.
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Lateral wall of nose
After removal of Middle turbinate
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Muco-cilliary Clearance
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Obstruction to Sinus Ostium
Stagnation of Secretions
Decreased O2 Tension
Decreased pH
Bacterial Growth
Sinusitis
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SINUSITIS:BACTERIOLOGY
ACUTE• HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE• STREPTOCOCUS PNEUMONIAE• MORAXELLA CATARRHALIS
(IN CHILDERN)• ANAEROBES-DENTAL ORIGIN
CHRONIC• ANAEROBES• STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS• GRAM –Ve BACTERIA• MIXED ORGANISMS
Note: Incidence of beta lactmase producing organism is increasing
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CLINICAL PICTURE
• POSTERIOR NASAL DISCHARGE• NASAL BLOCKAGE• HEADACHE• ANOSMIA• FEVER,MALAISE,LOSS OF APPETITE• THROAT INFECTION
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SITE OF PAIN SINUS INVOLVED• FORE HEAD FRONTAL• NASAL BRIDGE ETHMOID• CHEEK MAXILLARY• VERTEX / OCCIPUT SPHENOID
CLINICAL PICTURE
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DIAGNOSIS
• CLINICAL EXAMINATION• X-RAY PARANASAL SINUSES• CT SCAN• NASAL AND SINUS ENDOSCOPY
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Traditional Examination
• Only Ant. part of nasal Cavity visualized.• Painful• Manipulation of turbinate not possible
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CLINICAL EXAMINATION• PURULENT DISCHARGE IN MIDDLE MEATUS• CONGESTED NASAL MUCOSA + OEDEMA• LOOK FOR PREDISPOSING FACTORS
• DNS, • POLYP, • HYPERTROPHIC TURBINATE
• EXAMINE THROAT AND NASOPHARYNX• SINUS TENDERNESS
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RADIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION
• TRADITIONAL PLAIN FILMS
• ACCURACY VERY LESS
• RADIATION EXPOSURE• DIFFICULT TO MAP
EXTENT OF LESIONS• LESS HELPFUL IN
COMPLICATED CASES
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Plain X-Ray
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CT Scans• BEST IMAGING TECHNIQUE
• MUST BEFORE PLANNING FESS
• MUST IF COMPLICATIONS ARE SUSPECTED
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Paradoxical Turbinate
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NASAL AND SINUS ENDOSCOPY
NASALENDOSCOPY• DIAGNOSTIC• THERAPEUTIC
SINOSCOPY• DIAGNOSTIC• THERAPEUTIC
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Endoscopic Examination• In depth Examination of Nasal cavity
& Nasopharynx• Manipulation of turbinate possible• Less painful• In depth analysis of lesion in terms of
site of origin
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Purulent Dischage
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Polyp
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Polyp & Discharge
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Choanal Polyp
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Paradoxical Turbinate
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Concha Bullosa
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Double Middle Turbinate
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Adenoid Hypertrophy
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MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
• AGGRESSIVENESS PAYS• ANTIBIOTICS IN ADEQUATE DOSE • FOR ADEQUATE PERIOD.• LOCAL AND SYSTEMIC DECONGESTANT• ANALGESICS AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY
DRUGS• STEAM INHALATION AND HOT FOMENTATION
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ANTI MICROBIALS IN SINUSITIS
ACUTE• AMOXYCILLIN/AMPI
CILLIN• WITH OR WITHOUT
CLOXACILLIN• CO-TRIMOXAZOLE• CEPHALOSPORIN• CO-AMOXICLAV• MACROLIDES
CHRONIC• CO-AMOXICLAV• CLINDAMYCIN• TINIDAZOLE/
METRONIDAZOLE• ROVAMYCIN
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SINUSITIS – SURGERYACUTE SINSUSITIS
• NO RESPONSE TO MEDICAL Rx – 48 HOURS• IMPENDING / ESTABLISHED COMPLICATIONS• ASSOCIATED WITH SEVERE PAIN
CHRONIC SINUSITIS
• NO RESPONSE TO MEDICAL TREATMENT• TO REMOVE OBSTRUCTION FROM OSTIUM• TO REMOVE IRREVERSIBLY DAMAGED MUCOSA• TO FACILITATE DRAINAGE
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TRADITIONAL SURGERY
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TRADITIONAL SURGERY
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TRADITIONAL SURGERY
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TRADITIONAL SURGERY
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ENDOSCOPIC SINUS SURGERY
• HAS REVOLUTIONISED THE TREATMENT OF SINUSITIS
• TAILORED TO THE NEED OF THE CASE • PHYSIOLOGICAL• LESS MORBIDITY,LESS HOSPITAL STAY• GOOD RESULTS , NO SCAR MARK• MINIMAL COMPLICATIONS
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FESSAIMS• REMOVAL OF
STENOTIC AREA• RE-ESTABLISH
DRAINAGE• VENTILATION (OF
DEPENDANT SINUS)• RECOVERY OF
DISEASED MUCOSA
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ANAESTHESIA
• LOCAL– 1% XYLOCAINE WITH 1: 100000 Adr
• GENERAL ANESTHESIA– WITH HYPOTENSION
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Local Anesthesia
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FESS
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Before After
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COMPLICATIONS•INCIDENCE 2-17%•INTRA –OPERATIVE
• HAEMORRHAGE• BLINDNESS
– TEMPORARY– PERMANENT
• ORBITAL HAEMATOMA• DIPLOPIA• SUBCUTANEOUS ORBITAL EMPHYSEMA• CSF LEAK
•POST OPERATIVE• SYNECHIAE• STENOSIS
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Failures• Allergy• Immune Status• Cilliary disorders• Aspirin Hypersensitivity• Fungal Granuloma
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Procedure
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CONCLUSION
• Very effective Procedure.• Promising results• Not devoid of complications• Training must on cadavers first.• Initially under supervision.
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