siren: context-aware computing for firefighting, at pervasive2004
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Siren: Context-aware Computing for Firefighting
Xiaodong Jiang, Nicholas Chen, Jason Hong, Kevin Wang University of California, BerkeleyLeila Takayama James LandayStanford University University of Washington
March 14, 2015 2Siren: Context-aware Computing for Firefighting
Motivation
Fires cause great harm 1,755,000 fires in the United States in 1998 4000 deaths, 25000 injuries, 100 firefighter
deaths / year Information intensive task
“Firefighting is making a lot of decisions on very little information”
Convergence of sensing and communication
March 14, 2015 3Siren: Context-aware Computing for Firefighting
Research Overview Goal
Support interaction between firefighters working inside urban structures
Approach: User-centered DesignDesign Principles:4 months of field study
Evaluation:Quick feedback
Prototype Solution:Off-the-shelf technology
March 14, 2015 4Siren: Context-aware Computing for Firefighting
Outline
Field studies results From field to design Siren architecture Siren messaging application Evaluation Conclusion & Future work
March 14, 2015 5Siren: Context-aware Computing for Firefighting
Field Studies
Method 4 months, 3 depts Interviews in
work environment 1 field exercise 2 emergency calls
Participants 1 assistant chief 4 battalion chiefs 2 captains, 2 engineers 5 firefighters
March 14, 2015 6Siren: Context-aware Computing for Firefighting
Fieldwork Results
Firefighters have an incomplete picture Situational assessment is done by sending advanced
team into fires Individual firefighter confined to a limited space
Current communication systems are inadequate Require explicit control Broadcast and ephemeral Detached from information gathering
Firefighters operate in harsh environments Inherently unreliable nature of any infrastructure
March 14, 2015 7Siren: Context-aware Computing for Firefighting
Communication
“There is a lot of noise on the fire ground. You’re inside; the fire is burning; it makes noise; there’s breaking glass; there’s chain saws above your head where they’re cutting a hole in the roof; there’s other rigs coming in with sirens blaring; lots of radio traffic; everybody trying to radio at the same time.”
March 14, 2015 8Siren: Context-aware Computing for Firefighting
Need for Tacit Communication
Context-dependent sharing of mission-critical information “See through the eyes of fellow firefighters”
Opportunistic, spontaneous, persistent When communication happens is context
dependent Often triggered by external events, without
human initiation Can be replayed and shared
March 14, 2015 9Siren: Context-aware Computing for Firefighting
Tacit Communication: An Example
C
A
B Abandon
March 14, 2015 10Siren: Context-aware Computing for Firefighting
From Field to Design
Tacit communication Ad-hoc P2P Delayed multi-hop Context dependence
Robustness: multiple levels of redundancy Path redundancy Storage redundancy Version redundancy Feedback redundancy
March 14, 2015 11Siren: Context-aware Computing for Firefighting
Siren Architecture
Adapted Context Fabric (Hong et. al.) for a P2P network of Wi-Fi-enabled Pocket PCs
Siren Modular Applications
Siren
Context Rule Engine
InfoSpace
StorageManager
Multi-hopCommunication
Manager
March 14, 2015 12Siren: Context-aware Computing for Firefighting
Storage Manager
An InfoSpace consists of tuples Each firefighter owns an InfoSpace containing data
about himself, other peers and the environment Tags to specify expiration
InfoSpace snapshot A view maintained by each device of entities on the
Siren network Snapshot taken by aggregating sensor readings over
a given time window InfoSpace operators (insert, retrieve) unify
storage and communication
March 14, 2015 13Siren: Context-aware Computing for Firefighting
Multi-hop Communication Manager
Message format XML over HTTP Semantic slots
Time-based message queuing & routing One queue for each source Queue is sorted by time Keep forwarding to all neighbors until all semantic
slots expire Version redundancy
Not overwrite older messages as newer versions arrive – why?
Message id: ….Source: ….Time_Created:Semantic Slot 1:Semantic Slot 2:Semantic Slot 3:
Type: locationValue: 525 Soda HallConfidence: 70%Expiration:
March 14, 2015 14Siren: Context-aware Computing for Firefighting
Context Rule Engine
Take InfoSpace snapshots as input, generate user alerts
Production system consisting of “if-then” rules
Currently supports five types of alerts “dangerous place” “danger to oneself” “next to dangerous place” “others in danger” “instructions”
IF (firefighter F IN room A) AND (surrounding temperature > 1500F) THEN (generate_alert (firefighter F1 in danger)) AND (generate_alert (room A is a dangerous place))
March 14, 2015 15Siren: Context-aware Computing for Firefighting
Siren-based Messaging Application for Firefighters
Running on Wi-Fi-enabled Pocket PCs A set of context rules A map-based user interface
Use of Berkeley motes Location beacon Mobile sensing Environmental sensing
March 14, 2015 17Siren: Context-aware Computing for Firefighting
Evaluation
Used by a group of four firefighters in their fire house
Positives Communication redundancy for large complex urban
structures (hospitals, high rises, warehouses) Location tracking enhance firefighter safety Like UI with no manual input
Concerns Ruggedness of technology Risks of new technology Deployment issues
March 14, 2015 18Siren: Context-aware Computing for Firefighting
Ruggedness of Technology
“It’s got to be tough; you’ve got to be able to drop it; it’s got to
be able to take extreme heat; it’s
got to be able to get wet.”
March 14, 2015 19Siren: Context-aware Computing for Firefighting
Thermal Imaging Cameras PASS System
Risks of New Technologies
March 14, 2015 20Siren: Context-aware Computing for Firefighting
Deployment Issues
Tighter integration with existing tools (use in conjunction with thermal imager to narrow search areas)
Sensor deployment “Most effective tools for us are always
those we can directly access and maintain”
March 14, 2015 21Siren: Context-aware Computing for Firefighting
Conclusion & Future Work
Conclusion User-centered design of Siren Support tacit communication needs Siren messaging application & evaluation
Future Work Dealing with uncertainty in sensor data Multimodal interaction techniques Deployment strategy