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Content

a) Table Content

b) Introduction

c) Objective

d) Content/Technical Observation

e) Types of Formwork

f) Type of Scaffolding

g) Grade of Reinforced Concrete---------------------24-27

h) Learning Outcome-------------------------------------28

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Introduction

On 21th of November 2014, we went to a construction site which is located in Bandar Sunway which is just beside DK Senza building. This site visit was

organized by our lecturer Surveyor Ang and this is an actual working environment which is much more different than basic theory. The main contractor is Mr.Tang from Pasukhas Properties Sdn Bhd.

We were divided into 2 groups. Each group consist of 20 people. I was distributed in second group. Thus, we met at 10.30a.m.. We reached the

construction site by carpooling. As soon as we reached there, the contractor Mr. Tang gave us a brief introduction about this project. Mr. Tang explained to

us about some safety guides.

After a short brief of explanation, he brought us for a tour in the site

construction. Along the way of touring the construction site, Mr. Tang explained and briefed us about the construction technology and the building

materials used for this construction project.

Here is the summary of this project:

TAJUK PROJEK:

CADANGAN MEMBINA 2 BLOK 27 TINGKAT SOHO DAN 28 TINGKAT PANGSAPRI SERVIS, DIATAS 4 TINGKAT PODIUM SERTA 3 TINGKAT

BASEMEN YANG MENGANDUNGI:

1) BLOK A – 629 UNIT SOHO DAN BLOK B – 232 UNIT PANGSAPURI

SERVIS DENGAN “ROOF GARDEN” 2) DEWAN SERBAGUNA, SURAU GIMNASIUM, CAFÉ, TADIK, BILIK

PERSALINAN, KOLAM RENANG, ‘HEALTH SUITE’, BILIK BACAAN DAN PEJABAT PENGURUSAN DI TINGKAT 4

3) RUMAH PENGAWAL DI TINGKAT BAWAH

4) RUANG LETAK KERETA DI TINGKAT BAWAH TANAH 1 & 2 5) RUANG LETAK KERETA DI BAWAH HINGGA TINGKAT 3

6) RUANG PERNIAGAAN DI TINGKAT BAWAH & TINGKAT MEZZANINE

7) RUANG MENKENIKAL DI INGKAT BAWAH TANAH 3 DAN JUGA

TINGKAT

DI ATAS LOT PT 344, BANDAR SUNWAY, PJS7, MUKIM PETALING,

DAERAH PETALING, SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN UNTUK TETUAN DK-MY PROPERTIES SDN. B

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OBJECTIVES

To help us get more thoughtful on the basics of construction process while

paying a visit to the site.

To understand the practical aspect of construction techniques in

comparison to the theory aspect in books and its application on site.

To let us experience the actual working environment as a quantity surveyor

on site dealing with the uncertain circumstance such as the weather condition and the risks that may take place on the site.

Awareness the importance of personal safety on site, and the safety

precautions that we need to take in order to avoid get injured or accidents from happening. For instance, we are required to wear safety helmet when

visit the site.

Explore and identify the various type of building materials and type of

technology used in construction while constructing a building.

Upsurge our knowledge on the basic construction process by observing the

building team and gathering information on the actual practise that carried on

the site.

Observe the usage of machinery at the construction site such as

mechanical plants, concrete mixer, bar bending machine and excavator.

Recognize the construction drawings and details given based on the items

measurable for sub-structure and reinforced concrete frame works.

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CONTENTS

This is Mr.Tang who led us all the way for the site visit.

Then, we started our journey

As soon as we went in, we saw few of the independent scaffolding

Resting area and main office

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Precast concrete

Reinfrocement bar

Beam timber formwork

Workers are doing bar bending job

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Learning Outcomes

Understand the basics of the construction process.

Understand the practical aspect of construction techniques in

comparison to the theory aspect in books and its application on site.

Exposure to actual working environment on site including uncertainty

circumstances e.g. weather.

Ability to communicate with the construction team members on site and to see the importance of teamwork

in the building team.

Witness the usage of construction equipment on site including

mechanical plants.

Explore and identify various types of building materials and technology

on site.

Awareness of the importance of safety on site and understanding of

safety problems and site conditions.

Recognize the items measurable for sub-structure and reinforced concrete frame works.

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Types of formwork

Beam formwork

Design and construction of beam formwork

• Beam soffit must be thickened timber or strengthened plywood.

• Deep beams (over 600mm) should have walers and ties.

• Props or falsework must be placed under the headtree, or under the bearers, and must be spaced to suit the weight of concrete.

• Use angle fillets in the beam side to soffit joint where possible.

• Allowance must be made for height adjustment of the props or

falsework.

• Sole plate has to be erected on the formwork due to the reason that sole plate is to transfer vertical load from one vertical support member

to the foundation.

• Beam formwork is consisted of joist clamping connectors, adjustable

fixing beams.

• Shafts can be covered basically and rapidly up to reachable statures

without utilization of framing divider ties.

• The joist clamping connector can be attached to beam formwork

having flanges 8cm wide and at 6 cm thick.

• A simple tightening to the wing nut join the joist bracing connector with a beam.

• It is a piece of the base covering of the concrete beam.

• rectangular side covering can be shaped because of the vast

measurement and contact region of the two clasped side structures.

Advantages and Disadvantages of beam formwork

• the advantages are quick and easy erection during the construction

• not time-consuming

• only few items are needed for erection

• great versatility for different slabs and heights depending on beams grid and shoring system used are provided

• the disadvantages are it is quite time consuming when it comes to remaining the position of beam soffit formwork

• it requires longer time than column and beam side forms and thus delaying the striking of the column.

• The last one will be the adjustments of levels of beam and column construction.

• It is hard to fix together and thus, that causes an issue.

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Column formwork

• Column formwork is made usually with either timber or metal panels.

• The principle is to create an enclosed box with frames at the exact size

of the column and fix it tightly on the kicker left from base or at the last stage of column concreting.

• The box is held in position by steel column clamps or bolted yokes and supported by timber studs or props

• Back to the construction site, timber is also used for column formwork

• Timber is a good material of formwork as it is light weighted

• Easy for assembling

• The damaging part is replaceable

• Timber formwork is very flexible

• Easy to be produced and easy to get

• Does not cost much

• There is also disadvantage of this whoch is timber could not use for

long time.

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Table slab formwork

Formwork tables for slabs are a time saving system optimizing labor costs at the construction of large-scaled entities with a simple design.

Formwork tables for slabs are intended for incasing of:

• Slabs with large areas (shopping centers, industrial projects)

• High-rise buildings and constructions perimeter as a safe formwork system element

Advantages of the formwork tables for slabs as compared with traditional beam-and-support slab system:

• Rapidly moving finished enlarged blocks

• Minimum required number of supports

• Single captive elements of tables

• Labor costs are reduced when incasing and stripping

• Increased safety

Disadvantages

• Requires method of reshoring

• This is a treacherous method parts of cast-in place concrete

construction

• Risk of taking care to ensure the stress reversals are not created

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Types of scaffolding

Independent Scaffolding

An independent tied scaffold consists of two rows of standards, each row parallel

to the bui lding. The inner row is set as close to the building as practical, with just

enough room to allow for an inside board between the inside standards and

the

building. The distance between the inside standards and the outside

standards

will be determined by the number of boards required.

Ledgers are fixed to the standards using right-hand couplers and the ledgers,

like the standards, are fixed parallel to the building. Transoms are fixed to the

standards (where possible) using right-hand couplers or to the ledgers using

putlog couplers. Braces are fixed diagonally to the ledgers or standards. Sway

bracing or longitudinal bracing is fixed to the standards across the face of the

scaffold.

The spacing of the standards to form the bay length depends on the height and

loading of the scaffold. The spacing of the ledgers or the lift height is normally 2

metres but in certain circumstances lifts may be greater, provided the standards

are capable of supporting the load.

Why would they choose independent scaffolding?

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• Easier to set up and more mobile compare to putlog

• Time saving

Grade of reinforced concrete

Reinforced concrete is one of the most widely used modern building materials.

Concrete is an “artificial stone” obtained by mixing cement, sand, and aggregates with water. Fresh concrete can be molded into almost any shape, giving it an inherent advantage over other materials. It became very popular

after the invention of Portland cement in the 19th century; however, its limited tension resistance initially prevented its wide use in building construction.

When we say concrete in the bui lding trade, we actually mean reinforced concrete. Its full name is reinforced cement concrete, or RCC. RCC is

concrete that contains steel bars, called reinforcement bars, or rebars. This combination works very well, as concrete is very strong in compression, easy to produce at site, and inexpensive, and steel is very very strong in tension.

We saw concrete along our visit in the construction site, of course. We

enquired about the grading of RC concrete used by this project. It is M40. The ostensible blends of altered cement-aggregate ratio (by volume) shift generally in quality and may bring about under- or over-rich blends. Therefore,

the base compressive quality has been incorporated in numerous particulars. These blends are termed standard blends. Also, in this designation the letter

M refers to the mix and the number to the specified 28 day cube strength of mix in N/mm2. Then, the parameters for M40 are the type of cement used is Vikram and its admixture is Fosroc. There is containing 2.61mm fine

aggregate and 2.65mm coarse aggregate. The water-cement ratio for this grading is 0.45 per contract and 400 kg / m3 of cement contract. Other than

that, 7 days average compressive strength is 51.26 MPa and 28 days average compressive strength of 62.96 MPa which is greater than 48.25MPa.

From that, I concluded that the whole building construction used Grade 40 concrete. M40 is quite commonly used for high rise building. Besides, higher

grade of concrete is the faster rate of gain in strength during the initial two or three weeks because of its high compressive strength. It is one of the most important properties of concrete and influences many other describable

properties of the hardened concrete. The mean compressive quality needed at a particular age, normally 28 days, decides the ostensible water-bond

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proportion of the mix. The other variable influencing the quality of cement at a given age and cured at an endorsed temperature is the level of compaction.

Moreover, grade 40 concrete is more durable. Of course, it would cost more than lower grade concrete.

Suggestion for reinforced concrete

After seeking clues and ideas for Surveyor Ang, I would recommend the use of Grade30 concrete. Common examples of standard mixes are M20, M30, M40 concrete, where the number refers to the strength of the concrete in

n/mm2. Therefore M30 concrete will have a compressive strength of 30 n/mm2. A standard mix may also specify the maximum aggregate size.

Aggregates are the stone chips used in concrete. The common method of expressing the proportions of ingredients of a concrete mix is in the terms of parts or ratios of cement, fine and coarse aggregates. For example, a

concrete mix of proportions 1:2:4 means that cement, fine and coarse aggregate are in the ratio 1:2:4 or the mix contains one part of cement, two

parts of fine aggregate and four parts of coarse aggregate. The proportions are either by volume or by mass. The water-cement ratio is usually expressed in mass. Then, the factors of considering the mixing are the workability of

concrete for satisfactory placing and compaction is related to the size and shape of section, quantity and spacing of reinforcement and technique used

for transportation, placing and compaction and also The grade designation giving the characteristic strength requirement of concrete.

It goes without saying that grade 30 concrete costs less than grade 40 concrete. As a matter of fact, grade 30 concrete could support the building but

they make choice of grade 40 in order to ensure the building is stronger and safer. If the part is more focus on the tension way, then M30 is a more suitable grading because of its higher tensile strength compare to M40

because as mention earlier lower compression will higher the tension. The disadvantage of using M30 is its compressive strength is lower. The

compressive strength of concrete is given in terms of the characteristic compressive strength of 150 mm size cubes tested at 28 days. M30’s compressive strength is lower compare with M40 because of its grading and

used aggregate. Aggregate plays crucial role for the compression strength for concrete depends on its shape, size, moisture content and specific gravity. All

of these will strengthen or lessen the strength of concrete. Thus, Aggregate in M40 provides better effect with the M30.

site report

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