sit§imnuss - ohchr

siT§imnusS kUnesovePAsRmab;GñktMNagra®sþ

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siT§imnusS ³ kUnesovePAsRmab;GñktMNagra®sþ PasaEx μr

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kMNt;rbs;GñkniBn§ ³ kUnesovePAenH RtUv)anniBn§eday Mr. Manfred Nowak naykviTüasßansiT§imnusS Ludwig Boltzmann enAsaklviTüal½yvIEy:n nigCaGñkraykarN_Biessrbs; GgÁkarshRbCaCatiEpñkTaruNkm μ EdlmankarrYmviPaKTanBI Mr. Jeroen Klok

(OHCHR) nig Ms. Ingeborg Schwarz (IPU). esckþIBnül;)anTTYlBI ³ shPaBGnþrsPa (IPU): smaCikKN³kmμaFikarTTYlbnÞúksiT§imnusS rbs;smaCiksPa³ Ms. Ann Clwyd (cRkPBGg;eKøs) Mr. Juan Pablo Letelier (QIl) Mr. Mohamane

Ousmane (nICW ) Ms. Veronika Nedvĕdová (saFarNrdæeqk) nig Mr. Mahinda

Samarasinghe (RsIlaMgka) nig m®nIþnanarbs;shPaBGnþrsPa (IPU)³ Mr. Anders B.

Johnsson nig Mr. Rogier Huizenga.

kariyal½y]tþmsñgkarGgÁkarshRbCaCatiTTYlbnÞúksiT§imnusS (OHCHR) : Mr.

Zdzislaw Kedzia, Ms. Jane Connors, Mr. Markus Schmidt nig Mr. Julian

Burger. Original version: English Cover design by Aloys Robellaz, les Studios Lolos, Carouge, Switzerland Printed in France by SADAG, Bellegarde-sur-Valserine

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siT§ imnusS)anRCYtRCabya:gRCaveRCAeTAkñúgsnÞrkfa neya)aycab;taMgBIs®gÁam elakelIkTI2 mk. karts‘UedIm,IesrIPaB rYccakputBIkarCiHCan; nigTukçevTna man cMNas;Rbhak;RbEhlnwgmnusSCatieyIgenHEdr. mankarRbmafemIlgayd¾FMeFg elIesckþ Iéføfñ Úrrbs;mnusSCati Edl)anekIteLIgenAkMLúgeBls®gÁamelakenaH ehIy nigesckþIRtUvkar[mankarTb;sáat;GMeBIyg;Xñg EbbenHnaeBlGnaKt Edl)an dak;mnusSCatiCacMNucsñ ÚleLIgvij nignaM[mankarcgRkgCaRkwtüRkmenAfñak; GnþrCatisþIBIsiT§imnusS nigesrIPaBCamUldæannana. maRta 1 énFmμnuBaØshRbCaCati Rbkasfa {edayBRgIk ehIynigelIkTwkcitþkñúgkareKarBsiT§imnusS nigesrIPaB-Casar³sRmab;mnusSTUeTA \tsMKal; Cati ePT Pasa b¤ sasna } KWCavtßúbMNgmYy rbs;sßab½nGnþrCatienH.

esckþIEføgkarN_CasklsIþBIsiT§imnusS Edl)anGnum½teLIgedaymhasnñi)at shRbCa CatienAqñaM 1948 KWCaCMhandMbUgeq<aHeTArkkarseRmcvtßúbMNgenH. eKyl;faesckþIEføgkarN_CasklenH KWCakarbkRsaypøÚvkarelIBakü {siT§imnusS : enAkñúgFmμnuBaØshRbCaCati. esckþIEføgkarN_Caskl rYmCamYynwgktikasBaØaGnþrCatisþIBI siT§iBlrdæ nigsiTi§neya)ay nigktikasBaØaGnþrCatisIþBIsiT§iesdækic© sgÁmkic© nig vb,Fm’ EdlTaMgBIrenHRtUv)anGnum½tenAqñaM 1966 begáIt)anCaFmμnuBaØGnþrCati sþIBIsiT§imnusS. cab;taMgBIqñaM 1948 mk siT§imnusS nigesrIPaBCamUldæan RtUv)an

GarmÖkfa

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cgRkgCaliixitubkrN_rab;rymux edaymanTaMgdak;katBVkic©pøÚvc,ab; nigmindak; katBVkic©pøÚvc,ab; enAfñak;skl nigfñak;tMbn; Bak;B½n§dl;esÞIrEtRKb;TidæPaBénCIvit rs;enArbs;mnusS nig RKbdNþb;TUlMTUlayelIsiT§iBlrdæ siTi§neya)ay siTi§esdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’. dUecñHehIy)anCakarRbmUlcgRkgc,ab;siT§imnusSPaKeRcIn )an cb;sBVRKb;eBjeljehIy. dUcEdlGtItGKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati Mr. Kofi Annan )anbBa¢ak;fa kargarEdlRtUvBuHBarCacMbgbc© úb,nñenH KWRtUvGnuvtþtam bTdæanRkwtüRkmTaMgLayEdl)anGnum½trYcehIyenaH.

enAkñúgbNþaqñaMknøgeTAenH manepþatkarykcitþTukdak;kan;EteRcIneLIg cMeBaH

sßab½nrdæsPa eRBaHCasßab½nrdæmYy Edltamry³sßab½nenHBlrdæeRbIR)as; siT§irbs;eK EdlmanEcgkñúgmaRta 21 énesckIþEføgkarN_Caskl kñúgkarrYmcMENkkñúgdMeNIr kic©karsaFarN³rbs;RbeTsCati. CakarBitNas;fa RbsinebIcg;[siT§imnusSkøay CakarBitsRmab;mnusSRKb;rUbrdæsPaRtUvedIrtYnaTIrbs;xøÜn[eBjelj nigeq<aHeTArk TisedAenH edayeRbIGMNacCak;lak;EdlxøÜnman dUcCa GMNactak;Etgc,ab;GMNac Gnum½tfvikaCati nig GMNacRtYtBinitüelIrdæaPi)al.

kñúgnamCaGgÁkarmYyEdlEckrMElkkarRBYy)armÖrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatieTAelI

siT§imnusS shPaBGnþrsPa IPU (Inter Parliamentary Union) sVHEsVgBRgwgtYnaTI rbs;rdæsPanana[eTACasßab½nKaMBarsiT§imnusS. skm μPaBTaMgLay EdlGgÁkar enH )anGnuvtþkñúgry³eBlknøgmkkñúgTisedAenH )anbgðajfa smaCikrdæsPa EtgEt)andwgtictYcbMput GMBIRkbx½NÐc,ab;GnþrCati sIþBIsiT§imnusS katBVkic©nana Edl RbeTsrbs;BYkeK)anTTYlyk tamry³ karcuHhtßelxa elIsn§isBaØasiT§imnusS RBm TaMgsßab½nsiT§imnusS nigynþkarnanaTaMgfñak;GnþrCati nigfñak;tMbn; EdlRtUv)anbegáIt

v

eLIg edIm,IXøaMemIlkarGnuvtþn_sn§isBaØasiT§imnusSTaMgenaH. CakarBitNas; man kargarCaeRcIneTot EdlsmaCiksPaGaceFVIeTA)an edIm,ICaKuNRbeyaCn_dl;siTi§ mnusS.

dUecñHehIy)anCa mansMNUmBrfa shPaBGnþrsPa (IPU) nigkariyal½y]tþm sñgkarGgÁkarshRbCaCatiTTYlbnÞúksiT§imnusS (OHCHR) EdlCasßab½nshRbCa CatimYyTTYlGaNtþi Cak;lak;sRmab;elIksÞÜy nigkarBarkareRbIR)as;ya:gman RbsiT§PaBnUvsiT§iBlrdæ siT§ineya)ay siTi§esdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,F’m KYrEte)aH Bum<pSaykUnesovePAmYyEdlmanB½t’manCamUldæanGMBIsiT§imnusS nigRbBn§½GnþrCati nigfñak;tMbn; edIm,IelIksÞÜy nigkarBarsiT§iTaMgenaH.

Parkic©eroberogkUnesovePA enH RtUv)anRbKl;CUneTAGñkÉkeTssiT§imnusSd¾l,I l,ajmñak; eQ μaH Mr. Manfred Nowak Edlbc©úb,nñenH CaGñkraykarN_Biess GgÁkarshRbCaCatixagvis½yTaruNkm μ. kñúgkarbMeBjebskkm μenH Kat;)andk Rsg;ykmtieyabl; nigkarENnaMrbs;KN³kmμaFikarénshPaBGnþrsPaTTYlbnÞúk EpñksiTi§mnusSrbs;smaCiksPa RBmTaMgm®nIþrbs;]tþmsñgkarGgÁkarshRbCaCati TTYlbnÞúksiT§imnusS (OHCHR) nigm®nIþnanarbs;hPaBGnþrsPa (IPU).

minBi)aknwgyl;eTfa fVIt,itEtniyambTdæan nigeKalkarN_siTi§mnusS EdlRtUv)an eroberogeLIgedayshKmn_GnþrCatik¾eday k¾eyIgenAEtsß itenAq¶ayBIkarrs; enAkñúgBiPBelakmYyEdl {minmankarP½yxøac nigxVHxat} Edlsßabniknanaén GgÁkarshRbCaCatiR)afñacg;)an . dUecñaHehIy)anCaGgÁkarTaMgBIr mankIþsgÇwmfa kUnesovePAenHnwgkøayCalixitubkrN_cm,gmYy sRmab;smaCiksPaTUTaMgBiPBelak Gacvas;skmμPaBnItikm μ RtYtBinitükarGnuvtþn_c,ab; nigPaBCatMNagra®sþrbs;BYkeK

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eTAelIkatBVkic©siTi§mnusSEdlRbeTs eK)anTTYlyk nig GacCYyBYkeK[edIrtYnaTI sMxan;kñúgkarelIksÞÜy nigkarBarsiTi§mnusS enAkñúgRbeTsk¾dUcCaenAelIBiPBelak TaMgmUl.

Louise Arbour Anders B. Johnsson ]tþmsñgkarGgÁkarshRbCaCati GKÁelxaFikar TTYlbnÞúksiT§imnusS (OHCHR) shPaBGnþrsPa (IPU)

vii

etIkUnesovePAenHmanxøwmsarGVIxøH?

EpñkTI 1 niyayGMBITidæPaBéneKal karN_TUeTAEdlRKbdNþb;c,ab;siT§imnusS nig katBVkic©nana EdlrdæTTYlyk enAeRkamc,ab;siT§imnusSGnþrCati. esovePAenH bgðajRkbx½NÐc,ab;fñak;tMbn; nigGnþrCati enAkñúgvis½ysiT§imnusS nigBnül;GMBIkar RbRBwtþeTAénGgÁkarsiT§imnusSfñak;tMbn; nigfñak;GnþrCatiepSg² edayrYmmanTaMg GgÁkarTaMgLayEdltamXøaMemIlkarGnuvtþn_sn§isBaØasiT§imnusSGnþrCaticm,g² pgEdr.

enAkñúgEpñkTI 2 énCMBUkTI 11sgát;F¶n;eTAelIskm μPaBGñktMNagra®sþkñúgkarelIk

sÞÜy nig karBarsiT§imnusS. CMBUkenHpþl;]TahrN_Cak;EsþgGMBIGVIEdlrdæsPa nig smaCiksPaGac eFVIeTA)anenAkñúgvis½yenH. RbGb; : GVIEdlGñkGaceFVI : bgðaj bBa¢IskmμPaBEbb enaH.

CMBUkTI 12 nig TI 13 maneKalbMNgBiBN’naGMBIxøwmsarcm,génsiT§inImYy²

Edl)anFanaenAkñúgesckþIEføgkarN_CasklsIþBIsiT§imnusS nigpþl;cemøIycMeBaH sMNYrTaMgLaydUcCa ³ etIsiT§iTTYl)ankarCMnMuCRmHRbkbedayyutþiFm’mann½y dUcemþc? b¤ etIsiT§imankRmitCIvPaBrs;enAsmrmümann½ydUcemþc ?. CMBUkTaMgenH erobrab;Et siTi §CamUldæanEdlnwgRtUvbriyaylMGitenAkñ úgktikasBaØaGnþrCati sþIBIsiT§iesdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,F’m nigktikasBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIsiT§iBlrdæ nig siT§ineya)ay ehIymin rab;bBa©ÚlsiT§imanRTBüsm,tiþeLIy.

viii

siT§imnusS kUnesovePAsRmab;GñktMNagra®sþ

matikar

GarmÖkfa …………………………………………………………………….…………………… iii

EpñkTI 1

CMBUkTI I1 ³ etIsiT§imnusSCaGVI?…………………..………………………………………………………1

niymn½y ….………………………………………………………………..….……1 eKalkarN_siT§imnusSCamUldæan…………………………………………..……6 siT§imnusS nig GFibetyüPaBrbs;rdæ…………………………...…………15 lT§iRbCaFibetyü siT§imnusS nigrdæsPa………………………….………16

CMBUkTI 2 ³ GIVxøHCakatBVkic©rbs;rdæcMeBaHsiT§imnusS? ………………………...………19 CMBUkTI 3 ³ lixitubkrN_siT§imnusSGnþrCati………………………………………...……31

karkekIteLIgénc,ab;siT§imnusSGnþrCati…………………………….……31 kRmgc,ab;GnþrCatisþIBIsiT§imnusS ……………………………….………... 32 sni§sBaØasiT§imnusSsMxan;²……………………………………………………34 lixitubkrN_siT§imnusSdéTeTotrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati…………..37

ix

CMBUkTI 4 ³ etIrdæaPi)alGaceFVIkarritt,itelIsiTi§mnusS)anEdrb¤eT? …..…………..41 xkRmitRBMEdn ………………………………………………..………....…………42

karBüÜsiT§imnusSkñúgsßanPaBmanGasnñ …………….……………….…...…45 xkSaTukcMeBaHsni§sBaØasiT§imnusSfñak;GnþrCati b¤ fñak;tMbn; ……..…... 46 viFankarRbqaMgePrvkmμ nig siTi§mnusS ………………………………..……47

CMBUkTI 5³ sßab½nXøaMemIlkarGnuvtþn_sn§isBaØasiT§imnusSrbs; GgÁkarshRbCaCati …………………………………………………………….53 smaCikPaB nigkarRbRBwtþeTA ……………………………………..………… 54 nItiviFIeFVIr)ayraykarN_ …………………………………………….………… 54 nItiviFIbNþwgbuKÁl ……………………………………………………...………… 58 nItiviFIbNþwgrvagrdæ nigrdæ ……………………………………………………… 60 nItiviFIesIubGegátenAeRkam CAT nigBiFIsarbEnßmelI CEDAW …….63 RbB½n§énkareFVITsSn³kic©eTogTat;eTAkan;mnIÞrXuMXaMg EdlbegáIteLIgtamBiFIsarbEnßmén CAT…………...……………...………64 CMBUkTI 6³ RbB½n§karBarsiT§imnusSEp¥kelIFm μnuBaØ

eRkamKN³km μkarsiT§imnusSshRbCaCati …………………………..……67

nItiviFIsm¶at;elx “1503”……………………………………..……………67 nItiviFIBiess ……………………………………………………………….………70 GnuKN³kmμkarTTYlbnÞúkkarelIksÞÜy nigkarkarBarsiT§imnusS ……73

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CMBUkTI 7³ kariyal½y]tþmsñgkarGgÁkarshRbCaCatiTTYlbnÞúksiT§imnusS ……...75 CMBUkTI 8³ smahrNkm μsiT§imnusSeTAkñúgkargarrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati…….81 siT§imnusSenAkñúgmhasnñi)at nigkm μviFIGcié®nþy_rbs;xøÜn ….………... 83 siT§imnusS nigRkumRbwkSasnþisux ………………………………...……………84 siT§imnusS nig :RKYsarGgÁkarshRbCaCati :……………………….……...84

CMBUkTI 9³ sn§isBaØasiT§imnusSfñak;tMbn; nigkartamXøaMemIl ………………….….…89 TVIbGa®hVik ……………………………………………………….…………………89 TVIbGaemrik………………………………………………………………..…………92 tMbn;Gar:ab; ……………………………………...…………………………….…….94 tMbn;GasuI nig)a:suIhVik ………………………………………………...…………95 TVIbGWru:b ………………………………………………………………………………96 CMBUkTI 10³ karRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgniTNÐPaB³ tulakar]Rkidækm μGnþrCati (ICC) …..99 tulakar]RkidækmμGnþrCatisRmab;GtItRbeTsyUehÁasøavI (ICTY)

nig tulakar ]Rkidækm μGnþrCatisRmab;RbeTsrVa:n;da (ICTR) ………. 100 tulakar]RkidækmμGnþrCati (ICC) ……………………………..…………...101 kRmgeKalkarN_sRmab;karBarnigelIksÞÜysiT§imnusS tamry³ viFankarRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgniTNÐPaB ……………………………………….108

xi

EpñkTI II 2

CMBUkTI 11³ tUnaTIrbs;smaCiksPa kñúgkarkarBar nigkarelIksÞÜysiT§imnusS …………………………...….113 eKalkarN_mUldæan …………………………………………………..….…...113 viFankarsPakñúgkarelIksÞÜy nigkarkarBarsiTi§mnusS …………..…118 CMBUkTI 12³ GVIEdlsmaCiksPaKYryl;dwgGMBIsiT§iBlrdæ nigsiT§ineya)ay EdlmanenAkñúgesckþIRbkasCasklsþIBIsiT§imnusS …..………..…151 siT§irs;ranmanCIvit ……………………………………………………………151 hamR)amkareFVITaruNkm μ nigkarRbRBwtþmkelIxøÜn b¤TNÐkmμÉeTot Edl eXareXA GmnusSFm’ b£benßakbnÞab ³ siT§iTTYl)anbUrNPaB nigesckIþ éføfñÚrpÞal;xøÜn ………………....…....169 siT§iTTYl)anesrIPaBpÞal;xøÜn ….…..……………………………………...179 karRKb;RKgvis½yyutþiFm’ ³ siT§iTTYl)ankarkat;eTasedayRtwmRtUv….……………………………...184 siT§iTTYl)anCIvitÉkCn nigkarkarBarCIvitRKYsar ……...…………..…192 esrIPaBkñúgkareFVIdMeNIr ..……………………………………………………..204 esrIPaBxagkarKit xagsm,CBaØ³ nigxagsasna ...….…………...…210 esrIPaBkñúgkarmanmti nigsEmþgmti; …………………………….………215 esrIPaBkñúgkarCYbRbCuMedaysnþiviFI nig esrIPaB xagsmaKm ……………………………………………….……………....……231 siT§ikñúgkarcUlrYmenAkñúgrdæaPi)al …………………………………………236

xii

CMBUkTI 13³ GIVEdlsmaCiksPaKYryl;dwgGMBIsiTiæesdækic© sgÁmkic© niig vb,Fm’EdlmanEcgenAkñúgesckIþRbkasCasaklsIþBIsiTi§mnusS …245 ninñakarsgÁm nigesdækic© nig karGPivDÆn_ ………………………….……245 siTiæTTYl)ansnþisuxsgÁm …………………………………………..………256 siTi§eFIVkargar nig siTi§enAkEnøgeFIVkar ……………………………..………260 siTiæmankMritCIvPaBrs;enAsmrmü ………………………………….………265 siT§iTTYl)ankarGb;rM …………………………………………….……………293 esckþIsnñidæancugeRkay ………………………………………………………………………301 bBa¢IGkSrbMRBYBaJ ………………………………………………………………………...……...303 ]bsm<n§½ 1 ³ esckþIRbkasCasklsIþBIsiT§imnusS …………………………..…………305 ]bsm<n§½ 2 ³ ktikasBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIsiT§iBlrdæ nigsiTi§neya)ay ……….……. ...317 ]bsm<n§½ 3 ³ ktikasBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIsiTi§esdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’ …………..351 ]bsm<n§½ 4 ³ lixitubkrN_GnþrCatiEdlmanenAelIIGuinFWENt……………………….. 370

1

EpñkTI 1

CMBUkTI 1 GVIxøHCasiT§imnusS ? niymn½y siT§imnusS KWCasiT§iEdlmnusSCatiRKb;rUbmanCab;mkBIkMeNIt siT§imnusS KWCasiT§iCamUldæanbMputrbs;mnusSCati. siT§iTaMgenHkMNt;TMnak;TMng rvagbuKÁlÉkCn nigrcnasm<½n§GMNac CaBiessKWrdæ. siT§imnusS kMNt;RBMEdnrbs; rdæ ehIyenAeBlCamYyKña tRmUv[rdæ cab;ykviFankarviC¢man edIm,IFana[man briyakasmYyEdlCYyRbCaCnTaMgGs;GaceRbIR)as;siT§irbs;BYkeK)an. Rbvtþisa®sþmnusS CatiRbmaN250qñaMknøgmkenH )anecjCarUbrageLIgedaykarts‘U edIm,IbegáIt nUvbriyakasmYyEbbenaH. cab;epþImBIbdivtþn_)araMg nigGaemrikkaMg enAcug stvtSTI18 KMnitsþIBIsiT§imnusS)anCMruj[manclnabdivtþn_CaeRcIn EdlbegáIt[manrbbpþl;GMNac nigkarRtYtBinitüelIGñkGnuvtþn_GMNac CaBissrdæaPi)al. siT§imnusS KWCakarbUkpSMénsiT§ibuKÁl nigsiT§ismUhPaB Edl)ankMNt;enAkñúgrdæFmμnuBaØrbs;rdæ nigenAkñúgc,ab;GnþrCati

rdæaPi)alnigGñkkan;kardéTeTotRtUvsßitenAeRkamkatBVkic©eKarB karBar nigbMeBj siT§imnusS EdlTaMgenH nwgbegáIt)anCamUldæansMrab;;siT§imankm μsiT§iRsbc,ab; nig

2

siT§iTTYl)ansMNg kñúgkrNIEdlBuMmankarbMeBjkatBVkic© ¬emIlCMBUkTI2¦. Tam karBit lT§PaBedIm,Idak;BakübNþwgTamTarsMNgnigesñI[EktRmUv EjksiTi§mnusS [eXIjPaBxusKñaGMBIeKalkarN_énRkbxNÐsIlFm’ b¤sasna. ebIemIlBIRCugpøÚv c,ab;vij siT§imnusS GackMNt;)anfa CakarbUkpSMénsiT§ibuKÁl nigsiT§ismUhPaBEdl TTYlsÁal;edayrdæGFibetyü nigEdlmanEcgenAkñúgrdæFmμnuBaØrbs;rdæTaMgenaH nigenA kñúgc,ab;GnþrCati. cab;taMgBIs®gÁamelakelIkTI2 GgÁkarshRbCaCati )anedIr tYnaTIdwknaMkñúgkarkMNt;[c,as;las; nigelIksÞÜysiT§imnusS EdleBlenaH)anrIk ceRmInCacm,gEtenAkñúgrgVg;rdæCasmaCik. CalT§pl siTi§mnusS RtUv)ancgRkgCaRkm enAkñúgsn§isBaØa niglixitubkrN_kMritGnþrCati nigtMbn;epSg² EdlrdæPaKeRcIn)an pþl;sc©ab½nTTYlyk ehIysBVéf¶enH )ankøayCaRbB½n§mYy EdlRtUveKTTYlsÁal; Caskl. siT§imnusSmanmuxRBYjeRcIn siT§imnusSRKbdNþb;TidæPaBTaMgGs;énCIvit. karGnuvtþn_siT§iTaMgGs;enH naM[®sþI nigburs GacerobcM nigkMNt;CIvitrbs;xøÜnkñúgesrIPaB smPaB nigeKarBesckþIéfø fñÚrrbs;mnusS. siT§imnusS rYmmansiT§iBlrdæ nigsiT§ineya)ay siT§iesdækic© sgÁm-kic© nigvb,Fm’ siT§ismUhPaBrbs;RbCaCn kñúgkarseRmccitþedayxøÜnÉg siTi§man smPaB TTYl)ankarGPivDÆn_ mansnþiPaB nigmanbriyakasrs;enAs¥at)at. eTaHbICaFøab;man -nigCYnkalkMBugEtman- karCECkEvkEjkfa siT§iBlrdæ nigsiT§i neya)ay EdlRtUv)ansÁal;pgEdrfaCa :siT§iCMnan;TImYy : KWQrenAelITsSn³Edl fa rdæmineRCotERCkeTAkñúgkic©karÉkCn cMENkÉsiT§iesdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’ b¤ :siT§iCMnan;TI2 : vij tRmUv[rdæeFVIskmμPaBviC¢manenaH bc©úb,nñmankarTTYlsÁal;

3

]TahrN_GMBIsiT§imnusS³

esrIPaB siT§i nigkarhamR)amTaMgLayEdlTak;TgnwgsiT§imnusS kñúgvis½ysiT§iBlrdæ nigsiT§ineya)ay

siT§irs;ranmanCIvit esrIPaBrYcputBIkareFVITaruNkmμ nigkarRbRBwtþmkelIxøÜn b¤TNÐkmμÉeTot Edl

eXareXA GnusSFm’ b¤benßakbnÞab. esrIPaBrYcputBITasPaB PaBCa´beRmI nigBlkm μedaybgçM siT§imanesrIPaB nigsnþisuxpÞal;xøÜn siT§irbs;buKÁlCab;XuMXaMgkñúgkarTTYl)ankarRbRBwtþmkelIxøÜnedaymnusSFm’ esrIPaBkñúgkaredIrehIr siT§iTTYl)ankarCMnMuCRmHRbkbedayyutþiFm’ karhamR)amc,ab;RBhμTNÐRbtiskmμ siT§iTTYlsÁal;faCamnusSenAcMeBaHmuxc,ab; siT§iÉkCn esrIPaBxagkarKit stism,C¢BaØ³ nigsasna esrIPaBkñúgkarbeBa©jmti nigeyabl; karhamR)amkareXasnaEdlnaM[mans®gÁam nigkarjúJHjg;[mankars¥b;

ex<ImCatisasn_ BUCsasn_ b¤s¥b;ex<Imsasna esrIPaBkñúgkarRbCMu esrIPaBkñúgkarbegáItsmaKm nigkarcUlrYmCamYysmaKm siTi§erobkar nigbegáItRKYsar siT§irYmcMENkkñúgkic©karsaFarN³ kare)aHeqñat karQreQμaHe)aHeqñat nig

RbGb;TI1

4

siTi§TTYl)anesvasaFarN³. siT§iTTYl)anPaBes μ IKñaenAcMeBaHmuxc,ab; nigKμankarerIseGIg.

kñúgvis½ysiT§iesdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’

siT§imankargareFVI siT§iTTYl)anlkçxNÐkargarRtwmRtUv nigEdlGMeNaypl siT§ibegáItshCIB nigcUlrYmkñúgshCIB siT§iTTYl)ansnþisuxsgÁm karkarBarCIvitRKYsar siT§iTTYl)ankMritCIvPaBrs;enAsmrmü rYmmanmðÚbGahar sMelokbMBak; nigpÞH

sEm,g siT§iTTYl)ansuxPaB siT§iTTYl)ankarGb;rM

kñúgvis½ysiT§ismUhPaB

siT§irbs;RbCaCnkñúg sV½yseRmc karGPivDÆn_ eRbIR)as;edayesrInUvRTBüsm,tiþrbs;xøÜn nigFnFanFmμCati karmansniþPaB manbriyakasrs;enARbkbedaysuxmalPaB

siTi§smUhPaBdéTeTot

siTi§CnCatiPaKtickñúgkarmansBa¢ati manCatiBn§ú mansasna nigmanPasa siTi§CnCatiedImPaKtic

5

RbGb;TI 2

y:agTUlMTUlayfa edIm,I[siT§imnusSkøayeTACakarBit rdæ nigshKmn_GnþrCati TaMgLay RtUvQaneTAbegáItlkçxNÐnigRkbx½NÐc,ab;EdlcaM)ac;sRmab;karGnuvtþn_ siT§imnusSTaMgRsug. Baküfa :CMnan; : niyayeyag eTAelIPasaEdleKeRbIenAkñúg ry³eBléns®gÁamRtCak;. bc©úb,nñenH KWeKepþatelIeKalkarN_sklPaB PaBmin GacbMEbk)an nigGnþrGaRs½y¬PaBBwgBak;KñaeTAvijeTAmk¦énsiT§imnusSTaMgGs;.

siT§ikñúgkarGPivDÆn_

siT§kñúgkarGPivDÆn_ dak;mnusSenAcMNucsñÚléndMeNIrkarGPivDÆn_ ehIyTTYlsÁal;fa mnusSRtUvEtCaGñkcUlrYmCacm,g nigCaGñkTTYlplBIkarGPivDÆn_enaH. esckþIEføgkarN_Casklrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatisþIBIsiT§iTTYl)ankarGPivDÆni_Ecgfa ³

1> :>>>buKÁlRKb;rUb nigRbCaCnTaMgGs;mansiT§icUlrYm pþl;viPaKTan nigGaRs½y plBIkarGPivDÆn_neya)ay esdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’ EdlenAkñúgenaH siT§i nigesrIPaBCamUldæanTaMgGs; GacseRmceTA)an : ehIy

2> :siT§iedIm,kñúgkarGPivDÆn_ k¾mann½ypgEdrfa CakareFVI[seRmc)anTaMg RsugnUv siT§irbs;RbCaCnkñúgkarseRmccitþedayxøÜnÉg rYmTaMgkarGnuvtþn_siT§i Edlmin-Gackat;pþac;BI;Kña)an nUvGFibetyüPaBTaMgRsugrbs;BYkeK eTAelIRTBüsm,tþi nigFnFanFmμCatiTaMgGs; edayGaRs½yeTAtambBaØtiþnana EdlBak;Bn§½eTAnwg ktikasBaØaGnþrCatiTaMgBIrsþIBIsiT§imnusS. :

siT§ikñúgkarGPivDÆn_ QrelIeKalkarN_énkarminGacEckecjBIKña)an nigeKalkarN_GnþrGaRs½y ¬PaBBwgBak;KñaeTAvijeTAmk¦énsiT§imnusS nigesrIPaBCamUldæanTaMgGs;. KYrepþatkarykcitþ Tukdak;esμIKña nigmankarBicarNaCabnÞan eTAelIkarGnuvtþn_ karelIkkMBs; nigkarkarBar-siT§iBlrdæ siTi§neya)ay siTi§esdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’.

6

eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsvtSr_ énExkBaØa qñaM 2000 )ankMNt;karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkfa Ca-TisedAeKalEdlRKbdNþb;elIdMeNIrkarGPivDÆn_. rdæCasmaCikGgÁkarshRbCaCati )an seRmccitþfanwgQaneTAdl;eKaledATaMgenaH EdlPaKeRcIn[)anmunqñaM 2015. eKaledA TaMgenaH rYmman karkat;bnßy[)anBak;kNþalénsmamaRtRbCaCnEdlrs;enA eday sarR)ak;cMNUlticCagmYyduløarkñúgmYyéf¶ nigEdlrgeRKaHedaykarGt;XøanseRmc[)an karGb;rMbzmsikSaCasklsRmab;kumara kumarI kat;bnßyGRtamrNPaBkumar[)an 2¼3/ kat;bnßyGaRtamrNPaBrbs;mata[)an 3¼4/ RbyuT§RbqaMgCmW¶eGds_/ Cm¶WRKuncaj; nigCmW¶wqøgepSg²eTot/ FanasßirPaBbrisßan nigbegáItPaBCaédKUCasakl edIm,IkarGPivDÆn_ ¬sRmab;bBa¢IrayTisedATaMgGs;sUmemIlRbGb; 76¦ eKalkarN_siT§imnusSCamUldæan siT§imnusSmanlkçN³skl

“siT§imnusSminEmnCaRTwsþIcEmøksMrab;;vb,Fm’NaeLIy ehIysiT§imnusSman kMNIt enARKb;Catisasn_TaMgGs;. siT§iTaMgenaHmanlkçN³skl. ”

elak kUhVI GaNan; GtItGKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati EføgenAsaklviTül½yetehr:g; kñúgTivasiTi§mnusS éf¶10 FñÚ qñaM1997

siT§imnusSmanlkçN³skl eRBaHsiT§imnusS QrelIeKalkarN_ énesckþIéføfñÚr rbs;mnusSRKb;²rUb edayminKitBIBUCsasn_ BN’sm,úr ePT CatiBn§ú b¤edImkMeNIt sgÁm sasna Pasa sBa¢ati Gayu ePT BikarPaB b¤lkçN³elceFøaepSg²eLIy. edayehtufa siT§imnusSRtUv)anTTYlykedayrdæ nigRbCaCnTaMgGs; siT§iTaMgenH RtUv)anGnuvtþesμ I²Kña edayK μankarerIseGIgcMeBaHbuKÁlNaeLIy ehIymanlkçN³ dUcKñasRmab;mnusSRKb;rUbenARKb;TIkEnøg.

7

N siT§imnusS ³ CaTsSnTanrbs;bc©wmRbeTs ?

PaBCasklrbs;siT§imnusSeBlxøHk¾CYbkarlM)akkñúgdMeNIrkarGnuvtþ edayehtufa TsSnTanenH manlMnaMedImBIbc©wmRbeTs EdlCaEpñkmYyénGaNaniKmn_Ebbfμ I ehIyEdl)an pSBVpSayenATUTaMgBiPBelak. karRsavRCavmYyEdle)aHBum<pSayedayGgÁkar UNESCO enAqñaM 19681 )anbgðajy:agc,as;fa esckþIb:gR)afñad¾RCaleRCA edaysgát; F¶n;elIsiT§imnusSenaH manTak;TgeTAnwgTsSnTandUcteTA ³ TsSnTanyutþiFm’ bUrNPaB nig esckþIéføfñÚrrbs;buKÁlmñak;² esrIPaBrYcputBIkarKabsgát; kareFVITukçbukemñj nigkarcUl rYmrbs;buKÁl mñak;²enAkñúgkarRbwg ERbgCasmUhPaB EdlkMBugEtCYbRbTHenARKb; GriyFm’ nigRKb;ry³kal. sBVéf¶enH PaBCasklrbs;siT§imnusS)anekIteLIg edaysarEt kkþaCak;Esþg EdlRbCaCatiPaKeRcIn EdlmanPaBRKb;dNþb;TaMgRsugelIRbéBNIén vis½yvb,Fm’ sasna nigneya)ay )anGnumt½ nigpþl;sc©abn½elIlixitubkrN_ siT§imnusSsMxan;². siT§imnusS minGaclk; dUr epÞr b¤dkhUt)an siT§imnusSminGaclk; dUr epÞr b¤dkhUt)an edayehtufa K μanbuKÁlNamñak;Gac RtUveKdkhUtsiT§imnusSrbs;xøÜn)aneLIy elIkElgEt kñúgkal³eTspøÚvc,ab; Edl mankMNt;c,as;las;. ]TahrN_ siT§iTTYl)anesrIPaBrbs;mnusSmñak; Gacnwg RtUv)andak;kMhit RbsinebIbuKÁlenaH RtUv)antulakarrkeXIjfa)anRbRBwtþ bTel μ Is.

RbGb;TI 3

1 Le Droit d’être un homme GtßbTsRmaMg EdlRtUv)anerobcMeRkamkardwknaMrbs;elak Jeanne

Hersch UNESCO nig Robert Laffont 1968.

8

siT§imnusSminGaclk; dUr epÞr b¤dkhUt)an ehIymanlkçN³BwgGaRs½yKñaeTAvijeTAmk

siT§iminGacbMEbk)an ehIymankarBwgGaRs½yKñaeTAvijeTAmk. edayehtufa siT§imnusS nImYy²Bak;Bn§½ nigBwgGaRs½yeTAnwgsiT§idéTeTot karrMelaP-siT§iNamYyenaH Gacnwgb:HBal;dl;karGnuvtþn_siT§iepSg²eTot. ]TahrN_ siT§i rs;ranmanCIvit RtUv)anbuersnμt;[eKarBsiT§imanmðÚbGahar nigsiT§mankMritCIvPaB rs;enAsmrmü. siT§iQreQμaHe)aHeqñatedIm,ImuxtMENgsaFarN³ bBa¢ak;n½y Rbeyalfa RtUvmansiT§iTTYlkarGb;rMCamUldæan. karkarBarsiT§isgÁmkic© nig-siT§iesdækic© sn μt;rYcCaeRscnUvesrIPaBkñúgkarbeBa©jmti esrIPaBkñúgkarCYbRbCuM nigkñúgkarbegáItsmaKm. smRsbdUcKñaenHEdr KWsiT§iBlrdæ nigsiT§ineya)ay ehIynigsiT§iesdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’ k¾manlkçN³bMeBjbEnßm nigman-sar³sMxan;esμ I²KñaeTAelIesckþIéføfñÚr nigbUrNPaBrbs;mnusS RKb;rUb. kareKarB cMeBaHsiT§iTaMgGs;CakarcaM)ac;munGVI²TaMgGs; sRmab;snþiPaB nigkarGPivDÆn_ RbkbedaycirPaB.

shKmn_GnþrCati)anGHGagbBa¢ak;GMBIlkçN³Kb;RCugeRCayrbs;siT§imnusS enAkñúgsnñisiTBiPBelaksþIBIsiT§imnusS enATIRkug Vienna naqñaM 1993.

“siT§imnusSTaMgGs;manlkçN³skl minGacEbgEck)aneT Bwg GaRs½yKñaeTAvijeTAmk nigmankarBak;Bn§½eTAvijeTAmk. shKmn_GnþrCatiRtUv cat;Tuk siT§imnusSrYmKñaCaskl edaysmPaB nigsmFm’ QrelImUldæanesμ IKña nigeday pþl;sarsMxan;dUc²Kña. enAeBlEdlRtUvcgcaMCanic©dl;sar³sMxan; énlkçN³Biessfñak;tMbn; nigfñak;Cati ehIynigmUldæansasna vb,Fm’ nig Rbvtþisa®sþepSg²KñaenaH rdæTaMgGs;mankatBVkic© edayminKitBIRbBn§½vb,Fm’ esdækic©

9

nigneya)ayrbs;xøÜn RtUvelIkkMBs; nigkarBarsiT§imnusS nigesrIPaBCamUldæan-TaMgGs;”.

snñisiTBiPBelaksþIBIsiT§imnusSenA Vienna qñaM 1993 esckþIEføgkarN_TIRkug Vienna nigkmμviFIskm μPaB / kfax½NÐTI5

RbGb;TI 4

siT§iBlrdæ nigsiT§ineya)ay siT§iesdækic© sgÁmkic© minGackat;ecjBIKña)an

elak Amartya Sen GñkTTYlBanrgVan;NUEb‘lxagesdækic© )anpþl;twktag tamkar-BiesaFn_fa siT§imnusSTaMgGs;minGackat;pþac;BIKña)an ehIymankarGaRs½y KñaeTAvijeTAmk. ]TahrN_ enAkñúgkarRsavRCav GMBIPaBGt;Xøan Kat;)anrk eXIjfa TaMgenAkñúgcMeNamRbeTsGñkman nigRbeTsGñkRk kalNaRbCaFibetyü mandMeNIr karl¥ PaBGt;XøanF¶n;F¶rk¾minmanEdr BIeRBaH enAkñúgrdæEbbenaH kñúg-cMeNamRbB½n§epSg² TMngCamanRbBn§½eXasnaCaGñkGMBavnav[mankarykcitþTukdak; KitKUrdl;PaBGt;XøanEdlGacekIteLIg ehIyKNbkSneya)ay nigsaFarN³ k¾cat;viFankareqøIytb. RbCaFibetyü eFVI[sPa rdæaPi)al nig Gñkneya)ayepSg² eTot dwgGMBIeRKaHfñak;énkareFVImindwgminB¤cMeBaHeRKaHfñak;EbbenH.2

2 Amartya Sen PaBRkIRk nig TurÖikS ³ GtßbTniBn§sþIBIkarpþl;siT§i nig kardksiT§i Clarendon Press

1982.

10

RbGb;TI 5

eKalkarN_énkarminerIseGIg karrMelaPsiT§imnusSd¾GaRkk;bMputxøH ekItecjBIkarerIseGIgRbqaMgnwgRkummnusS NamYy. dUecñHsiT§iTTYl)anPaBesμ IKña nigeKalkarN_énkarminerIseGIg EdlRtUv)an kMNt;c,as;enAkñúgsn§isBaØafñak;tMbn; nigfñak;GnþrCati KWCacMNuckNþalénsiT§i mnusS. siT§iTTYl)anPaBesμ IKñatRmUv[rdæFana[mankareKarBsiT§imnusS eday KμankarerIseGIgeTAelImUlehtuNamYyeLIy rYmman ³ ePT BUCsasn_ B’Nsm,úr Pasa sasna mtineya)ay b¤mtiepSgeTot sBa¢ati CatiBn§ b¤edIm kMeNItsgÁm smaCikPaBénCatiPaKtic RTBüsm,tþi kMeNIt Gayu BikarPaB CeRmIspøÚvePT nigzan³sgÁm b¤zan³epSgeTot. CajwkjyNas; lkçN³vinicä½yénkarerIs eGIgEdlrdæ b¤GñkedIrtYEdlminEmnCardæ )anykmkeRbIedIm,ITb;sáat; RkummnusS-NamYy min[Gnuvtþ)aneBjeljnUvsiT§imnusSTaMgRsug b¤k¾EpñkNamYyénsiTi§ TaMgenaH EtgEtQrelIlkçN³Gs;TaMgenaH.

karhamR)amkarerIseGIg

K μankarerIseGIg KWCassrsþmÖénsiT§imnusS PaBxusKñaenAkñúgc,ab;RtUvEtmanmUldæanénPaBxusKñaenAkñúgGgÁehtu karEbgEcktRmUv[mankarbBa¢ak;edaymanehtuplRtwmRtUv eKalkarN_énsmmaRtPaBRtUvEtykmkGnuvtþtam lkçN³Edl)aneRbIBImun ehIyEdlenAEteRbICamUlehtuénkarerIs eGIg rYmman

ePT BUCsasn_ B’Nsm,úr Pasa sasna mtineya)ay b¤mtiepSgeTot sBa¢ati CatiBn§ b¤edImkMeNItsgÁm smaCikPaB énCatiPaKtic RTBüsm,tþi kMeNIt Gayu BikarPaB CeRmIspøÚvePT nigzan³sgÁm b¤zan³epSgeTot.

11

PaBxusKñaenAkñúgGgÁehtuGaceRbICasMGageTAelIPaBxusKñaenAkñúgc,ab; karEjk[eXIjPaBxusKñaTaMgGs; minEmnsuT§EtbegáItkarerIseGIgeT. PaB xusKñaénGgÁehtu b¤ PaBxusKñaénc,ab;EdlQrelIlkçN³vinicä½ysmehtupl nig-manTisedA GacykmkGnuvtþ)an. bnÞúkpþl;PsþútagnwgRtUvFøak;eTAelIrdæaPi)al eBalKW rdæaPi)alRtUvbgðaj[ehIyfa karEbgEckTaMgLayNaEdlykmk Gnuvtþ RtUvEtsmehtupl nigmanTisedABitR)akd.

PaBxusKñaEdlmanyutþikmμTak;TgeTAnwgkargar

eKalkarN_ENnaMBIrrbs;shPaBGWr:ub sþIBIsmPaBrvagBUCsasn_ nigsmPaBkñúgkargar3 pþl;lT§PaB[rdæaPi)alGacGnuBaØat[mankarRbRBwtþxus²Kña enAkñúgkal³eTs³elIk ElgmYy cMnYn. dUecñHkarRbRBwtþxusKñaenH RtUv)anGnuBaØat[GnuvtþcMeBaHkrNImYycMnYntUc Edl-Tak;TgkargarTaMgLayNa EdlkarbMeBjkargarenaH Cak;EsþgtRmUv[mankarEbg EckenAelImUldæanTaMgenaH dUcCaBUCsasn_ edImkMeNIt CatiBn§ sasna b¤CMenO BikarPaB Gayu b¤CeRmIspøÚvePT. ]TahrN_kñúgn½yenH rYmman ³ kargarCaGñksEmþg b¤Gñkbgðaj m:Ud EdlyfaPaB nigPaBR)akdniyménkargarenaHGactRmUv[GñksEmþgmanGayu b¤RbPBedImCak;lak; nigmantYnaTIGVImYyenAkñúgRBHvihar b¤enAkñúgGgÁkarRbhak; RbEhlKñaenH ehIyEdltYnaTIenaHmanTMnak;TMngCamYysaFarN³Cn ¬mindUckargar déTeTot enAkñúgGgÁkardEdlenaHeT dUcCakargarkñúgkariyal½y b¤kargarelImðÚbGahar¦ EdlbuKÁlikEdlbMeBjtYnaTIenHRtUvEtmanCMenO nigkarsμ½RKxøÜn smRsb.

RbGb;TI 6

3 esckþIbgÁab;rbs;RkumRbwkSa elx 2000¼43¼ EC cuHéf¶TI29 Exmifuna qñaM2000 sþIBI-karGnuvtþn_eKalkarN_RbRBwtþkmμesμ IKñarvagbuKÁl edayBMuKitGMBIedImkMeNItCatisasn_ rWCatiBn§ nig elx 2000¼78¼ EC cuHéf¶TI27 Exvicäikar qñaM2000 sþIBIkarbegáItRkbxNÐTUeTA sMrab;RbRBwtþkmμesμIKña enAkñúgkargar nigGaCIB.

12

RkummnusSxøHGacTTYl)ansiT§iBiess eKalkarN_énsmPaB PaBCaskl nigPaBminerIseGIg min)anbdiesFkarTTYl sÁal;RkummnusSxøH EdlRtUvEtTTYl)ansiT§iBiess eRBaHsmaCikénRkumenaHRtUv karkarkarBarBiess. RbkarenH KWCamUlehtuEdllixitubkrN_siT§imnusSmYycMnYn RtUv)an erobcMeLIgedIm,IkarBarsiT§iénRkummnusSEdlmanesckþIRtUvkarBiessdUcCa ³ RsþI CnbreTs CnK μanRbeTs CnePosxøÜn Cnpøas;lMenAdæan CnCatiPaKtic CnCati edImPaKtic GnItiCn mnusSmanBikarPaB BlkrcMNakRsuk nigCnCab;XMuXaMg . eTaHCay:agenHkIþ siTi§sRmab;RkummnusSBiessman PaBcuHsRmugKñaCamYyeKalkarN_ sklPaB EtenAeBlNaEdlsiTi§TaMgenaH manmUlehtu b¤TisedABiess dUcCa PaBgayrgeRKaH b¤manRbvtiþerIseGIgRbqaMgnwgRkumenaH. ebIBMuenaHesateT karpþl;siTi§BiessGacsn μt;)anfaCabuBVsiT§ii EdlesIμKñaeTAnwgkarerIs eGIgRbqaMg nwgRkumdéTeTot .

siT§iBiess²rbs;CnBikar ³ ]TahrN_

enAcRkPBGg;eKøs c,ab;sþIBIkarerIseGIgRbqaMgBikarPaBqñaM 1995 tRmUv[nieyaCk :eFVIkarélsRmYlsmRsb : dl;karcat;Ecgkargar nigTIbrievNkargar edIm,ITTYlykkmμkrCaCnBikar[cUleFVIkargar. c,ab;enaHmandak;ecjy:aglMGit nUvRbePTénviFankar EdltRmUv[man . viFankarenH rYmman karEktRmUvTIbrievN nigeRKOgbrikça edIm,IepÞrGñkmanBikarPaBeTAeFVIkargarenAkEnøgsmRsb cat;taMgeLIg vijnUvPar³kic©xøHrbs;BYkeKeTA[buKÁlikdéTeTot ehIyerobcM[manem:ageFVIkarqøas; Kña.

RbGb;TI 7

13

viFankarBiessbeNþaHGasnñ edIm,IEktRmUveLIgvijnUvplb:HBal;ry³eBlEvgedaysarkarerIseGIgBIGtItkal caM)ac;RtUv[manviFankarBiessbeNþaHGasnñ. Gnusasn_TUeTAelx 254 enAkñúg-maRta 4énGnusBaØa sþIBIkarbM)at;ral;TRmg;énkarerIseGIgRbqaMgnwgRsþIePT (CEDAW)

5 )ankMNt;viFankarepSg² mYycMnYnFMkñúgvis½ynItibBaØtþi nItiRbtibtþi rdæ)al b¤lixitubkrN_niy½tkmμepSg²eTot eKalneya)ay nigkarGnuvtþn_epSg² dUcCa km μviFIKaMRTtamshKmn_ karélbRmug nig¼b¤karepÞrFnFan karGnueRKaH kMNt;GñkEdlRtUveRCIserIs[eFVIkar karpþl;kargar[eFVI kartemøIgzan³ karelIk-TisedACatYelxedaymankMNt;Rkbx½NÐeBlevla nigRbB½n§kUta.

4 sßab½nnana EdlXøaMemIlkarGnuvtþn_lixitbTdæanKtiyutþisiT§imnusSGnþrCati briyayya:gl¥itl¥n; GMBIsiT§i nig katBVkic©epSg² EdlrdæmanenAkñúg {Gnusasn_TUeTAnana{ nig {karpþl;eyabl;TUeTA nana{. sRmab;B½t’manlMGit sUmGanCMBUkTI5. 5 sRmab;B½t’manbEnßmsþIBI CEDAW nig sPa sUmemIl GnusBaØasþIBIkarbM)at;ral; TRmg;énkarerIs eGIgRbqaMgnwg®sþI nig BiFIsarbEnßménGnusBaØaenH ³ kUnesovePAsRmab;smaCiksPa IPU hSúWENv 2003.

14

cMNat;karviCöman ³ ]TahrN_

enARbeTs Norway kariyal½yTTYlBakübNþwgTak;TgsmPaBeynD½r (Gender

Equality Ombudsman) kñúgry³eBlfμ I²enH )anepþateTAelIbursenAkñúgbribTsmPaB eynD½r. CalT§pl c,ab;Qb;lMEhrmatuPaBRtUv)aneFIVviesaFnkm μ edIm,Ipþl;siT§idl; bursEdr. karEkERbmYyEdl)aneFVIeLIgenaH KWkarQb;sRmak 4 GaTitüRtUv)anbMrug TuksRmab;«Buk. RbsinebI«BukenaHxkxanmin)aneRbIsiT§i EdlRtUv)ansÁal;fa Ca :kUta«Buk : enaHeT RKYsarenaHnwg)at;bg;siT§iEdlpþl;[sRmab; karsRmakenH. :kUta«Buk : RtUv)andak;[GnuvtþenAqñaM 1993 ehIy ry³eBl2qñaMbnÞab;mk cMnYnPaKry énGñkeTIbkøayCa«Bukfμ I²EdlQb;sRmaklMEhrbituPaB )anekIneLIgBI 45°eTA 70°. kariyal½yTTYlBakübNþwgenH (Ombudsman) )anesñIbEnßmnUvkmμviFI Tb;sáat;karerIseGIgCaRbeyaCn_ dl;burs kñúgkargarmYycMnYn Tak;TgnwgkarEfrkSakUn edIm,IeFVI[skþanuBlrbs;bursskm μeLIgenAkñúgvis½yenH ehIyEdlnwgCYyTb;sþab; min[mankarEbgEckeynD½renAkñúgTIpSarBlkm μ ehIyEdlCYypþl;[kUn²nUvTsSn³fμ I mYysþIBItYnaTIeynD½r ¬kñúgkarEfTaMkUnecA¦.

]TahrN_ RbBn§½kUtabeNþaHGasnñEdl)antak;EtgsRmab;RbRBwtþkmμedayyk

citþTukdak;cMeBaHRsþI edIm,I[RsIþmankargareFVICak;lak; mansiTi§BwgBak;sßab½neFVI esckþIseRmcEpñkneya)ay b¤TTYl)ankarGb;rMfñak;]tþmsikSa Gaccat;Tukfa CaviFankarTb;sáat;karerIseGIgRbqaMgRsþIk¾)an edIm,IQaneTAseRmcsmPaB eynD½renAkñúgvis½yEdlCaRbéBNI RsþIEtgEtmansemøgtMNagtictYc nigTTYlrg nUvkarerIseGIg.

RbGb;TI 8

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enAeRkammaRta4 énGnusBaØasþIBIkarlubbM)at;ral;TRmg;énkarerIseGIgRbqaMg nwgRsþI (CEDAW)mankarelIkTwkcitþcMeBaHviFankarbeNþaHGasnñTaMgenaH. dUecñH minRtUvcat;TukCakarerIseGIgRbqaMgnwgburseT. eTaHCay:agNakIþ lÁwkNa eKalbMNgénsmPaBkñúgkarTTYl)an»kas nigTTYl)anRbRBwtþkm μsmRsb )an seRmcehIy enaHviFankarTaMgenHRtUvEtbBaÄb;. ebImindUecñaHeT viFankarTaMgenH nwgkøayeTACaÉksiT§isRmab;RsþI edayKμanehtuplyutþikm μ ehIybNþal[køay eTACakarerIseGIgRbqaMgburs.

eyagtamGnusasn_TUeTAelx 25 mincaM)ac;[manPsþútagsIþBIGtItkarerIs eGIgsRmab;cat;viFankarEbbhñwgeT eBalKW kñúgeBlEdlkarGnuvtþn_viFankar beNþaHGasnñEtgEtEktRmUvdl;plvi)akénGtItkarerIseGIgRbqaMgRsIþ katBVkic© rbs;rdæ CaPaKIeRkamGnusBaØaedIm,IelIkkMBs;zan³RsIþeTACazan³mYytamRBwtþn½y b¤[man smPaBd¾sMxan;eTAnwgburs k¾ekItmaneLIgedaymincaM)ac;Kitdl;Psþútag énerIseGIgBIGtItkalEdr. siT§imnusS nig GFibetyüPaBrbs;rdæ enAGtItkal eBlEdlsiT§imnusSenARtUv)ancat;Tukfa Cakic©karépÞkñúg rbs;RbeTsmYy RbeTsdéTeTot nigshKmn_GnþrCatiRtUv)anraraMgmin[eFVIkar eRCotERCkeT eTaHbICamankarrMelaPsiT§imnusSy:agF¶n;F¶rbMput dUcCakarRbl½y BUCsasn_k¾eday. karRbkan;ykviFIEbbenH EdlykGFibetyüPaBCatiCa-mUldæan CYbnwgkarRbQmCaxøaMgenAkñúgstvtSTI 20 CaBiessKW edayskm μPaB rbs;BYkNahSIú GaløWm:g; nigGMeBIeXareXAenAkñúgeBlmansRgÁamelakelIkTI2 . bc©úb,nñ karelIkkMBs; nigkarkarBarsiT§imnusSRtUv)ancat;Tukfa CakarRBYy)armÖ

16

nig karTTYlxusRtUvRsbc,ab;rbs;shKmn_GnþrCati. k¾b:uEnþ PaBminRsbKñarvag-katBVkic©Rsbc,ab;skl nigGFibetyüPaBrbs;rdæ GacnwgedaHRsay)anEteTA tamkrNInImYy²b:ueNÑaH eday[RsbeTAtameKalkarN_smmaRt Edltam eKalkarN_enH skmμPaBNamYy Edlrdæ)ancab;ykedayedIrtamTsSn³énPaB Caskl minRtUveFVI[elIsBIkarcaM)ac;edIm,IeFVI[seRmc)annUvkareKarBtam eKalkarN_siT§imnusSeLIy.

karelIkkMBs;karkarBarsiT§ imnusS nigesrIPaBCamUldæanRtUvEt-cat;TukCavtßúbMNg GTiPaBrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati EdlRsbeTAtameKalkarN_ nigeKalbMNgrbs;xø Ün CaBiessKWeKalbMNgshRbtibtþikarGnþrCati. enAkñúgRkbx½NÐéneKalbMNg nigeKalkarN_TaMgenH karelIkkMBs; nigkarkarBar-siT§imnusSTaMgGs; KWCakgVl;Rsbc,ab;rbs;shKmn_GnþrCati.

snñisiTBiPBelaksþIBIsiT§imnusSTIRkug Vienna qñaM 1993 nigesckþIEføgkarN_ nigkmμviFIskm μPaBTIRkug Vienna/ kfaxNÐ½TI4

RbCaFibetyü siT§imnusS nigrdæsPa kñúgGMLúgTsvtSr_knøgeTA TMnak;TMngeTAvijeTAmkrvagRbCaFibetyü nigsiT§i mnusS RtUv)aneKelIkykmksikSay:agTUlMTUlay. RbCaFibetyüElgRtUv)an cat;Tukfa RtwmEtCakRmgdMeNIrkarc,ab;sRmab;rdæFm μnuBaØ nigsRmab;eRbIGMNac neya)ayEtb:ueNÑaHehIy k¾b:uEnþ CamYynwgsiT§imnusS RbCaFibetyüRtUv)ancat; Tukfa CameFüa)aykarBar nig elIkkMBs;esckþIéføfñÚrrbs;mnusS. enAqñaM 1995 shPaBGnþrsPa )anepþImdMeNIrkarRBagesckþIEføgkarN_CasklsþIBIRbCaFibetyü

17

edIm,IeFVI[xñat niyamGnþrCatieCOnelOneTAmux nigedIm,IrYmcMENkdl;RbCaFibetyü rÚbnIykmμ EdlkMBugRbRBwtþeTAenATUTaMgsklelak. enAkñúgesckþIEføgkarN_ EdlGnum½tenAqñaM 1997 RbCaFibetyü nigsiT§imnusS mankarTak;TgKñay:agCit dit EdlGaccat;Tuk)anfa minGacbMEbk)an.

RbCaFibetyüsßitenACMuvijKMnitEdlfa RbCaBlrdæTaMgGs;mansiT§iesμ IKñaedIm,I[mansemøgenAkñúgkareFVIesckþIseRmcnana Edlmanplb:HBal;dl;CIvPaBrs;enA rbs;BYkeK. siT§icUlrYmenAkñúgkic©karsaFarN³enH manEcgenAkñúgmaRta21 én esckþIEføgkarN_CasklsIþBIsiT§imnusS nigmaRta 25 énktikasBaØaGnþrCatisþIBI siT§iBlrdæ nigsiT§ineya)ay (CCPR) . b:uEnþedIm,I[BlrdæGacGnuvtþsiT§ienaH edayRbsiT§PaB)an BYkeKRtUvEtTTYl)ansiT§iepSg²eTot dUcCa esrIPaBkñúgkar-beBa©jmti esrIPaBCYbRbCuM nigsiT§iCamUldæankñúgvis½ysgÁm nigesdækic©. sßabn½ nanaEdlCYybgálkçN³[RbCaCnGacRtYtBinitü nigcUlrYm)an KWCasßab½n Edl RtUvkarCacaM)ac;muneK. rdæsPa EdlCaGgÁsßab½nGFibetyü ekIteLIgtamry³ kare)aHeqñatedayesrI yutþiFm’ nigeTogTat;tamkalkMNt; edIm,IFana[manrdæaPi)al EdlCardæaPi)alrbs;RbCaCnedIm,IRbCaCn nigekIteLIgedayRbCaCnenaH KWCasßab½nKnøwHrbs;RbCaFibetyü. kñúgzan³Casßab½nmansmtßPaBbegáItc,ab; nigrkSaeKalneya)ay nigskmμPaB rbs;GgÁnItiRbtibtþi [sßitenAeRkamkarBinitü Bicä½yrbs;xøÜnCaRbcaM rdæsPak¾Gac edIrtYnaTIKnøwHenAkñúgkarelIkkMBs; nigkarBar-siT§imnusS. elIsBIenHeTot rdæsPabegáItRkbxNÐ½c,ab;EdlFanaÉkraCüPaB rbs;tulakar nignItirdæEdlCaRKwHsImarbs;RbCaFibetyü nigkarkarBar-siT§imnusS. edaysarehtuplGs;TaMgenH rdæsPamansar³sMxan;Nas; sRmab;RbCaFibetyü nigsiT§imnusS.

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{CaKMnitmYyd¾]tþúg]tþm RbCaFibetyümanbMNgCaBiessrkSa nig elIkkMBs;

esckþIéføfñÚr nig siT§iCamUldæanrbs;buKÁlmñak;² edIm,IseRmc)anyutþiFm’sgÁm CMruujkarGPivDÆn_esdækic© nigsgÁmkic©rbs;shKmn_ BRgwgPaBs¥wtCab;Kña rbs;sgÁm eFVI[RbesIreLIgdl;PaBs¶b;s¶at;rbs;Cati RBmTaMgbegáItbriyakasmYy EdlGMeNaypldl;snþiPaBGnþrCati. kñúgrUbPaBCardæaPi)alRbCaFibetyü CameFüa)ayd¾l¥bMput edIm,IeFVI[eKalbMNgTaMgenH)anseRmc. RbCaFibetyü KWCaRbBn§½neya)ayEtmYyKt; EdlmansmtßPaBeFVIsV½yEktRmUv }.

shPaBGnþrsPa esckþIEføgkarN_Caskl sþIBIRbCaFibetyü Cairo Sept 1997 kzax½NÐTI3

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CMBUkTI 2 ³

GVIxøHCakatBVkic©rbs;rdæcMeBaHsiT§imnusS? CaeKalkarN_ eTaHbICasiT§imnusSGacRtUv)anrMelaPedaybuKÁl b¤RkumNamYy ehIytamBit karrMelaPsiT§imnusS EdlRbRBwtþeLIgedIm,IRbqaMgnwgTisedA sklPavUbnIykm μedaytYGgÁminEmnrdæ ¬dUcCa saCIvkmμqøgEdn ]Rkidækm μEdl mankarerobcMePrvkmμGnþrCati kgT½BéRB nigeyaFaRbtiB½T§ nigGgÁkarGnþrrdæaPi)alpgk¾man¦ kan;Et mancMnYneRcIneLIg enAeRkamc,ab;GnþrCatibc©úb,nñ manEtrdæeT EdlRtUv)ansn μt;fa mankatBVkic©pÞal;Tak;TgnwgsiT§imnusS.

edaykøayeTACaPaKIénsn§isBaØasiT§imnusSGnþrCati rdæRtUvTTYlykkatBVkic© TUlMTUlaycMnYnbIKW ³ Parkic©eKarB karBar nigbMeBj. enAeBlEdltulüPaBrvag-katBVkic© nigParkic©TaMgenH GacxusKñaeTAtamTidæPaBénsiT§iEdl Bak;B½n§katBVkic© nigParkic©TaMgenaH CaeKalkarN_ Parkic©TaMgenH RtUvGnuvtþeTAelIRKb;siT§iBlrdæ nigsiT§ineya)ay ehIynigRKb;siT§iesdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’. elIsBIenHeTAeTot rdæmankatBVkic©RtUvpþl;dMeNaHRsaycMeBaHkarrMelaPelIsiT§imnusSenAkMritCati.

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etI :katBVkic©eKarB : mann½yy:agdUcemþc? :katBVkic©eKarB : rbs;rdæmann½yfa rdæmankatBVkic©RtUvTb;sáat;xøÜnÉgBIkarraraMg rMxan. katBVkic©enH hamR)amskmμPaBxøH² BIsMNak;rdæaPi)alEdlGaceFVI[xUc xatdl;karTTYl)annUvsiT§iepSg². ]TahrN_ siT§iTTYl)ankarGb;rM mann½yfa rdæaPi)al RtUveKarBesrIPaBrbs;«Bukmþay kñúgkarbegáItsalaÉkCn nigFana dl;karGb;rM GMBIsIlFm’ nigsasnadl;kUn²rbs;eK RsbeTAtamCMenOrbs;eKpÞal;. etI :katBVkic©karBar : mann½ydUcy:agemþcxøH? {katBVkic©karBar} tRmUv[rdækarBarbuKÁlTaMgLayRbqaMgnwgkarrMelaPbMBan BItYGgÁminEmnrdæ. Cafμ ImþgeTot siT§iTTYl)ankarGb;rM GacCa]TahrN_mYy. siT§ikumarkñúgkarTTYl)ankarGb;rM RtUvEtkarBaredayrdæ[rYcputBIkarraraMgrMxan nigkarbBa©úHbBa©ÚlBIttIyCn rab;TaMg matabita RKYsar RKUbeRgon nigsalaeron sasna nikay bkSsm<½n§ nigRkumh‘unGaCIvkm μ. kñúgkatBVkic©enH rdæTTYl)ankar vaytémøx<s;mYyEpñkFM. ]TahrN_ siT§iTTYlbUrNPaBbuKÁl nigsnþisuxpÞal;xøÜn tRmUv[rdæRbyuT§ RbqaMgnwg)atuPUtrIkraydalénGMeBIhwgSakñúgRKYsareTAelI®sþI nigkumar eTaHbICaRKb;GMeBIhwgSa EdlbþIRbRBwtþelIRbBn§ b¤«BukmþayRbRBwtþelIkUn minEmnsuT§EtCakarrMelaP siT§imnusSEdlrdæRtUvEtTTYlxusRtUvenaHk¾eday k¾ rdæaPi)alRtUvmankarTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarcat;viFankarviC¢man edIm,Ikat;bnßyGMeBI hwgSakñúgRKYsar kñúgTRmg;Cac,ab;RBhμTNÐ c,ab;rdæb,evNI c,ab;RKYsar b¤c,ab;rdæ)al karbNþúHbNþalnKr)al nigm®nIþtulakar b¤karpSBVpSaykaryl;dwgTUeTA.

21

katBVkic©rbs;rdæcMeBaHkareKarB karkarBar nigkarbMeBj³ ]TahrN_

siT§irs;ranmanCIvit kareKarB nKr)alminRtUvykCIvitCnsgS½yedayectna edIm,IraraMgCn enaHmin

[rt;eKcxøÜn kñúgeBlmanbTelμIstUctac dUcCaecarkmμ CaedIm. karkarBar karvayRbharEdlKMramkMEhgdl;GayuCIvitedaybuKÁlmñak;eTAelICn

déT ¬dUcCa karb:unb:geFVImnusSXat ¦ RtUvEtCabTelμ Is EdlRtUvpþnÞa eTasRsb tamc,ab;RBhμTNÐCati . nKr)al RtUv esIubGegátbTel μ Is enH[)anRtwmRtUv edIm,InaMxøÜnCnRbRBwtþbTelμ IseTAtulakaredIm,Ikat; eTaseTAtamc,ab;.

karbMeBj GaCJaFrRtUvcat;viFankartampøÚvc,ab; nigpøÚvrdæ)aledIm,Ikat;bnßy[)an eRcIneLIg² nUvmrNPaBkumar nigmrNPaBRbePTepSg² eTot EdlbuBVehtuénmrNPaB enHGacRtUvRbyuT§RbqaMg)an.

karhamR)amGMeBITaruNkm μ b¤ karRbRBwtþmkelIxøÜn b¤TNÐkmμÉeTot EdleXaeXA GmnusSFm’ b¤benßakbnÞab

kareKarB nKr)alminRtUveRbITaruNkmμedIm,IsYrcemøIyCnCab;XuMeLIy. karkarBar GaCJaFrRtUvcat;viFankartampøÚvc,ab; nigviFankarepSg²eTot RbqaMgGMeBI

hwgSakñúgRKYsar. karbMeBj GaCJaFrRtUvbNþúHbNþalm®nIþnKr)alGMBIrebobsYrcemøIy EdlGacTTYl

yk)an . siT§ie)aHeqñat kareKarB GaCJaFrminRtUveRCotERCkkñúgnItiviFIe)aHeqñat ehIyRtUveKarB

lT§plénkare)aHeqñat.

RbGb;TI 9

22

karkarBar GaCJaFrRtUverobcM[mankare)aHeqñatedaysm¶at; edIm,IbeBa¢óskarKMram kMEhgBICnmanGMNac ¬dUcCaGñkneya)ay embkSsm<½n§ b¤ RKYsar b¤ nieyaCk¦.

karbMeBj GaCJaFrRtUverobcM[mankare)aHeqñatedayesrI nigyutþiFm’ ehIyFanafa manRbCaBlrdæcMnYneRcIntamEdlGaceFVI)an Gac eTAe)aHeqñat.

siT§ixagsuxPaB kareKarB GaCJaFrminRtUvritt,itelIsiT§ixagsuxPaBeLIy dUcCatamry³ karmin

[mankUnedaybgçM b¤kareFVIBiesaFn_EpñkeBTü. karkarBar kareFVIkayviklkm μelIRbdab;bnþBUC®sþI RtUvEthamXat; niglubbM)at;. karbMeBj RtUvmanmnÞIreBTüRKb;RKan; nigkEnøgEfTaMsuxPaBsaFarN³ epSg²eTot

RtUvpþl;esvadl;mnusSRKb;rUb[)anes μ I²Kña. siT§iTTYl)anmðÚbGahar kareKarB GaCJaFrminRtUvcat;viFankarNaEdlraraMgdl;siTi§TTYl)anmðÚb

GaharRKb;RKan;eLIy ¬]TahrN_dUcCa karbeNþjecjBIdIFøItamGMeBIcitþ¦ karkarBar GaCJaFrRtUvGnum½tc,ab; b¤cat;viFankarepSg² edIm,ITb;sáat;Gñk

manGMNac b¤GgÁkarepSg² kuM[rMelaPelIsiT§iTTY)anmðÚbGahar ¬]TahrN_ Rkumh‘un EdleFVI[manCatiBuldl;kEnøgpÁt;pÁg;Twk b¤m©as;dIbeNþjksikrecjBIdIFøI¦.

karbMeBj GaCJaFrRtUvGnuvtþeKalneya)aynana dUcCa karEkTRmg;dIERs cMkar edIm,IFanadl;siTi§TTYl)anmðÚbGaharRKb;RKan;rbs;RbCa Blrdæ nigFanafa RkumCnEdlgayrgeRKaHGacciBa©wmxøÜnÉg)an.

23

etIkatBVkic©bMeBjmann½ydUcemþc? enAeRkam :katBVkic©bMeBj : rdæRtUv)antRmUv[cat;viFankarviC¢man edIm,IFanafa siT§imnusS GacGnuvtþeTA)an. ]TahrN_ dUcCa Tak;TgnwgsiT§iTTYl)ankarGb;rM rdæ RtUvpþl;viFI nigmeFüa)aynana edIm,I[mankarGb;rMenAfñak;bzmsikSamanlkçN³ CakatBVkic© nigeday\tKitéføsRmab;CnRKb;rUb nigkarGb;rMenAfñak;mFümsikSa eday\tKitéfø ]tþmsikSa karbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ karGb;rM sRmab;mnusSeBjv½y nigkarlubbM)at;Gnkçrkmμ ¬rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgviFankarepSg²eTot mandUcCa karbegáIt[mansalaeronsaFarN³[)anRKb;RKan; b¤CYl b¤ pþl;R)ak;Exdl;RKU[)an smrmü. eKalkarN_énkareFVI[seRmc)anCabeNþIr² eKalkarN_énkareFVI[seRmcCabeNþIr² GnuvtþeTAelIkatBVkic©viC¢manrbs;rdæ kñúg-karbMeBj nigkarkarBar. ]TahrN_dUcCa siT§ixagsuxPaBminGacFana)anfa mnusSRKb;rUbman suxPaBl¥)anenaHeT. b:uEnþ siT§ienH dak;katBVkic©[rdæbegáIt nigrkSaRbB½n§suxPaBsaFarN³EdlCaeKalkarN_ GacFanadl;siTi§TTYl)anesva suxPaBCamUldæanRKb;²Kña RsbtamsmtßPaB esdækic© RbéBNIsgÁm nigvb,Fm’ rbs;RbeTserog²xøÜn nigedayeKarBtambTdæanGb,brma GnþrCati. kareFVI[)an seRmcCabeNþIr² mann½yfa rdæaPi)alKYrEtkMNt;TisedA nigbTdæan edIm,I kat;bnßyCabeNþIr² nUvGRtamrN³PaBrbs;kumar begáIncMnYnevC¢bNÐittamGRta PaKBan;éncMnYnRbCaBlrdæ begáInPaKryéncMnYnRbCaBlrdæEdlTTYl)ankarcak; fñaMbgáarCMgWqøg CMgWratt,atmYycMnYn b¤eFVI[RbesIreLIgTIkEnøgpþl;esvasuxPaB mUldæanTaMgLay>>>. l. Cak;Esþg edayKμankarrMelaPelIkatBVkic©bMeBj rbs;rdæaPi)al eTAelIsiTi§xagsuxPaB kMritsuxPaB enAkñúgRbeTsRkIRk GacTab-CagRbeTsGñkman. GvtþmanTaMgRsugénviFankarviC¢manedIm,IeFVI[RbesIreLIg

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dl;RbB½n§suxPaBsaFarN³ viFankaredIrfyeRkay b¤karpat;ecjedayectna cMeBaHRkumNamYy ¬dUcCaRsþI nigRkumsasna b¤CatiBn§PaKtic¦ min[man siTi§TTYl)anesvasuxPaB GacbNþal[mankar rMelaPsiTi§xagsuxPaB)an .

siTi§TTYl)andMeNaHRsay tamry³sn§isBaØasiTi§mnusSenAfñak;GnþrCati nigfñak;tMbn;

tammaRta2 ¬3¦ én CCPR rdæPaKIRtUv “Fanafa ¬k¦>>>CnNa EdlsiTi§ b¤esrIPaB rbs;xøÜn>>>> RtUv)anrMelaP RtUvTTYl)ankaredaHRsayRbkb edayRbsiT§PaB : ehIyRtUv Fanafa ¬x¦ CnTaMgLayNaEdlbþwgTamTar[mankaredaH RsayEbbenH RtUvman-siTi§ :TTYl)ankarkMNt;seRmcBItulakarmansmtßkic© GaCJaFrnItiRbtibtþi b¤BIGaCJaFr nItibBaØtiþ b¤ BIGaCJaFrmansmtßkic©NaepSgeTot EdlmanEcgedayRbB½n§c,ab;rbs;rdæ : nigRtUv :begáIt[manlT§PaBTTYl)an dMeNaHRsaytampøÚvtulakar :. maRta 13 énGnusBaØaedIm,IkarBardl;siTi§mnusS nigesrIPaBCamUldæanrbs;GWr:ub Ecgfa ³ :CnRKb;rUb EdlsiTi§ nigesrIPaBCamUldæanrbs;BYkeK dUcmanEcgenAkñúgGnusBaØaenaH RtUv)an rMelaP RtUvTTYl)ankaredaHRsaymYyRbkbeday RbsiT§PaBcMeBaHmuxGaCJaFrCati>>> :.

maRta 25 ¬1¦énGnusBaØasIþBIsiTi§mnusSrbs;Gaemrik ¬EdlRtUv)aneKsÁal; pgEdrfa CaktikasBaØa San Josė, Costa Rica) kMNt;meFüa)ayedaHRsayenH CasiTi§mYy edayELkmYy ³ :mnusSRKb;rUb mansiTi§TTYl)ankaredaHRsaymYy EdlsamBaØ nigqab;rh½s b¤viFIedaHRsayd¾man RbsiT§PaBNamYyepSgeTot enAcMeBaHmuxtulakar b¤salaCRmHkIþmYyEdlmansmtßkic© edIm,IkarBarRbqaMgnwgGMeBIepSg² EdlrMelaPsiTi§ CamUldæanrbs;eK EdlTTYlsÁal;edayrdæFmμnuBaØ b¤edayc,ab;rbs;rdæ EdlBak;B½n§ b¤edayGnusBaØaenH >>> :.

RbGb; 10

25

etIkatBVkic©pþl;meFüa)ayedaHRsayenAfñak;Cati mann½yy:agdUcemþc? bEnßmeTAelIkarTamTard¾sMxan;enH eKalKMnitBit²kñúgvis½ysiT§ienH tRmUv[man lT§PaBkñúgkarTTYl)andMeNaHRsayenAfñak;Cati EdlmandUcCa GaCJaFrtulakar nItiRbtibtþi nItibBaØtþi b¤ GaCJaFrepSgeTot enAeBlEdlsiTi§mYy RtUv)aneKrMelaP. dUecñH CnRKb;rUb EdlGHGagfasiT§irbs;xøÜn minTTYl)ankareKarB RtUvEtGac EsVgrkmeFüa)ay edaHRsayd¾manRbsiT§PaB enAcMeBaHmuxsßab½nmansmtßkic© kñúgRbeTs EdlmanGMNacpþl;dMeNaHRsayRtwmRtUvRsbc,ab; RBmTaMgman GMNaceFVI[eKGnuvtþtamesckþIseRmcrbs;xøÜn EdlCasßabn½enaH. siT§iEsVgrkkarCYyedaHRsayBItulakarx<s;Cagfñak;Cati siT§iEsVgrkdMeNaHRsayeTAkan;tulakarsiT§imnusSGnþrCati enAeBlEdlRKb;meFüa)ay sRmab;EsVgrkdMeNaHRsayenAfñak;Cati Edl)aneRbIR)as;rYcGs;ehIyenaH RtUv)an TTYlykEtEpñkxøHb:ueNÑaH. tamnItiviFITMenIb EdlbegáIteLIgeRkamGnusBaØaGWr:ub edIm,IkarBarsiT§imnusS nigesrIPaBCamUldæan buKÁlTaMgLay Gacdak;bNþwg]T§rN_ eTAtulakarsiT§imnusSGcié®nþy_rbs;GWr: ub Edlkarvinicä ½yrbs;tulakarenH Cab;katBVkic©xagpøÚvc,ab;. bBaØtiþRtUv)anbegáIteLIgedIm,Ipþl;siT§i[buKÁlTaMgLay Gacdak;BaØtiþbþwgtv:a eTAtulakarsiT§imnusSGnþrCati RsbtamGnusBaØasþIBIsiT§i mnusSrbs;Gaemrik b:uEnþbc©úb,nñenH siTi§enHminGaceRbI)aneToteT enAeRkam sn§isBaØaGgÁkarshRbCaCati . ¬sMrab;CaB½t’manlMGit sUmemIlCMBUkTI 5 nigTI9¦.

26

siT§iTTYl)ansMNgBüsnkm μ siT§iTTYl)andMeNaHRsayRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB mann½yCaRbeyalfa CnrgeRKaHBI karrMelaPsiT§imnusS mansiT§iTTYl)ansMNgBIBüsnkm μEdl)anTTYlrg. dUecñH katBVkic©rbs;rdæ RtUvnaMykmkkat;eTastamc,ab; CnTaMgLayNaEdlTTYlxus RtUvcMeBaHkarrMelaPenH rYmTaMgm®nþIsaFarN³ b¤Pñak;garrdæ ehIyRtUvcat;viFankar epSg² edIm,ITb;sáat;kMu[mankarrMelaPenHekItmaneLIgCafμ IeTot. RbGb;TI 11 raybBa¢ITRmg;epSg²énkarsgCmW;¶citþ.

siT§iCnrgeRKaHkñúgkarTTYlsMNgBüsnkm μ bnÞab;BImankarrMelaPelIsiT§imnusS ³

bdiTan³ karedaHElgGñkCab;XMuXaMg[rYcxøÜnvij kareF[RTBüsm,tþidUcsßanPaB eLIgvij . kareFVI[eBjcitþ³ eFIVkarsMueTasCasaFarN³ KN³kmμkarrkkarBit karesIubGegátelI]Rkidækmμ RbqaMgnwgGñkRbRBwtþkarrMelaPsiTi§mnusSF¶n;F¶r . karsþarnItism,Ta³ viFankarEpñkc,ab; evC¢saRsþ citþsaRsþ nigEpñksgÁmepSg²eTot edIm,ICYy seRgÁaH[sHes,IyeLIgvij ]TahrN_ begIátmCÄmNÐlsRmab;sþarnItism,Ta sRmab;GñkEdl rgeRKaHedaykareFIVTaruNkmμ . karsgCMgWcitþ³ karecjsgkarxUcxatEpñkhirBaØvtßú nigminEmnhirBaØvtßú . FanafaminmankarekIteLIgvij³ eFIVkarEkERbEpñkc,ab;rdæ)al viFankardak;vin½y .

bGb; 11

27

meFüa)ayedaHRsaycMeBaHkarrMelaPsiTi§esdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’

bTbBaØtþiTaMgLayEcgGMBIsiT§iTTYl)anmeFüa)ayedaHRsay Edl)anerobrab; xagelI ¬sUmemIlRbGb;TI 10¦ niyayeyagCacm,geTAelIsiT§iBlrdæ nigsiTi§ neya)ay . cMENkÉsn§isBaØaEdlTak;Tg eTAnwgsiTi§esdækic© sgÁmkic© nig vb,Fm’ dUcCa ktikasBaØaGnþrCatisþIBI siTi§esdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’ (CESCR)

nigFm μnuBaØsgÁmGwr:ub minmanbTbBaØtþiRsedogKñaenHeT. mUlehtuKWfa karvinicä½yenAfñak;Cati nigGnþrCati eTAelIsiTi§esdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’ enAEt ecaTCasMNYrenAeLIyBIsMNak;rdæaPi)alCaeRcIn nigBIsMNak;GñkR)aC£xagsiTi§ mnusSpgEdr . PaBxusKñarvagsiTi§mnusSTaMgBIrRbePTenH ekItmanenAeBlman karBiPakSaedjedajGMBImenaKm viC¢aenAkñúgsm½ys®gÁamRtCak; . siTi§Blrdæ nigsiTiæneya)ay enAeBlenaH RtUv)aneKyl;y:aggayfaCasiTi§ :GviC¢man : suT§saF EdlmanTisedARbqaMgnwgkareRCotERCkrbs;rdæaPi)al cMENkÉ siTi§esdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’ RtUv)aneKemIleXIjfaCa : siTi§CakmμviFI : eBal KWCakarTamTarxagneya)ay EdltRmUv[manviFankarviC¢manBIrdæ EdlmaneKal bMNgCatYy:ag Fana[mankargareFIVsuxPaBl¥ nigsniþsuxsgÁmeBjelj cMeBaHmnusSRKb;rUb . : siTi§CakmμviFI : TaMgenH RtUv)ancat;Tukfa minGacGnuvtþ)an edaytulakar)aneT.

tulakarelIsBIfñak;Cati dUcCatulakarsiTi§mnusSrbs;GWr:ub b¤ tulakarGnþrsiTi§ mnusSrbs;Gaemrik )anecjesckþIseRmcfa rdæTaMgLayRtUvcat;viFankar edIm,IFana[mankareKarBdl;siTi§Blrdæ nigsiTi§neya)ay. ]TahrN_ rdæRtUv begáItRbB½n§tulakarmYyEdlmansmtßPaBbMeBjkatBVkic© kñúgkarFana[man

28

karkat;kIþedayyutþiFm’enAkñúgry³eBlsmehtuplmYy. kñúgkrNImankarecaT Rbkan;GMBIkareFVITaruNkmμ kar)at;xøÜnedaybgçM b¤karsmøab;eRkAc,ab; rdæRtUvesIub-GegátEpñk ]Rkidækm μ[)anRKb;RCugeRCay edIm,InaMCnRbRBwtþbTel μ Is eTAkat;eTas tamc,ab; nigpþl;sMNgCMgWcitþ b¤pþl;sMNgBüsnkm μepSg²eTotdl;CnrgeRKaH nigRkumRKYsarrbs;BYkeK .

ynþkardUcKñaenH k¾GacbegIþtpgEdr sRmab;bBaðaTak;TgeTAnwgsiTi§esdækic©

sgÁmkic© nig vb,Fm’ . dUc)anbBa¢ak;BIxagelI tulakarGnþrCatimansmtßPaB-GaceFIVkarseRmctamnItiviFItulakar Edlrdæmin)anbMeBjtamkatBVkic©viC¢manrbs;xøÜn Tak;Tgnwgvis½ysiTi§Blrdæ nigsiTi§neya)ay. ]TahrN_ dUcCa katBVkic©erobcM[manRbB½n§tulakar[RsbeTAtamkic©Fana CaGb,brmaEdlman EcgenAkñúgmaRta 6 énGnusBaØaGWr:ub edIm,IkarBarsiTi§mnusS nigesrIPaB CamUldæan ¬siTi§TTYl)an karCMnuMCRmHedayyutþiFm’ ¦. dUecñH eKGacGHGag)anfa tulakar dEdlenH GacnwgRtUv)anpþl;edIm,IseRmcfaetIrdæ)anbMeBjkatBVkic©viC¢manrbs; xøÜn kñúgkarerobcMRbB½n§sala RsbeTAtamkarFanaCaGb,brmanUvsiTi§TTYlkarGb;rM dUcmanEcgkñúgmaRta 13 nig 14 énktikasBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIsiTi§esdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’ CESCR Edrb¤eT ? b¤faetIRbB½n§ suxPaBsaFarN³rbs;rdæenaHRsbeTAtam karFana CaGb,brmanUvsiTi§TTYl)ansuxPaBpøÚvcitþ nigpøÚvkaykñúgkMritx<s;bMput dUc manEcgenAkñúgmaRta 12 én CESCR Edrb¤eT ?

b:uEnþ esÞIrEtBuMTan;mantulakarGnþrCatiNamYyenAeLIyeT EdlRtUv)anpþl; GaNtþikargar [eFVIkarvinicä½yelIsiTi§esdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’. mankarelIk ElgEtmYy KWtulakarGnþrGaemriksIþBIsiTi§mnusS edayGnuelamtammaRta 19 ¬6

29

¦énBIFIsarbEnßmqñaM 1988 énGnusBaØaGaemrik sIþBIsiTi§mnusS kñúgvis½y siiTi§esdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’ RtUv)anGnuBaØat[eFIVkarseRmcelIjtiþtv:a CalkçN³buKÁl EdlTak;TgeTAnwgsiTi§TTYlkarGb;rM nigsiTi§erobcMbegáItshCIB . dUcKñaenHEdr GgÁCMnuMCRmHsiTi§mnusSsRmab;RbeTs Bosnia nig Herzegovina EdlGnuelamtam]bsm<½n§ 6 énkic©RBmeRBogsnþiPaBqñaM 1995 enA Dayton )an ecjesckþIseRmckñúgkrNICaeRcInTak;Tg nwgkarerIseGIgCak;Esþg b¤karecaT Rbkan;GMBIkarerIseGIg kñúgkarTTYl)ansiTi§esdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’epSg² mYycMnYn . eTaHbICa snñisiTBiPBelaksIþBIsiTi§mnusS eFIVeLIgenATIRkug Vienna enAqñaM 1993 )anseRmcbegIánel,ÓnkarerobcMesckIþRBagBiFIsarbEnßmmYy sRmab;ktika sBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIsiTi§esdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’ edIm,IkMNt;siTi§[buKÁlGacdak;BakübNþwgeTAKN³kmμkar siTi§esdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’ k¾eday ¬EdlCasßab½nmanEtGñkCMnajdUctulakar dUcKñaeTAnwgsßab½nXøaMemIl siTi§sBaØarbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatiEdr¦ k¾manrdæaPi)alCaeRcInkMBugEtraraMgdl; karbegáItd¾mansar³sMxan;enH.

smtßkic©rbs;tulakarkñúgRsuk¬Cati¦ enAkñúgvis½y siTi§esdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’ ³ ]TahrN_

enAkñúgRbeTsxøH tulakarkñúgRsukRtUv)anpþl;GMNackñúgkarseRmcelIsiTi§esdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’ . RbB½n§yutiþsa®sþenARbeTsGaRhVikxagt,Úgpþl;Ca]TahrN_ smehtuplmYy EdlsiTi§ esdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’ mandUcCasiTi§TTYl)an mðÚbGahar siTi§TTYl)ankarEfTaMsuxPaB nig siTi§manpÞHsEm,g dUcmanEcgkñúgrdæFmμnuBaØ KWGacnwgRtUv)andak;[Gnuvtþedaytulakar.

RbGb;TI 12

30

enAkñúgerOgkþI Grootboom ¬rvagrdæaPi)al énsaFarN³rdæGaRhVikxagt,ÚgTl;nwg Irene Groot-

boom nigGñkdéTeTot CCT 11/00¦ tulakarFmμnuBaØ )anseRmcTukCa]TahrN_. rdæaPi)al GaRhVikxagt,Úg )anbþwg]T§rN_erOgkIþenH enAeBlEdltulakarCan;x<s; TIRkugexb bBa¢a[xøÜnpþl; CRmk ¬tg; bgÁn;cl½t karpÁt;pÁg;TwkeTogTat; ¦ dl;kumar nig«BukmþaymYyRkumEdlKμanpÞH sEm,g . RkumenH)anrs;enAkñúgCRmkmin pøÚvkarmYyEdlmanTwklicenAeBlePøógFøak; bnÞab;mkRkum enH k¾)anerIeTAkEnøgmYyepSgeTot EdlenATIenaH BYkeKRtUv)aneKbeNþjecj ehIyxÞmd¾kMst;rbs; BYkeK RtUv)andutbMpøajecalGs; . RkumenHk¾ElgmanpÞHsEm,g sRmab;rs;enATaMgRsug BIeRBaH lMenAdæanedImrbs;BYkeKRtUv)anGñkdéTcUlmkkan;kab;Gs; dUecñH BYkeKk¾eTArs;enACaCnGnaFib etyü enAelITIlankILa. RkumenHk¾dak;BakübNþwg eTAtulakarCan;x<s; TamTarsiTi§TTYl)an pÞHsEm,g nigsiTi§kumar dUcmanEcgkñúgrdæFmμnuBaØ . BakübNþwgTamTarsiTi§manpÞHsEm,g RtUv braC½y eRBaHtulakaryl;eXIjfa rdæ)ancat;viFankar :smehtupl : edIm,Ieq<aHeTArkkareFIV[seRmc)an nUvsiTi§enHCabeNþIr²tam :FnFanEdlrdæman : . b:uEnþ tamsμartIénrdæFmμnuBaØ Edl-Fanadl;siTi§manTICRmkrbs;kumar nigRsbtamplRbeyaCn_l¥bMputsRmab;kumar tulakark¾)an kMNt;fakumar nig«Bukmþayrbs;eKmansiTi§TTYl)anCRmk EdlRtUvpþl;edayrdæ .

eKGacRtUvkareBlevlaCaeRcInqñaM edIm,IGHGagfa siTæiesdækic© sgÁmkic© nig vb,Fm’enH KW minman ehtuplNaEdlRtUvbdiesFeLIy edaysarEtbBaðaekItmanCabnþbnÞab;dUcteTA ³ rdæaPi)al bdiesFminGnuBaØat[tulakarkñúgRbeTs nigGnþrCatieFVIkarvinicä½yelIsiT§iesdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’ mankarvinicä½yBak;B½n§tictYc edaytulakar ehIyGgÁehtuenH y:agehacNas;RtUv)an cat;TukCaPsþútagEdlfa siTi§TaMgenH minmanlkçN³sm,tiþRtUvedaHRsaytampøÚvtulakar b¤k¾manlkçN³ sm,tiþRtUvedaHRsaytampøÚvtulakarticCag siTi§Blrdæ nigsiTi§neya)ay .

31

CMBUkTI 3³ lixitubkrN_siT§imnusSGnþrCati karkekIteLIgénc,ab;siT§imnusSGnþrCati c,ab;siT§imnusSGnþrCati )anekIteLIgkñúgstvtSTI 19 enAeBlEdlc,ab; GnþrCati)anbegáIt [maneLIgnUvlT§imYy EdlenAkñúgenaH :kareFVIGnþraKmn_Epñk mnusSFm’ : RtUv)aneKyl;fa manPaBRsbc,ab; enAkñúgkrNITaMgLayNaEdlrdæ mYy)anRbRBwtþedaypÞal;nUvGMeBIesaknadkm μ Edl :eFVI[rn§t;tk;søútdl;mnsikar énmnusSCati :. eRkaymkeTot \T§iBlrbs;clnakak)aTRkhm nig karbegáIt eLIgnUvGgÁkarBlkmμGnþrCati (ILO) enAqñaM 1919 )annaMeTArkkarbegáIteLIgCa bnþbnÞab; nUvsn§isBaØaTIRkughSWENv6 nigbNþasn§isBaØaGnþrCatidMbUg²eK Edl-begáIteLIgsRmab;karBarkmμkr eFVIkarkñúgEpñk]sSahkmμ BIkarekgRbv½Ba©d¾F¶n;F¶r nig edIm,IeFVI[RbesIreLIgdl;lkçxNÐkargarrbs;BYkeK. sn§isBaØananasþIBICnCatiPaKtic Edl)anbegáIteLIg eRkays®gÁamelakelIkTI1 )anRbwgERbgkarBarsiT§iCnPaKtic CatiBn§ nigEdlmanPasaepSgKña ehIyEdlCYnkalRtUv)aneKyl;faCaedImehtu

6 sRmab;B½t’manbEnßm sþIBIGnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv nig c,ab;mnusSFm’ sUmemIl ka-reKarBc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati³ esovePAsMrab;smaCiksPa IPU TIRkughSWENv qñaM 1999

32

EdlnaM[manlixitubkrN_siT§imnusSGnþrCatism½yTMenIb. b:uEnþ ebIniyay[BiteTA sn§isBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIsiT§imnusSmuneKbg¥s; EdlRtUv)anGnum½teLIgenAkñúgqñaM 1926 ehIy)ancUlCaFrmanenAqñaMbnÞab; KWsn§isBaØasþIIBITasPaB. kRmgc,ab;GnþrCatisþIBIsiT§imnusS edaymankarbegáIteLIgnUvGgÁkarshRbCaCati naqñaM 1945 : karelIkkMBs; nig-karCMruj[ mankareKarBsiT§imnusS nigesrIPaBCamUldæan sRmab;mnusSRKb;rUb edayKμankarerIseGIgCatisasn_ ePT Pasa b¤sasna : 7 )ankøayCaeKaledA CamUldæanmYy kñúgcMeNameKaledACaeRcIn EdlshKmn_GnþrCati)anxMsVHEsVg. esckþIRbkasCasklsþIBIsiT§imnusS ¬1948¦ pþl;nUvkarbkRsayd¾twgrwg dMbUgeK mYyeTAelIBakü :siT§imnusS : dUcEdlRtUv)aneRbIenAkñúgFm μnuBaØenaH ehIyebIeTaH bICavaminRtUv)aneKerobcMCaesckþIRBag b¤Gnum½t[køayCalixitubkrN_manRbsiT§ PaBpøÚvc,ab;k¾eday k¾esckþIRbkasEdlcMNas;eRcInCag 50 qñaMmkehIyenaH GacRtUv)ancat;Tukfa Casþg;daTUeTAmYysþIBIsiT§imnusS naeBlbc©úb,nñenH.

esckþIRbkasCasklsþIBIsiT§imnusS RtUv)anGnum½tkñúgry³eBlBIrqñaM k¾b:uEnþ RtUvcMNayeBlCag 20qñaM edIm,IRBmeRBogKñaelIGtßbTénktikasBaØaGnþrCati sþIBIsiT§iBlrdæ nigsiT§ineya)ay (CCPR) nigktikasBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIsiTi§esdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’ (CESCR). bnÞab;BIcMNayeBl 6 qñaM kñúgkarerobcMesckþI RBagktikasBaØaTaMgBIrenH RtUv)anbBa©b;enAkñúgKN³km μkarmnusSGgÁkar

7 FmμnuBaØGgÁkarshRbCaCati EpñkTI 1 maRta 1 kfaxNÐTI 3.

33

shRbCaCatiienAqñaM 1954 k¾b:uEnþ mhasnñi)atshRbCaCati cMNayeBl 12 qñaMEfmeTot edIm,IeFVIkarGnum½telIktikasBaØaTaMgenaH. vasIueBl 10 qñaMbEnßm eTot rhUtdl;TTYl)anlixitubkrN_énkarpþl;sc©ab½nCacaM)ac;cMnYn 35 ehIyenA TIbBa©b; ktikasBaØaTaMgBIr )ancUlCaFrman ¬enAqñaM 1976¦. manEtesckþI RbkasCasklsþIBIsiT§imnusS ehIynigktikasBaØaTaMgBIrenHEtb:ueNÑaHeT EdlCa lixitubkrN_siT§imnusSTUeTArbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati. edaybUkpSMCamYyBiFIsar-bEnßmcMnYnBIreTotrbs; CCPR ¬1966 nig 1989¦ lixitubkrN_TaMgenH CaFm μta RtUv)aneKcat;TukfaCa :kRmgc,ab;GnþrCatisþIBIsiT§imnusS :.

:esckþIRbkas KWCaÉksarEdlKμankalkMNt; nigd¾man\T§iBl EdlTak;Taj[man esckþIR)afñad¾RCaleRCABImnusSCati edIm,Irs;enARbkbedayesckþIéføfñÚr smPaB nigsnþisux. esckþIRbkasenH pþl;nUvsþg;daGb,brmaepSg² nig)anCYy EkERbbBaða sIlFm’ TaMgLay [køayeTACaRkbx½NÐEdlmanRbsiT§PaB pøÚvc,ab;>>> :.

Sergio Vieira de Mello

GtIt]tþmsñgkarGgÁkarshRbCaCatiTTYlbnÞúksiT§imnusS sarEdl)anEføgenAkñuúg»kasTivasiT§imnusS 10 FñÚ qñaM 2002.

esckþIRbkasCasklsþIBIsiT§imnusS

eRkamkardwknaMrbs;\sSrCnd¾]tþúgÁ]tþm dUcCaelakRsI Eleanor Roosevelt elak René Cassin nig elak Charles Malik KN³kmμkarsiT§imnusSGgÁkarshRbCaCati )an TTYleCaKC½y kñúgkartak;EtgesckþIRbkasCasklsþIBIsiT§imnusSEtkñúgry³eBlBIr qñaMb:ueNÑaH. esckþIRbkasenH RtUv)anGnum½tedaymhasnñi)at enAéf¶TI 10 FñÚ qñaM 1948.

RbGb; 13

34

esckþIRbkasenHmanEcgGMBIsiT§iBlrdæ siT§ineya)ay siT§iesdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’ nigsiT§irbs;CnRKb;rUb :kñúgkarTTYl)annUvsNþab;Fñab;sgÁm nigGnþrCatiEdlenA kñúgenaHsiT§i nigesrIPaB EdlmanEcgenAkñúgesckþIRbkasenH GacRtUveFIV[seRmc)an y:ageBjelj :. eTaHbICaesckþIRbkasenH minEmnCaÉksarEdlmanRbsiT§PaB pøÚvc,ab; ehIyrdæsgÁmniymnananigRbeTsGaRhiVkxagt,Úg )aneFVIGnubvaTenAeBl EdlÉksarenHRtUv)anpþl;karGnum½tk¾eday k¾esckþIRbkasenH )anTTYlPaBrugerOg TaMgEpñksIlFm’ nigEpñkneya)ay eTACalixitubkrN_EdlmanGMNacFMeFgmYy eday sMEdgBIkaryl;dwgrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati eTAelIvis½ysiT§imnusS. bc©úb,nñenH esckþIRbkasenH )anedIrtYnaTICaRbB½n§mUldæanRKwHd¾rwgmaMénFm μnuBaØ edIm,IkarBardl; siT§imnusS ¬sUmemIlCMBUkTI8¦. esckþIRbkasenH rYmCamYynigktikasBaØaGnþrCati sþIBIsiT§iBlrdæ nigsiT§ineya)ay (CCPR) ktikasBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIsiT§iesdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’ (CESCR) nigBiFIsarbEnßmBIreTotrbs; CCPR begáIt)anCakRmgc,ab; GnþrCatisþIBIsiT§imnusS.

sn§isBaØasiT§imnusSsMxan;² kRmgc,ab;GnþrCatisþIBIsiT§imnusS RtUv)andak;bEnßmedaymanlixitubkrN_Cab; katBVkic©Cak;lak;mYycMnYnEfmeTot. sn§isBaØaxøHRtUv)ansßiteRkamkarRtYtBinitü edaysßab½nXøaMemIlnana ehIyrYmCamYynigktikasBaØacMnYnBIreTot begáIt)an CalixitubkrN_eBjelj EdlCaFmμta RtUv)aneKniyayeyagsMedAfaCasn§isBaØa siT§imnusSsMxan;² ¬sUmemIlCMBUkTI 5¦. lixitubkrN_bEnßmTaMgenHrYmman ³

GnusBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIkarbM)at;ral;TRmg;énkarerIseGIgCatisasn_ ¬CERD Gnum½t enAqñaM 1965 cUlCaFrmanenAqñaM 1969¦

35

GnusBaØasþIBIkarbM)at;ral;TRmg;énkarerIseGIgRbqaMgnwg®sþIePT ¬CEDAW Gnum½tenAqñaM 1979 cUlCaFrman enAqñaM 1981¦. GnusBaØaRbqaMgTaruNkm μ nigkarRbRBwtþmkelIxøÜn b¤TNÐkm μÉeTot EdleXaeXA GmnusSFm’ b¤benßakbnßab ¬CAT Gnum½tenAqñaM 1984 cUlCaFrmanenAqñaM 1987¦. GnusBaØasþIBIsiT§ikumar ¬CRC Gnum½tenAqñaM 1989 cUlCaFrmanenAqñaM 1990¦. GnusBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIkarkarBarsiT§ikm μkreTsnþrRbevsn_ nigsmaCikRKYsar rbs;BYkeK ¬RtUv)aneKsÁal;faCaGnusBaØasþIBIkm μkreTsnþrRbevsn_ b¤ CMW Gnum½t enAqñaM 1990 cUlCaFrman enAqñaM 2003¦.

karerobcMesckþIRBag nigkarGnum½tsn§isBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIsiT§imnusS

niglixitubkrN_Bak;B½n§nana

RKb;sn§isBaØasiT§imnusS nigesckþIRbkassMxan;²TaMgGs; RtUv)anGnum½tedayGgÁ mhasnñi)atGgÁkarshRbCaCati CaGgÁsßab½nEtmYyKt; EdlRKb;rdæsmaCikTaMgGs; cMnYn 191 RbeTs naeBlbc©úb,nñenH manvtþmantMNagrbs;xøÜn edaymanrdænImYy² mansemøgeqñatmYy. dMeNIrerobcMesckþIRBagEtgEtcab;epþIm BIkarGnum½tykesckþI RbkasmYyEdlminCab;katBVkic© edaypþl;niymn½yrYmmYy ehIybnÞab;mk k¾bnþ eFVIkñúgTRmg;Parkic©kan;EtlM)akeLIg edIm,IGPivDÆ[eTACasþg;da EdlCab;katBVkic© xagpøÚvc,ab;. CaTUeTA GtßbTénlixitubkrN_siT§ imnusS RtUv)anerobcMCaesckþ IRBagdMbUg edayKN³km μkarsiT§imnusSGgÁkarshRbCaCati EdlCaFm μtaeFVIRbtiPUkm μCMhandMbUg énkarerobcMesckþIRBagenH [eTAGnuKN³km μkarGcié®nþy_TTYlbnÞúkkarelIksÞÜy nig

RbGb; 14

36

karkarBarsiT§imnusS ¬sUmemIlCMBUkTI 8¦ b¤[eTARkumkargarmYy EdlKN³kmμkarenH begáIteLIgsRmab;eKalbMNgenaH ¬]TahrN_ enAeBlsresrtak;Etg RkumkargarmYy EbbenH )anerobcMesckþIRBagsn§isBaØamYysþIBIkar)at;xøÜnedaybgçM¦. dMeNIrkarénkar erobcMesckþIRBagenAkñúgKN³km μkar nig GgÁkarsßab½nd¾éTeTotrbs;KN³km μkarenH CaTUeTA cMNayeBly:agehacNas;CaeRcInqñaM ehIyGacRtUveRbIeBlrhUtdl;BIr TsvtSeTotpg. eBlNaEdlGtßbTenaH RtUv)anGnum½tedayKN³kmμkarsiT§imnusSGgÁkarshRbCaCati CaFm μta dMeNIrkarénkarerobcMesckþIRBagnwgmanel,ÓnelOneTAmux. bnÞab;mk GtßbTenaHRtUvEtTTYlkarGnum½tyl;RBmedayRkumRbwkSaesdækic© nigsgÁmkic©. CaFm μta kic©karenHRtUv)aneFVIeLIgEtkñúgkic©RbCuMEtmYyKt;b:ueNÑaH. CacugeRkay esckþIRBagenH RtUvEtTTYl)ankarBiPakSa nigGnum½tCapøÚvkareday mhasnñi)at ehIy CaBiess edayKN³km μaFikarTIbITTYlbnÞúkkic©karsgÁmkic© mnusSFm’ nigvb,Fm’. kalBIb:unμanqñaMknøgeTAfμ I² minEmnCaerOgFm μtaeT sRmab;KN³km μaFikarTIbIenH kñúgkar erobcMesckþIRBagGtßbTenHsarCafμ I edayswgEtcab;epþImBIdMbUgeLIgvij. k¾b:uEnþ kalBI b:unμanqñaMfμ I²enH esckþIseRmcEpñkneya)aysMxan;² RtUv)aneFVIeLIgenAkñúg KN³kmμkar ehIykargarenAkñúgmhasnñi)at k¾RtUv)ankMrit[eFIVkaredaHRsayelIbBaðaEdlenAess sl;bnþicbnþÜc kñúgrgVg;énkarRbCuMmYyelIk b¤BIrelIk. enAeBlEdlsn§isBaØaNamYyRtUv)anGnum½tedaymhasnñi)atEdlCaFmμta eday karseRmcCaÉkcä½nÞenaH sn§isBaØaRtUv)anebIk[mankarcuHhtßelxa nigkarpþl;sc©ab½n edayrdæsmaCiknana. sn§isBaØaenHnwgcUlCaFrman bnÞab;BI)anTTYllixitubkrN_én karpþl;sc©ab½n b¤karcUlCasmaCiktamcMnYnkMNt;Cak;;lak;rYcmk.

37

lixitubkrN_siT§imnusSdéTeTotrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati GgÁkarshRbCaCati nigbNþaPñak;garCMnajrbs;xøÜn)anGnum½tlixitubkrN_ siT§imnusSdéTeTotCaeRcIn EdlepþatelIRkumCak;;lak;nana dUcCa®sþI CnePosxøÜn CnbreTs nigCnKμanrdæ CnCatiPaKtic nigCnCatiedImPaKtic GñkCab;Bn§naKar CnmanBikarPaB kumar nItiCn nigCnrgeRKaHedaysar]RkidækmμCaedIm. lixi-tubkrN_CasklbEnßmeTot edaHRsayeTAelIkarrMelaPsiT§imnusScm,g² dUcCa TasPaB TaruNkm μ kar)at;xøÜnedaybgçM GMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_ kargaredaybgçM nig PaBminGt;»nEpñksasna b¤epþatkarykcitþTukdak;eTAelIbBaðasiT§imnusSCak;lak; epSgeTotenAkñúgvis½yGb;rM kargarkarGPivDÆn_ karRKb;RKgRbB½n§yutþiFm’ GaBah_BiBah_ nigesrIPaBkñúgkarbegáItsmaKm nigesrIPaBxagB½t’man.

bBa¢IBisþarmYyénlixitubkrN_siT§imnusS manpþl;CUnenAkñúg]bsm<½n§TI 4.

CMhannana kñúgkarkMNt;niymn½y nigkarGnuvtþnsþg;dasiT§imnusS

esckþIRbkas ³ begáItsþg;daminCab;katBVkic© esckþIRbkasCasklsþIBIsiT§imnusS ¬1948¦ esckþIRbkasrbs;GaemriksþIBIsiT§imnusS ¬1948¦ sn§isBaØa nigGnusBaØaGnþrCatiEdlCab;katBVkic© ktikasBaØarbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati ¬1966-1976¦ GnusBaØaGWru:b sRmab;karkarBarsiT§imnusS nigesrIPaBCamUldæan ¬1950- 1953¦

RbGb; 15

38

GnusBaØaGaemriksþIBIsiT§imnusS ¬1969-1978¦ Fm μnuBaØaGa®hViksþIBIsiT§imnusS nigsiT§iRbCaBlrdæ ¬1981-1986¦ karGnuvtþn_ ³ sßab½nXøaMemIlsn§isBaØasiT§imnusS nigynþkarnana nItiviFIénbNþwg nItiviFIeFVIr)aykarN_ nItiviFIesIubGegát RbB½n§énkareFVITsSnkic©CaeTogTat;

yutþisa®sþsþIBIsiT§imnusS

bNþasn§isBaØa nigGnusBaØsþIBIsiT§imnusS KWCalixitubkrN_Edlrs;revIk EdlRtUv)an begáIteLIgCaRbcaM tamry³yutþisa®sþrbs;tulakar nigsßab½nCMnajGnþrCati EdlTTYl xusRtUvXøaMemIlCaGnþrCati. sßab½nTaMgenH )anpþl;karbkRsayRbkbedayfamBl eTAelIsþg;dacm,g² énlixitubkrN_TaMgenaH TUlMTUlayelIsBIGtßn½yedImrbs;va eday sRmbsRmYlbTbBaØtiþénlixitubkrN_TaMgenaH eTAtamkal³eTs³ bc©úb,nñ. ]TahrN_ karhamR)amkarRbRBwtþ b¤kardak;eTasTNÐEbbGmnusSFm’ nigbenßakbnÞab eRkam-maRta 3 énGnusBaØaGWru:bsþIBIkarkarBarsiT§imnusS nigesrIPaBCamUldæan ¬1950¦ kalBIdMbUgeLIy BuMmanbMNgGnuvtþeTAelITRmg;énTNÐkm μelIrUb kaybnþicbnþÜceLIy ¬dUcCa krNIEdlRtUv)anGnuvtþenAtamsalaeronenAcRkPBGg;eKøsCaedIm¦ k¾b:uEnþ kñúgkarsRmbxøÜneTAtamGnusBaØa EdlCalixitubkrN_ d¾rs;revIkmYyenaH tulakarGWru:b TTYlbnÞúksiT§imnusS )anrkeXIjfa tammaRta 3 enH KμanTRmg;énkardak;TNÐkm μ

RbGb; 16

39

NamYyelIrUbkay RtUv)anGnuBaØateLIy. RsedogKñaenHEdr KN³km μaFikarsiT§imnusS GgÁkarshRbCaCati ¬sUmemIlCMBUkTI 5¦ )anrkeXIjfa siT§iTTYl)ansnþisuxbuKÁl Edl)anFanaenAkñúgmaRta 9énCCPR RBmTaMgsiT§iTTYl)anesrIPaBenaH minEdlman bMNgeFVIkarbRgYmrhUteTAdl;eFVI[)at;bg;esrIPaBCapøÚvkar enaHeT. enAkñúgesckþIs-eRmcCaRbvtþisa®sþmYy ¬krNIrbs; Delgado Páez CamYy nig RbeTskULúMb‘Í 195/1985¦ KN³km μaFikar )anseRmcfa rdænanaminGacRBegIykenþIyeTAelIkarKMram kMEhgdl;snþisuxpÞal;xøÜnrbs;CnminRtUv)aneKXuMxøÜn EdlsßitkñúgEdnsmtßkicrbs;xøÜn eLIy ehIyrdæTaMgenaH mankatBVkic©RtUvcat;viFankarsmrmü nig smehtupledIm,I karBarBYkeK.

41

CMBUkTI 4 ³ etIrdæaPi)alGaceFVIkarritt,iteTAelIsiT§imnusS)anEdrb¤eT?

siT§imnusSxøH dUcCa karhamR)amkareFVITaruNkm μ nigTasPaB KWCasiTi§RtUvman dac;xat. karGnuvtþn_bec©keTssYrcemøIy edayeFVITaruNkm μ dUcEdl)ankMNt; n½yenAkñúgmaRta 1 rbs; CAT dUcCakarqk;ExSePøIg nigviFIepSgeTot EdlbNþal[mankarQWcab;xagpøÚvkay b¤EpñkstiGarmμN_F¶n;F¶r minGacykmkeFVICaGMNH GMNag)aneT eTaHCaEp¥kelImUlehtuNak¾eday rYmTaMgenAkñúgEpñkRbqaMgePvrkm μ pgEdr Edlkñúgkal³eTs³rebobenaHRtUv)anGHGagfa CaesckþIRtUvkarcaM)ac; edIm,I[CnCab;XuMpþl;B½t’manGMBIkarvayRbharePvrkmμ EdlCitnwgekIteLIgkñúg eBlxagmux.

rdæRtUv)anGnuBaØat[TTYl)ankareBjcitþmYykMrit Tak;TgnwgkatBVkic©rbs;xøÜn kñúgkareKarB karBar nigbMeBj elIsiT§imnusSPaKeRcIn. katBVkic©PaKeRcIn kñúg-cMeNamkatBVkic©TaMgenH KWsßitenAeRkamkareFVI[seRmc)anedayeCOn elOneTAmux ehIy-dUecñH kñúgkarvaytémøfaetIrdæmYy)anrMelaPelIkatBVkic©siT§imnusSrbs;xøÜnEdrb¤eT enaH eKRtUvEteFVIkarBicarNaelIsßanPaBBiessEpñ μksgÁmkic© neya)ay esdækic© sasna nigvb,Fm’rbs;sgÁmnImYy²rbs;rdænImYy². RsbKñaenHEdr eKalkarN_ Casklrbs;siT§imnusSGnuvtþ Cacm,gEteTAelIGtßn½ysñÚlrbs;siT§imnusSb:ueNÑaH

42

rIÉrdæaPi)alvij KWmanGMNacFMTUlaysml μmkñúgkarGnuvtþn_siT§imnusSsmRsb eTAtamplRbeyaCn_Catirbs;xøÜn tamry³xrkSaTuk xdkhUt b¤xkMNt;RBMEdn nana ehIynigtamry³eKalkarN_énkareFVI[)anseRmcCabeNþIr².

x kRmitRBMEdn katBVkic©eKarBsiT§imnusSCaeRcIn RtUvsßitenAeRkam x EdleKehAfa x kRmitRBMEdn. karGnuvtþn_esrIPaBEpñkneya)ay dUcCaesrIPaBkñúgkarbeBa©jmti karRbCMuM nigkarbegáItsmaKm RtUveFVIeLIgedaymankatBVkic© nigkarTTYlxusRtUv epSg² ehIyehtudUecñH karGnuvtþn_esrIPaBenH GacsßitenAeRkamTRmg;kar lkçxNÐkardak;kMrit nigkardak;eTasepSg² edIm,ICaRbeyaCn_dl;snþisuxCati bUrNPaBEdndI b¤suvtßiPaBsaFarN³ karTb;sáat;kuM[manclacl b¤]Rkidækmμ karBardl;suxPaBsaFarN³ b¤sIlFm’ b¤karBardl;kitþis½BÞ b¤siT§i nigesrIPaB rbs;GñkdéTeTot. RbsinebI mnusSeRbIR)as;esrIPaBrbs;xøÜnminRtwmRtUvkñúgkar niyaysIþ nigcUlrYmkñúg)atukmμ edIm,IjúHjg;[mankars¥b;ex<ImCatisasn_ b¤ sasna edIm,IeXasna[mans®gÁam b¤edIm,IjúHjg;GñkdéT[RbRBwtþGMeBI]Rkidæ rdæaPi)almankatBVkic©mYykñúg karraraMgdl;karGnuvtþn_esrIPaBTaMgenH edIm,IkarBar siT§imnusSrbs;GñkdéTepSgeTot. b:uEnþ eTaHCay:agNak¾edaykareRCotERCk kardak;kMrit nig kardak;eTasNamYyRtUvEtRsbeTAtamc,ab;kñúgRbeTs ehIyRtUv EtmanlkçN³caM)ac; edIm,IseRmc)annUveKalbMNgTaMgenaH nigplRbeyaCn_Cati enAkñúgsgÁmRbCaFibetyü. eTaHenAkñúgkrNINak¾ edayrdæRtUvEtbgðaj[eXIjnUv PaBcaM)ac;kñúgkardak;kMritTaMgenaH ehIycat;viFankarTaMgLayNaEdlsmamaRt eTAnwgeKalbMNg EdlRtwmRtUvtamc,ab;Etb:ueNÑaH.

43

siT§i esrIPaB nigkarhamXat;nana EdlminsßitenAeRkamkardkhUt eTaHbICakñúgeBlmans®gÁamk¾eday

enAeRkammaRta 4 én CCPR

siT§irs;ranmanCIvit karhamR)amkareFVITaruNkmμ b¤karRbRBwtþmkelIxøÜn b¤TNÐkmμÉeTot EdleXareXA

GmnusSFm’ b¤benßakbnÞab karhamR)amGMeBITasPaB nigPaBCa´beRmI karhamR)amkarXuMxøÜn edaykarCMBak;bMNul siTi§rYcputBIRbtiskm μénc,ab;RBhμTNÐ siT§iTTYl)ankarTTYlsÁal;faCabuKÁlmñak;enAcMeBaHmuxc,ab; esrIPaBxagKMnit sm,CBaØ³ nigsasna

enAeRkammaRta 15 énGnusBaØaGWru:b sRmab;karkarBarsiT§imnusS nigesrIPaBCamUldæan siT§irs;ranmanCIvit elIkElgEtkarsøab;edaysarskm μPaBéns®gÁamRsbc,ab; karhamR)amkareFVITaruNkmμ b¤karRbRBwtþmkelIxøÜn b¤TNÐkmμÉeTot EdleXareXA

GmnusSFm’ b¤ benßakbnÞab karhamR)amGMeBITasPaB nigPaBCaxJMúbMerI siTi§rYcputBIRbtiskm μénc,ab;RBhμTNÐ

enAeRkammaRta 27 énGnusBaØaGaemriksþIBIsiT§imnusS siT§iTTYl)anlkçN³buKÁltampøÚvc,ab; siT§irs;ranmanCIvit siT§iTTYl)anRbRBwtþkm μRbkbedaykIþemtþa

RbGb; 17

44

karhamR)amGMeBITasPaB siTi§rYcputBIRbtiskm μénc,ab;RBhμTNÐ esrIPaBxagKMnit sm,CBaØ³ nigsasna siT§imansBa¢ati siT§icUlrYmkñúgrdæaPi)al siT§iTTYl)andMeNaHRsaytampøÚvtulakar siT§imaneQμaH siT§ikñúgkarmanRKYsar siT§ikñúgkarmankUn

kardak;kRmit EdlRtwmRtUvtamc,ab; xrkSaTuk viFankardkhUt kñúgkrNImanGasnñ hamR)amkareRbIR)as;siT§imnusSedayminRtwmRtUv xkMNt;RBMEdn RtUvEt³

Rsbtamc,ab;kñúgRbeTs bMerI[eKalbMNgEdlRtwmRtUvtamc,ab; manlkçN³smamaRt

kardak;kMrit EdlRtwmRtUvtamc,ab; ³ ]TahrN_mYycMnYn GMBIyutiþsaRsþ vaKWCaParkic©énsßab½nsiT§imnusSGnþrCati kñúgkarvaytémøeTAelIkrNInImYy²faetITRmg; énkareRCotERCkNamYy bMerI[eKalbMNgEdlRtwmRtUvtamc,ab; Edrb¤eT etIvaEp¥k

RbGb; 18

RbGb; 19

45

elIc,ab;kñúgRbeTs EdlmansuBlPaB nigGacemIl eXIjCamunEdrb¤eT nigman lkçN³smamaRt Edr b¤eT. ]TahrN_ tulakar GWru:bTTYlbnÞúksiT§imnusS)anbkRsay x dak; kMritRBMEdnBak;B½n§nanaenAkñúgtulakarenH kñúgrebobmYyEdlmYyEpñk pþl;[rdæaPi)al nUvkareBjcitþkñúgkMritmYyTUlMTUlayKYrsm rIÉmYyEpñkeTottRmUv[ rdæaPi)alTaMgenaH bgðajnUvesckþIRtUvkarcaM)ac;bnÞan;mYyenAkñúgsgÁm edIm,Ivinicä½y[)an RtwmRtUvdl;karrit t,itTaMgenaH. ]TahrN_ tulakarenHmin)anTTYlGMnas;GMNagEdlrdæaPi)al eGokLg; )anpþl;fa karhamR)amCaTUeTAelI karrYmePTedaymnusSmanePTdUcKña enAeRkamc,ab; RBh μTNÐrbs;eGokLg; manPaBcaM)ac;enAkñúgsgÁmRbCaFibetyümYy edIm,IkarBarsIlFm’ saFarN³enaHeT edaysarenAtamsgÁmÉeTot²énTVIbGWr:ubmin manc,ab;NaEdlGacyk mkeRbobeFob)an enaHvaBuMmanesckþIRtUvkarcaM)ac;bnÞan; NamYykñúgsgÁmsMrab;;dak;kMrit RCaleRCAeTAelIsiT§iÉkCnenaHeLIy. karBüÜrkatBVkic©siTi§mnusSkñúgsßanPaBmanGasnñ kñúgeBlmans®gÁam mankub,kmμ maneRKaHmhnþrayFmμCati b¤PaBGasnñsaFarN³ epSgeTot ¬dUcCa karvayRbharedayePrvkrCaedIm¦ Edlbgár[mankarKMram kMEhgF¶n;F¶rdl;GayuCivitrbs;CatimYy rdæaPi)alGaccat;viFankarBüÜr katBVkic© siT§imnusSrbs;xøÜn)an RbsinebIbMeBjnUvlkçxNÐdUcxageRkamenH ³

RtUvEtRbkasdak;RbeTskñúgsßanPaBmanGasnñ viFankarCak;lak;kñúgkardkhUtsiTi§ecjBIsn§isBaØaGnþrCatimYy RtUvEtCUn

dMNwgCapøÚvkareTAGgÁkarGnþrCati Edlmansmtßkic© nigrdæPaKIÉeTot²

kardkhUtsiTi§ RtUv)anGnuBaØatEtkñúgkrNIEdlsßankarN_)antRmUv[Etb:ueNÑaH kardkhUtsiTi§enH RtUvlubecalvijPøam enAeBlEdlsßankarN_GnuBaØat

siT§inana EdlsßiteRkamkardkhUt)an

46

siTi§EdlminsßitkñúgcMeNamsiT§iTaMgLayNa EdlminGnuBaØat[dkhUteT ¬sUmemIlRbGb; 17¦.

xrkSaTukcMeBaHsn§isBaØasiT§imnusSfñak;GnþrCati nigfñak;tMbn; kñúgkrNImYycMnYn rdæGacecjesckþIEføgkarN_ bnÞab;BIkarcuHhtßelxa karpþl; sc©ab½n karTTYlyk karGnum½t b¤karcUlCasmaCikelIsn§isBaØamYy. esckþIEføg karN_EbbenH Gacdak;cMNgeCIgfa :karrkSaTuk : :esckþIRbkas : :karyl; eXIj : :esckIþRbkasbkRsay : b¤ :esckþIEføg karN_bkRsay :.

maRta 19 énGnusBaØaTIRkugvIEynsþIBIc,ab;sn§isBaØabBa¢ak;c,as;fa enAeBl cuHhtßelxa pþl;sc©ab½n TTYlyk Gnum½t b¤cUlCasmaCikeTAelIsn§isBaØamYy rdæGacsMEdgkarrkSaTukrbs;xøÜn)an RbsinebI ³

1> karrkSaTuk minRtUv)anhamR)amedaysn§isBaØaenaH 2> sn§isBaØa min)anEcgfa manEtkarrkSaTukCak;lak; Edlmin)andak;bBa©Úl

kñúgkarrkSaTuk EdlmanbBaðab:ueNÑaHGaceFIV)an b¤ 3> kñúgkrNIEdlminsßitkñúgRbePTTaMgBIrxagelIenHeT karrkSaTuk minman-

vismtiPaBeTAnwgkm μvtßú nigeKalbMNgrbs;sn§isBaØa. kñúgkrNIEdlsn§isBaØamin)anEcgGMBIkarrkSaTukenHeT ehIykarrkSaTukenH RtUv)an

begáIteLIg nigbnÞab;mk RtUv)anpSBVpSay[)andwgenaH rdænanaEdlBak;B½n§ man-ry³eBl 12 Ex edIm,ICMTas;eTAnwgkarrkSaTukenaH edayKitcab;epþImBIkalbriecäT énkarCUndMNwgenaH b¤kalbriecäTEdlrdæenaH sMEdgkaryl;RBmrbs;xøÜn TTYlyk karcgkatBVkic©edaysn§isBaØaenaH edaykalbriecäTmYyNak¾)an[EtekIteLIg eRkay eK ¬sUmemIlmaRta 20¬5¦énGnusBaØaTIRkugvIEyn qñaM 1969¦.

47

RbsinebIsn§isBaØamin)anEcgeT rdæGacdkkarrkSaTuk b¤dkkarCMTas;eTAnwg karrkSaTukTaMgRsug b¤edayEpñkxøHenAeBlNak¾)an. viFankarRbqaMgePrvkm μ nigsiT§imnusS kRmgGtßbTsegçbényutþisa®sþrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati nigGgÁkarfñak; tMbn;sþIBI karkarBarsiT§imnusSenA kñúgGMLúgeBlRbqaMgGMeBIePrvkmμ EdlRtUv)anpSBVpSay edaykariyal½y]tþmsñgkarGgÁkarshRbCaCatiTTYlbnÞ úksiT§ imnusS (OHCHR) kalBIExkBaØa qña M 2003 pþl;nUvkRmgénkardkRsg;CaeRcInBI yutþisa®sþénsßab½nsiT§imnusSrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati nigGgÁkarepSg²eTot ¬CaBiess GgÁkartMbn; Ga®hVik Gaemrik nigGWru:b¦.

kRmgGtßbTsegçbenHbgðaj[eXIjfa GMLúgeBlskm μPaBRbqaMgnwgGMeBI ePrvkmμ bBaðamYycMnYn RtUv)anrkeXIjfamankarBak;B½n§CaBiesseTAnwgbBaðakarBar siT§imnusS nigesrIPaBCamUldæan. bBaðaEbbenHmYy KWniymn½yénBaküePrvkm μ. eTaHbICaBaküenHminTan;RtUv)ankMNt;niymn½yCak;lak;k¾edayk¾rdænana )anyl; RBmelIFatu sMxan;²mYycMnYnénniymn½yrbs;varYceTAehIy. enAéf¶TI09 ExFñÚ qñaM 1994 mhasnñi)atGgÁkarshRbCaCati )anGnum½tesckþIEføgkarN_sþIBIviFankar bM)at;GeBIePrvkmμGnþrCati (A/RES/49/ 60). esckþIEføgkarN_enaH)anelIk eLIgfa GMeBIePrvkmμ manrYmbBa©ÚlnUv :GMeBI]RkidæEdlmanbMNg b¤EdleFVIkar KNnaedIm,Ibgá[manPaBP½ytk;søút enAkñúgcMeNamsaFarN³CnTUeTA RkummnusS mYyRkum b¤buKÁlCak;lak;TaMgLay edIm,IeKalbMNgxagneya)ay : ehIy EfmTaMgbEnßmfa GMeBIrebobenH : eTaHkñúgkal³eTs³ Nak¾eday minRtUvykeFVICa

48

GMNHGMNag)aneT eTaHbICamankarKitKUreTAelIbBaðaneya)ay TsSn³viC¢a menaKmviC¢a Catisasn_ CatiBn§ sasna b¤sarCatiepSgeTot EdlGacRtUv)aneK eRbIR)as;sMrab;;eFVICaGMNHGMNagelIGMeBITaMgenHenaH :.

bBaðaePrvkm μ nigsiT§imnusS )ankøayCabBaðaKYr[)armÖCayUrmkehIy cMeBaH km μviFI siT§imnusSGgÁkarshRbCaCati k¾b:uEnþ karedaHRsayelIbBaðaenHkan;Etman PaBbnÞan;eLIgbnÞab;BIkarvayRbharenAéf¶TI 11 ExkBaØa qñaM 2001 nigkarekIn eLIgénGMeBIePrvkm μenATUTaMgBiPBelak. enAkñúgkic©RbCuMBiessmYyrbs; KN³km μaFikarRbqaMgGMeBIePvrkm μrbs;RkumRbwkSasnþisux CamYyGgÁkarfñak; GnþrCati fñak;tMbn;nana nigGgÁkarfñak;GnutMbn;CaeRcIn enAéf¶TI06 ExmIna qñaM 2003 elakGKÁelxaFikar kUhVIGaNan; )anEføgfa³

:kareqøIytbrbs;eyIgcMeBaHGMeBIePvrkmμ RBmTaMgkic©xitxMrbs;eyIgkñúgkarraraMg nig Tb;sáat;GMeBIenH KWKYrelIksÞÜysiT§imnusS EdlBYkePrvCnmanbMNgcg;bMpøaj. kareKarB-siT§imnusS esrIPaBCamUldæan nignItirdæ KWCa]bkrN_d¾sMxan;bMputenAkñúgkic©xitxMRbwg ERbgkñúgkarRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIePrvkmμ eBalKWenAkñúgeBlmanPaBtantwg minRtUv lHbg;buBVsiTi§enHeLIy :.

sßab½nsiT§imnusSGgÁkarshRbCaCatixøH )ansMEdgkarRBYy)armÖfa viFankar RbqaMgnwgGMeBIePvrkm μGacrMelaPeTAelIsiT§imnusS . ]TahrN_ GñkraykarN_ Biessrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati nigGñkCMnajkarÉkraCü )anEføgenAkñúgkic© RbCuMRbcaMqñaMelIkTI10 rbs;xøÜn EdleFIVeLIgenATIRkughSWENv kalBIExmifuna qñaM 2003 fa³

:eTaHbICaBYkeK ¬GñkraykarN_Biess nigGñkCMnajkarÉkraCünana¦ rYbrYmKña edIm,IefáaleTasGMeBIePvrkm μk¾eday k¾BYkeK)anbgðajkgVl;y:agxøaMg eTAelIPaB

49

ecHEtekIneLIgCalMdab;nUveKalneya)ay c,ab; nigkarGnuvtþn_epSg² Edl)an eFVIeLIgedayRbeTsCaeRcIn kñúgnamkarRbyuT§RbqaMgGMeBIePrvkmμEdleFIV[b:H Bal;GviC¢mandl;karTTYl)anCak;EsþgnUvsiT§imnusS dUcCa siT§iBlrdæ siT§ineya)ay siT§iesdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’.

BYkeKepþatkarykcitþTukdak;eTAelIeRKaHfñak; EdlmanCab;CamYynwgkareRbIR)as; edayminerIsmuxnUvBakü :ePrvkmμ : nigkarerIseGIgRbePTfμ ImYyE dlekItmaneLIg . BYkeKTaMgenaHmankaresaksþaycMeBaHehtukarN_ Edlfa enAeRkamelsénkarRb yuT§RbqaMgnwgePrvkm μ GñkkarBarsiT§imnusSRtUv)anKMramkMEhg ehIyRkumgayrg eRKaHnana )ankøayCaeKaledA nigRtUv)aneKerIseGIg edayEp¥kelImUldæan énedImkMeNIt nigzan³sgÁm esdækic© CaBiess CnGenþaRbevsnþ CnePosxøÜn nig-GñkEsVgrksiT§iRCkekan CnCatiedIm nigCnEdleFVIkarts‘UedIm,ITamTarsiT§ielIdIFøI rbs;BYkeK b¤eFIVkarts‘URbqaMgnwgplb:HBal;GviC¢manedaysareKalneya)ay sklPavUbnIykm μesdækic© :

enAeRkamlkçxNÐCak;lak;bMput GMeBIePvrkmμGacvinicä½yRtwmRtUvdl;sßanPaB man-GasnñEdlsiT§imYycMnYnGac sßitenAeRkamkardkhUt Rsbtam CCPR niglixitubkrN_ siT§imnusSenAfñak;tMbn;nana. eTaHCay:agenHk¾eday enAeRkambBaØtiþdEdlenH siT§imnusS mYycMnYnminRtUvsßiteRkamkarBüÜr)aneT eTaHCakñúgkal³eTs³Nak¾eday ¬sUmemIl RbGb; 17¦.

tam CCPR nig lixitubkrN_siT§imnusSenAfñak;tMbn;nana kardkhUtsiT§idéTeTot eRkABIsiTi§Edl)anerobrab;xagelI RtUv)anGnuBaØat[eFVI)anEtenAkúñgkal³eTs³ Biessb:ueNÑaH eBalKWRtUvEtmanlkçN³Biess RtUvmaneBlkMNt;y:agc,as;las;

50

eTAtamTMhMEdltRmUvedayPaBbnÞan;bgçMénsßanPaB sßiteRkamkarRtYtBinitü y:ageTogTat; nigRsbtamkatBVkic©TaMgLaydUcmanEcgedayc,ab;GnþrCati ehIy minRtUvbgá[mankarerIseGIgeLIy. elIsBIIenHeTot vatRmUv[rdæCUndMNwgdl; GKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati b¤GgÁkarfñak;tMbn;EdlBak;B½n§GMBIbBaØtþi Edl RtUv)andkhUt nigmUlehtuénkardkhUtTaMgenaH.

bEnßmelIkatBVkic©epSgeTotrbs;rdæ dUcmanEcgedayc,ab;GnþrCati KN³kmμkar siT§imnusS )anerobcMbBa¢IsiT§iepSg²EdlsiTi§TaMgenaHminRtUvsßiteRkamkardkhUteLIy bEnßmelIsiT§iEdlbBa¢ak;enAkñúgmaRta 4 én CCPR. siT§iTaMgenaH rYmman ³

CnRKb;rUb EdlRtUv)aneKdkhUtesrIPaBRtUvEtTTYl)ankarRbRBwtþmkelIxøÜn edayeKarBdl;esckþIéføfñÚr. karcab;CacMNab;xμaMg karcab;BRgt; nig-karXuMxøÜn EdlBMumankarTTYlsÁal;RtUv)anhamXat;.

RbCaCnEdlCaCnCatiPaKtic RtUvTTYl)ankarkarBar karbeNþjecjedayxusc,ab; b¤karepÞrRbCaCnedaybgçM RtUv)anhamXat; nig

:KμankarRbkasPaBmanGasnñ>>>> RtUv)anykmkeRbIICaels sRmab;rdæPaKI mYyeFVIkareXasna [mans®gÁam b¤CRmuj[mankars¥b;ex<ImeTAelICnCati Catisasn_ b¤sasna EdlbegáItCakarjúHjg;naM[ekItmankarerIseGIg GriPaB b¤GMeBIhwgSa)aneLIy :.

elIsBIenHeTot edayehtufa siT§iTTYl)ankarCMnuMCRmHedayRtwmRtUvGMLúg eBlman CemøaHbdab;GavuF RtUv)anFanay:agCak;c,as; dUcmanEckñúgc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati enaH KN³kmμkarsiT§imnusS )anyl;eXIjfaeKal karN_nItüanukUlPaB nignItirdæ tRmUv[mankareKarBcMeBaHeKalkarN_mUldæanénkarCMnuMCRmHedayRtwmRtUv GMLúgeBl

51

sßanPaBmanRKaGasnñ. KN³km μkar)ansgát;F¶n;fa caM)ac;RtUvEtRbkan;x¢ab;nUv karBarsiT§iTaMgenaH EdlRtUv)anTTYlsÁal;y:agc,as;las;fa CasiTi§EdlminGac RtUvdkhUt)an ehIyCasiTi§EdlRtUv)ankarBaredaykarFanatamnItiviFI rYmTaMg CaerOy² karFanatampøÚvtulakareTotpg.

tam CCPR niglixitubkrN_siT§imnusSenAfñak;tMbn;nana eKalkarN_énPaB caM)ac; nig eKalkarN_énPaBsmamaRt RtUvGnuvtþenAeBlEdlmankarGnuBaØat CaBiess edIm,Idak;kRmitRBMEdnelIsiT§ixøH sRmab;EteKalbMNgCak;lak;RtwmRtUv tamc,ab; nigmankarkMNt;c,as;las; eRkABIsßanPaBmanRKaGasnñ. viFankar Edl)ancat;eLIg RtUvmanlkçN³smrmü nigmanlT§PaBrMelaPbMBanticbMput kñúgkareFVI[seRmc)annUveKalbMNgrbs;xøÜn. qnÞanusiT§i Edl)anpþl;eTA[GaCJaFr edIm,I eFVIskmμPaBkñúgvis½yenaH minRtUveFVIedayeRscGMeBIcitþenaHeT . enARKb;krNI TaMgGs; eKalkarN_énkarminerIseGIgRtUvEteKarB ehIykic©RbwgERbgBiess² RtUv EteFIVeLIg edIm,IrkSakarBardl;siT§iCngayrgeRKaHnana. viFankarRbqaMgGMeBI ePvrkm μ EdlsMedAedayELkEteTAelIRkumCnCati b¤sasna Cak;lak;NaenaH KWpÞúyeTAnwgeKalkarN_siT§imnusS ehIyGacbgá[mankaregIbeLIg nUvkarerIseGIg nigkarRbkan;BUCsasn_.

53

CMBUkTI 5 ³ sßab½nXøaMemIlkarGnuvtþn_sn§isBaØasiT§imnusSrbs;GgÁkarshRbCa Cati karGnuvtþn_tamkatBVkic©erog²xøÜnrbs;rdæPaKInana eTAtamsn§isBaØasiT§ imnusS sMxan;²cMnYnR)aMBIr ¬sUmemIlCMBUkTI 3¦ RtUv)anBinitüXøaMemIledaysßab½nCMnaj cMnYnR)aMBIr EdlRtUv)aneKsÁal;fa Casßab½nXøaMemIlkarGnuvtþn_sn§isBaØa b¤sßab½n sn§isBaØa.

KN³km μaFikarsiT§imnusS (CCPR)

KN³km μaFikarsiT§iesdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’ (CESCR)

KN³km μaFikarTTYlbnÞúkkarlubbM)at;karerIseGIgBUCsasn_ (CERD)

KN³km μaFikarTTYlbnÞúkkarlubbM)at;karerIseGIgRbqaMgnwg®sþIePT (CEDAW)

KN³km μaFikarRbqaMgTaruNkm μ (CAT)nigGnuKN³km μaFikarbgáarTaruNkmμ (SPT)

KN³km μaFikarsiT§ikumar (CRC)

KN³km μaFikarTTYlbnÞúkkarkarBarsiT§ikm μkrGenþaRbevsnþ nigsmaCik RKYsarrbs;BYkeK (CMW)

54

elIkElgEtKN³kmμaFikarsiT§iesdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’ EdlRtUv)anbegáIt eLIgedayesckIþseRmcrbs;RkumRbwkSaesdækic© nigsgÁmkic© enAqñaM1985 sßab½n TaMgGs;xagelIenH RtUv)anbegáIteLIgedaylixitubkrN_rbs;xøÜnerog²xøÜn ehIy RtUv)anbegáIteLIgPøam² bnÞab;BIsn§isBaØaTaMgenaH cUlCaFrman. smaCikPaB nigkarRbRBwtþeTA KN³km μaFikar CCPR, CESCR, CERD nig CRC manGñkCMnaj 18 rUb kñúgKN³km μaFikarnImYy² KN³km μaFikar CAT nig CMW manGñkCMnaj 10rUb ehIyKN³km μaFikar CEDAW manGñkCMnaj 23rUb. smaCikKN³km μaFikar TaMgenH RtUv)aneRCIstaMgedayrdæPaKI nanaénsn§isBaØanImYy²¬elIkElgEt KN³kmμaFikar CESCR EdlRtUv)aneRCIstaMgedayRkumRbwkSaesdækic© nigsgÁmkic©¦ edayQrelImUldæan RtwmRtUvénkarEbgEckeTAtamtMbn; PUmisa®sþ[)an smPaB. KN³km μaFikar CCPR nig CRC CYbRbCuMbIdgkñúgmYyqñaM KN³km μaFikar CMW CYbRbCuMEtmþg nigsßab½nsn§isBaØaepSgeTotCYbRbCuMBIr dgkñúgmYyqñaM. elIkElgEtKN³km μaFikar CEDAW EdlRtUv)anpþl;esvakm μ edayEpñkvDÆnPaB®sþIrbs;shRbCaCati (UNDAW) énnaykdæankic©karesdækic© nigsgÁmkic©rbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati (DESA) EdlsßitenAkñúgTIsñak;karFMrbs; GgÁkarshRbCaCati nabUrIjÚvy:k sßab½nsn§isBaØaepSgeTot RtUv)anpþl;esvakm μ edaykariyal½yén]tþmsñgkarTTYlbnÞúksiTi§mnusS OHCHR enATIRkughSWENv. nItiviFIeFVIr)aykarN_ katBVkic©rbs;rdæ nItiviFIraykarN_rbs;rdæ KWCanItiviFICab;katBVkic©EtmYyKt;EdlRtUv)aneRbIR)as; cMeBaHsn§isBaØasiT§imnusSsMxan;²TaMgR)aMBIr. rdæaPi)almankatBVkic©dak;r)ay

55

karN_bzmmYyCUnsßab½nXøaMemIlkarGnuvtþsn§isBaØa bnÞab;mk mandak;r)ay karN_tamkalkMNt;;nanaeTot nigr)aykarN_CabnÞan; b¤r)aykarN_epSgeTot tamkaresñIsuMrbs;sßab½nXøaMemIlkarGnuvtþn_sn§isBaØa. sßab½nsn§isBaØapþl;CUn rdænananUveKalkarN_ENnaMnana edIm,ICYyeRCamERCgrdæTaMgenaH kñúgkarerobcM r)aykarN_.

niyayCaTUeTA r)aykarN_TaMgenaHRtUv)anrMBwgfanwgRtUvpþl;nUvB½t’manGb,brma dUcxageRkamenH³

viFankarTaMgGs;Edl)anGnum½tedayrdæ kñúgkarpþl;suBlPaBdl;siT§inana EdlmanEcgenAkñúgsn§isBaØa

kareFVI[rIkceRmIndl;karR)aRs½ysiT§iTaMgenaH B½t’manEdlTTYl)anBIbTBiesaFn_Bak;B½n§nana edayrYmTaMgTinñn½ysißti pgEdr bBaða nigkarlM)akTaMgGs; Edlb:HBal;dl;karGnuvtþsn§isBaØaenAkñúgRbeTs tamc,ab; r)aykarN_rbs;rdæ RtUv)anRBagedayrdæaPi)alnImYy². k¾b:uEnþ

edIm,IFananUvPaBeBjelj nigPaBstüanum½t karcUlrYmkñúgkarerobcMr)aykarN_ enH BIsMNak;sßab½nepSgeTot ¬CaBiesssPa¦ KN³km μkarCatisiT§ImnusS nigkari-yal½yRbCaBlrdæ (Ombudsman) nigGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alBak;B½n§nana RBmTaMg GgÁkarsgÁmsIuvil RtUv)ancat;Tukfa Gacpþl;karRbwkSaeyabl;)an. karBinitür)aykarN_rbs;rdæ sßab½nsn§isBaØanana viPaKelIr)aykarN_rbs;rdæ ehIyBiPakSar)aykarN_ TaMgenaH enAkñ úgsm½yRbCuMCasaFarN³ edaymanvtþmanGñktMNagnanarbs;

56

rdæenaHpg. fVIt,itEtKN³kmμaFikar manbMNgBiPakSaCamYyrdæaPi)al kñúgn½y sßabnak¾eday k¾GñktMNagnanarbs;rdæenaH GacRtUvRbQmnwgsMNYr nig cMNab; Garm μN_nana EdlmanlkçN³riHKn;F¶n;² BIsMNak;smaCikKN³kmμaFikar. enAcugbBa©b; énkarBinitü r)aykarN_rbs;rdænImYy² sßab½nsn§isBaØa Gnum½tesckþIsegát snñidæan nig mtieyabl; RBmTaMgGnusasn_nana EdlRtUvpSBVpSayCabnþbnÞab; enAcugbBa©b;énsm½yRbCuMenaH ehIyRtUv)ane)aHBumÖpSayenAkñúgr)aykarN_RbcaM qñaMrbs;sßab½nsn§isBaØa. rdæTaMgLay RtUv)anrMBwgfa nwgGnuvtþtamGnusasn_TaMgenH ehIyenAkñúgr)aykarN_elIkeRkayrbs;xøÜn rdæTaMgenaH nwgpþl;B½t’manGMBIviFankar nanaEdleFVIeLIg edIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwgGnusasn_TaMgenaH. KN³km μaFikar k¾suM[rdæPaKIeFVIr)aykarN_Cak;lak;mþgmáal CaBiessenAkñúgsßanPaBmanGasnñ b¤enAkñúgkrNIepSg eTotEdlBak;B½n§eTAnwg karrMelaPsiT§imnusSF¶n;F¶r. tYnaTIrbs;GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al nigGgÁkarepSgeTot GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alkñúgRsuknigGnþrCatinana tamdany:agykcitþTukdak; elIkar-Binitür)aykarN_rbs;rdæ nigpþl;[GñkCMnajénKN³km μaFikarnUvB½t’manBak;B½n§ b¤rhUtdl;Gacdak;r)ay karN_RsemalEfmeTotpg. KN³km μaFikar CCPR,

CESCR nig CRC GnuBaØat[GgÁkareRkA rdæaPi)aledIrtYnaTIskmμmin dac;xatmYy nigsMEdgmti eyabl;enAkñúgkic©RbCuMBiessnana. TIPñak;garCMnajrbs;GgÁkar shRbCaCati dUcCa ILO nig UNESCO nigsßab½nepSgeTotrbs;GgÁkar shRbCaCati RtUv)anGeBa¢Ij[CYyXøaMemIlkarGnuvtþn_sn§isBaØa. CaBiess GgÁkar UNICEF ¬mUlniFishRbCaCatisRmab;kumar¦ edaymanbNþajkariyal½yRbcaM RbeTsenATUTaMgBiPBelakpþl;[KN³kmμaFikar CRC nUvkarCYyeRCamERCg

57

y:agskmμ nigmantémø kñúgParkic©d¾]tþúg]tþménkarXøaMemIlkarGnuvtþGnusBaØasiT§ikumar enAkñúgrdæPaKIcMnYn 192RbeTs.

esckþIBnül;TUeTAecjedaysßab½nXøaMemIlkarGnuvtþn_sn§isBaØa

sßab½nsn§isBaØaGnum½t nige)aHBumÖpSaynUvesckþIBnül;TUeTA b¤Gnusasn_TUeTA Bak;B½n§nwgbTbBaØtþi nigkatBVkic©nana EdlmanEcgenAkñúgsn§isBaØanImYy²erog² xøÜn. ÉksarTaMgenH qøúHbBa©aMgBIbTBiesaFn_rbs;KN³kmμaFikarnana kñúgnItiviFIeFVI r)aykarN_ nigbegáIt)anCaRbPB EdlmanGMNacCapøÚvkarmYy kñúgkarbkRsay lixitubkrN_siT§imnusSnana.

kEnøgTTUlB½t_manGMBIkargarrbs;sßab½nXøaMemIlkarGnuvtþn_sn§isBaØa

B½t’manBisþarsþIBIsßab½nsn§isBaØaTaMgGs; nigkarTTYl)annUvesckþIBnül;TUeTA b¤ Gnusasn_nana rbs;sßab½nTaMgenaH Gacrk)antameKhTMB½r http://

www.ohchr.org/english/bodies/index.htm . eKalkarN_ENnaMmYycMnYneTot k¾Gacrk)antameKhTMB½r http://www.ohchr.org/english/contact .

TMnak;TMngB½t’manrbs; OHCHR: Gas½ydæansRmab;epJIsMbuRt³ OHCHR- Palais des Nations

8-14 Avenue de la Paix CH-1211 Geneva 10 Switzerland

TUrs½BÞ³ +41 (22) 917 9000 TUrsar³ +41 (22) 917 9008

RbGb; 20

58

nItiviFIbNþwgbuKÁl BiFIsarbEnßmelI CCPR nig CEDAW nigbBaØtþitamkareRCIserIskñúg CERD, CAT

nigGnusBaØasþIBI km μkrGenþaRbevsn_ EcgGMBInItiviFIsRmab;bNþwgCabuKÁl ¬Edl ehAfa :bNþwgCaÉktþbuKÁl :¦. nItiviFIRsedogKñamYy RtUv)anrMBwgfanwgeFVIeLIg enAkñúgBiFIsarbEnßmelIktikasBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIsiT§iesdækic© sgÁmkic© nig vb,Fm’ EdlkMBugRtUv)anRBageLIgnaeBlbc©úb,nñenH enAkñúgKN³km μkarsiT§imnusSsh RbCaCati ¬sBVéf¶enH KWCaRkumRbwkSasiT§imnusS¦.

eRkambTbBaØtþiTaMgenaH EdlRtUv)anTTYlsÁal;edayrdæPaKIkan;EteRcInEfmeTot enaH ¬sUmemIlRbGb; 22¦ buKÁlNamYyEdlsßitenAeRkamyutþaFikarrbs;rdæPaKI Edl ¬k¦-GHGagfaxøÜnCa CnrgeRKaHmñak;BIkarrMelaPsiT§imnusS nig¬x¦ )aneRbIGs;RKb; lT§PaBEdlmanenAkñúgRbeTskñúgkarEsVgrk dMeNaHRsayRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB ehIyenaH mansiT§idak;BakübNþwgeTAsßab½nXøaMemIlkarGnuvtþn_sn§isBaØa Edlman smtßkic©. KN³km μaFikar BinitüBakübNþwgenH tamnItiviFIsMgat; nigman lkçN³Rsedogtulakar ehIyCacugeRkay ecjesckIþseRmcminCab;katBVkic© mYy¬ehAfa :TsSn³ esckþIesñI b¤Gnusasn_cugeRkay :¦EdlRbkasfa BakübNþwg enH minGacTTYlyk)an ¬RbsinebI mineqøIytbeTAnwglkçxNÐtRmUvCapøÚvkar¦ b¤GacTTYlyk)an ehIyenAkñúgkrNIcugeRkayenH KN³kmμaFikardak;ecjnUv TsSn³yl;eXIjmYyrbs;xøÜn dl;GgÁesckþI¬edaysMercfaetIsiT§imnusSrbs;m©as; bNþwgenaH RtUv)anrMelaPbMBanEdrb¤eT ¦.

59

RbGb; 21

BakübNwþgBIbuKÁlmñak; EdlGHGagfa CaCnrgeRKaHBIkarrMelaPsiTi§ CCPR

KN³kmμaFikarsiT§imnusS

nItiviFIénkarGacTTYlykBakübNþwg

minGacTTYlyk)

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rdæ¼buKÁl

karBinitü nigkarBiPakSa ¬Casm¶at;¦

esckþIsMerc

rdæPaKI buKÁl

nItiviFIbNþwg ]TahrN_énBiFIsarbEnßmTI1 elI CCPR

karTTYlsÁal;smtßkic©rbs;KN³km μaFikar edayrdæPaKI ¬maRta1 énBiFIsarbEnßm¦ kareRbIGs;lT§PaBnUvviFIedaHRsaykñúgRbeTs ¬maRta2 maRta 5¬2¦¬x¦én BiFIkarbEnßm¦ BakübNþwgmanlkçN³minGnamik nigminRTeKaHe)aHe)ak ¬maRta3 énBiFIsar bEnßm¦ PaBRsbKñaCamYy bTbBaØtþirbs; CCPR ¬maRta3 énBiFIsarbEnßm¦ GvtþmankarBinitüCYnKña eRkamnItiviFIGnþrCatimYyepSgeTot ¬maRta5¬2¦¬k¦énBiFIsarbEnßm ¦ manxøwmsarRKb;RKan;énkarecaTRbkan;¬krNIEdlemIleXIjCak;EsþgtammaRta2

60

nItiviFIbNþwgrvagrdæ nigrdæ CCPR CERD CAT nigGnusBaØasþIBIkmμkrGenþarRbevsnþ EcgGMBInItiviFI bNþwg rvagrdæ nigrdæ EdlenAkñ úgenaHrdæPaKImYymansiT§idak;BakübNþwgeTAkan; KN³km μaFikarBak;B½n§ edayGHGagfa rdæPaKImYyepSgeTot min)anbMeBj katBVkic©tamsn§isBaØarbs;xøÜneT. nItiviFIenH manmUldæanQrelIviFanRbtibtþi EdlEcgfa tamc,ab;GnþrCati rdæPaKInImYy² manRbeyaCn_xagpøÚvc,ab;cMeBaHRKb; rdæPaKIdéTeTot kñúgkarbMeBj)antamkatBVkic©rbs;xøÜnerog²xøÜn.

karTTYlyknItiviFIbNþwgCaÉktþbuKÁledayrdænana nigRbsiT§PaBrbs;nItiviFI

karpþl;sc©ab½nelIBiFIsarbEnßmTI1 én CCPR ¬KitRtwmExvicäika qñaM2004 manrdæ PaKIcMnYn104¦ rYmman³ Gal;esSrI Gg;ehÁaLa GahSg;TIn GaemnI GU®sþalI GURTIs GaEh‘SébhSg; )aebdU EblLarus Eb‘lhSúik ebNaMg bUlIvI bUsñInigEGehShÁÚvIn b‘ulhÁarI bWKINahVasU kaemrUn kaNada exbEvd saFarN³rdæGaRhikkNþal qad QIlI kULMb‘Í kugehÁa kUsþarIka kUDIv½r RkUGat suIB saFarN³rdæEqk saFarN³rdæRbCaFibetyükugehÁa daNWma:k düIbU‘TI saFarN³rdædUmIniIkaMg eGkVad½r EGlsava:d½r eGkVaT½rhÁInI eGsþÚnI hVaMgLg; )araMg hÁaMbI hSkhSIú GaløWm:g; hÁaNa Rkic háaetm:aLa hÁInI hÁÚy:aNa hugRKI GuIsøg; eGokLg; GuItalI eKokKIsßan Lat;vI eLsUtU lIbg;Gara:b; eLctinEsþn lITuyGanI lucsMbYr m:adahÁasáa ma:LavI m:alI ma:l;ta ekaHmU:rIs miucsiuckU m:ugehÁalI NamIbuI en)a:l; huløg; NUEv:lesSLg; nIkara:hÁ½r nIEhSrIy:a N½rEv:s )a:Nam:a )a:ra:hÁay eb:rU hVIlIBIn b:ULÚj B½rTuyhÁal; saFarN³rdækUer: r:Uma:nI shB½n§rusSI saMgv:aMg;sg;nige®hÁNaDIn saMgm:arINU

RbGb; 22

61

eseNhÁal; Es‘bnigm:ugeteNRkU suIEsl esr:aeLGUn søÚvaKI søÚvWnI sUm:alI GaRhVikxagt,Úg eGs:,aj RsIlgáa s‘UrINam su‘yEGt tahSIKIsßan GtIt³saFarN³ rdæyUehÁasøavIénrdæ ma:esdUnI tUhÁÚ TYmInIsþg; Gu‘yhÁan;da G‘uyERkn G‘uyruyhÁay GY‘ebKIsþg; eveNh‘SúyeGLa nighSMbI. karpþl;sc©ab½nelIBiFIsarbEnßmén CEDAW ¬KitRtwmExvicäika qñaM2004 manrdæPaKI cMnYn68¦ rYmman³ Gal;)anI Gg;dUr:a GURTIs GaEhSébhSg; bg;køaEds EblLarus Eb‘lhSúik bWlIs bUlIvI bUsñInigEGehShÁÚvIn eRbsuIl kaNada kUsþarIka RkUGat suIB saFarN³rdæEqk daNWma:k saFarN³rdædUemniIkaMg eGkVad½r hVaMgLg; )araMg hÁabug hSkhSI GaløWm:g Rkic hÁaetm:aLa hughÁarI GuIsøg; eGokLg; GuItalI kahSak;sþg; eKokKIsßan eLsUtU lIbg;Gara:b; eLctinEsþn lITuyGanI lucsMbYr malI miucsiuckU m:ugehÁalI NamIb‘Í huløg; NUEv:lesSLg; nIEhSrIy:a n½rEv:s )a:Nam:a )a:ra:hÁay eb:rU hVIlIBIn b:ULÚj B½rTuyhÁal shB½n§rusSI eseNhÁal; Es‘bnig m:ugeteNRkU søÚvaKI søÚvWnI ekaHsULÚm:ug eGs:,aj RsIlgáa su‘yEGt éf GtIt³saFarN³rdæyUehÁasøavIénrdæma:esdUnI TIm:½rxagekIt TYKI G‘uyERkn G‘uyr:ahÁay nigeveNhSúyeGLa. karTTYlyknItiviFIbNþwgCaÉktþbuKÁltammaRta22én CAT ¬KitRtwmExvicäika qñaM2004 manrdæ PaKIcMnYn56¦ Gal;esrI GahSg;TIn GU®sþalI GURTIs Eb‘lhSik bUsñInigEGehShÁÚvIn b‘ulhÁarI bU‘runDI kaemrUn kaNada QIlI GaEhSébhSag; kUsþarIka RkUGat suIRbWs saFarN³rdæEqk daNWma:k eGkVad½r hVaMgLg; )araMg GaløWm:g; hÁaNa Rkic háaetm:aLa hugRKI GuIsøg; eGokLg; GuItalI eLctinEsþn lucsMbYr ma:l;ta miucsiuckU m:UNakU huløg; NUEv:lesSLg; n½rEv:s )a:ra:hÁay eb:rU b:ULÚj B½rTuyhÁal; shB½n§rusSI eseNhÁal; Es‘bnigm:ugeteNRkU suIEsl søÚvaKI søÚvWnI GaRhVikxagt,Úg eGs:,aj su‘yEGt sVIs tUhÁÚ TuyensuI TYKI G‘uyERkn G‘uyr:ahÁay nig eveNhSúyeGLa .

62

karTTYlyknItiviFIbNþwgCaÉktþbuKÁltammaRta 14 én CERD ¬KitRtwmExvicäika qñaM2004 manrdæPaKI cMnYn 45 ¦ Gal;esrI GU®sþalI GURTIs GaEhSébhSag; Eb‘lhSik eRbsIul b‘ulhÁarI QIlI kUsþarIka saFarN³rdæEqk suIB daNWma:k eGkVad½r hVaMgLg; )araMg GaløWm:g; hugRKI GuIsøg; eGokLg; GuItalI eLctinEsþn lucsMbYr ma:l;ta miucsiuckU mU:NakU huløg; n½rEv:s eb:rU b:ULÚj B½rTuyhÁal; saFarN³rdækUer: r:Uma:nI shB½n§rusSI eseNhÁal; Es‘b nigm:ugeteNRkU søÚv:aKI søÚvWnI GaRhVikxagt,Úg eGs:,aj su‘yEGt sVIs GtIt³saFarN³rdæyUehÁasøavIénrdæma:esdUnI G‘uyERkn G‘uyr:ahÁay nigeveNhSúyeGLa . RbsiT§PaB karBinitüesIerItamnItiviFIbNþwgCaÉktþbuKÁl manRbsiT§PaBbMput tamBiFIsarbEnßm

TI1 én CCPR³ KitRtwmExvicäika qñaM2004 KW 27qñaMbnÞab;BIkarbegáIt KN³kmμaFikarsiT§imnusS ¬KWsßab½nXøaMemIlkarGnuvtþn_ sn§isBaØa CCPR¦ )an TTYlsMNuMerOg cMnYneRcInCag 1300 krNI ehIy)anecjesckþIseRmc)ancMnYn 480 krNI.

enAExemsa qñaM2004 KN³kmμaFikar CAT Edl)anbegáIteLIgenAqñaM1987 )an TTYlsMNuMerOg cMnYn 242 krNI ehIy)anecjesckþIseRmccMnYneRcInCag 90 krNI. eTaHCay:agenHk¾edaysMNuMerOg PaKeRcInminBak;B½n§ eTAnwgkarecaT Rbkan;edaypÞal; BIkareFVITaruNkm μenAkñúgrdæPaKIenaHeT b:uEnþCakrNI rMelaPbMBan elIeKalkarN_énkarmin bBa¢ÚnRtLb;eTAvij ¬b¤ :eKalkarN_mineFVImatuPUminivtþn_ : EdlmanEcgenAkñúgmaRta 3 énGnusBaØaenH¦ EdlTak;TgeTAnwgkarGHGag rbs;CnbreTs Edlfa karbeNþjecj b¤kareFVIbtüab½nedayrdænana ¬PaKeRcIn enAGWru:b¦ nwgdak;[BYkeKRbQmnwgTaruNkmμ enAkñúgRbeTskMeNItrbs;BYkeK b¤RbeTsEdlBYkeK nwgRtUvbBa¢ÚneTA.

enAExmIna qñaM2004 KN³kmμaFikar CERD EdlCasßab½nsn§isBaØacas;CageK ¬begáIteLIgenA qñaM1970¦ )anTTYlsMNuMerOgEtcMnYn 33 krNIEtbu:eNÑaH ehIy)anecj esckþIseRmccMnYn 15 krNI.

63

enAkñúgesckþIBnül;TUeTAelx 31 sþIBIsarCatiénkatBVkic©KtiyutþiTUeTArbs;rdæPaKIén ktikasBaØasIþBIsiTi§Blrdæ nigsiTi§neya)ay CCPR KN³kmμaFikarsiT§imnusS ekatsresIr dl;rdæPaKInUvTsSn³Edlfa rdæPaKINaEdl rMelaPbMBansiT§inana EdlRtUv)anFanakarBar edayktikasBaØasIþBIsiTi§Blrdæ nigsiTi§neya)ay CCPR rdæPaKIenaH skþismnwg karykcitþTukdak;rbs;xøÜn. KN³km μaFikarKUsbBa¢ak;fa :edIm,ITajkarykcitþTuk dak;cMeBaHkarbMBan EdlGacRbRBwtþrMelaPelIkatBVkic©ktikasBaØaedayrdæPaKInana nigedIm,IGMBavnav[rdæ PaKITaMgenaH GnuvtþþtamkatBVkic© ktikasBaØarbs;xøÜn KYrRtUv cat;TukfaCakarqøúHbBa©aMgénplRbeyaCn_ FmμanuPaBrbs;shKmn_ minEmncat;Tuk CaGMeBIGmitþenaHeT :.

KN³km μaFikarnana RtUv)anrMBwgfanwgBinitüelIBakübNþwgenAkñúgkic©RbCuMbiTTVa ehIyRbsin ebIcaM)ac; KN³kmμaFikarnwgcat;taMg[manKN³kmμkarpSHpSarcMeBaH kic©mYy edIm,IesIubGegát nig edaHRsaybBaðarvagrdæEdlBak;B½n§. eTaHbICanItiviFI bNþwgrvagrdænigrdæenAcMeBaHmuxKN³kmμaFikar CERD CakatBVkic©caM)ac;rbs; rdænanak¾eday ¬KWmann½yfa rdæPaKINamYy kñúgcMeNamrdæPaKITaMg 162 mansiT§I dak;BakübNþwgecaTRbkan;rdæPaKIepSgeTotGMBI karerIseGIgBUCsasn_¦ k¾BuMman bNþwgNamYy rvagrdænigrdæRtUv)anbþwgmksßab½nXøaMemIlkarGnuvtþn_ sn§isBaØaNa mYyrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatienaHeLIy rhUtmkdl;eBlenH. nItiviFIesIubGegátenAeRkam CAT nigBiFIsarbEnßmel I CEDAW

GnusBaØa CAT nigBiFIsarbEnßmelI CEDAW EcgGMBInItiviFIénkaresIubsYr suo

moto edaysßab½nsn§isBaØanImYy² ¬RtUv)ansÁal;pgEdrfaCa :karesIubsYrtam BaØtþipÞal;xøÜnrbs;sßab½nsn§isBaØa :¦. karesIubsYrenH GacRtUv)anpþÜcepþImeLIg)an RbsinebIKN³km μaFikarTTYl)anB½t’manKYr[Tukcitþ nigsmehtuplfa kareFVI

64

TaruNkm μ b¤karerIseGIgRbqaMgnwg®sþI RtUv)aneKGnuvtþCaRbB½n§ enAkñúgTwkdIénrdæ PaKINamYy. sßab½nsn§isBaØa EdlepþImeFVIkar esIubsYrrebobenH GacbMeBj ebskkmμRsavRCavEsVgrkkarBiteTA kan;RbeTsEdlBak;B½n§nwgerOgEbbenH kñúgkrNI Edlmankaryl;RBmBIrdæaPi)alrbs;RbeTsenaH. dMeNIrkarTaMgGs; RtUvTukCakarsm¶at; bu:EnþKN³kmμaFikarGaceFVIesckþIsegçbmYy GMBIlT§plénkaresIub sYrenH dak;kñúgr)aykarN_RbcaMqñaMrbs;xøÜn. rhUtmkdl;eBlbc©úb,nñenH KN³kmμaFikar CAT )aneFVIkaresIubsYr cMnYnR)aMmYykrNIrYcmkehIy ¬Bak;B½n§eTA nwgRbeTseGhSúIb miuc-suickU eb:rU Es‘b nig m:ugeteNRkU RsIlgáa nigRbeTsTYKI¦. KN³kmμaFikar CEDAW )an pþÜcepþImnItiviFI énkaresIubsYrrbs;xøÜnmYyBak;B½n§nwgRbeTsmuicsuickU.

RbB½n§énkareFVITsSn³kic©eTogTat;eTAkan;mnIÞrXuMXaMgEdlbegáIteLIgtam BiFIsarbEnßmén CAT

BiFIsarbEnßmén CAT EdleFVIeLIgenAExFñÚ qñaM20028 EcgBIRbB½n§énkareFVITsSn³ kic©eTogTat;mYyeTAkan;kEnøgXMuMXaMgnana edaysßab½nGnþrCatimYy KWGnuKN³kmμaFikar bgáarTaruNkm μén KN³km μaFikarRbqaMgTaruNkm μ nig edaysßab½nCatinana. RbB½n§enHRtUv)anbegáIteLIg edIm,IbgáarTaruNkm μ nigkarRbRBwtþmkelIxøÜn b¤TNÐkmμ ÉeTot EdleXareXA GmnusSFm’ nigbnÞabbenßak. sßab½nGnþrCati nigsßab½nCati begáItnigdak;ecjnUvGnusasn_nanaCUnrdæaPi)alBak;B½n§. xN³EdlGnusasn_ rbs;sßab½nCati GacRtUv)ane)aHBum<pSayenAkñúgr)aykarN_RbcaMqñaMrbs;xøÜn Gnusasn_ nigesckIþsegátrbs;GnuKN³kmμaFikarGnþrCati GacecjpSayCasaFarN³ Et kñúgkrNINaEdlrdæPaKINamYy minGnuvtþþtamkatBVkic©sn§isBaØa rbs;xøÜnEtb:ueNÑaH.

8 RtwmEx sIha qñaM 2005 BiFIsarbEnßmenH RtUv)anpþl;sc©ab½nedayrdæcMnYn 11. BiFIsartRmUve-Gaymankarpþl;sc©ab½nedayrdæ cMnYn 20 edIm,IeGayBiFIsarenH cUlCaFrman.

65

esckþIsegçbeTAelInItiviFI

RbGb; 23

sn§isBaØa kalbriecäT énkarGnum½t¼ karcUlCa Frman

sßab½n sma Cik-PaB

smaCik e)aHeqñat eRCIstaMg eday

r)ay karN_ rbs;rdæ

Bakü bNþwg rvagrdænigrdæ

Bakü bNþwg CaÉktþbuKÁl

karesuIbsYr Suo moto

CAT 12 FñÚ 1984¼ 26 mifuna 1987

KN³km μaFikar RbqaMgnwgkar eFVITaruNkmμ

10 rdæPaKI CakatBVkic© tammaRta 19

CaCMer-IstammaRta 21

CaCMerIs tammaRta 22

CakatBVkic© ¬manlT§PaBmineRCIsyk)an¦ maRta 20 nig28

CCPR 16 FñÚ 1966¼ 23 mIna 1976

KN³km μaFikar siT§imnusS


CaCMerIs tammaRta 41 nig42

BiFIsar bEnßmTII1

CEDAW 18 FñÚ 1979¼ 3 kBaØa 1981

KN³km μaFikar lubbM)at;kar erIseGIg RbqaMgnwg®sþI


BiFIsar bEnßm

BiFIsarbEnßm tammaRta8 nig10 ¬man lT§PaBmin eRCIsyk)an¦

CERD 21 FñÚ 1965¼ 4 mkra 1969

KN³km μaFikar lubbM)at;kar erIseGIgRbqaMg BUCsasn_


CakatBVkic© tammaRta 11 12 nig 13

CaCMerIs tammaRta 14

CESCR 16 FñÚ 1966¼ 3 mkra 1976

KN³km μaFikar siT§iesdækic© sgÁmkic© nig vb,Fm’

18 RkumRbwkSa esdækic© nig sgÁmkic©

CakatBVkic© tammaRta 16 nig 17

esckþIRBag BiFIsar bEnßm

CMW 18 FñÚ 1989¼ 1 kkáda 2003

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maRta 76 ¬minTan; cUlCa Frman¦

maRta 77 ¬minTan; cUlCa Frman

CRC

20 vicäika 1989¼ 2 kBaØa 1990

KN³km μaFikar TTYlbnÞúk siT§ikumar


67

CMBUkTI 6 ³ RbB½n§karBarsiT§imnusSEp¥kelIFm μnuBaØ eRkamKN³km μkarsiT§imnusS shRbCaCati KN³km μkarsiT§imnusSshRbCaCati KWCasßab½nneya)ayd¾sMxan;bMputmYyrbs; GgÁkarshRbCaCatienAkñúgvis½ysiT§imnusS. KN³km μkarenH)anvivtþn_ CabnþbnÞab; ehIykñúgry³eBlCaeRcInqñaMknøgeTAenH )anbegáItnItiviFIepSg²CaeRcIn edIm,IedaHRsaybBaða siT§imnusSsMxan;² nigeqøIytbeTAnwgBaØtþibNþwgrab;Ban;krNI EdlxøÜn)anTTYlCaeTogTat; BIGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al nigbuKÁlTaMgLay EdlGHGagfamankarrMelaPsiT§imnusS. nItiviFIsm¶at;elx “1503 ” enAeRkamnItiviFIsm¶at;enH ¬ehAfa :nItiviFI 1503 : edaysaresckIþseRmcrbs; RkumRbwkSaesdækic© nigsgÁmkic©elx 1503 (XLVIII) cuHéf¶ TI27 Ex]sPa qñaM 1970 begáItCamUldæanpøÚvc,ab;rbs;KN³kmμkarenH¦ enAerogral;qñaM Rkumkargar-BiessmYyénGnuKN³km μkarelIksÞÜynigkarBarsiT§imnusS eFVIkarsikSaelIBaØtiþ rab;Ban;rbs;ÉktþbuKÁl edIm,IsVHEsVgkMNt;faetImanRbeTsNamYy bgðaj[eXIj BI :TRmg;suI sgVak;mYyénkarrMelaPsiT§imnusSF¶n;F¶r nigKYr[eCOCak;)an :. :sßanPaBRbeTs : EbbenH RtUv)anbBa¢ÚnbnþeTARkumkargarbuersm½yRbCuMmYy ehIy EdlCacugeRkay niwgRtUvdak;CUnsm½yRbCuMeBjGgÁrbs;KN³kmμkarEtmþg.

68

enAkñúgkic©RbCuMCasMgat;mYy EdlmanEttMNagrbs;rdæsmaCikcUlrYmenaH KN³kmμkar GacseRmceFVI esckþIsnñidæanBIkarBinitürbs;xøÜn fadak;RbeTsenaH[sßitenAeRkam kartamXøaMemIl ¬EdlGacmanry³eBleRcInqñaM¦ b¤k¾eFVIkaresuIbGegáteBjelj nigCasm¶at;mYy edaymankarCYyeRCamERCgBIsMNak;GñkraykarN_Biess b¤BIKN³km μaFikarcMeBaHkic©mYy b¤CaviFankarcugeRkay RbsinebIsßanPaBenaH min)anRbesIreLIgvijeT ehIy¼b¤ebIrdæaPi)alenaH bdiesFminRBmshkarenaHeT nwg :eFVI[dwgB¤CasaFarN³ :. :kareFVI[dwg B¤CasaFarN³ :enH mankarbnþtamRtYt-BinitüeTAelIsßanPaBrbs;RbeTsenaHeTot eRkamnItiviFIBiess mYyénnItiviFIBiessnana dUc)anerobrab;xageRkam.

KN³km μkarsiT§imnusSGgÁkarshRbCaCati

KN³kmμkarsiT§imnusSGgÁkarshRbCaCati KWCaKN³kmμkarRbtibtiþmYykñúgcMeNam KN³kmμkarCaeRcInrbs;RkumRbwkSaesdækic© nigsgÁmkic©. kñúgzan³Casßab½nneya)ay mYyrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati KN³kmμkarenH mansmasPaBCatMNagénrdæsmaCik EdlRtUv)an eRCIstaMgedayRkumRbwkSaesdækic© nigsgÁmkic© EdlsmasPaBKN³km μkar )anekIn eLIgkñúgry³eBlknøgmkenH ¬bc©úb,nñmancMnYn 53 nak;¦. eTaHCay:agNak¾eday rdædéTeTot GgÁkarGnþrrdæaPi)alnana nigGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alCaeRcIncUlrYmkñúgkic© RbCuMrbs;KN³km μkarkñúgzan³CaGñksegátkarN_ nigGaccUlrYmpþl;mti nigdak;esckIþ segát CalaylkçN_GkSrCUnKN³kmμkar)aneTotpg. sm½yRbCuMRbcaMqñaMrbs; KN³kmμkarenH RtUvRbRBwtþeTAenA Palais des Nations enA TIRkughSúWENv kñúgExmIna nigExemsa Edlmanry³eBlR)aMmYys)aþh_ ehIyCakarBit enHKWCasnñisIT-siT§imnusSd¾FMmYy cUlrYmedayRbtiPUcMnYnRbmaN 3000 nak; edayrYmmanTaMgRbmuxrdæ nigRbmuxrdæaPi)al rdæm®nþI GñkkarBarsiT§imnusS nigGñkkaEst EdlcUlrYmBiPakSa-

RbGb; 24

69

CaasaFarN³ elIRKb;bBaðasiT§imnusSsMxan;². cab;taMgBIqñaM1990mk KN³km μkarenH)an erobcMkic© RbCuMbnÞan;CaeRcInBak;B½n§nwgsßanPaBsiT§imnusSenAGtIt RbeTsyUehÁasøavI r:v:an;da TIm½rxagekIt nigEdndIkan;kab;rbs;)a:eLsÞIn. KN³kmμkarenH )anbegáItGnuKN³kmμkar elIksÞÜy nigkarBarsiT§imnusS EdlmanGñkCMnajÉkraCücMnYn 26 rUb ehIybMeBj tYnaTICaGñkpþl;eyabl;dl;KN³kmμkar ¬sUmemIlCMBUkTI 6¦. kñúgqñaMknøgeTAf μ I²enH mankarriHKn;kan;EteRcIneLIg²elIsmtßPaBrbs; KN³km μkarenH kñúgkarbMeBjParkic©rbs;xøÜn. dUcEdlGKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCatielak kUhVI GaNan; )anelIkeLIgenAkñúgr)aykarN_rbs;elaksþIBIkMENTRmg; GgÁkarshRbCaCati9

fa :rdæTaMgLay Edl)ansMucUlCasmaCikénKN³kmμkarenH minEmnedIm,IBRgwg siT§imnusSeT b:uEnþedIm,IkarBarxøÜnBYkeKBIkarriHKn; b¤k¾edIm,IriHKn; RbeTsepSgeToteTA vijeT :. dUecñH ehIy)anCaelakesñI[dak;CMnYsKN³kmμkarenH edayRkumRbwkSasiT§imnusS Gcié®nþy_mYymanTMhMtUcCagmun EdlsmaCikrbs;RkumRbwkSaenHRtUv)aneRCIstaMgpÞal; edaymhasnñi)atGgÁkarshRbCaCati. RkumRbwkSaenHnwgbMeBjmuxgardUcCasPa RtYtBinitüsRmab;BinitüemIlKñaeTAvijeTAmkrvagRbeTsnigRbeTsdUcKña nigman-GaNtþikargar vaytémøelIkarbMeBjral;katBVkic©siT§imnusSénrdæTaMgGs;. rdæCasmaCikrbs;KN³km μkar enAqñaM2005 (munnwgrMlay rYcbegáItCaRkumRbwkSasiT§imnusS )

rYmmanenH ³ GahSg;TIn GaemnI GU®sþalI b‘Utan eRbsuIl ebKINahVasU kaNada cin kugehÁa saFarN³rdædUemniIkaMg kUsþarIka Kuy)a eGkVad½r eGhSúIb eGrIcRTa eGtüÚBI hVaMgLg; )araMg hÁabug GaløWm:g; kaetm:aLa hÁInI hugDuyra:s; hugRKI \NÐa \NÐÚensuI eGokLg; GuItalI Cb:un ekny:a ma:eLsuI m:UrItanI miucsiuckU en)a:l; huløg; nIehSrIy:a )a:KIsßan )a:ra:hÁay eb:rU kata saFarN³rdækUer: r:Uma:nI shB½n§rusSI Gar:ab;b‘ÍsaGUDIt GaRhVikxagt,Úg RsIlgáa s‘Udg; sVahSIELn tUhÁÚ G‘uyERkn cRkPBGg;eKøs shrdæGaemrik nighSIm)aev:.

9A/59/2005, TMB½r 45 vaküx½NÐTI182 nig 183 .

70

nItiviFIBiess GnuelamtamesckIþseRmcelx 1235 (XLII) rbs;RkumRbwkSaesdækic© nigsgÁmkic© cuHéf¶TI06 Exmifuna qñaM 1967 KN³km μkarsiT§imnusSGgÁkarshRbCaCati )an begáItnItiviFIBiessmYycMnYn edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaecaTRbkan;nanaénkarrMelaP siT§imnusS. nItiviFITaMgenH rYmmankarRtYtBinitü karBinitüeLIgvij nigkareFVIr)ay karN_Ca saFarN³GMBIsßanPaBsiT§imnusSenAkñúgRbeTs b¤enAkñúgEdndICak;lak; NamYy ¬eRkamGaNtþiRbcaMRbeTs¦ b¤karrMelaPsiT§imnusSFM² EdlRtUv)anecaT eLIgenACuMvijBiPBelak ¬eRkamGaNtþitamRbFanbT¦.

nItiviFITaMgenH GacykTRmg;tamGaNtþikargarmYy EdlGnuvtþeday Gñkray karN_Biess tMNagGKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati GñkCMnajkarÉkraCü b¤Rkumkargar. Parkic©rbs;nItiviFIBiess rYmman karGMBavnavCabnÞan; kareFVI TsSn³kic©eTAkan;RbeTsnana nigkartak;EtgeLIgnUvsþg;danana. GaNtþikargartamRbeTs RbsinebIsßanPaBenAkñúgRbeTsCak;lak;NamYy RtUv)anykmkBicarNa bgðajfa manTRmg;mYyénkarrMelaPsiT§imnusSd¾F¶n;F¶r nigCaRbB½n§ enaHKN³kmμkar GacGnum½t esckIþseRmcmYy eFVIkarefáaleTasdl;RbeTsenaH nig¼b¤ GacGnuBaØat [mankaresuIb GegáteBjeljmYy edayGñkCMnajkarmñak;eTAelIsßanPaBrbs;RbeTsenaH. GaNtþikargartamRbeTs RtUv)anBinitüeLIgvijCaerogral;qñaM edayKN³kmμkarenH.

71

RbGb; 25 ynþkarXøaMemIltamRbFanbTrbs;KN³km μkarsiT§imnusSGgÁkarshRbCaCati

¬Exemsa qñaM2005¦

RbFanbT cab;taMgBI GaNtþikargar

kar)at;xøÜnedaycab;bgçM b¤edayminsμ ½RKcitþ 1980 Rkumkargar karsmøab;eRkAtulakar edayxusc,ab; nige-daybMBan

1982 GñkraykarN_Biess

TaruNkmμ 1985 GñkraykarN_Biess

esrIPaBsasna b¤CMenO 1986 GñkraykarN_Biess kareRbIR)as;TahansuIQñÜl 1987 GñkraykarN_Biess karlk;kumar eBsüakm μkumar nigkamsa®sþkumar 1990 GñkraykarN_Biess

karXuMxøÜnedaybMBan 1991 Rkumkargar CnePosswk 1992 tMNagrbs;GKÁelxaFikar BUCsasn_niym karerIseGIgBUCsasn_ kars¥b;CnbreTs nigPaBmin Gt;»nEdlBak;B½n§


karelIksÞÜy nigkarkarBar-siT§imanesrIPaBénkarbeBa©jmtieyabl;


Cn)at;xøÜnenAGtItyUehÁasøavI 1994-1997

GñkCMnajkar

GMeBIhwgSaRbqaMgnwg®sþI 1994 GñkraykarN_Biess ÉkraCüPaBrbs;ecARkm nigemFavI 1994 GñkraykarN_Biess clnaedayxusc,ab; nigkarcak;ecalplitpl nigkaksMNl;Edl manCatiBul nigeRKaHfñak;


siT§imnusS nigTurKtPaBhYsehtu 1998 GñkCMnajkarÉkraCü siT§iTTYl)ankarGb;rM 1998 GñkraykarN_Biess

72

RbFanbT siT§imnusSrbs;CnGenþaRbevsnþ

cab;taMgBI 1999

GaNtþikargar GñkraykarN_Biess

eKalneya)ayEktRmUvrcnasm<½n§ 2000 GñkCMnajkarÉkraCü GñkkarBarsiT§imnusS 2000 tMNagBi-

essrbs;GKÁelxaFikar siT§iTTYl)anlMenAdæan 2000 GñkraykarN_Biess

siT§iTTYl)anes,ógGahar 2000 GñkraykarN_Biess siT§imnusS nigesrIPaBCa-mUldæanrbs;CnCatiedImPaKtic


sMNYrtampøÚvc,ab; Tak;Tgnwgkar)at;xøÜn 2001 GñkCMnajkarÉkraCü siT§iTTYl)anesvakmμsuxPaB 2002 GñkraykarN_Biess bBaðananaénkarerIseGIgBUC-sasn_cMeBaHRbCaCnEdlman edImkMeNIt-GaRhiVk

2002 Rkumkargar

CMerIsnana sþIBIkarbkRsayBiFIsarbEnßmelI CESCR

2003 RkumkargaK μankMNt;ry³kal

niTNÐPaB 2004 GñkCMnajkarÉkraCü ePrvkmμ 2004 GñkCMnajkarÉkraCü CYjdUrmnusS 2004 GñkraykarN_Biess siT§imnusS nigsamKÁIGnþrCati 2005 GñkCMnajkarÉkraCü karelIksÞÜy nigkarkarBarsiT§imnusS eBlRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgePrvkmμ


kareRbIR)as;TahansuIQñÜlCameFüa)ayénkarrMelaPsiT§imnusS nigra-raMgdl;karGnuvtþn_siT§ikñúgkarsV½yseRmcrbs;RbCaCn

2005 Rkumkargar

siT§imnusSrbs;CnGenþaRbevsnþ 2005 GñkraykarN_Biess

73

GaNtþikargartamRbFanbT GñkraykarN_BiesstamRbFanbT tMNagrbs;GKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati GñkCMnajkar b¤Rkumkargar GaceFVIkaresIubGegáteTAelIehtukarN_ekIteLIgén karrMelaPsiT§imnusSCak;lak;enARKb;RbeTs ehIyGaceFVITsSn³kic©eTAdl;TIkEnøg ekItehtuEtmþg edayGaRs½yelIkaryl;RBmBIrdæsamI. GaNtþikargar tamRbFanbTenH RtUv)anBinitüeLIgvijerogral;bIqñaMmþg edayKN³km μkar.

GnuKN³kmμkarTTYlbnÞúkkarelIksÞÜy nigkarkarBarsiT§imnusS GnuKN³kmμkarelIksÞÜy nigkarBarsiT§imnusS EdlCaGgÁPaBpþl;eyabl; CUnKN³kmμkar eFVIkarsikSaRsavRCav CYytak;EtgRBagbTdæanf μ I² nigeFIVkaresIub Gegát. erogral;ExsIha GnuKN³kmμkarenH ekaHRbCuMenATIRkughSWENv sRmab; ry³eBlbIs)þah_ ehIybNþardæ GgÁkarGnþrrdæaPi)al nigGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alnana cUlrYm kñúgkic©RbCuMenH kúñúgnamCaGñksegátkarN_. Parkic©CaeRcInrbs;GnuKN³km μkarenH RtUv)anRbKl;eTA[GñkCMnajkar mñak;²EdlRtUv)anEtgtaMg[eFVICaGñkraykarN_ BIbBaðaCak;lak;nana b¤k¾RtUv)anRbKl;eTA[Rkumkargarnana.

CabEnßmeTAelIRkumkargarTTYlbnÞúkEpñkTMnak;TMng EdledIrtYnaTIy:ag sMxan;enAkñúg :nItiviFIsm¶at;elx 1503 : nigRkumkargarnanaEdl)anbegáItCayUr mkehIyTTYlbnÞúkelITRmg;sm½yTMenIbénTasPaB CnCatiedIm nigCnCatiPaKtic EdlbMerICaevTikasRmab;karBiPakSaelIbBaðasMxan;² TaMgLay rvagrdæaPi)alnana GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al CnrgeRKaH nigtMNagrbs;RkumBak;B½n§nanaenaH Rkumkargar fμ I² RtUv)anbegáIteLIg edIm,Idak;[TTYlbnÞúkelIsaCIvkm μqøgRbeTs nigkarRKb; RKgRbB½n§yutþiFm’.

75

CMBUkTI 7 ³ kariyal½y]tþmsñgkarGgÁkarshRbCaCatiTTYlbnÞúksiT§imnusS kariyal½y]tþmsñgkarGgÁkarshRbCaCatiTTYlbnÞúksiT§imnusS (OHCHR) k¾dUcCa kari-yal½ysñgkarCan;x<s;GgÁkarshRbCaCatiTTYlbnÞúkCnePosxøÜn (UNHCR) Edr RtUv)an begáIteLIgtamkaresñIsMudEdl²BIGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al EdlnaMmuxnana dUcCa GgÁkarelIkElgeTasGnþrCati nigrdæaPi)alxøH. mankarÉkPaBCaTUeTABIkar-begáItkariyal½yenH edayRbtiPUmkBI 171 RbeTs Edl)ancUlrYmenAkñúg snñisITBiPBelaksþIBIsiT§imnusS¬enATIRkugvIEyn qñaM1993¦ ehIyenAéf¶TI20 ExFñÚ qñaM1993 mhasnñi)atGgÁkarshRbCaCati)anGnum½t esckIþseRmccitþ elx48¼141 begáIttMENg]tþmsñgkarTTYlbnÞúksiT§imnusSenH manzan³es μ Inwg GKÁelxargGgÁkarshRbCaCati nigmantYnaTICa :m®nþIGgÁkar shRbCaCatiTTYlx-usRtUvCa cm,gelIskmμPaBsiT§imnusSrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati :.

enAkñúgesckIþseRmccitþdEdlenaH mhasnñi)atGgÁkarshRbCaCati)an erob rab;nUvkarTTYlxusRtUvCak;lak;rbs;]tþmsñgkar dUcmanxageRkamenH³

elIksÞÜy nigkarBarkarTTYl)anRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB edaymnusSRKb;rUb nUvral;siT§iBlrdæ nigsiT§ineya)ay siT§iesdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’ nigedayrYmTaMg siT§iTTYl)ankarGPivDÆn_CaedIm.

76

pþl;esvaRbwkSaeyabl; karCYy]btßmÖEpñkbec©keTs nighirBaØvtßúkñúg-vis½ysiT§imnusSdl;rdæEdl esñIsuMCMnYyTaMgenaH.

sRmbsRmYlkm μviFIGb;rM nigB½t’mansaFarN³rbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati kñúgvis½ysiT§imnusS.

edIrtYnaTIy:agskmμ kñúgkardkecjnUv]bsKÁnanadl;karTTYl)aneBjelj nUvsiT§imnusS nigkñúgkarbgáarmin[mankarbnþkarrMelaPsiT§imnusS enATUTaMg BiPBelak.

cUlrYmsnÞnaCamYyrdæaPi)al edIm,IFanadl;kareKarBsiT§imnusS. begáInkic©shRbtibtþikarGnþrCati sMrab;karelIksÞÜy nigkarkarBarsiT§imnusS. sRmbsRmYlskm μPaBénkarelIksÞÜy nigkarkarBarsiT§imnusS enAkñúg

RbB½n§GgÁkarshRbCaCati. eFVIsniTankmμ sRmbtam BRgwg nigeFVI[kan;EtRbesIreLIgdl;ynþkar

GgÁkarshRbCaCati kñúgvis½ysiT§imnusS edIm,IbegáInRbsiT§PaB nig smtßPaBrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati.

GaRs½yehtuenH ebskkm μrbs; OHCHR rYmman karkarBar nigkarelIksÞÜy

siT§imnusSTaMgGs;sRmab;mnusSTaMgGs;Kña. ebskkm μenH sMedABRgwgkm μviFI siT§imnusSGgÁkarshRbCaCati nigpþl;[sßab½nXøaMemIlkarGnuvtþn_sn§isBaØa GgÁkarshRbCaCati nigynþkarBiessnana EdlRtUv)anbegáItedayKN³kmμkar siT§imnusSGgÁkarshRbCaCati nUvkarKaMRTRbkbedayKuNPaB. OHCHR shkarCamYy sßab½nGgÁkarshRbCaCatiepSgeTot edIm,Idak;bBa©ÚlbTdæansiT§imnusSeTAkñúg kargarrbs;RbB½n§GgÁkarshRbCaCatiTaMgmUl.

77

OHCHR cUlrYmkñúgkarsnÞnaCamYyrdæaPi)alnanaGMBIbBaðasiT§imnusS CamY-ynwgTsSn³ mYyedIm,IksagsmtßPaBrbs;RbeTsenaH kñúgvis½ysiT§imnusS nige-dIm,IbegáInkareKarBsiT§imnusS. OHCHR k¾pþl;esvaRbwkSaeyabl; nigCMnYy-bec©keTspgEdr enAeBlNamankaresñIsuM ehIyelIkTwkcitþrdæaPi)alnana[bnþ karGPivDÆn_sßab½nCati nignItiviFI[manRbsiT§PaBdl;karkarBarsiT§imnusS.

vtþman OHCHR enAtamRbeTsmYycMnYn RtUv)anbegáIteLIg edIm,IFanafa

bTdæansiT§imnusSGnþrCati RtUv)anGnuvtþ nigseRmc)anCabeNþIr² enATUTaMgRbeTs TaMgEpñkc,ab; nigTaMgkñúgkarGnuvtþn_Cak;Esþg. eKalbMNgenH k¾RtUv)anbnþeFVI pgEdr edaykarksagsmtßPaBsiT§imnusSfñak;Cati nigksagsßab½nCatinana sMrab;siTi§mnusS. vak¾RtUv)anelIkykmkniyaypgEdr tamry³karGnuvtþn_Gnusasn_ rbs;sßab½nXøaMemIlkarGnuvtþn_sn§isBaØa nigynþkarénKN³km μkarsiT§imnusS GgÁkarshRbCaCati nigtamry³karelIksÞÜyvb,Fm’siT§imnusS.

lkçxNÐd¾caM)ac;mYysRmab;PaBeCaKC½yénvtþmanrbs;OHCHR enAtam RbeTs KWrdæaPi)al sßab½nCati GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al nigRkumkargarGgÁkar shRbCaCatiRbcaMRbeTs RtUvTTYl)ankarpþl;GMNac[kan;EteRcIneLIg edIm,I BYkeKGacGnuvtþskm μPaBTak;TgnwgbBaðasiT§imnusS)anedayxøÜnÉg enAkñúgbribT ényuT§sa®sþfñak;tMbn; nigGnutMbn;.

78

siT§imnusSkñúgskm μPaBCak;Esþg³ OHCHR enAtamRbeTs

vtþmansMxan;²tamRbeTs³

bUsñInighWehShÁÚvIn bU‘runDI km<úCa kULúMb‘I saFarN³rdæRbCaFibetyükugehÁa nig Es‘b nig m:ugeteNRkU.

EpñksiT§imnusSrbs;ebskkmμsnþiPaBGgÁkarshRbCaCati³

Gab;kahSI¼hS‘khSú I GahVhÁanIsßan saFarN³rdæGa®hV ikkNþal kUDIv½r saFarN³rdæRbCaFibetyükugehÁa eGtüÚBI¼eGrIcRTa hÁInI-b‘ÍsU GIura:k; ¬nwgRtUvbegáIt¦ lIebrIy:a esr:aeLGUn taCIKIsßan nigTIm½rxagekIt.

kariyal½yfñak;tMbn;

TIRkugGadIsGa)a)aénRbeTseGtüÚBITIRkugGal;ma:TIénRbeTskahSak;sßan TIRkug)aMgkk énRbeTséf TIRkugéby:arUténRbeTslIbg; TIRkugRbItUrIy:aénRbeTsGaRhiVkxagt,Úg TIRkugsan; tüahÁÚénRbeTsQIlI TIRkugtaEsánénRbeTsGU‘ebKIsßan ¬nwgRtUvbegáIt¦ nigTIRkugy:ava:n;ed énRbeTskaemrUn.

kic©shRbtibtþikaeEpñkbec©keTs

Gg;ehÁaLa GaEhSébhSan; eRbsuIl eGkVad½r EGlsava:d½r háaetm:aLa miucsiuckU m:ugehÁalI en)a:l; nIkara:hÁ½r )a:eLsÞIn hVIlIBIn sUm:alI RsIlgáa nigs‘Udg;.

RbGb; 26

79

]tþmsñgkarGgÁkarshRbCaCatiTTYlbnÞúksiT§imnusS

bnÞab;BIGaCIBenAkñúgmuxgarkarTUtenARbeTseGkVad½r elak José Ayala-Lasso )an køayCa]tþmsñgkarGgÁkarshRbCaCatiTTYlbnÞúksiT§imnusSdMbUgeKenAqñaM 1994. GñksñgtMENgbnþBIKat;KWelakRsI Mary Robinson GtItRbFanaFibtIénRbeTseGokLg;. elakRsI)ankøayCaGñkTTYlxusRtUvelIkm μviFIsiT§imnusSGgÁkarshRbCaCati cMeBl EdlmankMENTRmg;rcnasm<½n§ ³ enAeBlEdlelakRsI RtUv)anEtgtaMgenaH buKÁlik rbs;elakRsI nigmCÄmNÐlsiT§imnusS RtUv)anbRgYmcUlKñaeTACakariyal½yEtmYy én]tþmsñgkarGgÁkarshRbCaCati ¬OHCHR¦. enAeRkamkardwknaMrbs;elakRsI kariyal½y]tþmsñgkar)anCMrujeTAmux edIm,IRbQmeTAnwigbBaðasiT§imnusSEdlkMBug EtmanRsab; nigkMBugEtekIt eLIgRbkbedayRbsiT§PaBCagmun ehIyRbEmRbmUlkmøaMg rbs;GñkedIrtYfμI² enAkñúgkarxMsVHEsVgCaskl edIm,IeFVI[manvb,Fm’sklmYyénkareKarBsiT§i nig esrIPaBCamUldæan. bnÞab;BImanRbvtþikargard¾KYr[sresIrCamYyGgÁkarshRbCaCati kñúgkaredaHRsaybBaðaRbQmmYycMnYnEpñkmnusSFm’ nigkarrkSasnþiPaBrbs;BiPBelak d¾EsnsμúKsμaj enAéf¶TI12 ExkBaØa qñaM 2002 elak Sergio Vieira de Mello )ankøayCa]tþm sñgkarTI3. enAEx]sPa qñaM2003 elakRtUv)an esñIsMuedayGKÁelxaFikar[sMrak kargarBIOHCHR ry³eBlbYnEx edIm,IeTAbMerIkargarCatMNagBiess rbs;GKÁelxaFikar RbcaM enARbeTsGIura:k; CaTIEdlelak RtUv)aneKsmøab;y:agEsnexøacpSaenAéf¶TI19 ExsIha qñaM2003. kariyal½y]tþmsñgkar RtUv)andwknaMeday]tþmsñgkarsþITI KWelak Bertrand

Ramcharan BIRbeTs hÁúyy:aNa rhUtdl;mankarEtgtaMg]tþmsñgkarfμ I. cab;BI éf¶TI1 Exkkáda qñaM2004 mk OHCHR RtUv)andwknaMedayelak RsI Louise Arbour

CaGtIt ³ ecARkmtulakarkMBUlrbs;RbeTskaNada ehIyBIqñaM1996 dl; qñaM2000

RbGb; 27

80

elakRsI CaRbFanRBHraCGaCJaéntulakar]Rkidækm μGnþrCatisRmab;GtIt³ yUehÁasøavI nigr:va:n;da. kñúgsmtßkic© elakRsICaRBHraCGaCJa elakRsI)aneFVIkarecaTRbkan; GtItRbFanaFibtIyUehÁasøavI nigEs‘b KWelak Slobodan Milosevic kñúgcMeNam]Rkidæ CndéTeTot BIbT]Rkidækmμs®gÁam nig]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCati Tak;Tg nwgGMeBIeXaeXA EdlRbRBwtþenAkUsUv:U. karecaTRbkan;elak Slobodan Milosevic KWCakarecaTRbkan; TImYyeTAelIRbmuxrdæEdlkMBugkan;GMNac.

lkçxNÐd¾caM)ac;mYysRmab;PaBeCaKC½yénvtþmanrbs; OHCHR enA-

tamRbeTs KWrdæaPi)al sßab½nCati GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al nigRkumkar-garGgÁkarshRbCaCati RbcaMRbeTs RtUvTTYl)ankarpþl;GMNac[kan;EteRcIneLIg edIm,IBYkeKGacGnuvtþ skm μPaBTak;TgnwgbBaðasiT§imnusS)anedayxøÜnÉg enAkñúgbribTényuT§sa®sþ fñak;tMbn; nigGnutMbn;.

81

CMBUkTI 8 smahrNkm μsiT§imnusSeTAkñúgkargar rbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati karelIksÞÜysiT§imnusS nig esrIPaBCamUldæan KWCavtßúbMNgd¾sMxan;mYy rbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati. edIm,IseRmcbMNgR)afñaenaH GgÁkarshRbCaCati)an Gnum½teKalneya)aysþIBI :kareFVIsmahrNkmμsiT§imnusS : dUcCakarFanafa siT§imnusSEdlCaRbFanbTmYyBak;B½n§RKb;vis½yTaMgGs; RtUv)anykmkKitKUr BicarNaedayRKb;sßab½nTaMgGs;énRbB½n§GgÁkarshRbCaCati. GaRs½yehtuenH bEnßmelIKN³km μkarsiT§imnusSGgÁkarshRbCaCati EdlenAEtCasßab½nsiT§i mnusSmYycm,geKenaH karekIneLIgCalMdab;nUvcMnYn TIPñak;garCMnajÉkeTs km μviFI mUlniFi nigsßab½nepSgeTot rbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati )annwgkMBugGPivDÆ skm μPaBelIksÞÜy nigkarBarsiT§imnusS.

snñisITBiPBelaksþIBIsiT§imnusSenATIRkugvIEyn ¬1993¦ nigesckIþseRmccitþ CabnþbnÞab;rbs;mhasnñi)atGgÁkarshRbCaCati nigKN³kmμkarsiT§imnusS GgÁkarshRbCaCati )anGMBavnav[GgÁkarshRbCaCatibegáIt»ümankm μviFICMnYy mYycMnYntamsMeNIrbs;rdæaPi)alBak;B½n§. km μviFITaMgenH KYrEtelIkykmkBiPakSa GMBIkMENTRmg;c,ab;Cati nigkarbegáItnig¼b¤karBRgwgsßab½nCati nigrcnasm<½n§

82

Bak;B½n§nana edIm,IelIksÞÜysiT§imnusS nItirdæ nigRbCaFibetyü karpþl;CMnYykñúg kare)aHeqñat nigkarelIkkMBs;karyl;dwgGMBIsiT§i mnusStamry³karbNþúHbNþal karbeRgon nigkarGb;rM karcUlrYmd¾skmμBIsMNak;RbCaBlrdæ nigsgÁmsIuvilnana .

km μviFIkMENTRmg;rbs;GKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati Edl)anepþImeFVIenA

qñaM1997 )anGMBavnav[mankareFVIsmahrNkmμsiT§imnusSeTAkñúgkargarrbs; RbB½n§GgÁkarshRbCaCatiTaMgmUl nig)anGMBavnav[begIát]bkrN_Cak;Esþg sRmab;GnuvtþEpnkarTIRkugvIEyn. lT§plenHKWmankarrIkcMerInenAkñúgeKal neya)ay nigskmμPaBsiT§imnusSrbs;kmμviFI nig TIPñak;garGgÁkarshRbCaCatiCaeRcIn.

kare)aHBumÖpSayr)aykarN_qñaM2001 rbs;GKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati Edl-

mancMNgeCIg fakarBRgwgGgÁkarshRbCaCati ³ rebobvar³sMrab;;karpøas;bþÚr bEnßmeTot (A/57/387) tMNag[karGPivDÆn_ mYysMxan;EfmeTot. enAkñúgr)ay karN_kMENTRmg;elIkTIBIrenaH GKÁelxaFikar)anbBa¢ak;eLIgvijfa karelIksÞÜy nigkarkarBarsiT§imnusSbegáIt)anCa :lkçxNÐtRmUvd¾rwgmaMmYysRmab;[seRmc)an nUvckçúvis½y rbs;Fm μnuBaØGgÁkarshRbCaCatiénBiPBelakmYyRbkbedayyutþiFm’ nigsnþiPaB :. eKalbMNgcm,gKWkar ksagsmtßPaBRbtibtþikarEpñkmnusSFm’ nigEpñkGPivDÆn_rbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati edIm,Ipþl;lT§PaB[BYkeKGacCYyKaMRT dl;kic©xitxMRbwgERbgrbs;rdæsmaCiknana kñúgkarbegáIt nigkarBRgwgRbB½n§elIksÞÜy nigkarkarBarsiT§imnusSfñak;Cati EdlRsbtambTdæannigeKalkarN_ siT§imnusSGnþrCati. kfax½NÐTI 50 én r)aykarN_enaHmanxøwmsardUcteTA³

:kúñgkfax½NÐTI25 nigTI 26énesckþIEføgkarN_shsvtS rdæsmaCiknana )an seRmcBRgwgsmtßPaBrbs;xøÜnenAtamRbeTs edIm,IGnuvtþeKalkarN_ nigRbtibtþi-

83

karEpñksiT§imnusS edayrYmTaMgsiT§iCnCatiPaKtic siT§i®sþI siT§ikumar nigsiT§i CnGenþaRbevsnþCaedIm. karksagsßab½nsiT§imnusSrwgmaMnanaenAtamRbeTs KWCa GVIEdleTAeBlGnaKtd¾EvgxagmuxnwgFana)anfa siT§imnusSRtUv)aneKkarBar nig vivtþn_eTAmuxkñúglkçN³mYy RbkbedaynirnþrPaB. dUecñHehIy)anCakardak; b¤ karBRgwgRbB½n§karBarsiT§imnusSfñak;CatienAtamRbeTsnImYy² EdlqøúHbBa©aMgeTA elIbTdæansiT§imnusSGnþrCatienaH KYrEtCavtßúbMNgd¾cm,gmYy rbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati. skm μPaBTaMgenHmansar³sMxan;CaBiess enAkñúgbNþaRbeTsEdleTIbcakputBICMelaH :. siT§imnusSenAkñúgmhasnñi)at nigkmμviFIGcié®nþy_rbs;xøÜn mhasnñi)at Casßab½nnItibBaØtþimYyx<s;CageKbMputrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati EdlminRtwmEtFana[mankarGnum½tGnusBaØasiT§imnusS esckþIEføgkarN_ eKalkarN_ viFan niglixitubkrN_mYyQutKYr[cab;Garm μN_b:ueNÑaHeT EfmTaMgBiPakSaenA RKb;sm½yRbCuMTaMgGs; CaBiessenAkñúgKN³km μaFikarTI3 TTYlbnÞúkkic©kar sgÁmkic© mnusSFm’ vb,Fm’ nig sßanPaBsiT§imnusSCak;Esþg enAkñúgrdæCaeRcIn nig Gnum½tesckIþseRmccitþnana EdlBak;B½n§nwgbBaðaTaMgenaHpgEdr.

kmμviFI mUlniFi nigsßab½nCaeRcInrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati dUcCa kmμviFI GPivDÆn_ shRbCaCati (UNDP) kmμviFIes,ógGaharBiPBelak (WFP) mUlniFIshRbCaCati sRmab;kumar (UNICEF) kmμviFIshRbCaCatisRmab;kartaMglMenAdæan mnusSCati nigTIRkug (UN-HABITAT) sklviTüal½yshRbCaCati (UNU) kariyal½y]sñgkarCan;x<s; GgÁkarshRbCaCatiTTYlbnÞúkCnePosxøÜn(UNHCR) kariyal½y]tþmsñgkarGgÁkar shRbCaCatiTTYlbnÞúksiT§imnusS (OHCHR) sUmemIlCMBUkTI 7¦ GnuvtþskmμPaB sMxan;²enAkñúgvis½ysiT§imnusS.

84

siT§imnusS nig RkumRbwkSasnþisux RkumRbwkSasnþisux EdlCasßab½nEtmYyKt;rbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati Edlman smtßkic©Gnum½t esckIþseRmccitþEdlP¢ab;katBVkic©pøÚvc,ab; nigdak;»üGnuvtþ esckþIseRmccitþTaMgenH kñúgkrNINaEdlrdæsmaCikmineKarBtamenaH kñúgry³ eBlb:un μanqñaMf μ I²enH)anedIrtYnaTIkan;EtskmμeLIgenAkñúgvis½ysiT§imnusS. bc©úb,nñ enH siT§imnusSbegáIt)anCaEpñkmYysMxan;énRbtibtþikarrkSasnþiPaB nigRbtibtþikar ksagsnþiPaB ehIymanGñkCMnajkarsiT§imnusSCaeRcInRtUv)andak;BRgayenAtam RbeTsnana edIm,IXøaMemIlsßanPaBsiT§imnusSenAkñúgbribTeRkayCMelaH ehIyCYy eRCamERCgRbeTsTaMgenaHkñúgkarBRgwgnItirdæ kñúgkarksagRbB½n§tulakarmYyÉkraCü kñúg-karCYyBRgwgkargar Gnuvtþc,ab;kñúgkarRKb;RKgBn§naKar nigkñúgkarbegáItKN³ km μkarCatisiT§imnusS nigsßab½ndéTeTot EdlcaM)ac;sRmab;karkarBarsiT§imnusS. bEnßmelIenHeTot eday sarmankrNIekIneLIgkan;EteRcIn RkumRbwkSasnþisux)an cat;TukkarrMelaPsiT§imnusSd¾kMeral nigCaRbB½n§fa CakarKMramkMEhgsnþiPaB ehIyCalT§plk¾)ancat;viFankartamCMBUkTI VII énFm μnuBaØshRbCaCati eday dak;TNÐkm μesdækic© nigTNÐkm μÉeTot edayGnuBaØat[eRbIR)as;kMlaMgeyaFa nig-begáItsalakþI]RkidækmμGnþrCati cMeBaHkrNITaMgenH ¬sUmemIlCMBUkTI 10¦. siT§imnusS nig :RKYsarGgÁkarshRbCaCati : RbB½n§GgÁkarshRbCaCati RtUv)anehAeRkApøÚvkarfaCa :RKYsarGgÁkarshRbCaCati : Edl-manGgÁkarshRbCaCati nigTIPñak;garCMnajÉkeTsepSg²kan;EteRcIneLIg² EdlCaGgÁkarGnþrrdæaPi)alÉkraCütampøÚvc,ab; edayrkSaTMnak;TMngBiessCamYy GgÁkarshRbCaCati Ep¥ktamkic©RBmeRBogCamYyRkumRbwkSaesdækic©nigsgÁmkic©

85

eRkammaRta 63 énFm μnuBaØshRbCaCati. GaRs½yehtuenH eKalneya)ay : smahrNkmμsiT§imnusS : rbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatik¾GnuvtþpgEdrcMeBaHTIPñak;gar CMnajÉkeTsTaMgenHEdlkñúgenaHTIPñak;garPaKeRcIn manRbvtþiyUrGEgVgkñúg skm μPaBTak;TgnwgsiT§imnusSCak;lak;.

sßab½nshRbCaCatisMxan;² Edlskmμkñúgvis½ysiT§imnusS

TIPñak;garCMnajÉkeTs GgÁkarBlkm μGnþrCati (ILO) GgÁkares,ógGahar nigksikmμshRbCaCati (FAO)

GgÁkarGb;rM viTüasa®sþ nigvb,Fm’shRbCaCati (UNESCO) GgÁkarsuxPaBBiPBelak (WHO)

km μviFI nigmUlniFi

GgÁkar UNICEF (mUlniFishRbCaCatisRmab;kumar¦ km μviFIGPivDÆn_shRbCaCati (UNDP)

mUlniFiGPivDÆn_shRbCaCatisRmab;®sþI (UNIFEM) km μviFIshRbCaCatisRmab;kartaMglMenAdæanmnusSCati nigTIRkug (UN-HABITAT)

TIPñak;garshRbCaCatiedIm,Ise®gÁaH nigkargarsRmab;CnePosxøÜn) a:eLsÞInenAtMbn;mCÄwmbUBa’ (UNRWA)

km μviFIes,ógGaharBiPBelak (WFP) viTüasßanRsavRCav nigbNþúHbNþal

viTüasßanshRbCaCatisRmab;karbNþúHbNþal nigsikSaRsavRCav (UNITAR)

RbGb; 28

86

viTüasßansikSaRsavRCav nigbNþúHbNþalGnþrCatiénGgÁkarshRbCaCati edIm,IceRmIn®sþI (INSTRAW) viTüasßansikSaRsavRCavshRbCaCati sRmab;karGPivDÆn_sgÁm (UNRISD)

sßab½nEdlbegáItedayRkumRbwkSasnþisux

salakþI]Rkidækm μGnþrCati sRmab;GtItRbeTsyUehÁasøavI (ICTY)

salakþI]Rkidækm μGnþrCati sRmab;RbeTsrV:an;da (ICTR)

GgÁPaBepSg²eTotrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati

kariyal½y]tþmsñgkarGgÁkarshRbCaCatiTTYlbnÞúksiT§imnusS (OHCHR) kariyal½ysñgkarCan;x<s;GgÁkarshRbCaCatiTTYlbnÞúkCnePosxøÜn (UNHCR) sklviTüal½yshRbCaCati (UNU)

CMnYybec©keTscMeBaHrdæ nigcMeBaHsPa

CMnYybec©keTsrbs; OHCHR kñúgvis½ysiT§imnusS kmμviFIshRbtibtþikarbec©keTsGgÁkarshRbCaCatienAkñúgvis½ysiT§imnusS CYydl;rdænanatamkaresñIsuM edIm,Iksag nigBRgwgrcnasm<½n§CatiTaMgLay Edlmanplb:HBal;edaypÞal;elIkareKarB siT§imnusSTUeTA nig karBRgwgnItirdæ. GgÁPaBTaMgLayénkmμviFIenH epþatelIkardak;bBa©ÚlbTdæansiT§imnusSGnþrCati eTAkñúgc,ab; nig eKalneya)ayCati edayksag nigBRgwgsßab½nCati[mansmtßPaBelIksÞÜy nigkarBarsiT§imnusS lT§iRbCaFibetyü nignItirdæ tamry³kartak;EtgEpnkarskmμPaBCatisRmab;elIksÞÜy nigkarBarsiT§imnusS edaypþl;karGb;rM nigvKÁbNþúHbNþalsiT§imnusS nigelIksÞÜyvb,Fm’siT§imnusS. CMnYy]btßmÖEbbenH

RbGb; 29

87

eFVIeLIgkñúgTRmg;Cakarpþl;esvaBieRKaHeyabl;CamYyGñkCMnajkar pþl;vKÁbNþúHbNþal sikçasala snñisIT GaharUbkrN_ sRmab;karRsavRCav CMnYyhirBaØvtßú karpþl;B½t’man nigkarRbmUl cgRkgÉksar nigkarvaytémøGMBIesckþIRtUvkarEpñksiT§imnusS enAfñak;Cati. GgÁkarshRbCaCati cat;Tukkic©shRbtibtþikarbec©keTsfaCakic©karbEnßmeTAelIkarXøaMemIl nig karesIubGegáteRkamkmμviFIsiT§imnusS minEmnCakic©karCMnYsenaHeT. dUc)anbBa¢ak;enAkñúgr)ay karN_Bak;B½n§nanarbs;GKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati nigesckIþseRmccitþrbs;KN³km μkar siT§imnusSGgÁkarshRbCaCati karpþl;esvaBieRKaHeyabl; nigCMnYybec©keTs minkat;bnßy karTTYlxusRtUvrbs;rdæaPi)alelIsßanPaBsiT§imnusSenAkñúgEdndIrbs;xøÜneLIy ehIyk¾mineFVI»ü RbeTsenaHrYcputBIkartamdanBinitüemIl eRkamnItiviFInanarbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati smRsb k¾eTEdr. CMnYybec©keTsshPaBGnþrsPa (IPU)

IPUpþl;esvaBieRKaHeyabl;elIkic©karTaMgmUlrbs;sPa CaBiesselItYnaTI rcnasm<½n§ nigrebob eFVIkarrbs;sPaCatimYy. kmμviFIrbs; IPU rYmmanKMeragbNþúH bNþalbuKÁliksPa pþl;FnFanxag smÖar³ nigbrikça nigerobcMsikçasalaGMBI RbFanbTEdlCasarRbeyaCn_Cak;lak; dl;smaCiksPa. KMeragPaKeRcInkñúg cMeNamKMeragTaMgenaHelIkeLIgGMBIbBaðasiT§imnusS nig bBaðaeynD½r. kñúgsμartIenaH IPU shkary:agCitsñiT§ CamYy UNDP nig OHCHR. B½t’man bEnßmsþIBICMnYy bec©keTsrbs; IPU Gacrk)antamry³elxaFikardæanrbs; IPU.

GgÁkarBlkm μGnþrCati (ILO) CaPñak;garsMxan;mYy EdleFVIkarkñúgvis½y siT§iesdækic© dUcCa siT§iTTYl)ankargareFVI siTi§TTYl)ankarRbRBwtþes μ IPaBKña nig RtwmRtUv nigsiTi§TTYl)anlkçxNÐkargarRbkbedaysuxPaB siT§ibegáItshCIB rYmTaMgsiT§ieFVIkUdkmμ nigsiT§icrcaCasmUhPaB RBmTaMgmanbTbBaØtþiBak;B½n§ dUcCa karhamR)amkargaredaybgçM karhamR)amBlkm μkumartamTRmg;NamYy EdlF¶n;F¶rbMput nighamR)amkarerIseGIgkñúgkarCYlkmμkr nigkarerIseGIgenAkEnøgeFVIkar .

88

ILO EdlRtUv)anbegáIteLIgenAqñaM1919 ehIyEdl)an Rbtibtþikarkargar Ep¥kelI :RbB½n§RtIPaKI : Edl)andak;tMNagrbs;nieyaCk nig tMNagnieyaCit enAelImUldæanmYyes μ IPaBKña b¤Rbhak;RbEhlKñaCamYynwgtMNagrbs;rdæaPi)alenaH GgÁkarenH)anbegáItsn§isBaØaGnþrCatiCamUldæan Gnusasn_ nignItiviFI-CaeRcIn sRmab;karBarsiT§iesdækic© nig siT§imnusSepSg² eTot.

GgÁkarGb;rM viTüasa®sþ nigvb,Fm’shRbCaCati (UNESCO) CaTIPñak;gar

sMxan;mYykñúgvis½ysiT§ivb,Fm’ ¬CaBiesssiT§iTTYl)ankarGb;rM¦ ehIy)anbegáIt lixitubkrN_ nignItiviFICaeRcInedIm,IkarBarsiT§iTaMg enaH. UNESCO edIrtYnaTIsMxan;mYy kñúgkarGnuvtþn_TisedAshsvtSshRbCaCati sRmab;karGb;rMsiT§i mnusS ¬1995 dl; 2004¦ ehIynigkarelIksÞÜyvb,Fm’sklmYysRmab; siT§imnusS nig snþiPaB.

GgÁkarsuxPaBBiPBelak (WHO) CaTIPñak;garsMxan;mYy sRmab;elIksÞÜy nigkarBarsiT§imansuxPaBl¥ ehIykñúgcMeNamParkic©CaeRcIneTot GgÁkarenH )anGPivDÆ km μviFIBiPBelakmYyRbkbedayeCaKC½ysIþBIemeraKhIuv¼Cm¶WeGds_.

GgÁkares,ógGahar nigksikm μshRbCaCati (FAO) CaTIPñak;gar

FMCageKbMputkñúgcMeNam TIPñak;garCMnajÉkeTsnana ehIyCaGñkedIrtYsMxan;mYy kñúgkarelIksÞÜy nigkarkarBarsiT§imancMNIGahar EdlCaktþamYykñúgcMeNam ktþasMxan;²bMputCaeRcInkñúgkarRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgPaBRkIRk. TisedAGPivDÆn_d¾ cm,genH RtUv)anGnum½tyl;RBmedayRbmuxrdæ nigrdæaPi)alRbmaNCa 150 RbeTs kñúgGMMLúgeBlCMnYbkMBUlshsvtS Edl)anerobcMeLIgenAExkBaØa qñaM2000.

89

CMBUkTI 9 sn§isBaØasiT§imnusSfñak;tMbn; nig kartamXøaMemIl bEnßmelIRbB½n§karBarsiT§imnusSQrelImUldæan énFm μnuBaØshRbCaCati EdlGnuvtþelIrdæTa MgGs; nigRbB½n§QrelImUldæanénsn§isBaØashRbCaCati Edl GnuvtþEtelIrdæsmaCikb:ueNÑaHenaH rdæCaeRcInenATVIbGa®hVik Gaemrik nigGWr:ub )anTTYlykkatBVkic©siT§imnusSEdlCab;katBVkic©enAfñak;tMbn; ehIy)an yl;RBm [mankarXøaMemIlCaGnþrCati. minTan;mansn§isBaØasiT§imnusS nig ynþkarXøaMemIl fñak;tMbn; RtUv)anGnum½t enAkñúgtMbn;GasuI nig)a:sIuhVikenAeLIy eT. TVIbGa®hVik enAqñaM1981 rdæsmaCikrbs;GgÁkarshPaBGa®hVik EdltaMgBIeBlenaH mk)an køayCashPaB Ga®hVik (AU) )anGnum½tFm μnuBaØGa®hViksþIBIsiT§imnusS nigsiT§i RbCaBlrdæ Edl)ancUlCaFrmanenAExtula qñaM1986. vaCasn§isBaØa siT§imnusSTUeTAmYy ehIyRtUv)anpþl;sc©ab½nedayrdæsmaCikTaMg 53 énshPaB Ga®hVik. dUcEdlcMNgeCIgrbs;va)anbBa¢ak;pgEdr bEnßmelIsiT§iBlrdæ siTi§ neya)ay siTi§esdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’ sn§isBaØafñak;tMbn;enHk¾EcgGMBIsiT§i smUhPaBrbs;RbCaCnkñúgkarTTYl)ansmPaB siTi§sV½yseRmc qnÞanusiT§i elIRTBüsm,tiþ

90

nigFnFanFm μCati karGPivDÆn_ snþiPaB nigsnþisuxCatinigGnþrCati nig :briyakay d¾eBjcitþCaTUeTAmYy :. eTaHCasiT§isamKÁIPaBrebobenH EdlRtUv)aneKehaAfa Ca siT§imnusS :CMnan;TI3 : mansar³sMxan;Epñkneya)ayCaduMkMPYnk¾eday k¾xøwmsar Ktiyutiþkñúgsni§sBaØaEdlCab;katBVkic©enH enAmankarCECkKñaenAeLIy ¬sUmemIl CMBUkTI 2¦. bEnßmelIFmμnuBaØenH AU )anGnum½tsn§isBaØa kñúgvis½y karBarsiT§iCnePosxøÜn nigsiT§ikumar.

Fm μnuBaØenH manEcgGMBInItiv iFIdak;BakübNþwgenAcMeBaHmuxKN³km μkar

Ga®hVikTTYlbnÞúksiT§imnusS nigsiT§iRbCaBlrdæ EdlmanTIsñak;karFMenATIRkug Banjul RbeTshaÁMb‘Íy:a. edaysarEtBakübNþwgGacdak; edayCnNamñak;k¾)an ¬rYmTaMg rdænana EdlGacdak;BakübNþwgGnþrrdæ nig buKÁlNamYy b¤GgÁPaB smUhPaBNamYy dUcCaGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al RkumRKYsar RkumbkSsm½<n§ shKmn_ b¤RkumepSg²eTot¦enaH dUecñH sMNYrpøÚvc,ab;Tak;Tgnwgzan³CnrgeRKaH minekItman enaHeT. KN³km μkarGa®hVikminebIksvnakarelIBakü bNþwgdac;edayELkeT b:uEnþebIksvnakarEtelIBakübNþwgTaMgLayNa EdlbgðajGMBIGtßiPaBénEbbEpn rMelaPsiT§imnusSnigsiT§iRbCaBlrdæd¾F¶n;F¶r nigkñúgRTg;RTayFM. kñúgkrNIrebobenH KN³km μkarGa®hVikGac eFVIkarsikSasIuCeRmA)an luHRtaEtmankaresñIsuMBIsPa énRbmuxrdæ nigRbmuxrdæaPi)al EdlCasßab½nneya)ay mYyx<s;bMputrbs; AU. bEnßmelInItiviFIbNþwgenH KN³km μkarBinitüpgEdr elIr)aykarN_rbs;rdænana eRkamnItiviFImYyRsedogKñanwgnItiviFIEdlsßab½nsn§isBaØashRbCaCatiGnuvtþEdr.

BiFIsarbEnßmmYyelIFmμnuBaØGa®hiVk EdlRtUv)anGnum½tenAqñaM1998 ehIyEdl

EcgGMBIkarbegáIttulakarsiT§imnusSnigsiT§iRbCaBlrdæGa®hVik )ancUlCaFrman enAéf¶TI25 Exmkra qñaM2004.

91

sn§isBaØasiT§imnusSfñak;tMbn;

RkumRbwkSaGWr:ub

GnusBaØaGWru:bsþIBIkarkarBarsiT§imnusS nigesrIPaBCamUldæan ¬1950-1953¦ nigBiFIsar bEnßm. FmμnuBaØsgÁmkic©GWr:ub ¬1961-1965¦ BiFIsarbEnßm nigFmμnuBaØsgÁmkic©GWr:ub Edl)aneFVI viesaFn km μ ¬1996-1999¦. GnusBaØaGWr:ubsþIBIzan³Ktiyutiþrbs;kmμkrGenþaRbevsnþ ¬1977-1983¦. GnusBaØaGWr:ubsþIBIkarbgáarTaruNkmμ nigkarRbRBwtþmkelIxøÜn b¤TNÐkm μÉeTot EdlGmnusSFm’ b¤ benßakbnÞab ¬1987-1989¦. Fm μnuBaØGWr:ubsRmab;PasatMbn; nigPasaCnCatiPaKtic ¬1992-1998¦. GnusBaØaRkbxNÐsRmab;karBarCnCatiPaKticfñak;Cati ¬1995-1998¦. GnusBaØaGWr:ubsþIBIkarGnuvtþn_siT§ikumar ¬1996-2000¦. GnusBaØasþIBIsiT§imnusS nig »sfCIvsa®sþ ¬1997-1999¦. GnusBaØaGWr:ubsþIBIsBa¢ati ¬1997-2000¦.

GgÁkarénrdæGaemrik

GnusBaØaGaemrikkaMgsþIBIsiT§imnusS ¬1969-1978¦ nig BiFIsarbEnßm. GnusBaØaGnþrGaemrikkaMgsþIBIkarbgáar nigkardak;TNÐkmμelIGMeBITaruNkmμ ¬1985-1987¦. GnusBaØaGnþrGaemrikkaMgsþIBIkarbgáar kardak;TNÐkmμ nigkarbM)at;GMeBIhwgSaRbqaMg nwg®sþIePT ¬1994-1995¦. GnusBaØaGnþrGaemrikkaMgsþIBIkar)at;xøÜnbuKÁledaybgçM ¬1994-1996¦. GnusBaØaGnþrGaemrikkaMgsþIBIkarCYjdUrGnItiCnfñak;GnþrCati ¬1994-1997¦.

RbGb; 30

92

GnusBaØaGnþrGaemrikkaMgsþIBIkarbM at;ral;;TRmg;énkarerIseGIgRbqaMgnwg CnBikar ¬1999-2001¦.

shPaBGa®hVik ¬GtItGgÁkarshPaBGa®hVik¦ Fm μnuBaØGa®hViksþIBIsiT§imnusS nig siT§iRbCaBlrdæ ¬1981-1986¦. GnusBaØasþIBITidæPaBCak;lak;TaMgLayénbBaðaCnePosxøÜnenAGa®hiVk ¬1969-1974¦. GnusBaØasþIBIsiT§i nig suxumalPaBkumarGa®hVik ¬1990-1999¦.

TVIbGaemrik RbB½n§GnþrGaemrikkaMgsRmab;karBarsiT§imnusS mandMeNIrkarBIrdac;edayELkBIKña EdlmYyEp¥kelIFmμnuBaØrbs;GgÁkarrdæGaemrik (OAS) nigmYyeTot Ep¥kelIktikasBaØa TIRkug San José RbeTs kUsþarIka ¬GnusBaØaGaemrikkaMgsþIBIsiT§imnusS¦. TnÞwmnwg dMeNIrkarEdlEp¥kelIFmμnuBaØenH GacGnuvtþeTAelIrdæsmaCikTaMgGs;rbs; OAS enaH GnusBaØaGaemrikkaMgsþIBIsiT§imnusSCab;katBVkic©pøÚvc,ab; EtelIrdæPaKIb:ueNÑaH . GnusBaØaenH Edl)anGnum½tenAqñaM1969 ehIy)ancUlCaFrman taMgBIqñaM1978 mkenaH epþatelIsiT§iBlrdæ nigsiT§ineya)ay b:uEnþRtUv)an bMeBjbEnßmedayBiFIsar-bEnßmmYy ¬1988-1999¦ EdlmanEcgGMBIsiT§iesdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’. EfmBIelIenHeTot OAS )anGnum½tsn§isBaØaBiessnana sþIBIkar)at;xøÜnedaybgçM kareFVITaruNkm μ GMeBIhwgSaRbqaMgnwg®sþIePT karCYjdUr GnItiCnfñak;GnþrCati nig-karerIseGIgRbqaMgnwgCnBikar.

GnusBaØaenHmanEcgGMBInItiviFIdak;BakübNþwgGnþrrdæ nigbNþwgbuKÁleTA KN³kmμkarsiT§imnusSGnþrGaemrik (IACHR) Casßab½ntamXøaMemIlmYy manlkçN³

93

RsedogKñanwgtulakarEdlmanTItaMgenATIRkugva:suInetanDIsIu nigtulakarsiT§imnusS GnþrGaemrikkaMg EdltaMgenATIRkug San José ¬RbeTs kUsþarIka¦. KñúgcMeNamrdæsmaCikcMnYn 35 rbs; OAS manEtrdæ 25 b:ueNÑaH EdlCaPaKIénGnusBaØaenH . enAcMeBaHmux KN³km μkarGnþrGaemrik manEtRbB½n§Tn;exSayCageKEdlEp¥kelIFm μnuBaØb:ueNÑaH RtUvGnuvtþcMeBaHrdæ 10 Edlmin)anpþl;sc©ab½nelIGnusBaØaenH ehIyyutþaFikarrbs;tulakar GnþrGaemrikkaMg KWCaCMerIssMrab;EtrdæTaMgLayNa EdlCaPaKIénGnusBaØaenHb:ueNÑaH.

PaKeRcInelIslubénBakübNþwgrab;Ban; Edl)andak;bþwgtamRbB½n§enH RtUv)an edaHRsayedayKN³km μkarGnþrGaemrikEtb:ueNÑaH EdlkarRbkasminTTYl-BakübNþwgTaMgenH bgálkçN³gayRsYl[man dMeNaHRsayRbkbedaymitþPaB b¤e)aHBumÖpSayesckþIsnñidæannanarbs;xøÜnkñúgr)aykarN_edayEp¥kelIGgÁesckþI. r)aykarN_rebobenH manbBa©ÚlGnusasn_minCab;katBVkic©mYYycMMnYn Edltam-karGnuvtþn_Cak;Esþg nigCaerOy²RtUv)anrdæaPi)alsamIumineGIeBI. GñkbþwgTaMgenaH minmansiT§ iyksMNuMerOgrbs;xø Ün eTAbþ wgenAcMeBaHmuxtulakarsiT§imnusSGnþr GaemrikkaMg)aneT manEtrdæBak;B½n§ nigKN³kmμkarenaHb:ueNÑaH eTIbGaceFVI)an. edayGnuelameTAtamviFanénnItiviFIEdleTIb)anEkERbfμ I²enH eTaHbICaKN³kmμkar)an epþImbBa¢ÚnsMNuMerOgkan;EteRcIneTAtulakark¾eday k¾rhUtmkTl;eBlenH manEtsMNuMerOgbuKÁlcMnYnRbEhl 50 b:ueNÑaH EdltulakarenH)anseRmc ecjsalRkmsßaBr EdlCab;katBVkic©tampøÚvc,ab;. sMNuMerOgTaMgenaH bwþgBI karrMelaPsiT§imnusS enARbeTsmYycMnYnénTVIbGaemrikxagt,Úg nigGaemrik-kNþal. eKkMNt;)anfakarrMelaPsiT§imnusSd¾kMeral nigCaRbB½n§ ¬rYmman kareFVI TaruNkm μ karsmøab; tamTMenIgcitþ nigkar)at;xøÜnedaybgMç¦ BitCa)anekIteLIgkñúgcMeNam RbeTsTaMgenaH PaKeRcIn ehIytulakar)andak;ecBaJnUvviFankarTUlMTUlayén

94

sMNgCYsCulelIsBIsMNgCaTwkR)ak;eTAeTot CUndl;CnrgeRKaH nigRkumRKYsar rbs;BYkeK.

eRkABI :yutþaFikarelIvaTb,divaT : rbs;xøÜn ¬smtßkic©ebIksvnakarCMnMuCRmHkþIrvag PaKIbNþwg¦ tulakarenHk¾mansmtßkic©pgEdr kñúgkarpþl;eyabl;ENnaMelIkarbkRsay sn§isBaØasiT§imnusSGnþrCati ¬CaBiess GnusBaØaGaemrikkaMgsIþBIsiT§imnusS¦ ehIyvaytémø elIPaBRsbKñarvagc,ab;Cati nigsn§isBaØaTaMgenH. tMbn;Gar:ab; enAéf¶TI15 ExkBaØa qñaM1994 rdæsmaCikrbs;sm<½n§Gara:b; )anGnum½tFm μnuBaØ Gar:ab;sIþBIsiT§imnusS k¾b:uEnþKμanrdæNamYykñúgcMeNamrdæsmaCikTaMg 22 rbs;sm½<n§enH )ancuHhtßelxaelIFm μnuBaØenHeT. enAExmIna qñaM2003 RkumRbwkSa sm<½n§Gar:ab;)anseRmceFVIBRgagFm μnuBaØenaHsareLIgvij edIm,IRsbtamc,ab; nig bTdæansiT§imnusSGnþrCati. KN³km μaFikarénGñkCMnajkar EdlmansmaCikGara:b; rbs;sßab½ntamXøaMemIlsn§isBaØashRbCaCati RtUv)anbegáIteLIgedayEp¥kelIGnusSa rN³eyaKyl;mYy Edl)ancuHhtßelxaedaysm<½n§énrdæGar:ab; nig OHCHR enA Exemsa qñaM2002 edIm,ICYyeRCamERCgsm½<n§Gara:b;kñúgkic©kar enaH. BRgagEdl esñIeLIgedayGñkCMnajkarTaMgenaH RtUv)anTTYlykedayKN³kmμaFikarGcié®nþy_TTYlbnÞúk siT§imnusSrbs;sm½<n§Gara:b; kñúgkareFIVBRgageLIgvijenH. bnÞab;mkBRgagenaH RtUv)an dak;CUnBiPakSaCacugeRkay nigGnum½tenAkñúgCMnYbkMBUlmYyénsm<½n§rdæGar:ab; kñúg Ex]sPa qñaM2004 CakEnøgEdlFm μnuBaØenaH RtUv)anGnum½tyl;RBm . rdæGar:ab; mYycMnYn kMBugdMeNIrkarpþl;sc©ab½nelIFm μnuBaØenaH.

95

eTaHbICa OHCHR )ansMEdgkarRBYy)armÖGMBIbTbBaØtiþmYycMnYnén Fm μnuBaØ kñúgTRmg;bc©úb,nñrbs;vak¾eday k¾bTbBaØtþ ifμI²manlkçN³TMenIbeRcInCag bTbBaØtiþmun²Tak;TgnwgbBaðaepSg² dUcCa sßanPaBkñúgRKamanGasnñ kic©Fana karBardl; karCMnuMCRmHedayyutþiFm’ TasPaB GMeBIhwgSaelIpøÚvePT BikarPaB nig-karCYjdUr. edaysarFm μnuBaØenH manEcgGMBIynþkartamXøaMemIl Edlman lkçN³RsedogKña eTAnwgKN³kmμaFikarsiT§imnusSGgÁkarshRbCaCatipgEdrenaH karGnum½telI lixitubkrN_enH)anebIkpøÚv[mankarbegáItynþkarkarBar nigelIksÞÜy siT§imnusSfñak;tMbn;mYyEfmeTot. eTaHCay:agenHk¾eday RbB½n§f μIenH min)an Kitdl;nItiviFIbNþwgCabuKÁleLIy k¾b:uEnþmaRta 52 énFm μnuBaØenHmanEcgGMBIlT§PaBkñúg karGnum½tBiFIsarbEnßmepSg²eTot. tMbn;GasuI nig )a:suIhVik enAGasuInig)a:sI uhV ikminmanGnusBaØafñak;tMbn;sþ IB IsiT§ imnusSeT. eTaHCa y:agenHk¾eday tamry³ OHCHR RbeTsnanaenAkñúgtMbn;)anykcitþTukdak;elI karBRgwgkic©shRbtibtþikarfñak;tMbn; edIm,IelIksÞÜykareKarBsiT§imnusS. enAkñúg sikçasalafñak;tMbn;GasIunig)a:suIhVikmYycMnYn CaBiess sikçasalamYyEdleFVIenA TIRkugeteGr:g; kñúgqñaM1998 enaH RkbxNÐénkic©shkarmYyRtUv)anbegáIteLIg ehIymankaryl;RBmCaÉkcä½nÞelIeKalkarN_epSg² nigviFIsa®sþ :sagsg;s<an cmøgBImYyeTAmYy : nig :CaCMhan² : EdlGacQaneTAdl;karerobcMfñak;tMbn; tamry³ karBieRKaHeyabl;TUlMTUlay kñúgcMeNamrdæaPi)alnana. mankaryl;RBmfa karerobcM enAfñak;tMbn; RtUvelIkGMBIesckþIRtUvkar nigbBaðaGaTiPaBepSg²EdlkMNt;eday

96

rdæaPi)alenAkñúgtMbn;. tYnaTI muxgar Parkic© lT§pl nigsm μ iT§iplnana nwgRtUv kMNt;edaykaryl;RBmCaÉkcä½nÞ. TVIbGWru:b eKalbMNgcm,grbs;RkumRbwkSaGWr:ub KWkarBarsiT§imnusSnigesrIPaBCamUldæan. bnÞab;BI)anbegáIt PøamenAqñaM1949 RkumRbwkSaenH)anepþImtak;EtgGnusBaØaGWr:ub sRmab;karBarsiT§imnusS nigesrIPaBCamUldæan EdlRtUv)ancuHhtßelxa enAqñaM 1950 ehIy)ancUlCaFrmanenAqñaM1953. GnusBaØaGWru:b nig BiFIsarbEnßm rbs;va begáIt)anCasn§isBaØasiT§imnusSTUeTAmYy EdlepþatelIsiT§iBlrdæ nigsiT§i neya)ay. rIÉsiT§iesdækic© sgÁmkic© nig vb,Fm’ manEcgkñúgFm μnuBaØsgÁmkic©GWr:ub ¬1961-65¦ nigBiFIsarbEnßm nigkñúgviesaFnkmμnanarbs;Fm μnuBaØenH ¬viesaFnkmμFmμnuBaØsgÁmkic©GWr:ub qñaM1996-99¦. bEnßmelIenH RkumRbwkSaGWru:b)an Gnum½tsn§isBaØaBiessmYycMnYnkñúgvis½ykarBarTinñn½ykm μkr GenþaRbevsnþ CnCati PaKtic karbgáarTaruNkmμ nig»sfCIvsa®sþ.

bc©úb,nñenH GnusBaØaGWr:ubmanEcgGMBIRbB½n§tamXøaMemIlsiT§imnusSEbbTMenIb bMput

mYyenAkMritGnþrCati . eRkammaRta34 énGnusBaØaGWru:b CnNamYyGgÁkar eRkArdæaPi)al b¤RkumbuKÁlNamYy EdlGHGagfaCaCnrgeRKaHBIkarrMelaPsiT§i mnusS enAeRkamGnusBaØanigBiFIsarrbs;va Edl)anRbRBwtþedayrdæsmaCikNamYy kñúgcMeNamrdæsmaCikbc©úb,nñTaMg 46 rbs;RkumRbwikSaGWr:ubenH eRkayBI)aneRbI Gs;lT§PaBkñúgkar EsVgrkmeFüa)ayedaHRsaykñúgRbeTsrYcehIyenaH mansiT§i dak;BakübNþwgeTAtulakarsiT§imnusSGWru:b)an EdlmanTItaMgenATIRkug®sþabYr

97

Strabourg ¬RbeTs)araMg¦. RbsinebIrkeXIjfamankarrMelaPEmn tulakarenH GacbMeBjtambMNgrbs;PaKIrgeRKaH. esckþIseRmcrbs;tulakarenH KWCaesckþI seRmccugeRkaybiTpøÚvtv:a nigCab;katBVkic©pøÚvc,ab;elIrdæPaKInana. karGnuvtþn_ esckþIseRmcTaMgenaH sßitenAeRkamkarXøaMemIlrbs;KN³km μaFikarrdæm®nþI Edl Casßab½nneya)ayx<s;CageKbMputrbs;RkumRbwkSaGWr:ub.

eRkamBiFIsarénFm μnuBaØsgÁmkic©GWr:ub EdlcUlCaFrmankñúgqñaM1998 GgÁkarxøH

Gacdak;BakübNþwg eTAKN³kmμaFikarGWru:bTTYlbnÞúksiT§isgÁmkic©)an. eBlNa bNþwgenaHRtUv)anRbkasfaGacTTYlyk)an nItiviFImYynwgRtUvdak;[dMeNIrkar edIm,IKN³km μaFikareFVIesckþIseRmcelIGgÁesckþI. esckþIseRmcenH RtUvbBa¢Ún kñúgr)aykarN_mYyeTA[PaKIBak;B½n§ nigKN³km μaFikarrdæm®nþI EdlnwgpSBVpSay-CasaFarN³ kñúgry³eBlbYnEx. enAcugbBa©b; KN³kmμaFikarrdæm®nþIGnum½t esckIþseRmcmYy EdlkñúgenaHKN³km μaFikarenH Gacpþl;Gnusasn_fa rdæBak;B½n§ RtUvcat;viFankarCak;;;lak;mYYycMnYn edIm,IFanafa RtUveFVI[sßanPaBenaHRsbeTA tamFm μnuBaØvij.

99

10 lkçnþik³TIRkugrU:m rbs;tulakar]RkidækmμGnþrCati ¬ICC¦ buBVkfa

CMBUkTI 10 karRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgniTNÐPaB³ tulakar]Rkidækm μGnþrCati ¬ICC¦ ]Rkidækmμd¾GaRkk;bMput nigKYr[P½yrn§t;mYycMnYn EdlmnusSCati)andwg dUcCa]Rkidækmμ s®gÁam GMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_ ]Rkidækm μRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati edayrYmTaMgkareFVI-TaruNkm μCaRbB½n§ karsmøab;eRkARbB½n§tulakar nigkar)at;xøÜnedaybgçM RtUv)an RbRBwtþenACMuvijBiPBelaknastvtSTI20enH GMLúgeBléns®gÁamGnþrCati enAkñúgCMelaH fñak;tMbn; nigenAeBlmansnþiPaB. PaKeRcInelIslubénGñkRbRBwtþbT]RkidæTaMgenH eFVI[tk;søúty:ageRColeRCAdl;sm,CBaØ³mnusSCati :10 minRtUv)aneKpþnÞaeTaseLIy.

kic©RbwgERbgdMbUgbMput RtUvbBa©b;niTNÐPaBrebobenH )aneFVIeLIgeRkayBI s®gÁamelakelIkTI2 )anbBa©b; KWenAeBlEdlRkumsm<½n§mitþ)anbegáItsalakþI eyaFaGnþCatienA Nuremberg nigTIRkugtUküÚ Edlebskkmμ TaMgRsugrbs;tulakarenH KWnaMyk]RkidæCns®gÁamsMxan;²mkRbQmmuxnwgyutþiFm’. dUecñHehIy)anCa salakþITaMgenH manBak;B½n§xøaMgeTAnwgkarGnuvtþn_c,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati EdlCa c,ab;sþIBICMelaHRbdab;GavuF.

100

taMgBIeBlenaHmk karepþatGarm μN_)anpøas;bþÚrCabeNþIr². bc©úb,nñenH c,ab;]Rkidækm μGnþrCatiRKb dNþb;TaMgeTAelI]Rkidækm μs®gÁam ¬EdlGacRbRBwtþEt enAeBlmanCMelaHRbdab;GavuF¦ nig TaMg :]Rkidænana Tak;TgnwgsiT§imnusS :F¶n;F¶r dUcCa GMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_ nig]Rkidækm μRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati ¬EdlGacRbRBwtþ TaMgkñúgeBlmansnþiPaB k¾dUcCakñúgeBlmans®gÁam¦. eTaHbICakarbegáIt :tulakarRBhμTNÐ GnþrCatimYyenH RtUv)aneKKiteXIjtaMgBIedImqñaM 1948 mkemø:H Edl)anEcgRtg;maRta 6 énGnusBaØashRbCaCatisþIBIkarbgáar nigkardak;TNÐkmμelI]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_ k¾eday k¾tulakarrebobenHeTIbEtbegáItdMbUgeKenAqñaM 1993 b:ueNÑaH tamry³esckIþ seRmccitþrbs;RkumRbwkSasnþisux EdlRtUv)anGnum½tenAeRkamCMBUkTI VII én Fm μnuBaØshRbCaCati ehIyBak;B½n§TaMgRsugeTAelIGtItRbeTsyUehÁasøavI. tulakar]RkidækmμGnþrCatisRmab;GtItRbeTsyUehÁasøavI (ICTY) nig tulakar ]RkidækmμGnþrCatisRmab; RbeTsrVa:n;da (ICTR) tamesckIþseRmccitþrbs;RkumRbwikSasnþisux elx 827 ¬1993¦ smtßkic© rbs;tulakar]Rkidækm μ GnþrCatisRmab;GtItRbeTsyUehÁasøavI edIm,Ikat; esckþIelI]Rkidækm μRbqaMgmnusSCatienaHRtUv)ankRmitRtwm Etskm μPaBTaMgLay NaEdlRbRBwtþeLIgkñúgGMLúgeBlénvivaTRbdab;GavuFb:ueNÑaH. esckIþseRmccitþ rbs;RkumRbwikSasnþisux elx 955 ¬1994¦ )anbegáIttulakar]Rkidækm μGnþrCati sRmab;RbeTsrVa:n;da mYyqñaMeRkaymk ehIypþl;smtßkic©sRmab;kat;esckþII fñak;dwknaMEdlRbRBwtþbTel μ IsRbl½yBUCsasn_enARbeTs rVa:n;da nig]Rkidækmμ RbqaMgmnusSCatiBak;B½n§epSg² edaymin)anniyaydl;CemøaHRbdab;GavuFenaHeLIy.

101

tulakar]RkidækmμGnþrCati (ICC)

dUcKñaeTAnwgtulakar]RkidækmμGnþrCatisRmab;RbeTsrVa:n;daEdr tulakar]Rkidækmμ GnþrCati (ICC) min)ankRmitsmtßkic©RtwmEtvivaTRbdab;GavuFeT . begáIteLIg bnÞab;BIkarGnum½tlkçnþik³TIRkugr:UmsIþBItulakar]Rkidækm μGnþrCati enAéf¶TI17 Ex kkáda qñaM1998 tulakar]Rkidækm μGnþrCati ICC TTYlbnÞúkelI]Rkidækm μRbl½y BUCsasn_ nig]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCati EdlmanRTgRTayFMCaeRcIneTot eday mincaM)ac;man b¤minmanvivaTRbdab;GavuFeLIy CabEnßmeTAelI]Rkidækm μs®gÁam. lkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um )antak;EtgeLIgEp¥kelIeKalKMniténkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;rdæ cMeBaHkarrMelaPsiT§imnusS edaybEnßmkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;buKÁl TaMgPñak;gar rbs;rdæ nigPñak;garminEmnCarbs;rdæ cMeBaHkarrMelaPTaMgLayNaF¶n;F¶r nigman lkçN³CaRbB½n§. dUecñH eKGacsn μt;fa CaC½yCMnHd¾sMxan;mYykñúgkarRbyuT§RbqaMg nwgniTNÐPaB EdlCamUlehtud¾cm,gmYynaM[mankarrMelaP ehIyk¾Ca karGPivDÆn_mYyKYreGaykt;sMKal;bMput nigRbkbedayPaBécñRbDit kñúgkarkarBar siT§imnusSfñak;GnþrCati.

:Gs;ry³eBlCagmYystvtSmkehIy EdlmnusSCaeRcInCMnan;t²Kañ)an GPivDÆRKwHénbTdæanc,ab; nigsIlFm’mYy EdlrIkcMerInCalMdab; nigd¾KYr[cab; Garm μN_y:agxøaMgedayEp¥kelIkareKarBdl;;esckIþéføfñÚr rbs;buKÁl. b:uEnþ tulakar enH KWCasßab½nGnþrCatidMbUgeK nigCaGcié®nþy_EtmYyKt; EdlmanGMNacnaMyk buKÁlnanamkCMnuMCRmH eTaHCaBYkeKCaGñkNak¾eday EdlTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaH karrMelaPd¾GaRkk;bMputeTAelIsiT§imnusS nigc,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati. enATIbMput eyIg

102

RbGb; 31

manlixitubkrN_mYy edIm,IERbkøayBaküsMdId¾BieraH [eTACaskmμPaBBitR)akd>>> :

elak Sergio Vieira de Mello GtIt]tþmsñgkarGgÁkarshRbCaCatiTTYlbnÞúksiT§imnusS

esckþIEføgkarN_ na»kasénBiFIsemÖaF ICC enAéf¶TI11 ExmIna qñaM2003.

lkçnþik³TIRkugr:Uméntulakar]Rkidækm μGnþrCati (ICC)

RtUv)anGnum½tenAéf¶TI17 kkáda qñaM1998 eday 120 semøg Tl;niwg 7 semøg

¬RbeTs cin GIura:k; GIRsaEGl lIbI Gara:b; camahIurIya: kata shrdæGaemrik eyEm:n¦ edayman 21 semøgGnubvaT.

cuHhtßelxaedayrdæcMnYn 139 pþl;sc©ab½nedayrdæcMnYn 99 ¬KitRtwmExmifuna qñaM 2005¦ kalbriecäTsMxan;²

cUlCaFrman³ 1 kkáda qñaM 2002 kare)aHeqñateRCIserIsecARkm 18 nak;rbs;tulakar edaysnñi)atrbs;rdæPaKI³

ExkumÖ³ qñaM 2003 kare)aHeqñateRCIserIsRBHraCGaCJatulakarKI Luis Moreno Ocampo edaysnñi)at

rbs;rdæPaKI ³ 21 emsa 2003.

103

11 Rbl½yBUCsasn_ ekItmaneLIgenAeBlEdlskmμPaBnana RtUv)aneKRbRBwtþeLIgedaymanectnaedIm,IbMpøajTaMgmUl b¤ EpñkxøHénRkumRbCaCati CatiBn§ Catisasn_ b¤ sasnamYy : lkçnþik³TIRkugrU:méntulakar]RkidækmμGnþrCati maRta 6. 12 ]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCati KWCa]RkidækmμTaMgLay EdlRtUv)an :eKRbRBwtþeLIgCaEpñkmYyénkarvayRbhar kñúglkçN³ raldalRKb;TIkEnøg nigCaRbB½n§RbqaMgnwgRbCaCnsIuvil :. bT]RkidæenHrYmman ³ Xatkmμ karsMlab;pþac;BUC kardak;Ca TasPaB karnireTs karpøas;TIRbCaCnedaybgçM kardak;XuMXaMg TaruNkmμ karrMelaPesBsnßv³ TasPaBpøÚvePT eBsüa caredaybgçM karBreBaHedaybgçM karbgçMmineGaymankUn TMrg;epSgeToténGMeBIhwgSapøÚvePT karkat;eTasRbqaMgnwgRkum b¤ RbeTsRbCaCnEdleKsÁal;)an bgçMeGaymankar)at;xøÜn eKalneya)aytwgrwgénkarEbgEckCatisasn_énrbb Gapaeft¬enAGaRhVikxagt,Úg¦ nig skm μPaBGmnusSFm’RsedogKñaenH EdlbgáeGaymankarQWcab; nig-karrgrbYs F¶n;F¶r edayectnaeTAelIragkay b¤ eTAelIsuxPaBEpñkKMnit nig ragkay. dUcKñamaRta 7.

TsSnTan nigyutþaFikarrbs; ICC

ehtuGVI)an ICCRtUv)anbegáIteLIg ?

edIm,IbBa©b;niTNÐPaB edIm,ICYybBa©b;vivaTnana edIm,IeFVIeGayCnRbRBwtþel μ IsjejItnaeBlGnaKt edIm,Icat;karCMnYs enAeBlEdlsßab½nyutþiFm’]RkidækmμkñúgRbeTsminmansmtßPaB

b¤minmanqnÞ³cat;kar ehIyedaHRsayCamitþPaBelIPaBcenøaHRbehagrbs; salakþIBiess cMeBaHkic©karnana ¬dUcCa salakþIEdlbegáItsRmab;GtItRbeTs yUehÁasøavI nigRbeTsrVa:n;da¦

etIyutþaFikarrbs; ICC RtUv)ankMNt;dUcemþcenAkñúglkçnþik³TIRkugrU:m?

maRta 5³ ]RkidækmμEdlsßitenAkñúgrgVg;yutþaFikarrbs; ICC man ³ GMeBIRbl½yBUC sasn_11 ]Rkidæ kmμRbqaMgmnusSCati12 nig]Rkidækmμs®gÁam

RbGb; 32

104

maRta 25³ buKÁl ¬rUbvnþbuKÁl¦ RKb;rUbRtUvTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaH]Rkidækm μ enAkñúg rgVg;yutþaFikarrbs; ICC RbsinebIbuKÁlenaH-kñúgzan³CabuKÁlEtmñak;Ég b¤rYmKña b¤tamry³buKÁlNamYyeTot k¾eday)anRbRBwtþbBa¢a b¤pþl;KMnit[RbRBwtþbT]Rkidæ rebob enaH b¤CMrujbBa©úHbBa©Úl pþl;CMnYy júHjg; b¤eRCamERCgkñúgkarRbRBwtþbT]RkidæenaH. maRta 11³ ICC manyutþaFikarEteTAelI]Rkidækmμ Edl)anRbRBwtþbnÞab;BIkarcUlCaFrman énlkçnþik³enHEtb:ueNÑaH ¬1 kkáda 2002¦ enAelITwkdIénrdæPaKImYy b¤edayCnCati énrdæPaKINa mYy enATIkEnøgNamYyk¾edayCuMvijBiPBelak.

etIGñkNaGacbBa¢ÚnsMNuMerOgeTAtulakarenH)an?

rdæPaKImYy ¬maRta 14¦ RkumRbwkSasnþisuxGgÁkarshRbCaCati ¬maRta 13 ¬x¦¦ RBHraCGaCJarbs; ICC EdlepþImkaresuIbGegáttamKMnitpþÜcepþImrbs;xøÜnpÞal;

edayEpÐkelIB½t’manKYr[Tukcitþ Edl)anTTYlBIrdænana GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al CnrgeRKaH b¤edayRbPBepSgeTot ¬maRta 15¦.

TMnak;TMngrvag ICC nwgtulakarepSgeTot

ICC nig tulakarCati ³ tulakarCatimanyutþaFikarelIRKb;sMNuMerOgBak;Bn½§TaMgGs; ehIytameKalkarN_ :bMeBjbEnßm : tulakar ICC GaceFVIskmμPaB)anEt enAeBlNa EdltulakarCati minmanlT§PaB b¤minmanqnÞ³eFVIkarecaTRbkan;b:ueNÑaH.

tulakar ICC nig tulakaryutþiFm’GnþrCati (ICJ) ³ ICJ edaHRsayEtTMnas;rvagrdæ nig rdæ EdlminEmnCabT]Rkidæ EdlRbRBwtþeLIgedaybuKÁleLIy. tulakar ICC nigsalakþIGnþrCatiBiesscMeBaHkic© (ICTY nig ICTR)³ salakþIBiess RtUv dak;»üsßiteRkamEdnkMNt;eBlevla nigTIkEnøg :yutþiFm’tamCMerIs : rIÉtulakarGcié®nþy_vij dUcCa tulakar ICC GacRbtibtþikar)anCab;lab;eRcInCag.

105

kic©RBmeRBogsþIBIbuBVsiT§i nigGP½yÉksiT§irbs;tulakar eRkammaRta 48 énlkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um tulakarRtUv :TTYl)annUvbuBVsiT§i nigGP½y ÉksiT§inana enAkñúgEdndIénrdæPaKInImYy² EdlcaM)ac;sRmab;bMeBjParkic©tameKalbMNg rbs;tulakar :. kic©RBmeRBogmYy sþIBIbuBVsiT§i nigGP½yÉksiT§irbs; ICC RtUv)ansMerceLIg RsbeBlCamYynwgkarGnum½tlkçnþik³enH )anpþl;nUvkic©karBar nigkarFanasmRsb ehIy CaBiess sRmab;kic©karBar buKÁlikrbs; ICC emFavIkarBarkIþ CnrgeRKaH nigsakSI kñúgGMLuúgeBlénkaresIubGegát. eTaHbIfa tamry³karpþl;sc©ab½nelIlkçnþik³enH rdæPaKImankatBVkic©eKarBbuBVsiT§i nigGP½yÉksiT§irbs; buKÁlik ICC nigÉksarnana rbs; ICC k¾eday manEtrdæcMnYn 16 b:ueNÑaH Edl)anpþl;sc©ab½nelIkic©RBmeRBog enH KitRtwméf¶TI20 Extula qñaM2004.

bBaðaRbQmnanarbs; ICC

braC½ykñúgkaryl;RBmCaÉkcä½nÞmYyenATIRkugr:Um nigviFankarnanarbs;rdæaPi)al shrdæGaemrik edIm,I[sMerc)annUvkic©RBmeRBogeTVPaKICamYyrdæPaKInana edIm,IelIk ElgRbCaCnrbs;shrdæGaemrikBI yutþaFikarkarrbs; ICC. ]RkidæCnEdlRtUv)anecaTRbkan; manvtþmanenAelITwkdIénrdænana EdlminTan;)an pþl;sc©ab½nelIlkçnþik³rbs; ICC b¤ EdlbdiesdminRBmshkarCamYy ICC. niymn½yceg¥ótén]RkidækmμRbqaMgmnusSCati Edl)anRbRBwtþkñúgeBlmansnþiPaB. tYnaTIrbs;RkumRbwkSasnþisux. PaBTn;exSayenAkñúgeKalkarN_énPaBb®gÁb; ³ etI ICC RtUvkMNt;edayrebobNaedIm,I[dwgfa tulakarCatiminmanqnÞ³ b¤ K μanlT§PaBcat;bNþwgGaCJa?

RbGb; 33

106

13 RbPB³ GgÁkarelIkElgeTasGnþrCati tulakar]Rkidækm μGnþrCati³ taragbBa¢IsMrab;karGnuvtþn_RbkbedayRbsiT§PaB ¬AI Index: IOR 40/011/2000¦.

katBVkic©rbs;rdæenAeRkamlkçnþik³TIRkugr:Umén ICC

edayTTYlykkarpþl;sc©ab½nelIlkçnþik³enH rdænanamankatBVkic©Ca mUldæancMnYn bI EdlkñúgenaH sParbs;rdæenaH edIrtYnaTIsMxan; dUcxageRkam³13

1.katBVkic©mYy EdlecjBIPaBbMeBjbEnßmrbs; ICC³ edaysarfa ICC Gaccat; viFankar enAeBlNaEdlrdæminmanlT§PaB b¤minmanqnÞ³cat;karEtbu:eNÑaHenaH rdæTaMg enaHmanParkic© Cabzm edaynaMykCnEdlTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaH]Rkidækmμnana eRkamc,ab;GnþrCatieTAkat;eTas. dUecñH rdæTaMgenaHRtUvEtGnum½t nigdak;[GnuvtþnUvc,ab;CatiedayFanafa ]RkidækmμTaMgenaH k¾CabT]RkidæenAeRkamc,ab;Cati rbs;eKEdr-edayminKitBITIkEnøgEdlbT]RkidæTaMgenaH RtUv)anRbRBwtþ GñkNaCa GñkRbRBwtþ ehIyGñkNaCaCnrgeRKaHeLIy.

2.katBVkic©RtUvshkar[)aneBjelj³ eRkammaRta 86énlkçnþik³ rdæPaKI RtUv :shkary:ageBjeljCamYytulakar enAkñúgkaresuIbGegátrbs;xøÜn nig kñúgkarcat; bNwþgGaCJaelI]Rkidækmμ enAkñúgrgVg;yutþaFikarrbs;tulakar :. dUecñHehIy rdæRtUvEt bgálT§PaBdl;RBHraCGaCJa nig sμakþI eFVIkaresuIbGegátRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB enAkñúg EdnyutþaFikarrbs;xøÜn ehIyRtUvFanafa tulakarnigGaCJaFrepSgeTotrbs; RbeTsTaMgenaH shkar[)aneBjeljkñúgEpñknana EdlBak;B½n§nwgkareRbIR)as; Éksar ebIkkarRsavRCavrksakSI[eXIj nigkarkarBarsakSI nigcab;xøÜn nigRbKl;xøÜnbuKÁlEdlRtUv)anecaTRbkan;eday ICC. Rdænana RtUvshkarCamYy

107

14 AI Index: IOR 40/019/2004.

ICC elIkarGnuvtþn_eTas nigkñúgkarbegáIt nigGnuvtþkmμviFIpþl;B½t’mansaFarN³ nigkm μviFIbNþúHbNþaldl;m®nþInana GMBIkarGnuvtþn_lkçnþik³enH.

3.katBVkic©RtUvpþl;sc©ab½nelIkic©RBmeRBogsþIBIbuBVsiT§i nigGP½yÉksiT§i edIm,I bgálkçN³ [ ICC manlT§PaBbMeBjmuxgarrbs;xøÜn edayÉkraCü nig edayKμanlkçxNÐ.

enAkñúgbTsikSamYysþIviFankarcat;eLIgedayrdæPaKInana kñúgkarGnum½t c,ab;14 sRmab;Gnuvtþ[manRbsiT§PaB GgÁkarelIkElgeTasGnþrCati )anrk eXIjPaBcenøaHRbehag EdlEtgEtmaneRcInbMputenAkñúgBRgagc,ab;Cati dUcteTA enH ³

k. niymn½yTn;exSayelI]Rkidækm μnana x. eKalkarN_TTYlxusRtUv]Rkidækm μ nigeKalkarN_karBarkþIelIbT]Rkidæmin man lkçN³RKb;RKan; K. xkxanmin)anpþl;yutþaFikarskl [)aneBjelj dUcEdlc,ab; GnþrCati)anGnuBaØat[man X. mankarRtYtRtaEpñkneya)ayelIkarepþImcat;bNþwgGaCJa g. xkxanmin)anpþl;nItiviFIsgCMgWcitþ [)anelOnbMput nigmanRbsiT§PaB bMput CUnCnrgeRKaH c. kardak;bBa©ÚlnUvbBaØtþinana EdlTb;sáat; b¤manskþanuBlGacTb;sáat;

108

15 E/CN.4/Sub.2/1997/20/Rev.1.

kic©shkarCamYy ICC q. xkxanmin)anpþl;[buKÁlEdlRtUv)anpþnÞaeTaseday ICC enATTYleTas rbs;xøÜnkñúgBn§naKar Cati C. xkxanmin)anbegáItkm μviFIbNþ úHbNþalsRmab;GaCJaFrCatinana GMBI karGnuvtþn_lkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um RbkbedayRbsiT§PaB.

kRmgeKalkarN_sRmab;karBar nig elIksÞÜysiT§imnusS tamry³viFankar RbyuT§RbqaMgnwgniTNÐPaB taMgBIqñaM 1991 mk GgÁkarshRbCaCati )anseRmcnUvsmμiT§iplCadMukMPYn elIkargar RbyuT§RbqaMg nwgniTNÐPaBCacMbg tamry³KN³kmμkarsiT§imnusSGgÁkarshRbCaCati nig GnuKN³kmμkarelIksÞÜy nigkarBarsiT§imnusS. c,ab;elIkElgeTas EdlenAkñúg TsvtSqñaM1970 RtUv)aneKeRbIedIm,IedaHElgGñkeTasneya)ay nigCanimitþrUb dl;esrIPaBenaH eBleRkaymkRtUv)aneKeRbIsRmab;FananiTNÐPaB[Cn EdlRbRBwtþ rMelaPsiT§imnusSvij. edaydwgGMBIbBaðaenH snñisITBiPBelaknaTIRkugvIEyn¬1993¦ enAkñúgesckþIEføgkarN_nigkmμviFIskmμPaBrbs;xøÜn )anKaMRTkic©RbwgERbgrbs;KN³kmμkar nigGnuKN³kmμkarkñúgkarBinitüelIRKb;TidæPaBénbBaðaenH. GaRs½yehtuenH GnuKN³kmμkar )anesñIsmaCikmñak;kñúgcMeNamsmaCikrbs;xøÜn KWelak Louis Joinet [erobcMeKalkarN_mYyQut sMrab;bMerIkñúgkarkarBar nigelIksÞÜysiT§imnusS tamry³viFankar RbyuT§RbqaMgnwgniTNÐPaB. GñkCMnajkarrUbenH )andak;CUnr)aykarN_rbs;Kat; nig eKalkarN_ mYyQutenaH eTAGnuKN³km μkar enAqñaM 1997.15 eRkameKalkarN_

109

16 E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/17 nig E/CN.4/2000/62,edayELkBIKña .

TaMgenaH CnrgeRKaHmansiT§idUcteTA ³

siT§idwgB¤ ³ enHminRKan;EtCasiT§irbs;CnrgeRKaHNamYy b¤rbs;buKÁl EdlCab; sac;jatiCitdit nwgCnrgeRKaHenaH EdlRtUvdwgB¤GMBIGVIEdl)anekIteLIg eBalKW siT§iTTYl)ankarBitEtb:ueNÑaH . vak¾ CasiT§irYmmYypgEdr edIm,IcarwkCaRbvtþisa®sþ sRmab;Tb;sá at;karekIteLIgCaf μ I eToténGM eBIhwgSaenaH. lT§plenaH KWCa :krNIykic©rbs;rdæ EdlRtUvcgcaM :¬kfax½NÐTI17 énr)aykarN_enaH¦.

siT§iTTYl)anyutþiFm’³ siT§ienH mann½yfa CnrgeRaHTaMgGs;RtUvman»kasTamTarnUv siT§irbs;BYkeK ehIyTTYl)ankaredaHRsaysMNgmYyRbkbedayyutiþFm’ nigman RbsiT§PaB edayFanafa GñkCiHCan;eKRtUvTTYlkarkat;eTas ehIyFanafa CnrgeRKaH GacTTYl)ansMNgCYsCulkarxUc xat.

siT§iTTYl)ansMNgCYsCulkarxUcxat ³ siT§ienH tMrUv[cat;viFankarbuKÁlmñak;² nig rYmTUeTA. esckþIBisþarmanEcgenAkñúgÉksarmYy EdlmancMNgeCIgfa eKalkarN_ CamUldæan nigesckþIENnaMsþIBI siT§iTTYl)ansMNgCYsCulkarxUcxat sRmab;Cnr geRKaHBIkarrMelaPsiT§imnusSF¶n;F¶r nigc,ab; mnusSFm’ EdleroberogeLIgedayelak Theo Van Boven sRmab;GnuKN³kmμkarenAqñaM1996 ehIynigRtUv)anGPivDÆn_ bEnßmeTot edayelak Cherif Bassiouni enAqñaM2000 tamsMeNIrbs; KN³km μkarsiT§imnusSGgÁkarshRbCaCati :.16 eKalkarN_ nig esckþIENnaM TaMgenH kMBugrg;caMkarGnum½tedayKN³km μkar.

110

RbGb; 34

ICC kñúgkic©Rbtibtþikar ³ ]TahrN_epSg² enAExFñÚ qñaM2003 rdæaPi)alénRbeTsyUhÁan;da )anbBa¢ÚneTACUnRBHraCGaCJarbs; ICC

nUvsßankarN_Tak;TinnwgkgkMlaMgts‘URbqaMgrbs;elakm©as; (Lord’s Resistance Army) EdlRbtibtþikarenA RbeTsyUhÁan;daPaKxageCIg. enAExkkáda qñaM2004 RBHraCGaCJa )an kMNt;fa manmUldæanRKb;RKan;edIm,I epþImesuIbGegátelIsßankarN_enaH. enAExmIna qñaM 2004 rdæaPi)alénsaFarN³rdæRbCaFibetyükugehÁa )anbBa¢Ún eTACUnRBHraCGaCJa nUvsßankarN_]Rkidækm μeRkamyutþaFikar ICC EdlRtUv)anecaTRbkan; fa)anRbRBwtþenAkñúgRbeTsenH cab;taMgBIkarcUlCaFrmanénlkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um. eday Ep¥kelIkaresñIsuMenH nigedayEp¥kelIB½t’manEdlbBa¢ÚnmktulakarkalBIelIkmun edayGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alnana RBHraCGaCJa)anseRmc enAkñúgExmifuna qñaM 2004 ebIkkar esIubGegátmYyelIsßankarN_enH EdlmanBak;B½n§dl;kareFVIXadRTg;RTayFM karsmøab;Pøam²eRkA RbB½n§tulakar nigkarrMelaPesBsnßv³tamEbbEpnTaruNkmμ karpøas;TIedaybgçM nigkareRbI-Tahankumar edayxusc,ab;. enAExmkra qñaM2005 rdæaPi)alénsaFarN³rdæGaRhVikkNþal (CAR) )anbBa¢ÚneTACUn RBHraCGaCJanUvsßanPaB]Rkidækmμnana Edl)anRbRBwtþeLIgenAkEnøgNamYyelITwkdIrbs;xøÜn cab;taMgBIkarcUlCaFr manrbs;lkçnþik³TIRkugr:Ummk. enAéf¶TI31 ExmIna qñaM2005 RkumRbwkSasnþisux )anbBa¢ÚneTARBHraCGaCJanUvsMNuMÉksar rbs;KN³kmμkarGnþrCatiesIubsYrenAtMbn;dahVÜ. bEnßmelIenH kariyal½yRBHraCGaCJa )anesñIsMu B½t’manBIRbPBepSg² EdlnaMdl;karTTYl)ankRmgÉksarrab;Ban;. bnÞab;BIkarviPaKhμt;ct; mkRBHraCGaCJa )ansrubesckþIfa lkçxNÐpøÚvc,ab;sRmab;epþImkaresuIbGegát manRKb; RKan;lμmehIy.

111

eTaHbICaeKalkarN_mYyQutxagelIenH minTan;RtUv)anGnum½teday KN³km μkarsiT§imnusSGgÁkarshRbCaCati nigmhasnñi)atGgÁkarshRbCaCati k¾eday k¾r)aykarN_mYyEdleFVIeLIgenAqñaM2004 tamkaresñIsuMrbs;KN³km μkar siT§imnusSGgÁkarshRbCaCatisIþBIkarGnuvtþn_RbesIrbMput nigGnusasn_epSg² edIm,ICYyeRCamERCgrdænana kñúgkarBRgwgsmtßPaBtamRbeTsrbs;xøÜn edIm,I;RbyuT§ RbqaMgnwgral;TidæPaBénniTNÐPaBenaH17 bgðaj[eXIjfa eKalkarN_Edl)anelIkeLIg TaMgenH )anpþl;plRbeyaCn_y:agFMeFgrYceTAehIy eTAelIkarxitxMRbwgERbgRbyuT§RbqaMg nwgniTNÐPaB nigRtUv)aneRbICaÉksareyagy:agsMxan; edaysßab½nRtYtBinitüfñak;tMbn; nig-fñak;GnþrCati nigedayGaCJaFrCatinana.

17E/CN.4/2004/88.

113

EpñkTI 2

CMBUkTI 11 tUnaTIrbs;smaCiksPa kñúgkarkarBar nigkarelIksÞÜysiT§imnusS eKalkarN_mUldæan sPa nigsmaCiksPa KWCatYGgÁsMxan; ebIniyayGMBIkarelIksÞÜy nigkarkarBar-siT§imnusS³ skm μPaBrbs;sPaTaMgmUl dUcCakareFVIc,ab; karGnum½tkBa©b;fvikaCati nigkarRtYtBinitüelIskm μPaBrbs;GMNacnItiRbtibtþi )anRKbdNþb;elIvisalPaB TaMgmUlénsiT§iBlrdæ nigsiT§ineya)ay siT§iesdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’ Edlman GnuPaBpÞal;cMeBaHkarTTYl)annUvsiT§imnusSrbs;RbCaBlrdæ. kñúgnamCasßab½nrdæ mYy EdltMNag[RbCaBlrdæ nigEdltamry³sßab½nenH RbCaBlrdæ)anrYmcMENk kñúgkar RKb;RKg kic©karsaFarN³ sPaBitCasßab½nmYyEdlelIksÞÜysiT§imnusS. sPaRtUv dwgya:g c,as;GMBItYnaTIenHRKb;kal³eTs³eRBaHfa RbeTsmansuxsnþiPaB PaBsuxdum-rmna nigkarGPivDÆn_sgÁmRbkbedaycirPaB KWRtUvBwgEp¥kTaMgRsug eTAelIkar-beRBa©óbsiT§i mnusSenAkñúgRKb;skmμPaBTaMgGs;rbs;sPa.

edIm,II[sPa)anbMeBjtYnaTI nigPar³kic©RbkbedayRbsiT§PaB CaGñkkarBar-siT§imnusS viFankarkarBar niglkç½NÐvinicä½yCak;lak;mYycMnYn RtUvEt)anbegáIteLIg.

114

karFanaPaBCatMNagrbs;sPa G MNacrbs;sPa ek ItecjmkB Ismt ßk ic © rbs ;x ø Ü ny : agT Ul MT Ulay EdlqøúHbBa©aMgnUvPaBcRmuHKñaBIRKb;EpñkénsgÁm. PaBcRmuHKñaenH rYmman burs nig ®sþI TsSn³neya)ayepSg² RkumCatiBnú § nigbNþaCnCatiedImPaKtic. edIm,IeGayseRmcTisedAenH smaCiksPa RtUv)aneRCIserIsedayRbCaBlrdæ EdlmanGFibetyüPaB tamry³kare)aHeqñatedayesrI yutþiFm’ Caskl eday sMgat; nigesμIPaB RsbtameKalkarN_EdlmanEcgkñúgmaRta21 énesckþIRbkasCaskl sþIBIsiT§imnusS nigmaRta25énktikasBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIsiT§iBlrdæ nigsiT§ineya)ay.

karFanaGFibetyüPaBrbs;sPa tamry³kic©karBaresrIPaBkñúgkarbeBa©jmti rbs;smaCiksPa sPaGacbMeBjtYnaTIrbs;xø Ün)an luHRtaEtsmaCiksPaGaceRbIR)as;nUv esrIPaBkñúgkarbeBa©jmti tamesckþIRtUvkarcaM)ac; edIm,ImanlT§PaBRKb;RKan; kñúg karbeBa©jmti kñúgnamCaGñktMNagrbs;RbCaBlrdæ. smaCiksPaRtUvmanesrIPaB kñúg karEsVgrkkarTTYl)ankarpSBVpSayB½t’man nigKMnitepSg²edayK μankarP½yxøac manplb:HBal;GviC¢man nigskmμPaBsgswk. GaRs½yehtuenH BYkeKTTYl)an nUvzan³BiessmYy kñúgeKaledAeFVI[BYkeKmanÉkraCüPaBEdlcaM)ac;³ BYkeKRtUv manbuBVsiT§iisPa b¤GP½yÉksiT§isPa.

GP½yÉksiT§isPa FanaÉkraCüPaB nigkitþiysGñktMNagCati edaykarBarBYkeK BIkarKMramkMEhg karbMPitbMP½y b¤karcat;viFankartamTMenIgcitþmkelIBYkeK eday m®nþIsaFarN³ b¤RbCaBlrdæepSgeTot. dUecñaH BYkeKGacFanas½VyPaB nigÉkraCü PaBrbs;sßab½nsPa. visalPaBénGP½yÉksiT§imanCaeRcInepSg²BIKña. karFanaCa Gb,brimaGnuvtþcMeBaHsmaCiksPaTaMgGs; KW karminGaccab;bgçM[TTYlxusRtUv .

115

eRkamkic©FanaenH smaCiksPakñúgxN³eBlbMeBjkargar tammuxnaTIrbs;xøÜn Gac-beBa©jmtitamEdlBYkeKeBjcitþedaymin)armÖcMeBaHkardak;viin½yeLIy eRkAEtBIkar)armÖ xøacERkgBlrdæm©as;e)aHeqñatQb;KaMRTBYkeK nigminGacTTYl)ankare)aHeqñatKaMRT edIm,IbnþGaNtþieTot. enAbNþaRbeTsCaeRcIn smaCiksPa TTYl)ansiT§isþIBIPaB minGacrMelaPbMBan)an eBalKWTal;EtmankarRBmeRBogBIsPa eTIbBYkeKGac RbQmmuxnwgkarcab;xøÜn karXuMxøÜn nigdMeNIrkarkIþkñúgbNþwgerOgrdæb,evNI nigRBhμ TNÐ. PaBminGacrMelaPbMBan)an minmann½yes μ IeTAnWgniTNÐPaBeT. enHRKan;Et pþl;siT§iCUnsPaeFVIkarRtYtBinitüCamunfa karyksmaCikxøÚneTAtulakarenaHman-PaBRtwimRtUvtambTdæanc,ab;CamunEtb:ueNÑaH.

“kic©karBarsiT§imnusSrbs;smaCiksPaKWCalkçxNÐcaM)ac; edIm,IeFVI[BYkeKGackarBar nigelIksÞÜysiT§imnusS nigesrIPaBCamUldæan enAkñúgRbeTsrbs;BYkeKerog²xøÜn. bEnßmelIenH PaBCatMNagrbs;sPa KWBwgEp¥kya:gxøaMgeTAelIkareKarB siT§irbs; smaCiksPaenaH”

RkumRbwkSaGnþrsPa esckIþseRmc begáItnItiviFIsRmab;Binitü nigedaHRsayelIBakübNwþgsþIBIkarrMelaPsiT§irbs;smaCiksPa TIRkugmiucsuickU

Exemsa qñaM1976 .

karkarBarsiT§imnusSrbs;smaCiksPa ³ KN³km μaFikarshPaBGnþrsPa ¬IPU¦ TTYlbnÞúksiT§imnusSrbs;smaCiksPa RbsinebIsmaCiksPamanParkic©karBarsiT§imnusSrbs;RbCaBlrdæ EdlBYkeKtMNag»ü

BYkeKpÞal; RtUvEtmanlT§PaBGnuvtþsiT§imnusSrbs;BYkeK CaBiesssiT§ibeBa©jmtiedayesrI.

RbGb; 35

116

edaykt;sMKal;fa lkçxNÐenH CaerOy²minRtUv)aneKeKarBenaH enAqñaM1976 IPU )anGnum½t nItiviFImYyedIm,I®tYtBinitü nigedaHRsaycMeBaHkarecaTRbkan;BIGMeBIrMelaPsiT§imnusS eTAelIsmaCiksPa.

IPU )anRbKl;Parkic©dl;KN³kmμaFikarTTYlbnÞúksiT§imnusSrbs;smaCiksPa edIm,I eFVIkarRtYtBinitüral;BakübNþwg EdlBak;B½n§CamYysmaCiksPa “smaCiksPa Edl Føab;)anrgeRKaH b¤kMBugEtRtUvrgeRKaHedaysarEtkarcat;viFankartamTMenIgcitþcMeBaH BYkeK kñúgGMLúgeBlEdlBYkeKbMeBjkic©kartamGaNtþirbs;xøÜn eTaHbICasmaCik sPaenaH kMBugEtbMeBjkic©kar b¤kMBugsRmak b¤RtUv)anbBaÄb; edaysarEtviFankarmin RsbtamrdæFmμnuBaØ b¤edayviFankareRkAc,ab;NamYyk¾eday :. nItiviFIenH GnuvtþcMeBaH smaCiksPaCatiRKb;RbeTsTaMgGs;.

KN³kmμaFikar mansmaCikeBjsiT§iR)aMnak; nigsmaCikbRmugR)aMnak; BYkeKmñak;² RtUv)aneRCIserIsCalkçN³buKÁl edIm,ItMNag[tMbn;PUmisaRsþCak;lak;mYy sRmab; ry³eBlR)aMqñaM. KN³km μaFikar CYbRbCuMCaGsaFarN³cMnYnbYndgkñúgmYyqñaM.

xN³EdlKN³kmμaFikarrkeXIjfa bNþwgNamYy)anbMeBjRKb;;lkçxNÐ KN³kmμaFikar BinitükrNIenH eyagtamc,ab;siT§imnusSfñak;Cati fñak;tMbn; nigGnþrCati. nItiviFIenH KWBwgEp¥kxøaMgelIkarepÞógpÞat; edayeRbobeFobeTAelIB½t’manTaMgGs; EdlbBa¢Únmk KN³kmμaFikar edayGaCJaFrnanarbs;RbeTsEdlBak;B½n§ CaBiessBIsPa nigsamuI edImbNþwg. ral;PsþútagbgðajenAcMeBaHmuxKN³kmμaFikar nwgRtUvrkSakarsm¶at;.

KN³kmμaFikarerobcMsvnakarCamYyPaKIBak;B½n§ nigGaccuHbMeBjebskkm μdl;kEnøg ekItehtu. svnakarGacRbRBwtþeTA)an GaRs½yelIkarRBmeRBogBIrdæsamuI nigRtUv GnuelamtamlkçxNÐGb,brimaCak;lak;mYycMnYn.

KN³kmμaFikar GacelIkykkrNINamYyeTAdak;CUnsmaCik IPU TaMgmUl tamry³ karecjpSayr)aykarN_CasaFarN³. eFVIdUecñaH edIm,IsMrYl[sPa nigsmaCiksPa GaceFVIskmμPaBCYydl;shkarIEdlkMBugmanbBaða.

KN³kmμaFikar nwgbnþeFVIkarelIkrNITaMgLayNaEdlBYkeKyl;fa karBinitüBic½y rbs;BYkeK GacCYyEsVgrkdMeNaHRsayEdlmankareKarBsiT§imnusS. kalNa

117

dMeNaHRsayEbbenH KμanlT§PaBGnuvtþ)an KN³km μaFikarGacbiTsMNuMerOg ehIy pþl;Gnusasn_eTARkumRbwkSaRKb;RKgrbs; IPU edIm,IeFVIkarefáaleTascMeBaHGaCJaFr Bak;B½n§.

karyl;dwgGMBIRkbx½NÐc,ab;CaBiessnItiviFIsPa CakarsMxan;Nas;EdlsmaCiksPasÁal;c,as;BIrdæFm μnuBaØ nigkatBVkic©rbs;rdæ cMeBaHsiT§imnusS dMeNIrkarrbs;rdæaPi)al nigkic©karrdæ)alsaFarN³ Ca BiessnItiviFIsPa. sPamYycMnYn dUcCasPaRbeTsGaRhVikxagt,Úg EtgEterobcM sikçasalaCaeRcInvKÁ sRmab;smaCiksPaEdleTIbCab;eqñatfμ I edIm,ICYysRmYl [BYkeK)anyl;c,as;elIRkbx½NÐc,ab;énkargarrbs;xøÜn nignItiviFIrbs;sPa.

edIm,IbMeBjmuxnaTIrbs;BYkeK smaCiksPaTaMgGs;RtUvEtTTYl)an nUvFnFanRKb;RKan;.

CMnYykarEpñkbec©keTs GacCYyBRgwgcMeNHdwgrbs;smaCiksPa elIvis½ysiT§i mnusS nigCYyedaHRsaybBaðaFnFanEdlmanminRKb;RKan; ¬emIlEpñkTI I RbGb;29¦. karkMNt;tYnaTIrbs;sPakñúgeBlmanPaBGasnñ eBlEdlrdæRbkasPaBGasnñ CaTUeTACnrgeRKaHdMbUgeKKWsPa ³ GMNac rbs;sPaGacRtUv)ankat;bnßyy:agKMhuk b¤sPaGacRtUvr MlayecalEtmþg. edIm,IeCosvagehtukarN_Cayfaehtu sPaKYrEtFanafa ³

kardak;rdækñúgPaBGasnñ min)anpþl;»kas[rdæaPi)alGnuvtþviFankar Edl minRsbc,ab;tamTMenIgcitþenaHeT

sPa Casßab½nEdlTTYlxusRtUv kñúgkarRbkasdak;rdækñúgPaBGasnñ nig

118

RbkaselIkecjBIPaBGasnñ edayGnuelamtameKalkarN_siT§imnusSGnþr Cati rYmTaMgeKarBtambTdæanEdlkMNt;mkfa siT§iCak;lak;mYycMnYnminGac RtUv)andkhUteLIy ¬emIlEpñkTI 4¦

karrMlay b¤karBüÜrsPa kñúgxN³EdlrdæsßitkñúgPaBGasnñ RtUv)anhamXat; edayc,ab; kñúgxN³EdlrdæsßitkñúgPaBGasnñ sPaRtUvXøaMemIly:agykcitþTukdak; ral;

skm μPaBrbs;GaCJaFr CaBiessral;Pñak;garGnuvtþc,ab; EdlkMBugkan;kab; GMNacBiessenH

rdæsßitkñúgPaBGasnñRtUv)ankMNt;kñúgrdæFm μnuBaØ b¤kñúgc,ab;nana Edlman Fm μnuBaØPaB edIm,IkarBarc,ab;TaMgenHBIkareFVIkMENTRmg; edIm,Iekgykpl RbeyaCn_.

viFankarsPakñúgkarelIksÞÜy nigkarkarBarsiTi§mnusS karpþl;sc©ab½nelIsn§isBaØasiT§imnusS

karpþl;sc©ab½nelIsni §sBaØasiTi §mnusS KWCameFüa)aysMxan;mYy kñ úgkar bgðajdl;shKmn_GnþrCati nigsaFarN³mtikñúgRsuk BIkarebþCJarbs;rdæcMeBaHsiT§i mnusS. karpþl;sc©ab½n KWCakarbgðajnUvkarGnuvtþþn_katBVkic©rbs;rdæ EdlmanEcg enAkñúgsn§ isBaØa nigGnuBaØat[mankarRtYtBinitüCalkçN³GnþrCati eTAelI PaBeCOnelOnrbs;rdæ kñúgkarkarBar nigkarelIksÞÜysiT§imnusS.

sn§isBaØasiT§imnusSRtUv)ancuHhtßelxa nigpþl;sc©ab½nedaytMNagsßab½n nItiRbtibtþi CaTUeTA KWCaRbmuxrdæ b¤RbmuxrdæaPi)al b¤rdæm®nþITTYlbnÞúkkic©kar breTs. eTaHCaya:genHkþI enAkñúgbNþardæCaeRcIn esckþIseRmccugeRkayfaKYr b¤ minKYrpþl;sc©ab½nelIsn§isBaØaNamYyenaH KWsßitenAelIsPaEdlCasßab½nRtUvGnum½t

119

elIkarpþl;sc©ab½nenaH. karpþl;sc©ab½n eFVI[bTdæansiT§imnusSGnþrCatiEdlman Ecgkñúgsn§isBaØa manGnuPaBpøÚvc,ab;enAkñúgrdæEdlpþl;sc©ab½nenaH ehIyrdæman katBVkic©eFVIr)aykarN_CUnshKmn_GnþrCati GMBIviFankarnanaEdl)anbegáIteLIg edIm,ItRmg;TisedAeFVIc,ab;rbs;xøÜn eGayRsbeTAtambTdæanénsn§isBaØaTaMgenaH.

karrYmcMENkrbs;sPakñúgkarcrca nigkareFVIesckþIRBagsn§isBaØa

smaCiksPaCati CaTUeTA mincUlrYmedaypÞal;kñúgkareFVIesckþIRBagsn§isBaØaGnþr Cati b¤sn§isBaØafñak;tMbn; b¤kñúgdMeNIrkareFVIesckþIseRmcEpñkneya)ayTaMgenaHeT. man EtRkumRbwkSasPaGWr:ub EdlCasPafñak;tMbn;begáIteLIgenAqñaM1949 )anedIrtYnaTIkan;Et sMxan;eLIg² kñúgkic©XøaMemIlsiT§imnusS nigkareFVIesckþIRBaglixitubkrN_fμI². KN³kmμaFikar sPaEdlTTYlbnÞúkkargarEpñkc,ab; nigsiT§imnusS eFVIshRbtibtþikary:agCitsñiT§CamYy KN³rdæm®nþI ¬rYmmanrdæm®nþITTYlbnÞúkkic©karbreTsrbs;rdæsmaCik Edlbc©úb,nñman smaCikcMnYn 46RbeTs¦ nigCamYyKN³kmμaFikarnaykTTYlbnÞúksiT§imnusS enAeBl mankartak;EtglixitubkrN_fμI² b¤eBlNamanbBaðasiT§imnusSekIteLIg. ]TahrN_ KN³rdæm®nþI )anekaHGeBa¢IjsPa[CYyxøÜnkñúgkaredaHRsaybBaða EdlekIteLIg edaysarEtmankardak;BakübNþwgkan;EteRcIneLIgeTAtulakarsiT§imnusSGWru:b.

IPU )anGMBavnavCaRbcaM esñI[mankarrYmcMENkBIsmaCiksPa kñúgkic©crca Bak;B½n§nwglixitubkrN_siT§imnusSGnþrCatinana edaysMGagfa enAeBleRkay sPanwgRtUvcgRkgc,ab;EdlBak;B½n§nwglixitubkrN_ nigFanakarGnuvtþn_c,ab;enaH sPaKYrEtcUleFVIGnþraKmn_mundMNak;kalpþl;sc©ab½nCamYytMNagrdæaPi)al kñúg kartak;EtglixitubkrN_fμI² kñúgGgÁBiPakSaGnþrCati.

RbGb; 36

120

etIGñkGaceFVIGVIxøHkñúgzan³CasmaCiksPa

□ BinitüemIlfa etIrdæaPi)alGñk)anpþl;sc©ab½nelIsni§sBaØasMxan;² ¬ya:gehac Nas;¦ sn§isBaØasMxan;²cMnYnR)aMBIr ¬emIlEpñkTI1 CMBUkTI3 nigTI5¦ nigsn§i sBaØasiT§imnusSfñak;tMbn;ehIyb¤enA.

□ ebIminTan;eT GacBinitüfaetI rdæaPi)almanqnÞ³kñúgkarcuHhtßelxaelIlixitubkrN_ TaMgenaHEdrb¤eT. RbsinebIKμan Kb,IeRbInItiviFIsPa edIm,IkMNt;mUlehtuEdlnaM»ürdæa Pi)al GskmμPaBEbbenH nwgRtUvCMrujrdæaPi)al[cab;epþImdMeNIrkarcuHhtßelxa nig pþl;sc©ab½ne dayminGUsbnøayeBlevla .

□ RbsinebInItiviFIénkarcuHhtßelxakMBugEtdMeNIrkar RtUvBinitüfaetIrdæaPi)al man bMNgdak;lkçxNÐNamYycMeBaHsn§isBaØaenaHEdrb¤eT. ebIman RtUvEsVgyl;»üc,as; faetIkardak;lkçxNÐenaHKWCakarcaM)ac; nigRsbtamxøwmsar nigeKalbMNgénsn§isBaØa Edrb¤ y:agNa¬emIlCMBUkTI4¦. RbsinebIrkeXIjfa kardak;lkçxNÐenaH KμanmUldæanc,as; las;eT RtUvcat;viFankar[rdæaPi)alpøas;bþÚrCMhrrbs;xøÜnvij.

□ BinitüemIlfaetI kardak;lkçxNÐNamYyedayrdærbs;eyIg cMeBaHsn§isBaØaTaMgLayEdl cUlCaFrman enAEtCakarcaM)ac;xanmin)anEdrb¤eT. RbsinebIrkeXIjfa kardak;lkçxNÐ TaMgenaH KμankarcaM)ac;eToteT RtUvcat;viFankaredIm,IdkykxlkçxNÐTaMgenaHecjvij.

□ BinitüemIlfaetI rdæaPi)alGñk)aneFVIesckþIRbkascaM)ac;nana b¤pþl;sc©ab½nelI BiFIsarbEnßmEdrb¤eT? ¬emIlEpñkTI I CMBUkTI5¦ kñúgTsSn³edIm,I ³ ¬k¦ TTYlsÁal;smtßkic©rbs;sßab½nsn§isBaØa kñúgkarTTYlBakübNþwgrbs;buKÁl

¬Gnuelamtam CCPR, CEDAW, CERD, CAT nigGnusBaØaBlkrGenþaRbevsþn_¦ ¬x¦ TTYlsÁal;smtßkic©rbs;sßab½nXøaMemIlkarGnuvtþsn§isBaØa ¬CAT nig CEDAW¦

121

edIm,IerobcMbegáItnItiviFIesIubsYrmYy ¬K¦ pþl;sc©ab½neTAelIBiFIsarbEnßmrbs; CAT ¬BiFIsarbEnßmbegáIteGaymankarcuH

TsSnkic©eTogTat;eTAkan;mnIÞrXuMXaMgnana¦.

□ RbsinebImiin)aneFVIkic©karTaMgenHeT RtUvcat;viFankar edIm,IFanafa esckþIRbkasnana b¤BiFI sarbEnßmTaMgenaH nwgRtUv)anpþl;sc©ab½n.

□ FanafaGaCJaFrsaFarN³ Pñak;garrdæ nigsaFarNCn )andwgGMBIsn§isBaØasiT§i mnusSEdl)anpþl;sc©ab½nrYcehIy RBmTaMgyl;c,as; GMBIxbBaØtþinanaénsni§ sBaØaTaMgenaH.

□ krNIRbeTsrbs;Gñk minTan;)ancuHhtßelxa nigpþl;sc©ab½neTAelIlkçnþik³rbs; tulakarRBh μTNÐGnþrCati ICC RtUvcat;viFankaredIm,IfaRbeTsrbs;Gñk nwgcat;viFankar Gnum½t nwgFanafa RbeTsrbs;Gñk nwgeFVIGnubvaT eTAelIkic©RBmeRBogTaMgLayNa Edl kat;bnßyGMNaclkçnþik³enH nwgeFVI[Gnþraydl;GMNacrbs;tulakarenH.

viFankarsPaedIm,IrkSanUvbUrNPaB énlkçnþik³rbs;tulakarRBhμTNÐGnþrCati ICC kñúgkarbeBa©jRbtikm μtbeTAnwgsMeNI EdlelIkeLIgedayrdæaPi)alshrdæ Gaemrik EdlesñI[mankic©RBmeRBogeTVPaKI edIm,IelIkElgCnCatirbs;shrdæ Gaemrik [rYcputBIyutþaFikarrbs; ICC enaH mansPaCaeRcIn ¬dUcCasParbs; RbeTsG‘YrUhÁay nigRbeTssVIs¦ )anbBa¢ÚnsareTAkan;rdæaPi)alrbs;xøÜn eday CMruuj[bdiesFeTAnwgsMeNIenaH ehIyRbkan;CMhrGnubvaTeTAelIkic©RBmeRBog TaMgLayNaEdleFIV[Xøatq¶ayBIlkçnþik³. sPaRbeTsepSgeTot)anbdiesF minRBmpþl;sc©ab½nelIkic©RBmeRBogrebobenaHeT.

RbGb; 37

122

RkumRbwkSaGnþrsPa “GMBavnaveTAkan;RKb;sPa nigsmaCikTaMgGs;rbs;xøÜn[cat;viFankarenAfñak;Cati edIm,Ifanafa sn§isBaØasiT§imnusSfñak;tMbn; nig fñak;Gnþr CatiRtUv)anpþl;sc©ab½n b¤RtUv)ancUlCasmaCikPøam² edayRbeTsrbs;BYkeK ehIykñúgkrNIEdlRbeTsrbs;BYkeKmin)aneFVIdUecñHeT RtUvFanafa kardak;lkç xNÐNamYy nwgRtUv)andkecj enAeBlNaEdlvamanTMnas;eTAnwgkmμvtßú nig eKalbMNgrénsn§isBaØaenaH ”

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Cairo ExkBaØa qñaM1997 vaküx½NÐTI3 (i)

karFana[mankarGnuvtþn_fñak;Cati

karGnum½tfvika

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123

karRtYtBinitüelIGgÁnItiRbtibtþi

tamry³muxnaTIRtYtBinitürbs;BYkeK kñ úgkardak;eKalneya)ay nig skm μPaBrbs;GgÁnItiRbtibtþi [enAeRkamkartamdanRtYtBinitüCaRbcaMenaH sPa nigsmaCiksPa GacFana nigRtUvEtFanafa c,ab;TaMgLayRtUv)anGnuvtþy:ag BitR)akd edayrdæaPi)al nigedaysßab½nBak;B½n§déTeTot. GnuelamtamnItiviFI rbs;sPa meFüa)ayEdlmansRmab;smaCiksPa eFVIkarRtYtBinitütamdanskmμ PaBrbs;rdæaPi)al mandUcCa ³ sMNYrCalaylkçN_GkSr nigsMNYrpÞal;mat;eTAkan;rdæm®nþI m®nþIraCkar nig

m®nþI énGgÁnItiRbtibtþiTaMgLay

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124

snñisITGnþrsPaelIkTI100 “GMBavnavdl;;sPaTaMgLay[eFVIkary:agskmμedIm,I Fanafa rdæaPi)alCatibMeBjtYnaTIeFVIr)aykarN_rbs;xøÜn cMeBaHsßab½nTTYlbnÞúksiT§imnusS[)anTan;eBlevla nigRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB ehIyFana[Pñak;garmansmtßkic© rbs;rdæaPi)al eFIVshRbtibtþikary:ageBjeljCamYyGñkraykarN_Biessrbs;GgÁkar shRbCaCati edIm,I[BYkeKmankarKaMRTEdlBYkeKRtUvkarcaM)ac; sRmab;GnuvtþkargarRbkbeday RbsiT§PaB :.

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enAkñúgstvtSTI21 : naTIRkugmUsÁÚ ExkBaØa qñaM1998 vaküx½NÐTI 4 ¬II¦

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RbGb; 38

125

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126

sMxan; enAeBlGnum½tc,ab;EdlcaM)ac; sRmab;Gnuvtþkñúgvis½yNamYy ¬dUcCa rdæb,evNI RBhμTNÐ rdæ)al b¤c,ab;kargar Gb;rM KaMBarsuxPaB b¤c,ab;snþisux sgÁm¦.

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127

etIGñkGaceFVIGVI)anxøHkñúgzan³CasmaCiksPa

sPaKYrrYmcMENk nigXøaMemIl[)aneTogTat;elIkarRbtibtiþrbs;sßab½nXøaMemIlkar Gnuvtþn_sni§sBaØa. kñúgsμartIenH GñkRtUv ³ □ epÞógpÞat;sßanPaBénkic©shRbtibtþikarrvagrdærbs;Gñk nigsßab½nsni§sBaØa

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□ Fanafa sPaTTYl)andMNwgTan;kal³eTs³ GMBIkargarrbs;sßab½nsni§sBaØa nigynþkarBak;B½n§epSg² ehIyB½t’manEdlBak;B½n§nana RtUv)anpþl;CUnsPa[)an eTogTat;edayesvaKaMRTrbs;sPa

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□ eFVI[R)akdfa GñkraykarN_BiessbMeBjebskkm μdl;TIkEnøgeTAeFVI

128

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Bn§naKar nigmnIÞrXuMXaMgepSgeTot kariyal½ybU:lIs nigRkumhu‘unÉkCn edIm,IkMNt;»üc,as;edayxøÜnÉgfaetIsiT§imnusSRtUv)aneKeKarBEdrb¤eT.

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eRkayBIdl;eBlkMNt; EdlRbeTsGñkRtUvraykarN_ nigFanafa rdæaPi)aleKarB tameBlevlaTaMgenaH. eBlEdlr)aykarN_RtUv)anBnüaeBl GñkGacesñI[mankarBnül;krNIcaM)ac;RtUveRbInItiviFIsPaedIm,ICMru ujrdæaPi)al»üGnuvtþ katBVkic©.

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□ r)aykarN_RtUveKarBtameKalkarN_ENnaMsI þBInItiviFIeFV Ir)aykarN_

129

¬emIlEpñkTII CMBUkTI5¦nigRtUvykcitþTukdak;elIGnusasn_TUeTA nigesckIþsegátsnñidæanelIr)aykarN_mun² Edlsßab½nsn§isBaØa)aneFVI edayBak;B½n§krNIBImun²

□ smaCiksPamñak;RtUvmanvtþman enAeBlr)aykarN_enaHRtUv)andak;bgðaj Cunsßab½nsn§isBaØaBak;B½n§. RbsinebIminGaceFVIdUcenH)aneTRtUvpþl;Gnusasn_ dl;sßanebskkm μGcié®nþy_rbs;RbeTsGñkRbcaMenAGgÁkarshRbCaCati ¬enA TIRkugjÚy:k b¤TIRkughSWúENv GaRs½yelITIkEnøg Edlsßab½nsn§isBaØa CYbRbCuM¦ [tamdankargarrbs;sßab½nsn§isBaØa edIm,IFanafar)aykarN_rbs; sßab½nsni§sBaØenHRtUv)anepJIeTACUnsParbs;Gñk.

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130

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ehIyRbsinCaGaceFVI)anpþl;FmμnuBaØPaBelIbBaØtiþTaMgenaH edIm,I[bBaØtiþTaMg enaH TTYl)ankarkarBarCaGtibrmaenAeRkamc,ab;Cati

□ Fanafa esckþIesñIc,ab;Edldak;CUnsPa nigbBa©ÚnmkKN³kmμkarTTYlbnÞúk vis½yc,ab;enaHRtUvsuIsgVak;KñaCamYykatBVkic©siT§ imnusSrbs;RbeTsGñk ehIyGñkGacBinitüeLIgvijelIc,ab;EdlmanRsab; edIm,IkMNt;faetIc,ab;TaMg enaHRsbCamYynwgkatBVkic©TaMgenaHEdrb¤eT

□ edIm,Ise®mctameKalbMNgenH GñkKYrBüayamyl;dwgGMBIkargarrbs;sßab½n sn§isBaØanana yl;dwgGMBIGnusasn_nanaEdlerobcMeFVIeLIgedaysßab½nsni§ sBaØaTaMgenaH nigedayynþkarXøaMemIlfñak;tMbn; nigGnþrCatinana ¬sUmemIl EpñkTI I CMBUkTI 5/ 6 nigTI9¦ ehIyKYryl;dwgGMBIkargarrbs;GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al Cati nigGnþrCati EdleFVIkarelIvis½ysiT§imnusS nigkargarrbs;sßab½nCati siT§imnusS. RbsinebIrkeXIjfamanPaBminRsbKña RtUvcat;viFankaredIm,I EktRmUvsßanPaBenaH edaykareFVIviesaFnkmμ b¤esckIþRBagc,ab;fμ I b¤eFVIBaØtiþ bwþgeTAtulakarFmμnuBaØ b¤sßab½ntulakarRsedogKñaenHenAkñúgRbeTsrbs;Gñk.

□ Fanafa RkwtünanaEdlrdæaPi)al)andak;ecj RtUvGnuelamtamc,ab;EdlkMBug GnuvtþminpÞúynwgsμartIc,ab; nigkarFanasiT§imnusS EdlRkwtüTaMgenaHman bMNgpþl;CUn.

□ Fanafa m®nþIsaFarN³ CaBiessPñak;garGnuvtþc,ab;nanamankaryl;dwgGMBI

131

Parkic©rbs;xøÜneRkamc,ab;siT§imnusS nigTTYl)ankarbNþúHbNþalsmRsb. □ edayyl;eXIjGMBIsar³sMxan;énkaryl;dwgrbs;saFarNCnelIsiT§imnusS

RtUvFanafa karGb;rMGMBIsiT§imnusSnwgRtUvdak;bBa©ÚlCaEpñkmYyénkmμviFIsikSa enAkñúgsalaeronkñúgRbeTs.

□ Fanafa katBVkic©siT§imnusSeRkamrdæFmμnuBaØ nigc,ab;GnþrCatiRtUv)anGnuvtþ edayebIkcMhRbkbedayn½ysßabna PaBécñRbDit nigskmμ.

viFankarrbs;sPa edIm,IelIksÞÜykareFVIyutþikm μénsiT§iesdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’

kñúgrdæCaeRcIn buKÁlRKb;rUbminGacTamTarsiT§iesdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’rbs;BYkeK enAcMeBaHmuxtulakar)aneT. sPaGacedaHRsaysßanPaBenH edayGnum½tc,ab;Cati Edlpþl;GMNac[tulakarCMnMuCRmHbNþiwgTak;TgnwgsiT§iTaMgenH. karGnuvtþn_Cak;Esþg kic©karenHminTamTar[mankarEkTRmg;CaduMkMPYneT. ]TahrN_ bNþaRbeTsCaeRcIn mantulakarkargarEdlmansmtßkic©CMnM uCRmHkþITak;TgnwgkarbeNþjbuKÁlikecjBI kargartamTMenIgcitþ karerIseGIgkñúgkareRCIserIsbuKÁlik b¤lkçxNÐkargarminman suvtßiPaB. kñúgbribTenH PaBxusKñaCacm,gKWenARtg;fa manc,ab;tictYcNas; Edl manEcgc,as;GMBIsiT§ ikargar nigsiT§ iTTYl)anlkçxNÐkargarKYrCaTIeBjcitþ dUcmanEcgkñúgmaRta6 nig7 énktikasBaØasIþBIsiTi§esdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’ CESCR nigmanecARkmtictYcNas;Edl)andwgfa BYkeKkMBugEtGnuvtþ nigBRgwg karGnuvtþsiT§iesdækic©CamUldæanenaH. Rbhak;RbEhlKñaenHEdr bNþardæCaeRcIn Gnuvtþc,ab;Fana[mankarGb;rMfñak;mUldæanedayminbg;R)ak; kñúgkrNIenH«Bukmþay EdlmankUnRtUv)aneKbdiesdmin[cUleron edayEp¥kelImUldæanlMeGog nigerIseGIg

RbGb; 40

132

epSg² manlT§PaBbþwgeTAsßab½nrdæ)al nigtulakarCati)an. minCakarBi)akkñúgkar pSaP¢ab;karTamTar nigdMeNaHRsaykrNIenHeTAnwgsiT§iTTYl)ankarGb;rM dUecñHsiT§ienH mankarFanatampøÚvc,ab; ¬b¤manRbsiT§PaBdUcc,ab;¦.

RkumRbwkSaGnþrsPa “GMBavnavdl;RKb;sPa nigsmaCiksPaTaMgGs;[cat;

viFankarfñak;Cati edIm,IFanafa c,ab;pþl;nItism,Ta RtUv)anGnum½t nigFanafa bBaØtþi nigbTbBa¢aGnuvtþc,ab;TaMgLayrbs;Cati manPaBsIusgVak;KñaCamYyTRmg; nig sþg;da EdlmanenAkñúglixitubkrN_ ¬GnþrCati¦TaMgenH kñúgTsSn³eq<aHeTArkkar GnuvtþedayeBjelj ”.

esckIþseRmcEdl)anGnum½tna»kasxYbTI50 énesckþIRbkas CasklsIþBIsiT§imnusS naTIRkug

Cairo ExkBaØa qñaM1997 kfax½NÐTI3 (ii)

dMeNIrkareFVIc,ab; nigsþg;dasiT§imnusSGnþrCati ³ ]TahrN_

dMeNIrkareFV Ic,ab;enARbeTshaV MgLg; CaBiesskargarrbs;KN³km μkar sPaTTYlbnÞúkc,ab;rdæFmμnuBaØ bgðajCajwkjab; BIkareRbIR)as;sþg;daGnþrCati ¬edayrYmTaMglT§plrbs;sßab½nsn§isBaØa¦ kñúgdMeNIkarRBagc,ab; nigRtYtBinitü esckþIesñIc,ab;. Rkbx½NÐsRmab;kareRbIR)as;rebobenH manEcgkñúgEpñkTI 22 én rdæFmμnuBaØ ¬qñaM2000¦ Edl)anEcgfa :GaCJaFrsaFarN³ RtUvEtFanakareKarB siT§ i nigesrIPaBCamUldæan nigsiT§ imnusSGnþrCati “nigEpñkTI74 Ecgfa :KN³kmμaFikarTTYlbnÞúkc,ab;rdæFmμnuBaØRtUvecjesckþIEføgkarN_sIþGMBI

RbGb; 41

133

Fm μnuBaØPaBrbs;esckþ Iesñ Ic,ab; nigkrNIepSgeTot Edl)anbBa¢ Únmk[KN³km μkareFVIkarBicarNa RBmTaMgGMBITMnak;TMngénesckþIesñIc,ab;enaH eTAnwgsn§isBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIsiT§imnusS :. GaNtþikargarrbs;KN³km μkarTTYl bnÞúkc,ab;rdæFmμnuBaØ KWBinitüelIPaBsuIsgVak;KñaénesckþIesñIc,ab;nigrdæFmμnuBaØ nigsþg;dasiT§imnusS nigRtUvpþl;TsSn³Bak;B½n§nanaCUnsPa nigsßab½ndéTeTot. KN³kmμaFikarBwgEp¥ky:agxøaMgeTAelICMnajbNÐitsPaBIRbPBxageRkA. RbePTénlT§plrbs;sßab½nsn§isBaØa CaBiesslT§plrbs;KN³km μaFikar siT§imnusSEdlRtUv)aneRbIR)as;y:agTUlMTUlayenAkñúgdMeNIrkarnItikmμrbs;RbeTs haVMgLg; edaydMbUgbMputdak;bBa©ÚlesckþIseRmcsþIBIerOgkþICaÉktþbuKÁl nigesckIþ GFib,ayTUeTA k¾b:uEnþmin)andak;bBa© ÚlesckþIsegátsniñdæan eKalkarN_ ENnaMsRmab;eFVIr)aykarN_ nigsMPar³epSgeTotenaHeT. sMPar³Cak;lak;sMrab; RbeTs rYmmanÉksareyagnana minRKan;EteyageTAelIRbeTshVaMgLg; bu :eNÑaHeT EfmTaMgeyageTAelIÉksarrbs;RbeTsepSg²eTotpgEdr. kñúgkrNIxøH kareyagelIRbPBénsßab½nsn§isBaØabNþalmkBIkarGnuvtþpÞal;tam katBVkic©pøÚvc,ab;rdæFmμnuBaØ nigc,ab;GnþrCati. kic©karenHGaceFVI)anedIm,IeqøIytb eTAnwglT§plCak;lak;NamYy Edlsßab½nsn§isBaØa)anrkeXIjfakarrMelaP bMBan)anekIteLIg b¤GacbNþalmkBIlkçxNÐtRmUvCaTUeTArbs;rdæFmμnuBaØ edIm,I Fana[mankareKarBtambBaØtiþsiT§imnusS. 18

18 smaKmc,ab;GnþrCati ¬ILA¦ r)aykarN_cugeRkayrbs;KN³kmμaFikarTTYlbnÞúkkarGnuvtþn_ nigc,ab;siT§imnusS GnþrCatirbs;smaKmc,ab;GnþrCatisþIBIplb:HBal;rbs;sßab½nsn§isBaØasiT§imnusSGgÁkarshRbCaCati Edlbgðaj karrkeXIjnanaGMBIkargarrbs;tulakar nigsalakþICati. snñisIT ILA eFVIerogral;BIrqñaMmþg enATIRkug Eb‘rLaMg ExsIha qñaM 2004 TMB½r 36-38.

134

eKalkarN_TIRkug)a:rIs

enAqñaM1993 mhasnñi)atGgÁkarshRbCaCati )anGnum½teKalkarN_Gnuvtþ edIm,IbegáItsßab½nCatisiT§imnusS ¬emIlTMB½rbnÞab;¦. eKalkarN_enH RtUv)aneK sÁal;faCa :eKalkarN_TIRkug)a:rIs : eKalkarN_enH RtUv)anTTYlykCabTdæan GnþrCati EdlkMNt;sþg;daGb,brimasMxan;² sRmab;tYnaTI nigkarRbRBwtþeTA én sßab½nTaMgenH. eyagtameKalkarN_enH sßab½nCatisiT§imnusS RtUv ³ manÉkraCüPaB PaBÉkraCürbs;sßab½n KYrRtUv)anFanaedayc,ab;lkçnþik³

b¤edaybBaØtþiénrdæFm μnuBaØ manlkçN³Bhuniym enAkñúgtYnaTI nigsmaCikPaBrbs;xøÜn

manGaNtiþTUlMTUlay tamEdlGaceFVI)an

manGMNacesuIbGegátRKb;RKan; RtUvmanmuxgareTogTat; nigmanRbsiT§PaB

manmUlniFiRKb;RKan; RtUvebIkcMhcMeBaHsaFarN³CnTUeTA

karbegáIt nigkarKaMRTehdæarcnasm<½n§sßab½n sßab½nsiT§imnusSCati ¬NHRIs¦ GMLúgeBl20qñaMknøgmkenHmankaryl;dwgkan;EteRcIneLIgGMBIesckI þRtUvkar edIm,IBRgwgskmμPaBRBm²KñaenAfñak;Cati kñúgeKalbMNgGnuvtþ nigFanadl;kareKarB tamsþg;dasiT§imnusS. meFüa)aymYy kñúgcMeNammeFüa)ayCaeRcIn KWkarbegáIt

RbGb; 42

135

sßab½nCatisiT§imnusS ¬NHRIs¦. xN³EdlBaküsßab½nCatisiT§imnusS mann½yRKb dNþb;elIGgÁPaBCaeRcInEdlmansßanPaBpøÚvc,ab; smasPaB rcnasm<½n§ muxgar nig GaNtþikargarepSgBIKña GgÁPaBTaMgenHRtUv)anbegáIteLIgedayrdæaPi)al edIm,IRbtibtþikar edayÉkraCü dUcCatulakarEdr kñúgTsSn³elIksÞÜy nigkarBarsiT§imnusS.

NHRIs CaTUeTARtUv)anehAfa KN³kmμkarsiT§imnusS KYrmansmtßPaB nigGMNac edIm,I³ dak;Gnusasn_ esckIþesñI nigr)aykarN_CUnrdæaPi)al b¤CUnsPaGMBIbBaðaTaMgLayNa

EdlBak;B½n§ nwgsiT§imnusS

CMrujc,ab;Cati nigkarGnuvtþenAfñak;Cati [manPaBRsbKñaeTAnwgsþg;daGnþrCati

TTYl nigcat;viFankarelIral;bNþwgCabuKÁl b¤CaRkum sIþBIkarrMelaPsiT§imnusS

elIkTwkcitþ[mankarpþl;sc©ab½n nigkarGnuvtþtamsþg;dasn§isBaØasiT§imnusS GnþrCati nigrYmcMENkeTAkñúgnItiviFIeFVIr)aykarN_ eRkamsn§isBaØasiT§imnusS GnþrCati

elIkkMBs;karyl;dwgGMBIsiT§imnusS tamry³B½t’man karGb;rM nigeFVIkarRsav RCavenAkñúgvis½ysiT§imnusS

shRbtibtþikarCamYyGgÁkarshRbCaCati sßab½nenAkñúgtMbn; sßab½nCatién RbeTsÉeTot² nigGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al

TMnak;TMngrvag NHRIs CamYyrdæsPa manskþanuBlFMeFgNas; edIm,IkarBar nig elIksÞÜysiT§imnusSenAfñak;Cati. kic©TMnak;TMngenH RtUv)anelIkmkBiPakSaenAkñúgsikçasala GnþrCatimYy EdlmancMNgeCIgfa sßab½nCatisiT§imnusS nignItibBaØtþi ³ karksagTMnak;TMng RbkbedayRbsiT§PaB Edl)anerobcMenATIRkug Abuja RbeTsnIehSrIya: BIéf¶TI22

136

dl;25 mIna qñaM2004. 19

eKalkarN_ENnaMmYycMnYn edIm,IBRgwgkic©shRbtibtþikarrvagNHRIs nig sPa EdlRtUv)aneKsÁal;fa CaeKalkarN_ENnaM Abuja RtUv)anerobcMeLIg kñúgGMLúgeBlénsikçasalaxagelI.

bNþaRbeTsEdl)anbegáItsßab½nCatisiT§imnusS

bNþaRbeTsEdl)anbegáItsßab½nCatisiT§imnusS Edl)anTTYlsÁal;edayKN³kmμaFikar sRmbsRmYlGnþrCatiénsßab½nCati edIm,IkarkarBar nigkarelIksÞÜysiT§imnusS³ GasuI nig)a:sIuhVik³ GU®sþalI hVICI \NÐa \NÐÚensuI m:aeLsuI m:ugehÁalI en)a:l; nUEv:lesSLg; hVIlIBIn saFarN³rdækUer: RsIlgáa éfLg; GaRhVik³ Gal;ehSrI kamWurUn hÁaNa m:aLavI mU:rITIs m:Ur:ukU nIEhS nIehSrIya: r:va:n;da eseNhÁal; GaRhVikxagt,Úg tUhÁÁÚ yUhÁan;da Gaemrik³ GahSg;TIn bULÚvI kaNada kULMb‘Í kUsþarIka eGkVad½r hÁaetm:aLa hugduyra:s; miucsiuc )a:Nam:a )a:ra:hÁay eb:rU ev:eNhSúyeGLa GWr:ub Gal)anI bUsñInighWehShÁÚvINa daNWma:k )araMg GaløWm:g; Rkic eGokLg; lucsMbYr b:ULÚj b:TuyhÁal; eGs:,aj su‘yEGt

RbGb; 43

19 sikçasalaenH RtUv)anerobcMeLIgedayKN³kmμkarCatisiT§imnusS RbeTsnIehSrIy:a KN³kmμkarsiT§imnusSrbs; sPatMNagra®sþRbeTsnIehSrIy:a shKmn_FnFanc,ab;rbs;RbeTsnIehSrIy:a nigRkumRbwkSacRkPBGg;eKøs ehIy RtUv)anKaMRTedaykariyal½ykic©karbreTs nig kMmiunEvlrbs;cRkPBGg;eKøs.

137

epSg²eTot³ GasuI nig)a:sIuhVik³ hugkug tMbn;rdæ)alBiessrbs;RbeTscin saFarN³rdæ\søamGIur:g; GaRhVik³ bWNaMg bWKINahVasU qat madahÁasáa NamIb‘Í saFarN³rdætg;hSanI nighSMb‘Í Gaemrik³ Gg;TIháanig)abuyda )a)adUs GWr:ub GURTIs Eb‘lhSik huløg; N½rEv:s shB½n§rusSI søÚv:aKI søÚvWnI nigcRkPBGg;eKøs

Gnusasn_sRmab;smaCiksPaGMBIeKalkarN_ENnaM Abuja sPa KYrbegáItRkbx½NÐKtiyutþmYysmRsbedIm,IbegáIt NHRIs edayGnuelameTAtam

eKalkarN_TIRkug)a:rIs. sPa nig NHRIs KYrbegáItnUvTMnak;TMngkargarRbkbedayRbsiT§PaBmYyedIm,IelIksÞÜy

nigkarBarsiT§imnusS[kan;EtRbesIr. sPa KYrFanafa FnFan nigmeFüa)ayRKb;RKan;RtUv)anpþl;[ NHRIs edIm,IbgálkçN³

[NHRIs GacbMeBjkargarRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB. sPa KYrFanabEnßmfa FnFanTaMg enaH R)akdCaRtUv)anrkSaTuksRmab; NHRIs eRbIR)as;tamtRmUvkar.

r)aykarN_RbcaMqñaM nigr)aykarN_déTeTotrbs; NHRIs-kareqøIytbrbs;rdæaPi)al KYrRtUvelIkykmkBiPakSaenAkñúgsPa[)anelOnbMput.

KN³km μaFikarsPamYyEdlmansmasPaBBIRKb;KN³bkSTaMgGs; KYrmantYnaTICak; lak;edIm,IBinitü nigKMaRTkargarrbs; NHRIs. enAkñúgRbeTstUc² kic©karenH GacRtUv

RbGb; 44

138

GnuvtþedayKN³km μaFikarGcié®nþy_rbs;sPa. smaCikrbs; NHRIs KYrRtUv)anGeBa¢Ijmkkan;KN³kmμkarsPa[)aneTogTat; edIm,I

BiPakSaelIr)aykarN_RbcaMqñaM nigr)aykarN_epSgeTotrbs;sßab½n. smaCiksPa KYrGeBa¢IjsmaCikrbs; NHRIs CYbBiPakSaKñaCaeTogTat;elIkrNIEdlCa

RbeyaCn_rYm smaCiksPa KYrFana[maneBlRKb;RKan; sRmab;eFVIkarBicarNaelIkargarrbs; NHRIs

smaCiksPa KYrFanafa BlrdæenAkñúgmNÐlEdlxøÜntMNag )anyl;dwgGMBIkic©karrbs; NHRIs

smaCiksPa KYrBinitüedayRbugRby½tñeTAelIesckIþesñINamYyrbs;rdæaPi)al EdlGac manplb:HBal; pÞúyeTAnwgkic©karrbs; NHRIs nigKb,IsVHEsVgBieRKaHeyabl;CamYy smaCik NHRIs GMBIsMeNIenaH

smaCiksPa KYrFanafa Gnusasn_rbs; NHRIs sRmab;viFankarGVImYy RtUv)anykeTA Gnuvtþ nigBinitütamdan.

kariyal½yTTYledaHRsaybNþwg ¬Ombudsman¦ kariyal½yTTYledaHRsaybNþwg Casßab½nCatimYy EdlmanbegáItenAkñúgbNþa RbeTsCaeRcIn. manskmμPaBRtYtsuIKñaxøH rvagkariyal½yTTYledaHRsaybNþwg nigKN³ kmμkarCatisiT§imnusS b:uEnþCaTUeTA tYnaTIrbs;kariyal½yTTYledaHRsaybNþwg manPaB ceg¥ótCag KWmantYnaTIkñúgkarFana[manPaBRtwmRtUv nigPaBRsbtamc,ab; enAkñúgkarRKb; RKgrdæ)alsaFarN³. CaTUeTA kariyal½yTTYledaHRsaybNþwg RtUv raykarN_CUnsPa. manEtkariyal½yTTYledaHRsaybNþwgEpñksiT§imnusSCak;lak;bu:eNÑaH EdlGaccat; TukfaCasßab½nCatisiT§imnusS.

139

Epnkarskm μPaBsiT§imnusSfñak;Cati

K μanrdæNamYyenAelIBiPBelakenH manRbvtþ isiT§imnusSl¥\tex©aHenaHeT. elIsBIenHeTot edaysarEtRbeTsnImYy² RtUvGPivDÆeKalneya)aysiT§imnusS rbs;xøÜn tamsßanPaBCak;EsþgEpñkneya)ay vb,Fm’ Rbvtþisa®sþ nigkal³eTs³ c,ab;enaH krNIenHbgðajfa K μanrebobedaHRsaybBaðasiT§imnusSCaKMrUEtmYy sRmab;bNþaRbeTsTaMgGs;elIBiPBelakeT. eyagtamsnñisITBiPBelakqñaM 2003 enATIRkugvIEy:nsþIBIsiT§imnusS )anelIkTwkcitþrdænana [erobcMEpnkarskm μ PaBsþIBIsiT§imnusS edIm,IcgRkgyuT§sa®sþsiT§imnusS RsbeTAnwgsßanPaBrbs; RbeTsxøÜn. karseRmckñúgkareFVIEpnkarskmμPaBCati KWCaesckþIRbwgERbgsRmab; CatiTaMgmUl edayminRbkan;ninñakarneya)ay nigbkSBYkeT. EpnkarskmμPaB CatienH RtUvmankarKaMRTBIrdæaPi)al nigmankarcUlrYmBIRKb;EpñkTaMgGs;kñúgsgÁm eRBaHfa karseRmc)aneCaKC½ynUvEpnkarTaMgenH KWGaRs½yTaMgRsug faetI RbCa BlrdæmanPaBCam©as;elIEpnkarskmμPaBenaH)anb:uNÑa.

muxnaTIcMbgénEpnkarenH KWedIm,IeFVI[RbesIreLIgdl;karelIkkMBs; nigkic© karBarsiT§imnusS. edIm,IseRmc)anTisedAenH EpnkareFVI[siT§imnusSRbesIreLIgenH RtUvEtTukCavtßúbMNgCak;lak;rbs;eKalneya)aysaFarN³ EdlRtUveFVItamry³kar Gnuvtþkm μviFIc,as;las; karcUlrYmrbs;EpñkBak;B½n§epSg²rbs;rdæaPi)al nigsgÁm nigkarpþl;FnFn[)anRKb;RKan;. EpnkarenH KYrEp¥kelIkarvaytémøCak;lak;GMBI esckþIRtUvkarsiT§imnusSkñ úgRbeTs. EpnkarenH KYrpþl;eKalkarN_ENnaMsIþBI kic©karEdlRtUveFVIkñúgkarelIksÞÜy nigkarkarBarsiT§imnusSCUnm®nþIrdæaPi)al GgÁkar eRkArdæaPi)al RkumviC¢aCIv³ GñkGb;rMnigRkumtsU‘mti nigsmaCikénGgÁkarsgÁmsIuvil

140

déTeTot. EpnkarenH KYrCMruj[pþl;sc©ab½nelIlixitubkrN_siT§imnusS nigelIk kMBs;kRmityl;dwgGMBIbTdæansiT§imnusS edayepþatkarykcitþTukdak; CaBiesselI sßanPaBsiT§imnusSrbs;RkumCnEdlgayrgeRKaH. B½t’manBisþarGMBIEpnkarskm μ PaBCatisþIBIsiT§imnusS nigreboberobcMeFVIEpnkarskmμPaBTaMgenaH Gacrk)anenA kñúgesovePArbs;OHCHRsþIBIEpnkarskmμPaBsiT§imnusS fñak;Cati kRmgesovePA sRmab;bNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³elx10 EdlGacrk)antameKhTMB½r EdlmanGas½y dæanteTAenH³ http://www.ohchr.org/english/about/publications/training.htm.

EpnkarskmμPaBCati TamTar»ümankic©RbwgERbgCaeRcInBIsMNak;GgÁkarrdæ. ktþamYycMnYn Edlpþl;plCaviC¢manedaypÞal; eTAelIRbsiT§PaBrbs;Epnkar enH manCaGaT×³ kic©KaMBarCaRbcaMBIEpñkneya)ay

kareFVIEpnkarRbkbedaytmøaPaB nigmankarcUlrYmBIeRcInEpñk

karvaytémøya:gBisþarGMBIsßanPaBsiT§imnusS eFVIcMNak;fñak;GaTiPaBEbbR)akdniymcMeBaHbBaðaEdlRtUvedaHRsay nigviFIedaH

RsaytamTisedAskmμPaB

lkçN³vinicä½yc,as;las;elIkarbMeBjkargar nigmanynþkarcUlrYmya:gskmμ kñúgkarXøaMemIl nigvaytémø

karebþCacitþx<s;kñúgkarpþl;FnFan)anRKb;RKan;

http://www.ohchr.org/english%20/about/publications/training.htm�

141

karerobcMEpnkarskm μPaBCatisIþBIsiT§imnusS ³ ]TahrN_

enARbeTslITuyGanI ¬Lithuania¦ sPa KN³kmμaFikarsPaTTYlbnÞúk siT§imnusS nigkmμviFIGPivDÆn_shRbCaCati ¬UNDP¦ )anrYmKñacgRkgEpnkarskmμPaB siT§imnusSfñak;Cati. dMeNIrkarerobcMmanbIdMNak;kal. dMNak;kalTImYy eFVIcMNat;fñak;GaTiPaBénbBaða tamry³dMeNIrEdlmankarcUlrYmBIEpñkepSg² nigGñkCMnajkarerobcMnUvkarsikSamUldæanmYy BIbBaðasiT§imnusSenARbeTs lITuyGanI. dMNak;kalTIBIr karsikSaRtUv)anpþl;suBlPaBenAkñúgsnñisIT fñak;Cati nigkñúgsikçasalafñak;tMbn;. dMNak;kalcug eRkayeFVIkarelIkEpnkar edayEp¥kelImUldæanénkarsikSa nigkarRbwkSaeyabl;d¾TUlMTUlay. EpnkarenaHRtUv)anBiPakSaenAkñúgKN³kmμaFikarsPa nigRtUv)anGnum½tyl;RBm edaysPa enAéf¶TI7 Exvicäika qñaM2002. karviPaKCabnþ bnÞab;éndMeNIrkarenH )an bgðajfa tYnaTIdwknaM edayKN³km μaFikarsPaTTYlbnÞ úksiT§ imnusS mansar³sMxan;dUcKñaeTAnwgsar³sMxan; EdlKN³km μaFikarenH)aneFV I»ü saFarN³Cn cUlrYmya:gTUlMTUlaykñúgkarerobcMEdr.

etIGñkGaceFVIGVI)anxøHkñúgfan³GñkCasmaCiksPa

edayyl;BIsar³sMxan;rbs;ynþkarelIktMekIg nigkarBarsiT§imnusSrbs; sPa nigynþkarepSgeTot EdlminEmnCarbs;sPa nigedIm,IelIkkMBs;kar yl;dwgrbs;saFarN³Cn GñkRtUv ³ □ CRmuj[begáItKN³kmμaFikarsPaEdlmanCMnajEpñksiT§imnusSenAkñúgsParbs;Gñk

RbGb; 45

142

□ CRmuj[begáItsßab½nsiT§imnusSfñak;Cati enAkñúgRbeTsrbs;Gñk Rsbtam eKalkarN_TIRkug)a:rIs cat;viFankaredIm,IGnuvtþeKalkarN_ENnaM Abuja ¬emIlRbGb; 42 nig 44¦

□ dak;sMeNIsMu[mankarerobcMEpnkarskmμPaBsiT§imnusSfñak;Cati RbsinebI mankarerobcMEpnkarenH sUmFanafa sPanwg)ancUlrYmkñúgRKb; dMNak;kal TaMgGs;énkarerobcMtak;Etg nigkarGnuvtþ.

karekogKrsaFarN³mti

sPaGacrYmcMENk)any:agFMeFgkñúgkarelIkkMBs;karyl;dwgrbs;saFarN³Cn GMBIsiT§imnusS nigkarekogKrmtisaFarN³GMBIbBaðaBak;B½n§enH [)ankan;EteRcIn edaysar fakarBiPakSaEpñkneya)ayEtgEtepþatelIbBaða dUcCakarerIseGIg RbqaMgRkumepSg² smPaBey:nD½r siT§iCnCatiedImPaKtic b¤bBaðasgÁmnana. enARKb;eBlTaMgGs; smaCiksPaKYrEtmans μartIRbugRby½tñGMBIplb:HBal; énesckþIEføgkarN_CasaFarN³cMeBaHbBaðasiT§imnusS EdlGacmanplb:HBal; eTAelIkaryl;eXIjrbs;saFarNCn.

edIm,IelIkkMBs;karyl;dwgGMBIsiT§ imnusSCaTUeTAenAkñúgRbeTsrbs;BYkeK smaCiksPa KYreFVIkarCamYytYGgÁepSg²eTotrbs;CatienAkñúgRbeTs EdleFVIkar elIbBaðasiT§imnusS bUkrYmTaMgGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al.

“GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)almandUcCashCIBkmμkr smaKmÉkCn nigGgÁkarsiT§imnusS KWCa RbPBB½t’man nigCMnajEdlminGackat;éfø)ansRmab;smaCiksPa enAtambNþaRbeTsCa eRcIn EdlxVHxatnUvFnFan nigCMnYyEdlRtUvkarcaM)ac;edIm,I[BYkeKmanRbsiT§PaB

143

kñúgkartamXøaMemIlelIeKalneya)ay nigkarGnuvtþrbs;rdæaPi)alenAkñúgvis½ysiT§i mnusS :

snñisIT IPU GMBI :sPa ³ GñkEfrkSasiT§imnusS : karBiPakSaenATIRkugb‘uydaeb:s Ex]sPa qñaM1993

etIGñkGaceFVIGVI)anxøHkñúgzan³GñkCasmaCiksPa

GñkGac ³ □ CRmuj[sPaeFVIkarBiPakSabBaðasiT§imnusSCaBiessbBaðaEdlsaFarN³mti

epþatkarykcitþTukdak; □ CRmuj[mankarBiPakSa enAkñúgrgVg;KN³bkSneya)ayrbs;Gñk elIvis½y

siT§imnusS nigelIkatBVkic©CaGnþrCatirbs;rdæ kñúgvis½yenH □ erobcMyuT§nakarenAmUldæanfñak;tMbn; b¤fñak;Cati edIm,IelIkkMBs;karyl;dwg

GMBIsiT§imnusS □ cUlrYmkñúgkic©BiPakSatamTUrTsSn_ b¤tamviTüú b¤enAkñúgkic©RbCuMnana b¤pþl;

kic©smÖasn_GMBIbBaðasiT§imnusS □ sresrGtßbTGMBIsiT§imnusS enAkñúgkaEst nigTsSnavdþInana □ P¢ab;TMnak;TMngCamYyGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al nigtYGgÁEdleFVIkarEpñksiT§imnusS

nigKN³bkSneya)aydéTeTotenAfñak;Cati edIm,IRbmUlmtisaFarN³ nig edIm,IerobcMyuT§sa®sþsRmab;pþl;B½t’manGMBIbBaðasiT§imnusS enAeBl smRsb.

□ erobcM nigrYmcMENkkñúgsikçasala snñisIT kic©RbCuM nigRBwtþikarN_epSgeTot

144

enAtam mNÐle)aHeqñatrbs;Gñk edIm,ICaRbeyaCn_dl;siT§imnusS □ KaMRTyuT§nakarsiT§imnusSnana enAtammUldæan □ eRbIR)as;TivasiT§imnusSGnþrCati EdlR)arBVeFVIenAéf¶TI10 FñÚ edIm,ITak;Taj

karcab;Garm μN_rbs;saFarN³Cn cMeBaHbBaðasiT§imnusS. karcUlrYmkñúgkic©xitxMRbwgERbgCaGnþrCati sPa nigsmaCiksPa GacrYmcMENk)anya:gFMeFgeTAelIkic©RbwgERbgkñúg kic©karBar nigkarelIkkMBs;siT§imnusSGnþrCati. dUc)anBiPakSaxagelIkareKarB siT§imnusS KWCakarykcitþTukdak;d¾RtwmRtUvtamc,ab;rbs;shKmn_GnþrCati kñúg Rkbx½NÐc,ab;GnþrCati rdænanaEdlCaPaKIeTAnwgsn§isBaØasiT§ imnusS man RbeyaCn_pøÚvc,ab;cMeBaHrdæCaPaKIdéTeTot kñúgkarbMeBjkatBVkic©rbs;xøÜn. eday GnuelamtamnItiviFIbNþwgrvagrdænigrdæ EdlmanEcgkñúgsn§isBaØasiT§imnusSsMxan;² ¬emIlCMBUkTI 5¦ rdæmYyGacGMBavnav[cat;viFankareTAelIrdæmYyepSgeTot Edl rMelaPelIsn§isBaØaNamYy. sPatamry³KN³kmμkarsiT§imnusSrbs;xøÜnGacelIk ykbBaðasiT§imnusSEdlGacmankarrMelaPbMBan nigtamry³enaH CRmuj[mankar RbtibtiþtamlMnaMénsiT§imnusSGnþrCati.

sPa nigsmaCiksPa GacKaMRTeTAdl;GgÁkarsiT§imnusSGnþrCatinana tamry³ karFana[manmUlniFiEdlGgÁkarTaMgenaHRtUvkar. sPa nigsmaCiksPaKYrcUl rYmy:agskmμ kñúgkargarrbs;KN³km μkarsiT§imnusSrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati nig-kartak;EtglixitubkrN_siT§i mnusSGnþrCatifμ I² EdleTAGnaKt BYkeKnwgRtUvesñI[pþl;sc©ab½n.

145

enAkñúgBiPBelak EdlRtUv)aneFVIsklPavUbnIykm μ kan;EtxøaMgeLIg² esckþIse®mcnana kñúgkRmitGnþrCati manplb:HBal;kan;EtxøaMgCageBlNaTaMg Gs; eTAelIneya)ayfñak;Cati nigkarkMNt;visalPaBénkareFVIesckþIse®mc. kan;EtjwkjyEfmeTot esckþIse®mcEpñkesdækic©cMbg² Edlb:HBal;dl;CIvPaB rs;enArbs;RbCaBlrdæ RtUv)aneFVIeLIgenAxageRkARbeTsrbs;BYkeK edaysßab½n GnþrCati EdlK μan KNenyüPaB bu:Enþkic©karenaH man\T§iBleTAelIlT§PaBrbs;rdæ kñúgkarFanaGnuvtþsiT§imnusS CaBiesssiT§iesdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’.

ehtudUecñH)anCatRmUv[sßab½nTaMgenH “manRbCaFibetyü”RbsinebIRbeTs nImYy²rkSa smtßkic©rbs;eKkñúgkarFanasiT§imnusS CaBiesssiT§iesdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’. dUecñH sPa nigsmaCiksPa RtUvcUlrYm[kan;Etskm μeLIgenAkñúgkar BiPakSarbs;sßab½nTaMgenH edIm,I[semøgrbs;BYkeK)anB¤.

kic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢km μGnþrCati siT§imnusS nigkatBVkic©rbs;rdæ tamkaresñIrbs;KN³kmμkarsiT§imnusSshRbCaCati kariyal½y]tþmsñgkarGgÁkar shRbCaCatiTTYlbnÞúksiTi§mnusS OHCHR )anecjr)aykarN_CaeRcIn sIþBIsiT§imnusS nigBaNiC¢kmμ CaBiess KWbBaðasiT§imnusSEdlmanBak;B½n§enAkñúgkic©RBmeRBogrbs;GgÁkar BaNiC¢kmμBiPBelak ¬WTO¦ sIþBITidæPaBénsiT§ielIkmμsiT§ibBaØaTak;TinnwgBaNiC¢kmμEdl RtUv)aneKsÁal;faCakic©RBmeRBogRTIb¬TRIPs¦20 kic©RBmeRBogksikmμrbs;WTO

21 nig

RbGb; 46

20

E/CN.4/Sub.2/2001/13.

21 E/CN.4/2002/54.

146

kic©RBmeRBogTUeTAelIBaNiC¢kmμEpñkesvakmμrbs; WTO b¤ehAfa GATs22. r)aykarN_)an

cg¥úlbgðajfa RKb;smaCikrbs; WTO )anpþl;sc©ab½ny:agehacNas; elIlixitUbkrN_ siT§ imnusScMnYnmYy ehIysmaCikPaKeRcIn )anpþl;sc©ab½neTAelIktikasBaØa sIþBIsiTi§esdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’ CESCR ehIyRbeTsTaMgGs; elIkElgEtRbeTs-mYyecj)anpþl; sc©ab½neTAelIGnusBaØasIþBIsiTi§kumar CRC. r)aykarN_TaMgenaH EfmTaMgbBa¢ak;fa dUecñH smaCikrbs; WTO KYrFanafa viFanGnþrCatisIþBIesrIvUbnIy km μBaNiC¢km μ minpÞúyeTAnwgkatBVkic©siT§imnusSrbs;xøÜn enAeRkamsn§isBaØaTaMgenaH. dUecñH c,ab;BaNiC¢km μ nigeKalneya)ayBaNiC¢km μ KYrminRtwmEtepþateTAelIkMeNIn esdækic©TIpSar nigkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©b:ueNÑaHeT RtUvepþatsMxan;elIRbB½n§suxaPi)al karGb;rM karpÁt;pÁg;Twks¥at snþisuxes,óg kargar nigdMeNIrkarneya)ay.l. : rdæ manParkic©Fanafa kar)at;bg;sV½yPaBrbs;BYkeK enAeBlcUleTAkñúgkic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmμnana : minbnßysmtßPaBBYkeK edayvismamaRtkñúgkarkMNt; nigGnuvtþeKalneya)ay GPivDÆn_CatieT :. kic©karTaMgenH TamTar[man :karBinitüemIlCaRbcaMeTAelI c,ab;BaNiC¢kmμ nigeKalneya)ayBaNiC¢kmμ eRBaHvamankarb:HBal;eTAdl;kareRbIR)as; siT§imnusS. karvaytémøelIskþanuBlénplb:HBal; nigplb:HBal;BitR)akdrbs; eKalneya)ayBaNiC¢km μ nigc,ab;BaNiC¢kmμ eTAelIkareRbIR)as;siT§imnusS KWRbEhl CameFüa)ay d¾cMbgkñúgkareCosvagBIkarGnuvtþviFankaredIrfyeRkay Edlkat;bnßy nUvkarTTYl)ansiT§imnusS :. 23

22 E/CN.4/Sub.2/2002/9.

23 E/CN.4/Sub.2/2002/9, paragraphs 7, 9 and 12

147

enAkñúgkrNIRsedogKñaenHEdr esckþIBnül;rYmelx14 rbs;CESCR GMBIsiT§iTTYl)an esvasuxPaB Ecgfa rdæPaKIKYrFanafa siT§iTTYl)anesvasuxPaBRtUv)anykcitþTukdak;[)anRtwmRtUv enAkñúgkic©RBmeRBogGnþrCati ehIyRtUvcat;viFankar :edIm,IFanafa lixitub krN_TMagenH minmanplGaRkk;eTAelIsiT§iTTYl)anesvasuxaPi)aleLIy. RsedogKña enHEdr rdæPaKImankatBVkic© Fanafa viFankarrbs;BYkeK kñúgzan³CasmaCikrbs;GgÁkar GnþrCati RtUvEtykcitþTukdak;[)anRtwmRtUv eTAelIsiT§iTTYl)anesvasuxaPi)al>>>>: ¬kfax½NÐTI 39¦.

kñúgbribTenH IPU )anRbtibtiþdMeNIrkarCYynaMsPa[)aneTACitsßab½nnana dUcCa GgÁkarBaNiC¢km μBiPBelak ¬WTO¦ CaedIm.

snñ isITGnþrsPaelIkTI107 “GMBavnaveTAdl;sPaTMagLay[edIr tYnaTId¾skm μ enAkñúgkartamXøaMemIlelIesckþIse®mc nigskmμPaBnana EdleFVI eLIgedaysßab½nBhuCatiTaMgLay CaBiess sßab½nEdleFVI[b:HBal;dl;kar GPivDÆn_rbs;RbeTsnana kñúgkarnaMyksßab½nBhuCatiEdlTak;TineTAnwgBaNiC¢kmμ nig hirBaØvtßú [eTACitRbCaBlrdæEdlBYkeKRtUvpþl;esvaCUn nigkñúgkareFVI[sßab½nBhuCatiTaMg enaH manRbCaFib,etyü mantmøaPaB nigmansmFm’ :

esckIþseRmcsþIBI :tYnaTIrbs;sPakñúgkarGPivDÆeKalneya)aysaFarN³ enAkñúgyuKsm½ysklPavUbnIykm μ sßab½nBhuCati nigkic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati :

TIRkugma:ra:eks ExmIna qñaM2002 kfax½NÐ 9.

148

etIGñkGaceFVIGVI)anxøHkñúgzan³GñkCasmaCiksPa

sPa nigsmaCiksPa KYrrYmcMENkdl;karelIkkMBs; nigkic©karBarsiT§imnusS enAkRmitGnþrCati nigeFVI[sMeLgrbs;BYkeK)anB¤. edIm,Ise®mc)aneKal bMNgenH GñkRtUv³ □ begáItTMnak;TMngCamYysmaCiksPa enAkñúgRbeTsepSg²eTot edIm,I ¬k¦ EckrMElkbTBiesaFn_ kic©karEdl)aneCaKC½y nigemeronEdlTTYl)an ¬x¦ BiPakSarklT§PaB edIm,IeFVIkic©shkareTVPaKI b¤BhuPaKI CaBiess bBaða

rMelaPsiT§imnusS EdltRmUUv[mankic©shRbtibtþikarqøgEdn ¬dUcCa bBaða CYjdUrmnusS GenþarRbevsn_ nigsuxPaB¦

□ Fanafa sParbs;GñkcUlrYm ¬tamry³KN³km μaFikarmansmtßkic©¦ kñúgkargarrbs;KN³km μkarsiT§imnusSshRbCaCati b¤y:agehacNas; sPaRtUvTTYl)andMNwgGMBIral;eKalCMhrrbs;rdæaPi)alrbs;GñkelIkrNI epSg²EdlRtUv)anBiPakSaenAkñúgKN³km μkar. enAeBlsmRsbGñkGac dak;sMNYreTAkan;rdæaPi)alrbs;GñkBak;B½n §eTAnwgmUldæanéneKal CMhreK.

□ Fanafa sParbs;Gñk RtUv)aneKCUndMNwgGMBIkarcrcarEdlkMBugEtekItman eLIgsIþBIsn§isBaØasiT§imnusSf μ I² ehIyFanafa sPa man»kasrYmcMENk kñúgkic©crcarenaH

□ Fanafa sParbs;Gñk ¬tamry³KN³kmμaFikarmansmtßkic©¦ Tak;Tajkar ykcitþTukdak;eTAelIkarrMelaPsn§isBaØasiT§imnusSenARbeTsepSg²eTot kñúgeBl

149

smRsb CRmujrdæaPi)alrbs;Gñk[dak;BakübNþwgGnþrrdæmYy ¬emIl EpñkTI I CMBUkTI 5¦ .

□ cUlrYmkñúgebskkm μXøaMemIlkare)aHeqñat nigebskkm μsiT§imnusSGnþrCati déTeTot

□ Fanafa sParbs;GñkRtUv)aneKCUndMNwgGMBIkarcrcaGnþrCatinana EdllT§plrbs;vaGacmanplb:HBal;CaGviC¢maneTAelIlT§PaBrbs; RbeTsGñkkñúgkarRbtibtiþtamkatBVkic©siT§imnusS enAeBlsmRsbdak; sMNYreTAkan;rdæaPi)alGñk BIeKalCMhrrbs;rdæaPi)al kñúgkarrkSakarBar kareKarBtamkatBVkic©enaH tamrebobNa.

151

CMBUkTI 12 GVIEdlsmaCiksPaKYryl;dwgGMBIsiT§iBlrdæ nigsiT§ineya)ay Edl-manenAkñúgesckþIRbkasCasklsþIBIsiT§imnusS (UDHR) siT§irs;ranmanCIvit

maRta3 én UDHR { mnusSRKb;rUb mansiT§irs;ranmanCIvit manesrIPaB nigmansnþisuxpÞal;xøÜn}

maRta 6 ¬1¦ énktikasBaØasIþBIsiTi§Blrdæ nigsiTi§neya)ay ICCPR : CnRKb;rUbmansiTi§manCIvitCab;BIkMeNIt . siTi§enH ®tUvkarBaredayc,ab; .

KμanCnNamñak;®tUveKRbharCIvittamGMeBIcitþ)aneLIy :

siT§irs;ranmanCIvit KWCasiT§imnusSmUldæansMxan;CageK ehIyminGacRtUv)an dkhUt)aneT ebIeTaHbICakñúgeBlmans®gÁam b¤k¾enARKamanPaBGasnñk¾eday. eTaHCay:agenHk¾eday mindUcKñaeTAnwgkarhamR)amkareFVITaruNkmμ b¤Taskm μeT siT§irs;ranmanCIvit minEmnCasiT§idac;xatmYyeT. karsøab;rbs;GñkRbyuT§mñak; EdlCalT§plén :skm μPaBs®gÁamRsbc,ab; : Edlsß itenAkñ úgrgVg;énGtß n½yrbs;c,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati minbegáIt[mankarrMelaPeTAelIsiT§irs;ranman CIviteT. RsedogKñaenHpgEdr RbsinebIPñak;garGnuvtþc,ab;)anpþac;CIvitbuKÁlmñak;

152

skm μPaBenHGacminEmnCakarrMelaPeTAelIsiT§irs;ranmanCIvitenHk¾eTEdr. ]> RbsinebIkarsøab;enaH mkBIkareRbIR)as;kmøaMg EdlBitCacaM)ac;sRmab;eKalbMNg Rsbc,ab;kñúgkarkarBarxøÜn b¤edIm,IkarBarCnTIbINamñak; b¤ekItBIkarcab;xøÜn edayRsbc,ab; b¤BIviFankarnanaEdleFVIeLIg edIm,ITb;sáat;karrt;eKcxøÜn rbs;CnmYyEdlRtUvXuMxøÜntamc,ab; b¤k¾edIm,Ib®gáabeTAelIkub,kmμ b¤karbHe)ar mYy. PaBcaM)ac;d¾c,as;las;EbbenH GacRtUv)ankMNt;edaytulakarman smtßkic©bu:eNÑaH edayEp¥kelIkrNInImYy² edayBicarNaeTAelIeKalkarN_ smamaRtehIyCaCeRmIscugeRkayedayRtUvBicarNaedaysßab½nsn§isBaØa. bEnßmBIelIenH siT§irs;ranmanCIvitminGacRtUv)anKitfa RtUvEtmanenaHeT enAkñúg RbB½n§c,ab;NaEdlGnuBaØat[maneTasRbharCIvit ¬sUmemIlxageRkam¦.

siT§irs;ranmanCIvit nigyutþisa®sþBhuRbeTs

enAqñaM1995 karebIksvnakarénerOgkþIrbs;elak McCann nigGñkepSgeTotRbqaMgeTA nwgcRkPBGg;eKøs tulakarsiT§ imnusSrbs;GWr: ub)anrkeXIjfa RbtibtþikareyaFa EdlkñúgenaHmanCnsgS½yCaePrvkrcMnYnbIrUb EdlTahanrbs;cRkPBGg;eKøsGHGag fa BYkeKBüayameFVIkarcab;xøÜn ehIyRtUv)aneK)aj;smøab;enaHBuM)anerobcMEpnkar[)an RtwmRtUv ehIydUecñHvaCakarrMelaPeTAelIsiT§irs;ranmanCIvit. enAkñ úgkrNICaeRcIn tulakarGWr : ub nigtulakarsiT§imnusSGnþrGaemrikaMg nig KN³km μkarsiT§imnusSGgÁkarshRbCaCati)anecjesckþIseRmcfa tamniymn½y karsmøab; mintamnItiviFI nigedayTMenIgcitþ KWCakarrMelaPbMBaneTAelIsiT§irs;ranmanCIvit.

RbGb; 47

153

bEnßmBIelIenH taMgBImansalRkmRbvtþisa®sþrbs;tulakarsiT§imnusSGnþrGaemrik enAqñaM1988 eTAelIerOgrbs; Velasquez Rodriguez RbqaMgeTAnwgRbeTshugduyra:s; mk vak¾)ankMNt;fa karGnuvtþ[mankar)at;xøÜnedaybgçM begáIt)anCakarrMelaP eTAelIsiT§irs;ranmanCIvit b¤k¾y:agehacNas; CakarKMramkMEhgF¶n;F¶rmYyeTAelI siT§irs;ranmanCIvit.

siT§irs;ranmanCIvit nigkatBVkic©rbs;rdæ dUcKñaeTAnwgsiT§imnusSepSgeTotEdr siT§irs;ranmanCIvit minRKan;EtkarBarbuKÁl Tl;eTAnwgkareRCotERCkedaybMBan edayPñak;garrdæaPi)albu:eNÑaHeT EfmTaMg dak;katBVkic©[rdæcat;viFankarviC¢man edIm,Ipþl;karkarBarBIkarsmøab;edaybMBan kar)at;xøÜnedaybgçM nigskm μPaBhwgSaRsedogKñaenH EdleFVIeLIgedaykgkmøaMg eyaFa ]Rkidækm μEdlmankarcat;taMg b¤BIbuKÁlÉkCnNamYy. dUecñaHehIy rdæRtUv Etdak;skmμPaBrebob enaHfaCabT]RkidæeRkAc,ab; ehIyRtUvEtGnuvtþc,ab;[)an smrmü.

krNIrbs; Osman RbqaMgnwgcRkPBGg;eKøs ¬qñaM1998¦

tulakarsiT§imnusSGWru:b)anebIksvnakareTAelIkarTamTarmYy Edlbþwgeday sac;BaJtiþrbs; Ahmed Osman EdlRtUv)an)aj;smøab;edayRKUbeRgon rbs;kUnKat; edayecaTfamankarrMelaPelIsiT§irs;ranmanCIvitrbs;bursenaH. tulakar)anBicarNafa lkçxNÐBIrxageRkam EdlRtUvEtman edIm,IeFVICabnÞúk sRmab;karecaTRbkan;EdlEp¥kelImUldæanEdlfa GaCJaFr)anrMelaPeTAelI

RbGb; 48

154

katBVkic©viC¢man kñúgkarkarBarsiT§irs;ran manCIvitrbs;CnrgeRKaH edayxkxankñúgkar cat;viFankarnana edIm,IkarBarbuKÁlmñak; EdlCIvitrbs;eK sßitenAkñúgPaBeRKaHfñak; edayskmμPaB]Rkidækmμrbs;CnmYyeTot ³

¬k¦ GaCJaFr)andwg b¤RtUv)andwgCamunfa vamanhaniP½yBitR)akd nigCabnÞan; eTAelI CIvitrbs;CnrgeRKaH BIskm μPaB]Rkidækmμrbs;CnTIbI nig

¬x¦ GaCJaFr)anxkxankñúgkarcat;viFankarEdlsßitkñúgrgVg;énGMNacrbs;xøÜn ehIy GacRtUv)anrMBwgTukedaysmehtuplfa GaCJaFrGacbeBa¢óshaniP½yenaH)an. tulakar)anrkeXIjfaenAkñ úgkrNIenHBu Mmankarr MelaPbMBaneTAelIsiT§irs; ranmanCIviteT edaysarfa GñkbþwgBuM)anbgðajfa bU:lIs)andwg b¤RtUv)andwgfa CIvit rbs;RKYsar Osman sßitenAkñúgeRKaHfñak;edayBitR)akd nigCabnÞan;BIRKUbeRgonenaHeT b¤faviFankarnanaEdlbU:UlIsGaceFVI)an nwgmuxCamanlT§plBitR)akdenaH k¾eTEdr.

RsbKñaenH rdæmankrNIykic© kñúgkarFanafa³

karvayRbharsmøab;eTAelIbuKÁlmñak;edaybuKÁlmñak;eTot KWCabTel μ IsmYy EdlmaneTas sml μm enAeRkamc,ab;RBhμTNÐkñúgRsuk

bT]RkidæhwgSaNamYy RtUvEteFVIkaresIubGegátedayl¥itl¥n; edIm,IkMNt;rk GñkRbRBwtþel μ Is nignaMBYkeK mkkat;eTastamc,ab;

viFankarnana RtUv)aneFVIeLIg edIm,ITb;sáat; nigdak;eTasTNÐeTAelIkarsmøab; eday bMBan edaym®nþIGnuvtþc,ab;

nItiviFImanRbsiT§PaBnana RtUv)anEcgedayc,ab; edIm,IeFVIkaresIubGegátkrNInana rbs;buKÁl EdlRtUvrgnUvkar)at;xøÜnedaybgçMmYy

155

KN³km μaFikarsiT§imnusS )ankMNt;fa rdænana EtgEtbkRsaysiT§irs;ran manCIvit edayceg¥óteBk ehIyfa katBVkic©rbs;rdæTaMgenaHkñúgkarkarBar nigbMeBjsiT§i enaHmanTMhMTUlayCag edaycat;TukCabT]RkidæEteTAelIkareFVIXat karlbsmøab; nigkarvayRbhardl;CIvitb:ueNÑaH. enAkñúgesckþIBnül;TUeTAelx 6 KN³kmμaFikar)anbBa¢ak; fa rdænana KYr :cat;viFankarEdlmanTaMgGs; edIm,Ikat;bnßykarsøab;rbs;kUnek μg nigedIm,IbegáInGayurbs;mnusS CaBiess kñúgkareRCIsykviFankarnana edIm,IbM)at; ecalnUvPaBxVHCIvCati nigCMgWratt,at : Edlbgáb;n½yfa rdæmanParkic© edIm,Icat; viFankarEdlmanTaMgGs;kñúgkarFananUvsþg;dars;enAsmrmü ehIyfardæman} tYnaTICacMbg edIm,ITb;sáat;kuM[mans®gÁam skm μPaB]Rkidæ nigskm μPaBepSgeTot énGMeBIhwgSasMlab;rgÁal EdlbNþal[mankar)at;bg;CIvitedaybMBan :.

RsedogKñaenHEdr smaCiksPa GaccUlrYmcMENk)an eTAdl;kareFVI[siT§irs;ran manCIvitkøayCakarBit edayFanafa³

viFankarnana RtUv)aneFVIeLIg edIm,IeFVI[manPaBRbesIreLIg Tak;TineTAnwg siT§iTTYl)ancMNIGahar suxPaB snþiPaB nigsþg;dars;enA)ansmrmü Edl siT§iTaMgGs;enH cUlrYmcMENkdl;karkarBarsiT§irs;ranmanCIvit.

rdæaPi)al eRCIsyk nigGnuvtþeKalneya)aynana edIm,Ipþl;[buKÁliknana dUcCam®nþIb:UlIs nigsnþisuxBn§naKarnUvkarbNþúHbNþal edIm,Ikat;bnßyPaB EdlGacekItmankarrMelaPelIsiT§irs;ranmanCIvit

viFankarnana RtUveFVIeLIgedIm,Ikat;bnßykarsøab;rbs;ekμg nigedIm,IbegáIn Gayurbs;mnusS CaBiess edIm,IbM)at;ecalnUvPaBxVHCIvCati nigCMgWratt,at.

156

bBaðacRmUgcRmas EdlTak;TineTAnwgsiT§irs;ranmanCIvit

eTasRbharCIvit

bBaðaéneTasRbharCIvit KWCabBaðasñÚl enAkñúgsiT§irs;ranmanCIvit. Rbvtþi sa®sþc,ab;énbBaðaenH nigkarBiPakSaEdlBak;B½n§nana mancMNucRsedogKñaCaeRcIn eTAnwgRbvtþisa®sþ nigkarBiPakSaeTAelIkarGnuvtþBIrepSgKña ³ TasPaB nigkareFVI TaruNkm μ. TasPaB Edl)anGnuvtþy:agTUlMTUlayenAkñúgBiPBelak enAeBjRbvtþi sa®sþ RtUv)anbM)at;ecaledayc,ab; enAkñúgstvtSTI19 ehIykareFVVITaruNkmμ RtUv)aneK TTYlykCaRbcaMfa CaEpñkmYyénnItiviFIRBh μTNÐrhUtdl;sm½yrugerOgenH. xN³ eBlEdlkarGnuvtþTaMgBIr RtUv)anhamXat;y:agdac;xat naeBl\LÚvenH enAeRkamc,ab; RbéBNI nigc,ab;GnþrCati EdlmanmUldæanelIsn§isBaØaenaH karlubbM)at;ecal[Gs;Et mþg nUveTasRbharCIvit enAmankaryWty:avenAeLIy.

enAqñaM1984 RkumRbwkSaesdækic© nigsgÁmrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati )anGnum½t

ehIymhasnñi)atGgÁkarshRbCaCati)anKaMRT[manrnaMgkarBar24 EdlFananUvkarkarBar siT§imnusS eTAdl;GñkTaMgLayEdlRbQmmuxnwgeTasRbharCIvit ¬eBlxøHRtUv)an ehAfaCa {rnaMgkarBar ECOSOC :¦. eTaHbICarnaMgkarBarTaMgenH EdlPaKeRcInbgðaj[eXIjBIbBaØtiþrbs; CCPR Casþg;daGb,brimak¾eday k¾vaenAEtRtUv)aneKrMelaPbMBan elIEdr. man karBicarNasmehtuplxøH RtUv)anKUsbBa¢ak;xageRkam.

24 esckþIsMerccitþrbs;mhasnñi)atGgÁkarshRbCaCati elx 39¼118 éf¶TI 14 FñÚ qñaM 1984

157

RbePTénGñkRbRBwtþel μ IsCak;lak;nana RtUvb¤KYrRtUvEtelIkElgBIeTasRbhar CIvit. GñkTaMgenaHman³

GnItiCn ³ CCPR nigCRC Ecgy:agc,as;fa buKÁleRkamGayu18qñaM enAeBlEdlKat; RbRBwtþbTelμIs minKYrRtUv)aneKkat;eTasRbharCIviteT. k,Ünvin½yenH )ankøayCaEpñk mYyénc,ab;GnþrCatieTAehIy.

RbGb; 49

TLðIkrN__ nigyutþikmμsMrab;[maneTasRbharCIvit

bdiTLðIkrN_

karkmøa GnuPaBkmøaéneTasRbharCIvitminman PsþútagKaMRTeT

karsgswk nigyutþiF-m’sRmab;CnrgeRKaH

sþg;dayutþiFm’EbbTMenIb cg;[mankarksag xøÜneLIgvij nigbBa©ÚlCnel μIscUleTAkñúg sgÁmvij

karkRmitRBMEdnénkarbþwg]T§rN_ nig kMENTRmg;RbB½n§c,ab; EdltRmUv[man dIkanaMxøÜnCnsgS½y mkkan;tulakar edIm,IBinitünItüanukUlPaBénkarXuMxøÜn ¬habeas corpus ¦

kareFVIEbbenH KWbegáInhaniP½yénPaBxusqÁg énkarvinicä½y nigkarsmøab;CnTaMgLayEdl K μaneTas

c,ab;GnþrCati ebIk[mansiT§irs;ranman CIvit

enHnwg[manTRmg;TNÐkmμmYy EdleXareXA GmnusSFm’ nigbenßakbnÞab.

TLðIkrN_ nig bdiTLðIkrN_CMuvijbBaðaeTasRbharCIvit

158

Cncas;Cra³ TaMgCCPR TaMgrnaMgkarBar min)anpþl;karelIkElgrebobenHeT ebIeTaHbICa enAkñúgqñaM1988 KN³km μaFikarTTYlbnÞúkTb;sáat; nigRtYtBinitü ]Rkidækmμrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati )an[Gnusasn_eTAdl;RkumRbwkSaesdækic© nigsgÁmfa rdæCasmaCiknana KYrRtUv)anRbwkSaeyabl; [begáIt[manGayu GtibrmasRmab;kat;eTas b¤RbharCIvit. maRta4¬5¦én ACHR Ecgfa eTas RbharCIvit minRtUvGnuvtþeTAelICnTaMgLayNa EdlmanGayuelIsBI 70qñaM enAeBl]Rkidækm μ RtUv)aneFVIeLIgenaHeLIy.

®sþImanépÞeBaH ³ rnaMgkarBar )anraraMgkuM[mankarRbharCIvit eTAelI®sþIman épÞeBaH eFVIdUecñaHedIm,IkarBarTarkEdlminTan;RbsURt ¬edayRsbCamYymaRta 6 én CCPR¦.

buKÁlEdlmanvibtþipøÚvcitþ ³ eKalkarN_Edlfa buKÁlEdlmancitþGarmμN_minl¥ minKYrRtUv)aneKkat;eTas nigRbharCIviteTenaH RtUv)anbBa©ÚleTAkñúgrnaMgkar Bar EdlFanakarkarBarsiTi§ GñkEdlRbQmmuxnwgeTasRbharCIvit. eKal karN_enH minmanEcgenAkñúg CCPR nigsn§isBaØasiT§imnusSfñak;tMbn;nanaeT.

bEnßmelIenH c,ab;GnþrCati )anpþl;nUvlkçxNÐtRmUvEpñknItiviFInana Edl GacGnuvtþ)ancMeBaHkrNIRbharCIvitTaMgGs; ³ karFana[mankarkat;eTasedayRtwmRtUv edaypþl;lT§PaBkñúgkarbþwg]T§rN_eTAkan;tulakarCan;x<s; nigkarGnueRKaHeTas. enAeRkammaRta6¬4¦én CCPR karelIkElgeTasCasaFarN³ karelIkElgeTas b¤karsRmaleTasdl;eTasRbharCIvit GacRtUvpþl;[)anenARKb;eBlTaMgGs;. Ca]TahrN_ karGnueRKaHeTasGacBnüar b¤BüÜrkarRbharCIvitedaysRmaleTas mkenARtwmCab;Bn§naKarmYyCivitvij ehIyGacRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as; edIm,Isg

159

CYsnUvkMhusnana edIm,Ibnßykardak;TNÐkm μF¶n;F¶r b¤edIm,ITUTat;KñanwgbBaØtþiénc,ab; RBhμTNÐ EdlminGnuBaØati[mankarBicarNaelIktþaepSg²eTot. siT§iBiruT§CnEdl RtUvRbharCIvitkñúgkarEsVgrkkarbn§ÚrbnßyeTas RtUv)anEcgy:agc,as;enAkñúgc,ab; siT§imnusSGnþrCati.

enAkEnøgNaEdlminTan;)anlubecaleTasRbharCIvitKYrbegáIt[mankardak;eTas TNÐCaBiess EdlCanic©kalEtgEteFVIRsbCamYyeKalkarN_smamaRt. maRta6 énCCPR sMedAelI {]RkidækmμF¶n;F¶rbMput} nigenAeRkamrnaMgkarBar niymn½yrbs; :]Rkidækm μF¶n;F¶rbMput : EdlGacdak;eTasTNÐdl;søab;KW :minKYr[hYsBIbTelμ Is edayectna edaymanplvi)akCakarRbl½yCIvit b¤plvi)akF¶n;F¶rCaTIbMputdéT eTot :enaHeT. kardak;kMhitrebobenHKWRsbeTAtameKalbMNgEdlcg;[mankar lubecalTaMgRsugnUveTasRbharCIvit. dUcEdlmhasnñi)atGgÁkarshRbCaCati)an bBa¢ak;enAkñúgqñaM1971 siT§irs;ranmanCIvit GacRtUv)anFanaeBjelj)an drabNa cMnYnbTelI μsEdlmaneTasTNÐdl;RbharCIvitGacRtUv)andak;kMhitbnþ icmþg²{edaymanTsSn³cg;[mankarlubecalTaMgRsugenARKb;RbeTs TaMgGs;}. 25

clnaeq<aHeTArkkarlubecaleTasRbharCIvit

enAeBlcugbBa©b;éns®gÁamelakelIkTI2 enAeBlEdlsþg;dasiT§imnusSGnþrCati kMBugRtUv)antak;EtgeLIg eTasRbharCIvitenAEtRtUv)aneKGnuvtþenAtamrdæCaeRcIn. CabnþbnÞab;eRkaymk maRta2 én ECHR maRta6 én CCPR nigmaRta4 én ACHR pþl;[mankarelIkElgmYyeTAelIeKalkarN_énsiT§ i rs;ranmanCIvitenAkñ úg

25 esckþIsMerccitþrbs;mhasnñi)atGgÁkarshRbCaCatielx2857 ¬XXVI¦éf¶TI20 FñÚ qñaM1971.

160

krNIéneTasRbharCIvit. eTaHCay:agenHk¾eday taMgBIeBlenaHmk ninñakar d¾c,as;las;mYysRmab;lubecal nighamR)amkarkat; ; eTasRbharCIvit)an ekItmaneLIgPaKeRcInenAbNþaRbeTsGWr:ub nigGaemrik LaTIn. karlubeTasRbharCIvitenAGWr:ub

BiFIsarbEnßmTI6eTAelI ECHR )anGnum½tenAkñúgqñaM1983 ehIyRtUv)anpþl; sc©ab½nedayrdæTaMgGs;énRkumRbwkSaGWru:b elIkElgEtRbeTsm:UNakU nigshB½n§ rusSI )anhamR)amkardak;eTasRbharCIvit enAkñúgeBlmansnþiPaB ehIyBiFIsar bEnßmTI13 eTAelIGnusBaØaGWru:b Edl)anGnum½tenAkñúgqñaM2002 )anEcgGMBIkar hamR)amkardak;eTasRbharCIvitCadac;xatenAGWru:b ¬eTaHbICakñúgeBlmans®gÁam k¾eday¦. cab;taMgBIkarlubecaleTasRbharCIvit RtUv)anGnum½tCaEpñkmYy Edl minGacpþac;ecj)anrbs;shPaBGWru:b nigeKalneya)ayrbs;RkumRbwkSaGWr:ubmk ¬ehIyk¾CalkçxNÐtRmUvmYysRmab;karcUlCasmaCiksMrab;rdæsmaCikf μ I²¦ GWr:ub GacRtUv)aneKcat;TukfaCatMbn;K μaneTasRbharCIvit naeBlbc©úb,nñenH. kic©RbwgERbgedIm,IlubecaleTasRbharCIvit enATVIbGaemrik nigenACuMvijBiPBelak

karGPivDÆn_RsedogKñamYy RtUv)aneKeXIjekItmanenAtambNþardæén TVIbGaemrik nigCakRmitfñak;BiPBelak. enAkñúgqñaM1990 GgÁkarsRmab;rdæenA Gaemrik ¬OAS¦ )anGnum½tBiFIsarmYy eTAelIGnusBaØaGaemrik sRmab;siT§imnusS edaylubecaleTasRbharCIvit k¾bu:EnþrhUtmkdl;eBlenHmanRbeTsEt8 bu:eNÑaH ¬eRbsuIl kUsþarIkar eGkVaT½r nIkar:ahÁ½r )a:Nam:a )a:ra:hÁay G‘uyr:ahÁay nig eveNhS‘úyeGLa¦ Edl)anpþl;sc©ab½neTAelIBiFIsarenaH. RsedogKñaenHEdr BiFI

161

sarbEnßmTI2 eTAelI CCPR ¬qñaM1989¦ EdlmanbMNglubbM)at;ecalCasakl nUveTasRbharCIvit RtUv)anpþl;sc©ab½nedayRbeTscMnYn 54 Etb:ueNÑaH EdlPaK eRcInelIslub mkBIrdænanarbs;GWru:b nigGaemrikLaTIn. eTaHCay:agenHk¾eday RbeTsEdlCamhaGMNacepSgeTot dUcCa shrdæGaemrik nigRbeTscin nigrdæ GIusøamCaeRcIneTot minRKan;EtenAbnþGnuvtþeTasRbharCIvitb:ueNÑaHeT EfmTaMgeFVI karCMTas;y:agxøaMgeTAelIkarlubecaleTasenH enAeRkamc,ab;GnþrCatieTotpg.

ninñakarenAkñúgyutþisa®sþ

kñúgkarKaMRTdl;karmin[eFVIbtüab½n nigkarlubecaleTasRbharCIvit

enAqñaM1989 svnakareTAelIerOgrbs; Soering RbqaMgeTAnwgcRkPBGg;eKøs tulakarsiT§imnusSGWr:ub)anseRmcfa kareFVIbtüab½nedaycRkPBGg;eKøsnUvCnCati GaløWm:g;mñak;eTAkan;shrdæGaemrik EdlKat;nwgenAkñ úgCYrrg;caMkarRbharCIvit Gs;ry³eBlCaeRcInqñaM EdlkareFVIenHbegáIt[mankarRbRBwtþeFVIedayGmnusSFm’ enAeRkammaRta3 én ECHR.

enAqñaM1993 enAkñúgerOgrbs; Ng v. Canada Tak;TgnwgkrNIénkareFVIbtüab½nmYy eTotBak;B½n§nwgshrdæGaemrikenaH KN³kmμaFikarsiT§imnusS)anseRmcfa karsmøab; edayeRbI]sμ ½n[fb;degðImrhUtdl;søab; dUcEdlRbRBwtþeFVIenArdækalIhV½rj:aenaH begáIt[mankardak;eTasTNÐedayGmnusSFm’ enAeRkammaRta7 én CCPR.

enAkñúgsalRkmCaRbvtþisa®sþ qñaM1995 tulakarFm μnuBaØrbs;RbeTsGaRhVikxagt,Úg )ansrubesckþIfa eTasRbharCIvit edayminxVl;KitBIviFIénkarsmøab; b¤kal³eTs³ epSgeTot KWmanlkçN³GmnusSFm’ nig)anrMelaPelIkarhamXat; énkardak;eTas TNÐ edayGmnusSFm’ enAkñúgRbeTsGa®hVikxagt,Úg.

RbGb; 50

162

enAqñaM2003 svnakareTAelIerOg rbs; Judge v. Canada KN³kmμkarsiT§imnusS

GgÁkarshRbCaCati )anBicarNafa {kñúgnamCardæPaKImYy Edl)anlubeTasRbhar CIvitrYcehIy edayminKitfa RbeTsenH minTan;)anpþl;sc©ab½neTAelIBiFIsarbEnßmTI2 énktikasBaØasMedAlubbM)at;eTasRbharCIvitenaHeT RbeTskaNada)anrMelaPsiT§irs; ranmanCIvitrbs;GñkniBn§rUbenH enAeRkammaRta6 kfax½NÐTI1 edayeFVIkarbBa¢ÚnrUbKat; eTAshrdæGaemrik CaTIkEnøgEdlelaksßitenAeRkameTasRbharCIvit ehIy edayK μan)aneFVIkarFanakuM[eTasRbharCIvitenaH eFVIeLIgeTAelIrUbKat;eT :.

enAkñúgerOgrbs; Ocalan v. Turkey RbqaMgeTAnwg RbeTsTYKI ¬qñaM 2003¦

tulakarsiT§imnusSGWru:ub)antMkl;esckþIseRmcfa kardak;[maneTasRbharCIvit bnÞab;BImankarkat;kþIminRtwmRtUv vabegáIt[)anCakardak;eTasedayGmnusSFm’ nig)anrMelaP maRta3 én ECHR.

enAéf¶TI1 mIna qñaM2005 tulakarkMBUlshrdæGaemrik )anecjesckþIseRmcfa

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163

karrMlUtkUn

enAeBlEdlmaRta4 én ACHR CaTUeTAkarBarsiT§irs;ranmanCIvit cab;BIeBlbgá kMeNItmkenaH maRta6 én CCPR nigmaRta2 én ECHR min)ankMNt;[)an c,as;las;eTAelIcMNuccab;epþImBIeBlNamkeTAelIkarkarBarGayuCIvitenaHeT. karbþwg[mankarkat;esckþImYyenAqñaM1973 enAtulakarkMBUlshrdæGaemrik eTAelIerOgrbs; Roe RbqaMgTl;nwg Wade tulakarkñúgRsuknana enAtamRbeTs CaeRcIn nigGñkR)aCJc,ab;TaMgLay )anGHGagkarBarfa karkarBartampøÚvc,ab; eTA elIsiT§irs;ranmanCIvit cab;epþImtaMgBIeBlTark manlT§PaBrs;edayxøÜneK)anmk emø:H. enAeRkamkarbkRsayenH buKÁlTaMgLayNa EdleFVIkarrMlUtkUn kñúgGMLúg muncugRtImasdMbUgénkarmanKt’GacRtUv)anrYcputBIkarTTYlxusRtUvRBhμTNÐBIGMeBI rbs;xøÜn. dUcenH c,ab;mYyEdlelIkElgkareFVIrebobenH KWmanPaBsuIsgVak;eTA nwgkatBVkic©viC¢manrbs;rdæ kñúgkarkarBarsiT§irs;ranmanCIvitrbs;Tark RbqaMgeTAnwg kareRCotERCkBI«Bukmþay nigBIRKUeBTü edaysarfa siT§irs;ranmanCIvitrbs;Tark nwgekIt maneLIg)an luHRtaEtvaGacmanlT§PaBrs;)an edaymincaM)ac;BwgelImþayrbs; va. eTaHCaya:genHk¾eday bnÞab;BIRtImasdMbUgmk katBVkic©viC¢manrbs;rdænwgekIt maneLIg ehIysiT§irs;ranmanCIvitrbs;Tark EdlminTan;RbsURt RtUvEteFVI[man tulüPaBeTAnwgsiT§imnusSepSgeTot CaBiess eTAnwgsiT§irs;ranmanCIvitrbs;mþay ehIy RbEhlCasiT§irbs;Kat;eTAelIbBaðasuxPaB nigsiT§iÉkCnrbs;Kat;pgEdr.

164

sßankarN_enACuMvijBiPBelak Tak;TineTAnwgeTasRbharCIvit

edayeyageTAelIGgÁkarelIkElgeTasGnþrCati enAkñúgqñaM2004 manmnusSy:agehac Nas;cMnYn3797 nak; EdlRtUv)anRbharCIvit enAkñúgRbeTscMnYn25 ehIyy:agehacNas; mnusS cMnYn7395 nak; RtUv)ankat;eTas[Cab;Bn§naKarmYyCIvitenAkñúgRbeTscMnYn64. tYelxTaMgenH rYmmanEtkrNIEdlRtUv)andwgedayGgÁkarelIkElgeTasGnþrCatiEtbu:eNÑaH dUcenH tYelxBitR)akdGacmaneRcInCagenH. 26 RbeTsEdllubecalTaMgRsug nigRbeTsEdlrkSaTukTaMgRsug RbeTsEdllubecalTaMgRsugnUv]Rkidækm μRKb;RbePT ³ 85 RbeTsEdllubecalTaMgRsug b:uEnþelIkElgcMeBaH]Rkidækm μmYycMnYn dUcCa]RkidækmμnaeBls®gÁam ³ 11 RbeTsEdllubecalTaMgRsugkñúgkarGnuvtþ ³ 24 cMnYnRbeTssrub EdllubecalTaMgRsugtamc,ab; b¤tamkarGnuvtþ ³ 120 RbeTsEdlrkSaTukTaMgRsug ¬RbeTs nigEdndI¦³ 76 1> RbeTsEdllubecalTaMgRsugsRmab;]Rkidækm μRKb;RbePT RbeTs nigEdndInana Edlc,ab;rbs;eK minGnuBaØat[maneTasRbharCIvit cMeBaH ]Rkidækm μRKb;RbePTTaMgGs;³ Gg;dUr:a Gg;ehÁaLa GamWunI GU®sþalI GURTIs Eb‘lhSik b‘Utan GaEhSébhSan; bUsñInighWehShÁÚvINa b‘ulhÁarI km<úCa kaNada exbEvd kULMb‘Í kUsþarIka kUDIv½r RkUGat suIRbWs daNWma:k düIbU‘TI saFarN³rdædUmIniIkaMg eGkVad½r eGsþÚnI hVaMgLg; )araMg Rkic saFarN³rdæEqk hSkhSI GaløWm:g hÁInIbuIsU éhTI hUlIsIu

RbGb; 51

26 B½t’manBisþarGacrk)anenAelIeKhTMB½rrbs;GgÁkarelIkElgeTasGnþrCati http://web.amnesty.org/pages/deathpenalty-facts-eng

http://web.amnesty.org/pages/deathpenalty-facts-eng�

165

hugduyra:s; hughÁarI GuIsøg; sVIs eGokLg; GuItalI KIrI)aTI lIqtinEsþn lITuyGanI lucsMbYr ma:l;ta ekaHm:asl ekaHmU:rIs miucsiuc ¬rdæshB½n§¦mIRkUeNsIu mU:NakU m:UhSMbuic NamIbuI en)a:l; huløg; nUEv:lesSLg; nuy nIkara:hÁ½r N½rEv:s )a:LÚ )a:Nam:a )a:ra:hÁay b:ULÚj b:TuyhÁal saFarN³rdæmU:ldUv:a r:Uma:nI saem:A sg;marINU esAtUem:nigR)aMgsuIb eseNhÁal; suIEQl Esbnigm:ugeteNRkU søÚvaKI søÚvWnI ekaHsULÚm:ug GaRhVikxagt,Úg eGs:,aj GtIt³saFarN³rdæyUehÁasøavIma:esdUnI TYKI su‘yEGt TIm:½rxagekIt TYmInIsþg; Tuyvaluy G‘uyERkn cRkPBGg;eKøs G‘uyr:ahÁay v:anUTuy nigeveNhSúyeGLa. 2> RbeTsEdllubecalTaMgRsug cMeBaHEt]RkidækmμFm μtabu:eNÑaH RbeTsnana Edlc,ab;GnuBaØat[maneTasRbharCIvitEtelI]RkidækmμTaMgLayNaEdlGac RtUv)anRbRBwtþeFVIeLIgenAeRkamc,ab;eyaFa b¤k¾enAeRkamkal³eTs³BiessepSg²eTot³ Gal;)anI GahSg;TIn GaemnI bULavI eRbsuIl QIlI ekaHXuk EGlsav:ad½r hVIVCI Rkic GIRsaEGl LatvI muicsuic eb:rU nigTYrKI. 3> RbeTsEdllubecalTaMgRsugenAkñúgkarGnuvtþ

RbeTsTaMgLayEdlrkSaTukeTasRbharCIvit sRmab;]RkidækmμFm μta dUcCakareFVIXat k¾b: uEnþEdlGacRtUv)ancat;TukfaCaRbeTsEdllubecalTaMgRsugenAkñúgkarGnuvtþ edaysarfaRbeTsTaMgenaH minEdl)anRbharCIvitCnNamñak;kñúgGMLúgeBl10qñaM knøgmk ehIyRtUv)aneKeCOfa RbeTsenaHmaneKalneya)aymYy b¤mankarGnuvtþcak; bJsmYy edaymin[mankarGnuvtþkarRbharCIvit ehIyRbeTsTaMgenH)anbgðaj kartaMgcitþCaGnþrCati mineRbIR)as;eTasRbharCIviteT ³ RbeTsGal;ehSrI eb:NaMg RbuuyeNdaruysaLam bWrKINahaVsU saFarN³rdæ GaRhVickNþal kugehÁa hÁamebo ERKnNada Ekny:a m:adahÁasáa m:al;DIv m:alI mU:rItanI nUruy nIEhS )a:BYjÚvhÁInI shB½§rusSI RsIlgáa s‘UrINam tUehÁa tughÁa nigTuynIsIu.

166

4> RbeTsEdlrkSaTukTaMgRsug RbeTs nigEdndInana EdlrkSaTuknUveTasRbharCIvitcMeBaHbT]RkidæFm μta³ GahÁanIsßan Gg;TIhÁanig)ab‘uyda )ahama: )aEr:n bg;køaEds )a)adU EblLarus Eb‘lIs bUtsVaNa b‘UrunDI kaem:rUn qat cin kUmU:rus Kuy)a saFarN³rdæRbCaFibetyüRbCamanitkUer: saFarN³rdæRbCaFibetyükugehÁa dUmInIka eGhSIb eGkVaT½r hÁInI eGrIRTa eGtüÚBI hÁabug hÁaNa hÁaetm:aLa hÁInI hÁúyy:aNa \NÐa \NÐÚensuI saFarN³rdæ\søamGIur:g; GIura:k; caém:ka Cb:un hSkdg; kahSak;sßan KuyEv:t KICIsßan saFarN³rdæRbCaFibetyü RbCamanitLav lIbg; elssUtU lIebrIy:a lIb‘ÍGara:b;cama:hIurIya: m:aLavI m:aeLsuI mu:gehÁalI mU:ru:kkU nIehSrIya: PUma GUm:g; )a:KIsßan )a:eLsÞIn hVIlIBIn kata saFarN¤³rdækUer: r:v:an;da sMagXItnigNWvIs sMaglUsIu sMagv:aMgsg;nigE®hÁNWDIn Gar:ab‘IsaGUDI esra:eLGUn swgðbUrI sUm:alI sVasIuLg; éf s‘Udg; saFarN³rdæGar:ab;sIurI taCIKIsþg; RTInIdatnigtU)ahÁÚ yUhÁan;da Gara:b;rYmeGmIer:t hSMb‘Í shsaFarN³rdæ tg;hSanI shrdæGaemric GYebKIsþg; evotNam EyEmn nighSIm)aev:.

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167

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168

GMBIRBMEdnrvagsIlFm’ nig»sfsa®sþenaH rdæGacseRmceFVIkarhamR)amkarsuM»ü eKsmøab;Etmþg dUcEdlkarseRmckþIrbs;tulakarsiT§imnusSGWru:b enAkñúgerOgkþIrbs; Pretty RbqaMgeTAnwgcRkPBGg;eKøs ¬qñaM2002¦ )anbgðaj[eXIjRsab;. ¬sUmemIlRbGb; 52¦.

erOgkþIrbs; Pretty RbqaMgnwgcRkPBGg;eKøs ¬qñaM 2002¦ Dianne Pretty manCMgWF¶n;F¶rrg;caMEtéf¶søab; ehIyminGaceFVIclnacab;BI k rhUtdl;eRkam edayTTYlrgCMgWsuIxYrq¥wg (motor neurone). eTaHCaekItCMgWenH k¾eday k¾smtßPaBxagR)aCJa nigxagkareFVIesckþIseRmcminmankarb:HBal;eLIy ehIyKat;manbMNgeFVIGtþXat k¾b: uEnþsßanPaBrbs;Kat;minGac[Kat;eFVI kic©karenH)anEtmñak;ÉgenaHeT. dUcenHehIyKat;)ansVHEsVgrkkarFana BIRbFanGyükarsaFarN³fa bþIrbs;Kat;nwgminRtUvCab;maneTaseT Rbsin ebIKat;CYynagkñúgkarbBa©b;Civitrbs;nag. sMeNIsuMrbs;nag RtUv)anbdiesF edayeyageTAtamxbBaØtþiBak;B½n§nanarbs;c,ab;Gg;eKøs EdlhamR)amkar CYyeRCamERCgenAkñúgkareFVIGtþXat ehIyesckþIseRmcenH RtUv)antMkl; enAtulakarcugeRkayenAfñak;Cati. enAkñúgkarseRmccitþeTAelIBaküesñIsuM rbs;nag Edl)anelIkeLIgfa esckþ Iv in ic ä ½yenH)anrMelaPeTAelI siT§irs;ranmanCIvitrbs;nag tulakarGWru:b)antMkl;fa siT§irs;ranmanCIvit EdlRtUv)anFanaeRkammaRta 2én ECHR minGacRtUv)aneKbkRsayfaCakar[siTi§pÞúyb®Ba©as;mkvijenaHeT mann½yfaCasiT§ikñúgkarsøab; eTaHbICaeFVIeLIg edaybuKÁldéT b¤edaymankarCYyeRCamERCgBIGaCJaFrsaFarN³k¾eday. CalT§plénesckþIvinicä½yenH kRmgc,ab;sþIBIsmaCikÉkCn ¬RtUv)aneKsÁal;fa

RbGb; 52

169

CakRmgc,ab;CYyGñkCMgW[søab;¦ RtUv)andak;CUneTAsParbs;cRkPBGg;eKøs eday manbMNgeFVI[Rsbc,ab;cMeBaHkarCYyeRCamERCgrbs;RKUeBTü [buKÁlmñak;søab; enAeRkamlkçxNÐ nigkal³eTs³twgrw ug nigmankarkMNt;c,as;;las;. GñkniBn§c,ab;enaH EdlkMBugEtenAeFVIkarBiPakSaenAeLIy )anBicarNafa siT§ikñúgkarCYyGñkNa[)ansøab;manRbPBecjBImaRta8¬1¦ én ECHR CamaRtamYyEdlEcgfa CnRKb;rUbmansiT§iTTYl)ankareKarBcMeBaHCIvitÉkCn nigCIvitRKYsarrbs;xøÜn. enAkñúgTsSn³yl;eXIjenH vaminmanvismitPaB CamYynwgkatBVkic©viC¢manrbs;rdækñúgkarkarBarCIvitenaHeT.

hamR)amkareFVITaruNkmμ nigkarRbRBwtþmkelIxøÜn b¤TNÐkm μÉeTot Edl eXareXA GmnusSFm’ b£benßakbnÞab ³ siT§iTTYl)anbUrNPaB nigesckIþ éføfñÚrpÞal;xøÜn

maRta5 én UDHR “KμanCnNamñak; ®tUvrgTTYlTaruNkmμ b¤TNÐkmμ b¤karRbRBwtþeXareXA

GmnusSFm’ b¤benßakbnÞabeLIy .:

maRta7 én CCPR “KμanCnNamñak; ®tUvrgTaruNkmμ b¤karRbRBwtþmkelIxøÜn b¤TNÐkmμÉeTot EdleXar eXA GmnusSFm’ b¤benßakbnÞabeLIy . CaBiess hamykCnNamñak; mkeFVICa

karBiesaFn_xagevC¢sa®sþ b¤viTüasa®sþ edayKμankaryl;RBm edayesrIBI samIxÜøneLIy .

TaruNkm μ KWCakarrMelaPsiT§imnusSd¾F¶n;F¶rbMputmYy edaysarfavabegáIt

170

[mankarvayRbharedaypÞal;eTAelIPaBCabuKÁl nigesckIþéføfñÚrrbs;mnusS. bMramkareFVITaruNkm μ nigTRmg;epSg²eToténkarRbRBwitþeXareXA GmnusSFm’ elIrUbkay nigpøÚvcitþ dUcCasiT§iTTYl)anbUrNPaB nigesckIþéføfñÚrpÞal;xøÜn KWCasiT§i mnusSdac;xat ehIydUcenHminGacRtUv)aneKeFVIkardkhUt eTaHenAeRkam kal³eTs³Nak¾eday. enHmann½ypgEdrfa K μanCnNamñak;GacykbBa¢aBI fñak;elIrbs;xøÜnmkeFVIyutþikm μénkareFVITaruNkm μenaHeLIy.

kareFVIc,ab;bMramkareFVITaruNkmμ

karhamR)amkareFVITaruNkmμRtUv)aneFVICac,ab; enAkúñgesckþIRbkasCaskl sþIBIsiT§imnusS ¬maRta 5¦ CCPR¬maRta 7¦ nigGnusBaØaRbqaMgTaruNkmμ ¬CAT) ehIyk¾manenAkñ úgsn§ isBaØafñak;tMbn;nana dUcCa ECHR¬maRta 3¦ GnusBaØaGWru:bsþIBIkarbgáarTaruNkmμ nigTNÐkmμeXareXA GmnusSFm’ nigbenßakbnÞab ¬maRta 5¦ GnusBaØaGnþrGaemrikaMgsþIBIkarbgáar nigkarpþnÞaeTasGMeBITaruNkmμ nigFm μnuBaØrbs;GaRhViksþIBIsiT§ imnusS nigsiT§ iRbCaBlrdæ¬maRta 5¦ nigenAkñúglixitubkrN_mYycMnYnEdlminCab;katBVkic©pøÚvc,ab; bu:EnþmanGMNac xagsIlFm’ edaymanrYmTaMgbBaØtþiCabTdæanGb,brimasRmab;RKb;RKgGñkeTas eKalkarN_mUldæansRmab;RKb;RKgGñkeTas GgÁéneKalkarN_sRmab;karBarRKb; buKÁlTaMgGs;Edlsß itenAeRkamral;TRmg;énkarXu Mxø Ün b¤kardak;Bn§naKar viFanrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatiedIm,IkarBarGnItiCnEdlRtUv)andkhUtesrIPaB nigeKalkarN_sþ IBIkaresu IbGegátedayRbsiT§PaBnigkarRbmUlpM þ úÉksar sIþBIkarRbqaMgTaruNkmμ nigTNÐkmμμEdleXareXA GmnusSFm’ nigbenßakbnÞab

RbGb; 53

171

epSgeTot. TaruNkmμRtUv)anhamR)amdac;xatedaybBaØtþinanaénGnusBaØaTIRkug hSWENv qñaM1949 CaBiessmaRta3 rYmKñarbs;va. bEnßmelIenHeTAeTot lkçnþik³TIRkugr:Um )an[niymn½yeTAelIkareFVITaruNkmμfa “]RkidækmμRbqaMg mnusSCati:” enAeBlEdlGMeBIenaHRtUv)aneFVIeLIgedaydwgCamun ehIyCaEpñk mYyénkarvayRbharRTg;RTayFM b¤edayRbB½n§RbqaMgnwgRbCaCnsIuvilNamYy.

GVIeTAehAfa TaruNkm μ ?

maRta1én CAT )an[niymn½yeTAelIkareFVITaruNkm μfaCaskm μPaBNamYy EdlRbRBwtþeFVIedaym®nþIsaFarN³mñak; b¤edayCndéTeTotEdlbMeBjtYnaTIpøÚvkar b¤edaykarjúHjg; b¤edaymankaryl;RBmBIm®nþIenaH ehIykñúgbMNgbNþal»ü mankarQWcab;Epñkragkay b¤EpñkstibBaØad¾F¶n;F¶r b¤karQWcab;enaH RtUv)aneFVI eLIgedayectnaelIbuKÁlmñak; kñúgeKalbMNgCak;lak;mYy dUcCa karkMEhgsYrrk B½t’man b¤[sarPaB kardak;[maneTas karsMLútbMP½y nigkarerIseGIgCaedIm.

GMeBITaMgLay EdlxVHnUvFatusMxan;NamYy kñúgcMeNamFatusMxan;CaeRcInénTaruN kmμ dUcCa karRbRBwtþedaym®nþIsaFarN³ b¤edaymankaryl;RBmBIm®nþIsaFarN³ edaymanectna b¤manqnÞ³Cak;lak; nigkmøaMgénkarQWcab; edayGaRs½yeTAelI TRmg; eKalbMNg sßanPaBTMgn;énkarQWcab; RtUv)aneKcat;Tukfa CakarRbRBwtþ b¤ TNÐkm μ EdleXareXA GmnusSFm’ b¤benßakbnÞab. edaysarTNÐkmμTaMgGs;enaH bNþal[mankarQWcab; nigmansarFatueFVI[mankarGab;eGan FatubEnßm mYyeTotRtUvEtman edIm,IeFVI[TNÐkmμenaH mansPaBesμ IeTAnwgkardak;eTasTNÐ EdleXareXA GmnusSFm’ b¤benßakbnÞab. {TaruNkm μ KWmanectnaRbmafemIlgayeFIV[Gak;Gn;RseBancitþ nigeFVI[efakTab

172

eTAelImnusSmñak; ehIyeFVI[CnenaHkøayeTACavtßú :

Antonio Cassese GtIt³RbFanKN³kmμaFikaredIm,ITb;sáat;kar eFVITaruNkmμrbs;RkumRbwkSaGWr:ub

dkRsg;BIesovePAsßanPaBGmnusSFm’ ³ kardak;Bn§naKar karXuMxøÜn nigTaruNkmμ enA GWru:bnaeBlbc©úb,nñ e)aHBumÖpSayeday Cambridge Polity Press qñaM1996 TMB½r47.

{mUldæanc,ab; nigmUldæansIlFm’sRmab;hamR)amkareFVITaruNkmμ nigkarRbRBwtþ nigTNÐkmμepSgeTotEdleXareXA GmnusSFm’ b¤benßakbnÞab KWmanlkçN³dac; xat nigCaGaCJabBa¢a ehIyeTaHCakñúgkal³eTs³Nak¾eday minRtUvbnÞn;eTAtam b¤

dak;[enAeRkam\Ti§BléneKalneya)ay nigkarGnuvtþepSgeToteLIy.}

Theo van Boven GñkraykarN_Biessrbs;KN³kmμkarsiT§imnusSsIþBITaruNkm μ nig karRbRBwtþmkelIxøÜn b¤TNÐkmμÉeTot EdleXareXA GmnusSFm’ b¤benßakbnÞab.

etIrdæmankatBVkic©GVIxøH kñúgkarhamR)amTaruNkmμ ? rdæaPi)alminRtUvdak;kRmitRBMEdn b¤GnuBaØat[mankarBüÜsiT§iTTYl)anbUrNPaB nigesckIþéføfñÚrpÞal;xøÜneLIy eTaHbICakñúgeBlmans®gÁam nigmanPaBGasnñ k¾eday. KN³km μaFikar CAT )anseRmcfa eTaHbICa enAeBlCnsgS½yNamñak; RtUv)aneKeCOfa manB½t’manGMBIkarvayRbhar EdlnwgGaceFVI[eRKaHfñak;dl; CIv itrbs;CnsI uv ilCaeRcIn ehIyrdæEdlsß iteRkam karKMramkMEhgenH k¾minRtUveRbIviFIsYrcemøIyEdlrMelaPeTAelIkarhamR)amkareFVITaruNkm μ nigkar RbRBwtþeXareXA GmnusSFm’ dUcCabgçaMgmnusSkñúgsßanPaBQWcab; XøMúmux dak;[sþab;ePøgxøaMg² kñúgry³eBlyUr b¤eFVImin[edk)anKMramkMEhg cab;G®gYneday

173

KMhuk b¤eRbIxül;RtCak; edIm,I[GñμkCab;XuMXaMg rgajak;j½rCaedIm. karhamR)am kareFVITaruNkm μ nigkarRbBwtþeXareXA GmnusSFm’ Cadac;xatenHRtUv)aneKrk eXIjfa RbsinebIGnuBaØat[mankarelIkElgEtbniþcbnþÜck¾eday bTBiesaFn_)an bgðajfa kareRbITaruNkm μTMngnwgrIkduHdal dUcCaCMgWmharIkGBa©wg.

karFanakarBatamnItiviFIc,ab;enAGMLúgeBlXat;xøÜn

kareFVITaruNkm μ nigkarRbRBwtþeXareXA GmnusSFm’ RtUv)anTTYlsÁal;y:agTUlM TUlayfa ekIteLIgPaKeRcInenAGMLúgeBlenAeRkamkarXuMxøÜnrbs;b:UlIs. viFIsaRsþ karBardUcxageRkamenH GacCYykarBarCnEdlRtUv)ancab;xøÜn Tb;Tl;nwghaniP½yenaH ³

karR)ab;[dMNwgBIkarXuMxøÜn³ siT§irbs;CnEdlRtUveKcab;xøÜnkñúgkar)andwgBIGgÁehtuén karXuMxøÜnrbs;BYkeK RtUv)aneKCUndMNwgeTAPaKITI3 tamCeRmIsrbs;BYkeK ¬dUcCa smaCikRKYsar mitþP½kþ b¤sßankugsu‘ul¦

siT§irkemFavIrbs;CnEdlRtUveKXuMxøÜn siT§ irbs;CnEdlRtUveKXuMxø Ün kñ úgkaresñI[mankarBinitü edayRKUeBTümñak;

tamkareRCIserIsrbs;BYkeK ¬bEnßmBIelIkarBinitüedayRKUeBTüEdlRtUv)anerobcM edayGaCJaFrb:UlIs¦

karbegáIt[manbBa¢ImYy sRmab;cuHeQμaHGñkRtUvXuMxøÜnTaMgGs; nigTIkEnøgXuMxøÜn karpat;ecal b¤minTTYlykPsþútagNa EdlRbmUl)anBIkareFVITaruNkm μ b¤tam

TRmg;bgçM epSgeTot karftsemøg nigftvIedGU ral;karsYrcemøIyrbs;bU:lIsTaMgGs;

RbGb; 54

174

lkçN³dac;xaténkarhamR)amTaruNkmμenH RtUvEt)anFana. dUecñHrdæRtUv)anham kardkhUtsiT§ienaHeT eRBaHfaRbsinebIsiT§ienaHRtUv)anBüÜrenaHnwgnaM[mankar eFVITaruNkm μ dUcCasiT§ikñúgkarmin[eKXuMxøÜn sRmab;ry³eBlyUr edaymin[CYb nigniyayCamYyGñkdéT nigsiT§irbs;CnEdlRtUveKcab;xø ÜnkñúgkarTTYl)an nUvsvnakarenAtulakar[)anqab;. rdæmankatBVkic© edIm,ITb;sáat; esuIbGegát kat;eTas nigdak;eTas eTAelIskm μPaBeFVITaruNkm μTaMgGs;. rdæRtUvEtsgkar xUcxatdl;CnrgeRKaH edayrYmTaMgkarksagnItism,TaEpñkeBTü nig Epñkcitþsa®sþ nigsgCm¶WcitþcMeBaHkarxUcxatsMPar³ nigkarxUcxatpøÚvcitþnana ¬sUmemIlRbGb;55¦.

katBVkic©rbs;rdæ enAeRkam CAT

rdæCaPaKIénGnusBaØaenH mankrNIykic© RtUv ³

Gnum½tc,ab;sRmab;dak;eTasdl;kareFVITaruNkmμ pþl;GMNaceTA[GaCJaFredIm,IeFVIbNþwg GaCJa nigdak;eTasdl;;]RkidækmμénkareFVITaruNkmμ eTaHCaTaruNkmμenaH eFVIenATINak¾ eday ehIyeTaHCaGñkRbRBwtþ b¤CnrgeRKaHenaHCaCatisasn_Nak¾eday ehIyRtUvTb; sáat;GMeBITMagenH ¬eKalkarN_rbs;yutþaFikarskl¦

Fanafa karGb;rM nigB½t’manTak;TineTAnwgkarhamR)amTaruNkmμenH RtUv)anbBa©Úleday eBjelj eTAkñúgkarbNþúHbNþalbuKÁlikGnuvtþc,ab; TaMgsuIvil nigeyaFa m®nþIsuxaPi)al m®nþIsaFarN³ nigbuKÁlepSgeTotEdlGacmankarBak;B½n§enAkñúgkarXuMxøÜn karsYrcemøIy b¤karTukdak;Gñk EdlRtUvcab;xøÜÚnbuKÁlTaMgLay EdlRtUvXuMxøÜn b¤dak;Bn§naKar.

Fanafa viFan esckþIENnaM viFI nigkarGnuvtþkñúgkarsYrcemøIy nigkarerobcMsRmab;XuMxøÜn nigRKb;RKgelIbuKÁlEdlRtUvcab;xøÜn XuMxøÜn b¤dak;Bn§naKarkñúgTRmg;NamYy RtUvEteFVIkar

RbGb; 55

175

BinitüeLIgvij kñúglkçN³CaRbB½n§ edaysßab½nÉkraCünana. Fanafa BakübNþwgBIkareFVITaruNkmμ nigkarRbRBwtþeXareXA GmnusSFm’ RtUv)anesIub

Gegát[)anhμt;ct; edayGaCJaFrmansmtßkic©nana ehIyFanafa GñkEdlRbRBwtþGMeBI TaruNkmμ RtUvEtnaMykeTAkat;eTas ehIyFanafa sMNgd¾manRbsiT§PaBRtUvEtpþl;»ü CnrgeRKaH ehIyFanafa c,ab;nana RtUv)anEcgeLIg edIm,IGnuvtþviFankarTb;sáat;kareFVI TaruNkmμ nigkarRbRBwtþeXareXA GmnusSFm’ kñúgGMLúgeBlénkarXuMxøÜn.

Tb;sáat;kuM[mankarbeNþjecj nigkarbB¢ÚanRtLb;vij ¬refoulement¦ b¤eFVIbtüab½n buKÁlNamñak; eTARbeTsmYyeTot CaTIkEnøgEdlCnenaHTMngCanwgRtUvRbQmmuxnwg TaruNkmμ ¬eKalkarN_ :minbB¢ÚanRtLb;vij : b ¤ : mineFVImatuPUminivtþn_ :¦.

dak;CUnr)aykarN_[)aneTogTat;eTAkan;KN³kmμaFikar CAT GMBIviFankarnana Edl )aneFVIeLIg edIm,IeFVI[manRbsiT§PaBeTAdl;GnusBaØa b¤r)aykarN_epSgeTotEdlKN³ km μaFikaresñIsuM

begáItKN³kmμkarCatiÉkraCünana ¬rYmmansmaCikrbs;tulakar m®nþIGnuvtþc,ab; emFavI RKUeBTü GñkCMnajÉkraCü nigtMNagsgÁmsIuvilnana¦ edIm,IeFVITsSnkic© sRmab;Tb;sáat;TaruNkm μenARKb;TIXuMXaMgTaMgGs; ¬BiFIsarbEnßmeTAelI CAT Edl)anGnum½t enAqñaM 2002¦.

sþg;daGb,brimarbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatisRmab;karXuMxøÜn nig rebobénkarGnuvtþc,ab;

rnaMgkarBarEdlFananUvkarkarBarsiT§irbs;GñkEdlRtUvmaneTasRbharCIvit qñaM1948 sþg;daénviFanGb,brimasRmab;RKb;RKgGñkeTas qñaM1955 RkmsIlFm’rbs;m®nþIGnuvtþc,ab; qñaM1979

RbGb; 56

176

eKalkarN_énRkmsIlFm’viC¢asa®sþBak;B½n§eTAnwgtYnaTIrbs;buKÁliksuxaPi)al CaBiess RKUeBTü kñúgkarkarBarGñkeTas nigGñkRtUveKXuMxøÜn RbqaMgnwgkareFVI TaruNkmμ nigkarRbRBwtþmkelIxøÜn nigTNÐkmμÉeTot EdleXareXA GmnusSFm’ b¤bnßakbnÞab qñaM1982

rnaMgkarBarEdlFananUvkarkarBarsiT§irbs;GñkEdlRbQmmuxeTasRbharCIvit qñaM1984 sþg;daénviFanGb,brimaGgÁkarshRbCaCati sRmab;karRKb;RKgyutþiFm’GnItiCn

¬ {viFanTIRkugeb:kaMg} ¦ qñaM1985 eKalkarN_mYycMnYn edIm,IkarBarbuKÁlTaMgGs; eRkamTRmg;énkaXuMXaMg b¤kardak;

Bn§naKarNamYy qñaM 1988 eKalkarN_mUldæan sßIBIkareRbIkmøaMg nigGavuF edaym®nþIGnuvtþc,ab; qñaM1990 eKalkarN_mUldæan sRmab;RKb;RKgGñkeTas qñaM1990 eKalkarN_ENnaMrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati sRmab;karTb;sáat;Gakb,kiriyaminl¥rbs;

GnItiCn ¬ :eKalkarN_ENnaMTIRkugrIy:ad :¦ qñaM1990 bTdæanénviFanGb,brimaGgÁkarshRbCaCati sRmab;viFankarmin[mankarXuMxøÜn

¬viFan TIRkugtUküÚ¦ qñaM1990 viFanrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati sRmab;karBarGnItiCn EdlRtUv)aneKbdiesFesrIPaB

rbs;xøÜn qñaM1990. karhamR)amTNÐkmμEdleXareXA GmnusSFm’ nigbenßakbnÞab edaysarfa kareFVIeTasTNÐNamYy k¾bNþal[mankarQWcab; nigkarGab; eGanEdrenaH FatubEnßmmYyeTotRtUvEtmanedIm,I[kareFVITNÐkm μenaHmansPaBesμ I eTAnwgkardak;TNÐkmμEdleXareXA GmnusSFm’ b¤benßakbnÞab. sþg;daGb,brima nana enAkñúgvis½yenH manPaBxusKña BIRbeTsmYy eTARbeTsmYyeTot. enAGWru:b

177

eTasRbharCIvit nigral;TRmg;énTNÐkm μelI;ragkay bc©úb,nñenH RtUv)ancat;TukCa TNÐkm μEdlmanPaBGmnusSFm’ nigbenßakbnÞab dUecñHehIy eTasenHRtUv)anham Xat; ehIyenARbeTsCaeRcIn kardak;eTasCab;Bn§naKarmYyCIvit RtUv)aneKcat;Tuk kñúgpøÚvdUcKñaenHEdr. KN³km μaFikarsiT§imnusS )anBicarNeTAelITNÐkm μelIrag kay dUcCa kareFVIeTasTNÐelIGñkeTasenARbeTscaém:ka nigRbeTsRTInIdat nig tU)ahÁÚ faCakardak;eTasEdlmanlkçN³benßakbnÞabenAeRkammaRta7énCCPR. bEnßmelIenHeTAeTot KN³km μaFikar )anrkSaCMhrfa viFIeFVITaruNkm μmYycMnYn dUc CakareRbI]s½μn[fb;degðIm CakareFVITNÐkm μedayGmnusSFm’ ehIydUecñH varMelaP elIc,ab;GnþrCati. siT§irbs;CnRtUveKXuMxøÜn nigGñkeTas kñúgkarTTYl)annUvkarRbRBwtþedaymnusSFm’ mkelIxøÜn

maRta10 én CCPR )anFananUvsiT§irbs;CnRKb;rUbEdlRtUv)aneKdkhUtesrIPaB rbs;BYkeK edIm,ITTYl)annUvkarRbRBwtþmkelIxøÜnRbkbedaymnusSFm’ nig RbkbedaykareKarBeTAelIesckIþéføfñÚr EdlBYkeKmanCab;BIkMeNItmk. Ep¥kelI KN³km μaFikarsiT§imnusS GñkEdlRtUv)aneKdkhUtesrIPaB minRtUv)aneK :dak;eTA kñúgPaBlM)ak b¤karkRmitepSg² CaCagGVIEdlCalT§plBIkardkhUtesrIPaBrbs; BYkeKeLIy :.

man]bkrN_c,ab;FmμCatimYycMnYn )anbBa¢ak;BIsþg;daGb,brima EdlGac Gnuvtþ)aneTAelIkarXuMxøÜn.

178

siT§imnusS nigkareFVIÉkCnPavUbnIykm μBn§naKar

karcUlrYmBak;B½n§rbs;vis½yÉkCn kñúgkic©RbtibtþikarBn§naKar - dUcCa karsagsg;Bn§naKar kardwkCBa¢ÚnGñkeTas lT§kmμelIkarpÁt;pÁg; nigEfmTaMgkarRKb;RKgeBjeljeTAelI mNÐlXuMxøÜnpg - mankarekIneLIgCalMdab; taMgBITsvtSTI80 mk enAeBlEdleKdak;[maneLIgvijdMbUgeK enAshrdæGaemrik ¬EdlKMnitenH RtUveKe)aHbg;Gs;knøH stvtSknøgmkehIy¦. kareFVIÉkCnPavUbnIykmμBn§naKar)ankat;bnßylT§PaBrbs;rdæ kñ úgkarFana[mankareKarBsiT§ iGñkeTas. enAkñ úgkarsikSamYy EdleFV IeLIgsRmab; GnuKN³kmμaFikarTTYlbnÞúkkarelIksÞÜy nigkarBarsiT§imnusS27 elakRsI Claire

Palley CaGñkCMnajkar)anelIkeLIgnUvGMNHGMNageKalneya)ay CaeKalkarN_ cMnYn 5 dUcxageRkamenH RbqaMgeTAnwgkar[karRKb;RKg;Bn§naKareTAÉkCn³ ¬k¦ manEtrdæeTEdlKYr[manGMNacedIm, IRKb;RKgvis½yyutþ iFm’enHnigdak;

[GnuvtþedaybgçM eRBaHfa enAkñúglT§iRbCaFibetyü PaBRsbc,ab;énGMNac rdæaPi)alEdlmanBIkMeNIt EdlGMNacenH RbCaCn)anRbKl;eTA[rdæ eday-GaRs½yeTAelIkarGnuvtþrbs;rdæ

¬x¦ GMNac nigmuxkarepSg² kñúgkardak;eTasvin½y KYrEtTuk[rdæeFVIEtb:ueNÑaH eday-sarfa muxkar EbbenH GacbNþal[mankarkat;bnßyesrIPaBEdlenAesssl; b¤k¾eFVIkarBnüa eBlkarXuMxøÜn

¬K¦ kmøaMgkñúgkarbgçaMgGñkeTas KYrEtRtUv)aneRbIedayrdæEtb:ueNÑaH EdlCasßab½nEtmYy Edl manFmμanuPaBkñúgkarcat;EcgelIvis½yyutþiFm’ nigdak;va[GnuvtþedaybgçM)an

¬X¦ karTTYlxusRtUveTAelIkarrMelaPelIsiT§imnusS RtUvEtCabnÞúkrbs;rdæ ¬g¦ rdæRtUvEtFana[RbB½n§yutþiFm’EpñkRBhμTNÐmanPaBTTYlxusRtUv nigmankardwgB¤BI

saFarN³Cn ehIyniwgFana[saFarN³CnTTYl)annUvB½t’manepSg².

RbGb; 57

27 E/CN.4/Sub.2/1993/21

179

karsikSaenHk¾)anelIkeLIgnUvbBaðaénkarbegáIt[manmUlniFisRmab;Bn§naKard¾FM EdlbegáIt eLIgedayshRKassagsg; nigRkumh‘unkarBarsnþisux ehIynwgelIkeLIgGMBIpl RbeyaCn_ EdlmUlniFienHGacsmøwgeXIjkñúgkarCH\T§iBleTAelIeKalneya)ay EpñkRBhμTNÐCaTUeTA. GñkxøHeTot)anelIkeLIgnUvsMNYrfaetIkareFVIÉkCnPavUbnIykmμ Bn§naKarenHRbEhlCaGacmindUcKñaeTAnwgkareFVIÉkCnPavUbnIykmμGñkeTasEdreTb¤. 28

siT§iTTYl)anesrIPaBpÞal;xøÜn

maRta3 én UDHR “ CnRKb;rUb mansiT§irs;ranmanCIvit esrIPaB nigsnþisuxpÞal;xøÜn :

maRta9 én UDHR

“ KμanCnNamñak; RtUvRbQmmuxeTAnwgkarcab;cg karXuMxøÜn nignireTs eday bMBaneLIy :

maRta9¬1¦ én ICCPR “ CnRKb;rUbmansiTi§ manesrIPaB nigsnþisuxpÞal;xøÜn . KμanCnNamñak;®tUvcab;xøÜn b¤XMuxøÜntamGMeBIcitþ)aneLIy . KμanCnNamñak;®tUv)andkhUtesrIPaBrbs;xøÜn)an e LIy

elIkElgEtmanehtupl nigRsbtamnItiviFI EdlmanEcgenAkñúgc,ab;. : s iT § ik ñ úgkarTT Yl)anesr IPaBp Þ al ;x ø Ün manT isedAp þl ;[mankarkar BarRbqaMgnwgkarcab;cg nigXuMxøÜn edaybMBan nigedayxusc,ab;. karFanaCamUldæan

28 sUmemIl dUcCa CorpWatch :saklPavUbnIykmμBn§naKar³ ktþaCamUldæan : 21 sIha qñaM 1999

180

enH RtUv[manRbsiT§PaBelImnusSRKb;rUb edayrYmTaMgbuKÁlEdlRtUv)aneKecaTBI bTel μ IsRBhμTNÐ b¤kñúgmUlehtunana dUcCakarRtYtRtaelICMgWstibBaØa PaBGava:Es nigvis½yGenþaRbevsn_CaedIm. kardak;kMhit kñúgkaredIrehIrepSgeTot dUcCa karbM brbg;ecaleTAelIekaHmYyb¤eTAkñúgtMbn;NamYy kardak;bMrameKacrN_ karbeNþj ecjBIRbeTs b¤karhammin[ecjBIRbeTsCaedIm minEmnCakareRCotERCkeTAelI esrIPaBpÞal;xøÜneLIy ebIeTaHbICafavaGacrMelaPeTAelIsiT§iepSgeTot dUcCaesrI PaBkñúgkaredIrehIr nigpÞHsMEbgCaedImkþI ¬maRta14 én UDHR¦.

maRta5 énGnusBaØaGWr;ub sþIBIkarkarBarsiT§imnusS nigesrIPaBCa mUldæan ³ mUldæanEdlGacGnuBaØat[eFVIeTA)anedIm,Icab;xøÜn nigXuMxøÜn

kardak;Cnmñak;;[Cab;Bn§naKar eRkayBI)anRtUvkat;eTasBIbTel μIsRBh μTNÐ karXuMxøÜnedayb:UlIs nigkarXuMxøÜneRtomcaMsvnakar eTAelICnsgS½yBIbT]Rkidæ

edIm,IraraMgkuM[mankarrt;eKcxøÜn karrMxandl;karrkPsþútag b¤karRbRBwtþel μ Is bEnßmeTot

karXuMxøÜnenAkñúgbribTénerOgrdæb,evNI edIm,IFana[sakSImkbgðajxøÜnenAtulakar b¤edIm,IeFVIetsþkñúgkarrkbituPaB

karXuMxøÜnCnbreTsEdlTak;TineTAnwgkareFVIGenþaRbevsn_ siT§iRCkekan karbeNþjecj nigkareFVIbtüab½n

karXuMxøÜnGnItiCn edIm,IeKalbMNgRtYtBinitüelIkarsikSaGb;rM karXMuxøÜnmnusS EdlGsmtßPaBxagstibBaØa enAkñúgmnÞIreBTücitþsa®sþmYy

RbGb; 58

181

karXMuRKgCnEdlmanCMgW [enAmYykEnøg edIm,ITb;sáat;CMgWqøg karXuMxøÜnCnEdlRsvwgRsa CnejonfñaM nigCnGava:Es

etIenAeBlNaEdlkarcab;xøÜn nigkarXuMxøÜnmanPaBRsbc,ab;? buKÁlmñak; GacRtUv)aneKdkhUtesrIPaBrbs;xøÜn EtenAkñúgkrNIEdlman mUldæanc,ab; nigenAeRkamnItiviFInana Edl)anbegáIteLIgedayc,ab;Etb:ueNÑaH. nItiviFIenaH minRKan;RtUvEtRsbeTAnwgc,ab;kñúgRsukbu:eNÑaHeT EfmTaMgRtUvRsbeTA nwgsþg;darGnþrCatiEfmeTotpg. c,ab;kñúgRsukBak;B½n§nana minRtUvmaneFVItamEt GMeBIcitþ dUcCa minRtUvRbLak;RbLÚkCamYynwgPaBminsmrmü PaBGyutþiFm’ b¤PaB minGacTayTukCamun)anenaHeT. elIsenHeTAeTot karGnuvtþc,ab; enAkñúgkrNI NamYyk¾eday minRtUveFVItamEtGMeBIcitþ b¤PaBerIseGIgenaHeT k¾b:uEnþ KYrEtman smamaRt eTAnwgkal³eTs³TaMgGs;EdlmanenACuMvijkrNIenaH.

]TahrN_d¾samBaØnanasIþBImUldæanEdlGacGnuBaØati[cab;xøÜn nigXuMxøÜn)an manEcgenAkñúgmaRta5 énECHR EdlRtUv)aneKyl;fa edIm,Ipþl;bBa¢ImYyy:agEvg elIkrNIénkardkhUtesrIPaB edayRsbc,ab;enAGWru:ub ¬sUmemIlRbGb;58¦ ehIyGaceRbICamUldæanmYysRmab;karbkRsayelIBakü :kardkhUtesrIPaB edaybMBan : enAkñ úgmaRta9 én ICCPR. kardak;Bn§naKar edayRKan;EtEp¥k elImUldæanénPaBminGacbMeBjkatBVkic©tamkic©snüa dUcCakarsgsMNgeTA elIR)ak;CMBak;CaedIm RtUv)anhamXat;y:agc,as;las; edaymaRta11 én ICCPR, maRta7¬7¦én ACHR nigmaRta1 énBiFIsarbEnßmTI4 eTAelI ECHR.

182

yutþisa®sþrbs;KN³kmμaFikarsiT§imnusS sIþBIkarXuMxøÜn muneBlsvnakar

eyagtamKN³km μaFikarsiT§imnusS karXuMxøÜnmuneBlsvnakarminRKan;EtRtUveFVItam c,ab;b:ueNÑaHeT EfmTaMgRtUvEtmanPaBcaM)ac; nigsmehtupltamkal³eTs³nImYy² eTotpg. KN³kmμaFikarsiT§imnusS)anTTYlsÁal;fa ICCPR GnuBaØati»üGaCJaFr XuMxøÜnbuKÁlNamñak; kñúgviFankarBiessbMputmYy RbsinebIvamanPaBcaM)ac;edIm,IFana nUvkarbgðajxøÜnrbs;buKÁlenaHenAtulakar k¾bu:Enþ)anbkRsaylkçxNÐén :PaBcaM)ac; : enHy:agceg¥ótbMputfa³ karsgS½yfabuKÁlmñak; )anRbRBwtþbTel μ IsmYyminman lkçN³RKb;RKan;sRmab;XuMxøÜn edIm,Irg;caMkaresuIbGegát nigkarecaTBItulakareLIy. b:uEnþeTaHCay:agenHk¾eday KN³km μaFikarsiT§imnusSk¾)anseRmcfakarXuMxøÜnGacRtUv eFVICacaM)ac; edIm,ITb;sáat;karrt;eKcxøÜn beBa¢óskareRCotERCkeTAelIsakSI nigPsþútag epSgeTot b¤Tb;sáat;karRbRBwtþbTelμ IsbEnßmeTot.

kñúgeBlXat;xøÜn etIbuKÁlmñak;mansiTi§GVIxøH ?

CnTaMgLayEdlRtUv)ancab;xøÜn mansiT§i[eKCUndMNwg CabnÞan; GMBImUlehtu

énkarcab;xøÜn nigXuMxøÜnBYkeK ehIymansiT§iedIm,IrkGñkRbwkSaeyabl;. BYkeK RtUvEt)andwgCabnÞan;GMBIkarecaTRbkan;nana EdlRtUv)aneFVIeLIgRbqaMgrUbeK edIm,I[BYkeKmanlT§PaBeFVIkartv:aTl;nwgPaBRsbc,ab;énkarcab;xøÜn nigkar XuMxøÜnrbs;BYkeK ehIyedIm,IerobcMkarBarxøÜn RbsinebIBYkeKRtUv)anecaTeday tulakar.

buKÁlTaMgLay EdlRbQmmuxeTAnwgkarecaTBIbTel μ IsNamYy mansiT§irk CMnYyBIemFavImñak; tamCeRmIsrbs;BYkeK. RbsinebIBYkeK KμanlT§PaBrk

RbGb; 59

183

emFavIeT BYkeKKYrRtUv)aneKpþl;[nUvGñkRbwkSaeyabl;mYy EdlmanKuNPaB nigman RbsiT§PaB. RtUvpþl;eBlevla nig]bkrN_RKb;RKan; edIm,ITak;TgCamYyGñk RbwkSaeyabl;rbs;BYkeK. KYrEtpþl;GñkRbwkSaeyabl;[BYkeKCabnÞan;.

buKÁlTaMgLayEdlenACab;XuMxøÜn mansiT§ieFVITMnak;TMngCamYyGñkxageRkA ehIyCaBiess R)aRs½yTak;TgCamYyRKYsar emFavI RKUeBTü m®nþItulakar ehIyRbsinebIGñkCab;XMuenH CaCnbreTs eKGacR)aRs½yTak;TgCamYy buKÁlikkugsu‘l b¤GgÁkarGnþrCatimansmtßkic©. karTak;TgeTAxageRkA KWCa rnaMgkarBard¾sMxan;mYyRbqaMgeTAnwgkarrMelaPsiT§imnusS dUcCa :kar)at;xøÜn : kareFVITaruNkm μ nigkarRbRBwtþeXareXA GmnusSFm’epSg² ehIyKWCaktþa caM)ac;sRmab;[mankarkat;kþIRtwmRtUv.

CnEdlRtUv)ancab;xøÜnedaykarsgS½yBIbTel μ IsRBhμTNÐ mansiT§i[eKbBa©Ún y:agrh½seTAecARkm b¤m®nþIyutþiFm’epSgeTotEdlRtUv ¬k¦eFVIkarvaytémøfa etImanmUldæanc,ab;RKb;RKan;edIm,I[mankarcab;xøÜnEdrb¤Gt; ¬x¦eFVIkarvay témøfaetIkarXuMxøÜnmunsvnakar CakarcaM)ac;Edrb¤eT ¬K¦karBarsuxmal PaBrbs;Gñk RtUvXuMxøÜn nig¬X¦Tb;sáat;min[mankarrMelaPsiT§iCamUldæan rbs;CnEdlRtUvXuMXaMg

CnTaMgLayenAkñúgkarXuMXaMgmunsvnakar mansiT§iTTYl)ankarkat;eTaskñúg GMLúgeBlsmrmü ebImindUecñaHeT RtUvTTYlkaredaHElg . edayGnuelamtam kar snñidæanfaK μaneTas CnEdlkMBugrg;caMkarkat;eTasBIbT]Rkidænana minKYrRtUv )anrkSaTukenAkñúgkarXuMXaMgeT enHKWCaniyamTUeTAmYy.

184

buKÁlEdlRtUv)aneKdkhUtesrIPaB eTaHedayQrelImUldæanNak¾eday man siT§iTTUl)ankarEdltRmUv[mandIkanaMxøÜn CnsgS½ymkkan;tulakar edIm,I BinitünItüanukUlPaBénkarXuMxøÜn ¬habeas corpus¦ dUcCa BYkeKGacecaTsYr BIPaBRtwmRtUvtamc,ab;elIkarXuMxøÜnrbs;BYkeKenAmuxtulakar ehIy[mankar BinitüeLIgvijedayeTogTat; elIkarXuMxøÜnrbs;BYkeK. tulakarRtUveFVIesckIþ seRmcPøam eday\tBnüaeBl kñúgry³eBlCaFmμta bYnR)aMéf¶ b¤BIrbIGaTitü eTAelIPaBRtwmRtUvtamc,ab;énkarXuMxøÜn nigbBa¢a[edaHElgCabnÞan; Rbsin ebIkarXuMxøÜnenaH manlkçN³minRtwmRtUvtamc,ab;. RbsinebImankarXuMxøÜn edayKμanry³eBlkMNt; ¬]TahrN_ enAkñúgmnÞIreBTücitþsa®sþCaedIm¦ Cn EdlRtUveKXuMxøÜn mansiT§iTTYl)annUvkarBinitüemIltamkalkMNt;eTogTat; CaFm μta erogral;BIrbIExmþg. CacugeRkay CnrgeRKaHNaEdlRtUvcab;xøÜn b¤ XuMxøÜnedayminRtwmRtUvtamc,ab; mansiT§iEdlGacGnuvtþ)ankñúgkarTTYl)an nUvkarsgCMgWcitþ.

karRKb;RKgvis½yyutþiFm’ ³ siT§iTTYl)ankarkat;eTasedayRtwmRtUv

maRta6 én UDHR {mnusSral;rUb mansiTi§mankarTTYlsÁal;enARKb;TIkEnøg faCamnusSmñak; enA

cMeBaHmuxc,ab; }.

maRta7 én UDHR { mnusSRKb;rUb mansiTi§es μ IKñacMeBaHmuxc,ab; nigmansiTi§TTYlkarkarBarBI

c,ab;esμ I²Kña edayK μankarerIseGIg. :

185

maRta8 én UDHR {mnusSRKb;rUb mansiTi§rkdMeNaHRsayCak;EsþgmYy enAcMeBaHmuxsalaCMrHkþICati Edlmansmtßkic© cMeBaHGMeBITaMgLayNaEdlrMelaPsiTi§mUldæanrbs;xøÜn Edl

®tUv)anTTYlsÁal;edayrdæFmμnuBaØ b¤edayc,ab; . :

maRta10 én UDHR {mnusSRKb;rUb mansiTi§esμ IKñaeBjelj sMu[tulakarÉkraCü nigminlMeGog

BinitüerOgkþIrbs;xøÜnCasaFarN³ nigedaysmFm’ edImI,seRmcelIsiTi§ katBVkic© nigPaBsmehtuplcMeBaHkarecaTRbkan;TaMgLayxagbTRBhμTNÐ . :

maRta11 én UDHR 1> CnNaEdlCab;ecaTBIbTelμ IsRBhμTNÐ RtUvsn μt;CaCnKμaneTas rhUtdl; BIruT§PaB®tUv)anrkeXIj enAkñúgsvnakarCasaFarN³ EdlmankarFanacaM)ac;

edImI,karBarsiTi§CnCab;ecaTBIbTelμIsRBhμTNÐ . 2> KμanCnNamñak;®tUv)anpþnÞaeTasBIbTel μ IsRBhμTNÐ cMeBaHGMeBINaEdlminEmn

CabTel μ IsRBhμTNÐ enAkñúgc,ab;Cati b¤GnþrCati enAeBlEdlGMeBIenHRtUv)an RbRBwtþ. ehIyk¾min®tUvpÞnÞaeTasF¶n;CageTasEdl)ankMNt;[Gnuvtþ kñúgGMLúg

eBlEdlbTel μ Is)anekIteLIg. maRta14 15 nig16 rbs; ICCPR k¾)anEcgBIsiT§iTTYl)ankarkat;eTas edayRtwmRtUvEdr.

maRta6 eTAmaRta11 én UDHR GacRtUvdak;bBa©ÚlCaRkum enAeRkamcMNgeCIg rYmmYy³ karRKb;RKgvis½yyutþiFm’. siT§iTTYl)ankarkat;eTasedayRtwmRtUv k¾)an

186

FanapgEdrenAeRkam ICCPR nigsn§isBaØasiT§imnusSfñak;tMbn;nanaKWCasiT§imnusS CamUldæan ehIyTamTar[mankarFanatamnItiviFI. smPaBcMeBaHmuxc,ab; nigcMeBaHmuxtulakar karkat;kþIedayRtwmRtUv Fana[)andwgCamunnUvsmPaBcMeBaHmuxc,ab; nig cMeBaHmuxtulakar. siT§iTTYl)ansmPaBcMeBaHmuxc,ab; mann½yfac,ab;minRtUvman PaBerIseGIg nigfa ecARkm nigm®nþInana minGnuvtþc,ab; edaymankarerIseGIg. siT§iTTYl)ansmPaBcMeBaHmuxtulakar mann½yfa RKb;buKÁlTaMgGs; masiT§iesμ IKña kñúgkarTTYl)anesvaBItulakar ehIymansiT§iTTYl)ankarykcitþTukdak;esμIKña BI tulakar. FatucMbgnana énsiT§iTTYl)ankarkat;kþIedayRtwmRtUv

enAkñúgnItiviFIkat;kþIRBhμTNÐ rdæb,evNI nigkñúgnItiviFIepSg²eTot FatuCamUldæan énsiT§iTTYl)ankarkat;kþIedayRtwmRtUv CaeKalkarN_én {kmøaMgtTl;esμI:PaBKña : rvagPaKI nigPaKI niglkçxNÐtRmUv[mansvnakarRtwmRtUv nigCasaFarN³enAcMeBaH muxGgÁCRmHkIþmYyEdlÉkraCü nig\tlMeGog.

{kmøaMgtTl;esμI:PaBKña : mann½yfa PaKITaMgBIr-KWGyükar nigCnCab;ecaT enA kñúgdMeNIrkarkat;kþIRBhμTNÐæ b¤edImbNþwg nigcugecaTenAkñúgdMeNIrkarerOgsuIvil mansiT§i nigman»kasesμ IKñaedIm,ImanvtþmanenAkñúgdMNak;kalnanaéndMeNIrkar kat;kþI edIm,IdwgB¤GMBIGgÁehtu nigGMNHGMNagTaMgLayrbs;PaKImçageTot nig edIm,IxøÜnGacsMEdgGMNHGMNagrbs;xøÜn CUndl;tulakarvijEdr. dUecñH eKal-karN_én {kmøaMgtTl;esμ I:PaBKña :TamTar[mankarkat;kþI edaymankarttaMg dak;Kña.

187

svnakar nigesckþIseRmcrbs;tulakar CaTUeTA RtUveFVIeLIgCasaFarN³ ³ min RKan;EtsRmab;PaKIEdlBak;B½n§eTAnwgsMNuMerOgb:ueNÑaHeT EtsRmab;saFarN CnTUeTApgEdr EdlRtUvEtmansiT§imanvtþmanenAkñúgsvnakarenaH. eKal bMNgrbs;eKalkarN_ svnakarsaFarN³enH KWtmøaPaB nigkarRtYtBinitü BIsaFarNCn EdlCal½kçx½NÐKnøwHmYy sRmab;karRKb;RKgvis½yyutþiFm’ enAkñúgsgÁmRbCaFibetyü. {yutþiFm’minRKan;EtRtUv)anseRmcb:ueNÑaHeT KWEfmTaMgRtUveFVI»üeKeXIjfa )anseRmceTotpg :. CaeKalkarN_TUeTA kar kat;kþ IminRtUveFV IeLIgedaynItiviFIlayl½kçN_GkSrenAkñúgbnÞb;s¶at;enaHeT k¾b:uEnþedaymansvnakarpÞal;mat;EdlsaFarNCnmanlT§PaBcUleTAsþab;)an. minEmnenARKb;dMNak;kalTaMgGs;eT EdlTamTar[mankarsþab;BI sa-FarNCnenaH CaBiessenAsala]T§rN_ EdlsaFarN³Cn rYmTaMgbNþaj B½t’manpgGacRtUv)aneKmin[cUlrYm edaysarmUlehtusIlFm’ sNþab;Fñab; saFarN³ snþisuxCati plRbeyaCn_ÉkCn nigkñúgkrNIBiessnana KWedIm,I mUlehtuénplRbeyaCn_yutþiFm’. eTaHCay:agenHk¾edayesckþIseRmc TaMgGs;rbs;tulakar RtUvEteFVIeLIgenAcMeBaHmuxsaFarN³Cn CaesckIþEføg pÞal;mat; b¤edaykarRbkasCalayl½kçN_GkSr.

GgÁCMnuMCRmHEdlÉkraCü nigminlMeGog³ ÉkraCüPaBénGgÁecARkm

GgÁCMnu MCRmH ¬tulakar¦ RtUvEt)anbegá IteLIgkñ úgrebobmYy EdlFana»ü manÉkraCüPaB nigPaB\tlMeGog. ÉkraCPaB tRmUv[manrnaMgkarBarnana Tak;TineTAnwgrebobénkarEtgtaMgecARkm ry³eBlsRmab;BYkeKenAkñúgtMENg nig karpþl;kic©FananUvrnaMgkarBarRbqaMgnwgkareKobsgát;BIxageRkA. PaB\tlMeGog

RbGb; 60

188

mann½yfa kñúgkarCRmHerOgkþImYyenAcMeBaHmuxxøÜn ecARkmminRtUvmanPaBlMeGog b¤RtUv)an dwknaMedayplRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜnb¤edaymUlehtuneya)ayeLIy. eKalkarN_mUldæan rbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatisIþBIÉkraCPaBénGgÁecARkm pþl;nUveKalkarN_ENnaM c,as;las;kñúgEpñkenaH. l½kçx½NÐtRmUvCamun sRmab;bBaØtþic,ab; EdlFananUvÉkraCPaB nigPaB\tlMeGog rbs;tulakar mandUcteTA³ TImYy nigmuneKbMput ÉkraCPaBénGgÁecARkm KYrRtUv)anEcgenAkñúgrdæFm μnuBaØ

b¤enAkñúgc,ab;Cati viFIeRCIserIsm®nþIyutþiFm’ KYrRtUv)ankMNt;eGaymantulüPaBrvagsßab½nnItiRbtibtþi

nig GgÁsßab½n\tlMeGogEdlPaKeRcInénsmaCikTaMgenaH KYrRtUv)anEtgtaMgeday GgÁkarviC¢aCIv³nana dUcCashKmn_Gñkc,ab;CaedIm.

karkan;muxtMENgrbs;ecARkm KYrRtUv)anFana[dl;eBlcUlnivtþtamkarkMNt; b¤ rhUtdl;eBlcb;GaNtþikargarrbs;xøÜn

esckþIseRmcelIviFankardak;vin½y karBüÜr nigkardkecjcMeBaHecARkmNamñak; KYrRtUv)anebIk[mankarBinitüemIlCafμ I edaysßab½nÉkraCü.

siT§irbs;CnCab;ecaT enAkñúgGgÁCMnMuCRmHkþIRBhμTNÐ

bEnßmeTAelIsiT§i[man {kmøaMgtTl;esμI:PaBKña : nigsiTi§[mansvnakarCasaFarN³ c,ab;siT§imnusSGnþrCati )anpþl;siT§iCak;lak;mYycMnYn EdlbuKÁlTaMgLay Edl RtUv)aneKecaTBIbT]Rkidæ KYrTTYl)an³

siT§iRtUv)aneKsnμt;faKμaneTas. GyükarRtUvEtbgðaj[eXIjBIPaBmaneTas rbs;CnenaH ehIykrNImanvimtisgS½y CnCab;ecaTminKYrRtUv)aneKrkeXIj famaneTasenaHeT ehIyRtUvEt[rYcxøÜnBIkarecaTRbkan;.

189

siT§iminRtUv)anbgçM[TTYlb¤sarPaBeTas. karhamXat;enHKWRsbeTAnwgkar sn μt;faKμaneTasEdldak;bnÞúkeTAelIGyükar kñúgkarrkPsþútag ehIyeday hamR)amkareFVITaruNkm μnigkareFVITukçbukemñj. PsþútagEdlRbmUl)anBIkar eFVITaruNkm μ nigkareFVITukçbukemñj GacminRtUv)anykeTAeRbIkñúgtulakareT.

siT§ikarBarxøÜnÉgedaypÞal; b¤tamry³GñkRbwkSaeyabl; EdlxøÜneRCIserIs nigsiT§iTTYl)anCMnYyEpñkc,ab; eday\tbg;R)ak;

siT§imaneBlevla nigsmÖar³RKb;RKan; sRmab;karBarxøÜnÉg nigsiT§iTak;TgCa mYyGñkRbwkSaeyabl;rbs;xøÜn

siT§iTTYl)ankarCMnMuCRmHedayminBnüaeBleRBaHfa{yutþiFm’EdlRtUv)anBnüa eBl KWCayutþiFm’EdlRtUv)anbdiesF :. CaeKalkarN_ dMeNIrkarkat;kþIbT RBhμTNÐRtUvEteFVI[)anelOnCagdMeNIrkarepSgeTot CaBiessRbsinebICn-Cab;ecaT kMBugsßitenAkñúgkarXuMXaMg

siT§imanvtþmanenAeBlkat;kþI siT§iekaHehA nigsaksYrsakSI siT§iTTYl)ankarbkERbPasa eday\tKitéfø RbsinebI CnCab;ecaT minGac

sþab;)an b¤niyayPasaEdleRbIenAkñúgtulakar)an siT§ibþwg]T§rN_eTAGgÁCMunMuCRmHfñak;x<s; siT§iminRtUv)aneKkat;eTasBIrdg cMeBaHbTel μ IsEtmYy ¬bMramkat;kþIBIrdg b¤

eKalkarN_ ne bis in idem¦ siT§iTTYl)ankarsgCMgWcitþ enAkñúgRBwtþkarN_énPaBxuseFøayényutþiFm’

190

eKalkarN_ nullum crimen sine lege and nulla poena sine lege ham Xat;min[manRbtiskm μeTAelIc,ab;RBhμTNÐ ehIyFanafa CnCab;ecaT TTYl plRbeyaCn_BIkardak;eTasRsalCag RbsinebIc,ab;TaMgenaHcUlCaFrmaneRkaykar RbRBwtþbTel μ IsenaH.

tulakarBiess nigtulakareyaFa

tulakarBiess tulakarvisamBaØ b¤tulakareyaFa RtUv)anbegáIteLIg enA tamRbeTsCaeRcIn edIm,ICMnuMCRmHeTAelIbTelμ IsRbePTCak;lak;CaeRcIn b¤edIm,I CMnuMCRmHeTAelICnEdlmansßanPaBpøÚvc,ab;Biess. CaerOy² tulakarrebobenH pþl;karFanaticCagtulakarFm μta kñúgkarkat;kþIedayRtwmRtUv ehIydUcEdl)anKUs bBa¢ak;edayKN³kmμaFikarsiT§imnusS :CaerOy² mUlehtuEdlnaM[begáIttulakarrebob enaH KWedIm,IebIklT§PaB[GnuvtþnItiviFIBiessnana edaymineFVItamsþg;daryutþiFm’ Fm μta :. 29

sþg;darGnþrCatiPaKeRcIn minhamXat; nUvkarbegáIteLIgtulakarBiess enHeT k¾b:uEnþTamTarfatulakarTaMgenaHRtUvEtmansmtßPaBÉkraCü nig\tlMeGog ehIyfatulakarTaMgenaHRtUvEtmanrnaMgkarBarEpñktulakar EdlFanadl;dMeNIr karkat;esckþIedayRtwmRtUv.

29 HRC esckþIBnül;TUeTAelx 13 Xøa 4

191

karkat;kþIelIm®nþIeyaFa enAkñúgtulakareyaFa cMeBaHbTel μ IssamBaØ

karkat;kþIelIm®nþIeyaFa enAkñúgtulakareyaFa cMeBaHbTelμ IssamBaØ nigkarrMelaPsiT§i mnusSEtg EtnaM[Cnelμ IsrYcputBIkardak;eTasTNÐ. GñkraykarN_Biessrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati TTYlbnÞúkelIkarsmøab;eRkARbB½n§tulakar karsmøab;mintamnItiviFI nigtamTMenIgcitþ )an sMEdgnUvkarRBYy)armÖeTAelIr)aykarN_nanasI þBI “karkat;eTassmaCikénkg kmøaMgsnþisuxenAtulakareyaFa EdlCaTIkEnøgEdlRtUv)anecaTfa BYkGñkTaMgenH )anrYcBI kardak;eTasTNÐ edaysareKmansμartIrYmRkum EdlCaTUeTAQaneTAdl;niTNÐPaB :.30 KN³kmμkarsiT§imnusSGnþrGaemrikaMg )anBicarNafa karBRgIkyutþaFikarrbs;tulakar eyaFaeTAelIbTelμ IssamBaØ² edayEp¥kelImUldæanEtmYyfavaRtUv)anRbRBwtþeLIgeday buKÁlikeyaFaenaH minpþl;nUvkarFana[mantulakarmYyEdlÉkraC nig\tlMeGog dUcmanEcgenAkñúgmaRta8 ¬1¦én ACHReLIy. 31

siT§iTTYl)ankarkat;eTasedayRtwmRtUvkñúgRKamanGasnñ nigenAkñúgCemøaHRbdab; GavuF dUc)anniyayenAkñúgEpñk I siT§ixøHminGacRtUv)anBüÜreLIy eTaHenAeRkamkal³ eTs³Nak¾eday. siT§iTaMgenH rYmmansiT§iTTYl)ankarkarBarRbqaMgnwgTaruNkm μ nigRbqaMgnwgkareFVIRbtiskmμénc,ab;RBhμTNÐ EdlCaEpñkmYyénkarFana[mankarkat; kþIRtwmRtUv. bEnßmBIelIenHeTot mankarRsbmtiKña CaGnþrCatikan;EteRcIneLIg²fa

RbGb; 61

30 ÉksarGgÁkarshRbCaCati .A/51/457, para 2.125 Extula qñaM1996 31 dMeNaHRsayKN³kmμkar 1994¼32

192

kardkhUtsiT§ iTTYl)ankartRmUv[mandIkanaMxø ÜnCnsgS½yeTAkan;tulakar edIm,IBin itünItüanukUlPaBénkarXuMxøÜn ¬habeas corpus¦ k¾minKYr[eFVIeTA)an Edr. KN³km μkarsiT§imnusSGgÁkarshRbCaCati )anGMBavnavdl;RKb;rdæTaMgGs; [ :begáItnItiviFImYy dUcCa (habeas corpus) b¤k¾nItiviFIRsedogKñaenH TukCasiT§i rbs;buKÁl EdlminGac[dkhUt)an rYmTaMgkñúgeBlmanPaBGasnñ :. 32

Cakarc,as;Nas;fa enAeBlNamanPaBGasnñfñak;Cati rdænanaTMngCanwg eFVIkarrMelaPeTAelIsiT§imnusS. sPaKYreRbIR)as;GMNacrbs;xøÜn edIm,IFanafa karFana [mankarkat;kþIRtwmRtUv nigÉkraCPaBénGgÁecARkm EdlCaGayuCiIvitdl;karkarBarsiT§i mnusS RtUvEtmanpgEdr naeBlmanPaBGasnñfñak;Cati.

c,ab;mnusSFm’GnþrCati RKb;RKgelIkarRbtibtiþ naGMLúgeBlmanCemøaH Rbdab;GavuF. GnusBaØaTIRkughSWENv qñaM1949 )anEcgnUvkarFana[mankarkat;kþIRtwmRtUv cMeBaHBlrdæEdlRtUv)anecaTBIbT]Rkidæ. siT§iTTYl)anPaBÉkCn nigkarkarBarCIvitRKYsar

maRta12 én UDHR

“ K μanmnusSNamñak; ®tUvrgkarrMelaPeRCotERCktamGMeBIcitþ eTAkñúgCIvitÉkCn

®KYsar TIlMenA kareqøIyqøg b¤kareFVI[b:HBal;dl;kitþiys nigekrþ×eQ μaHrbs;xøÜn)an eLIy. CnRKb;rUb mansiTi§TTYl)ankarkarBarBIc,ab;RbqaMgnwgkareRCotERCk b¤

karb:HBal;TaMgenH. :

32 dMeNaHRsayKN³kmμkar 1994¼32

193

maRta16 én UDHR

1>burs nig®sþIeBjv½y mansiTi§erobGaBah_BiBah_ nigksag®KYsar edayminRbkan; BUCsasn_ sB¢aati b¤sasnaeLIy. BYkeKmansiTi§esμ IKñakñúgkarerobGaBah_BiBah_

kñúgcMNgGaBah_BiBah_ nigkñúgeBlrMlayGaBah_BiBah_ . 2>GaBah_BiBah_GacRbRBwtþeTA)an luHRtaEtmankarRBmeRBogedayesrI

nigeBjeljBIGnaKtbþI RbBn§ . 3>®KYsarCaFatuFm μCati nigCaFatumUldæanrbs;sgÁm ehIy®KYsar

mansiTi§TTYlkarkarBarBIsgÁm nigrdæ :

maRta17 én ICCPR

“ 1> KμanCnNamñak; ®tUvTTYlrgkareRCotERCktamGMeBIcitþ b¤edayxusc,ab; kñúg CIvitÉkCn ®KYsar lMenAdæan sMbuRteqIøyqøgrbs;xøÜn b¤®tUvrgkarb:HBal;eday

xusc,ab;eTAelIkitiþys nigekr×þeQμaHrbs;xøÜneLIy . 2> CnRKb;rUbmansiTi§[c,ab;karBarRbqaMgnwgkareRCotERCk

b¤karb:HBal;EbbenH . :

maRta23 én ICCPR “ 1> ®KYsarCaGgÁPaBFmμCati nigCaGgÁPaBmUldæanrbs;sgÁm ehIyRKYsarmansiTi§

TTYlkarkarBarBIsgÁm nigrdæ . 2> siTi§rbs;mnusSRbusRsIeBjv½ykñúgkarerobGaBah_BiBah_ nigkñúgkarksag

RKYsar RtUvEt)anTTYlsÁal; .

194

3> KμanGaBah_BiBah_NaGaceFVIeLIgedayK μankaryl;RBmedayesrI nigeBjelj BIGnaKtbþIRbBn§eLIy .

rdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH RtUvcat;viFankarsmRsb edImI,FanasmPaB xagsiTi§ nig karTTYlxusRtUvrbs;bþIRbBn§ cMeBaHkarerobGaBah_BiBah_ kñúgeBlmancMNg

GaBah_BiBah_ nigenAeBlrMlayGaBah_BiBah_ . kñúgRKaEdlmankarrMlay GaBah_BiBah_ RtUvmanbTbBaØtþi sRmab;karkarBarCacM)ac;cMeBaHkUn . :

siT§ iTTYl)anPaBÉkCn KWCasñÚlcMeBaHsBaØaNénesrIPaB nigsV½yPaB rbs;buKÁl. bBaðacRmUgcRmas;CaeRcIn)anekIteLIg enAkñ úgbribTénvivaTTak;Tin nwgPaBÉkCnrbs;mnusS dUcCakareRCotERCkrbs;rdæeTAelIRbtiB½T§rvagmnusSEdl manePTdUcKña RbtiB½T§rvagmnusSbþÚrePT eBsüakm μ karrMlUtkUn kareFVIGtþXat ¬EdlmanGñkCYy¦rebobesøókBak; nigRkmsIlFm’RsedogKña karR)aRs½yTak;Tg KñaCaÉkCn GaBah_BiBah_ nigkarElglH siT§ielIkarbnþBUC karpøas;bþÚrEh‘Sn kar cmøgsrIr³ nigkarbMEbkkUnBI«BukmþayedaybgçM )anb:HBal;eTAelImUldæanénbBaða KuNtémøpøÚvcitþ nigPaBRtwmRtUvtamsIlFm’EdlRtUv)aneKemIleXIjxusBIKñaenAkñúg sgÁmTIéT²BIKña. bEnßmelIenHeTAeTot eKalKMnitesrIénPaBCaÉkCnmanmUldæan elIkarEbkecjCaBIrepSgKñarvagEpñkÉkCn nigEpñksaFarN³ ehIyEp¥kelITsSn³viC¢a Edlfa rdæaPi)al minKYreRCotERCkeTAkñúgsßanPaBÉkCnd¾caM)ac; nigbBaðaRKYsar eLIy. eTaHCay:agenHk¾eday vaCakarBitNas;Edlfa PaBEbkCaBIrepSgKñaenH RtUv)antbtvijedaypÞal;EdlPaKeRcInelIslubedayRTwsþI®sþIniymEbbTMenIb nig RtUv)ansþIbenÞascMeBaHkarrMelaPbMBanFM²eTAelIsiT§imnusSrbs;®sþI nigkumar eday rYmTaMgGMeBIhwgSaenAkñúgRKYsar nigkarkat;RBhμcarI®sþI ¬FGM¦ pgEdr.

195

siT§iTTYl)annUvPaBÉkCn ³ CasiT§imnusSd¾sμ úKsμaj nigEdlmaneRcInRbePT

siT§ienHFananUv³ kareKarBcMeBaHkarkekIteLIgénmnusSCatinImYy² dUcCa sarCatiedayELk

rbs;RsIþ b¤burs lkçN³Biess GakarxageRkA kitþiys nigekrþi_eQμaHCaedIm. karkarBarsV½yPaBrbs;buKÁl nigpþl;GMNacCUnbuKÁlTaMgLay kñúgkarpþac;

ecjxøÜnBYkeKBImnusSepSgeTot nigdkxøÜnecjBICIvitsaFarN³ cUleTAkñúg kEnøgÉkCnpÞal;xøÜn edIm,IkMNt;eCaKvasnaCIvitrbs;xøÜnBYkeKpÞal; RsbeTAtamesckþI R)afña nigesckþIrMBwgTukrbs;BYkeK. karFanaCasßab½nmYycMnYn dUcCa karkar BareTAelIlMenAdæan RKYsar GaBah_BiBah_ nigPaBsm¶at;kñúgkarTak;TgKña KaMRTeTAelITidæPaBénsiT§iÉkCn.

siTi§enH rYmbBa©ÚlnUvsiT§ikñúgkareFVI[xøÜnxusEbøkBIeK nigkñúgkarbgðajPaBxusBI eKrbs;xøÜnenAcMeBaHmuxsaFarNCn edayGakb,kiriyaEdlbRBa©aseTAnwgpñt; KMnitEdlRtUv)aneKTTYlsÁal;rYcehIy enAkñúgsgÁm nigbriyakasNamYy. dUecñHehIy GaCJaFrnanarbs;rdæaPi)al nigGgÁkarsiT§imnusSGnþrCati RbQm muxeTAnwgParkic©EdlBi)aknwgedaHRsay kñúgkareFVI[mantulüPaB rvagsiT§i ÉkCn nigplRbeyaCn_saFarN³EdlRtwmRtUvtamc,ab; dUcCa karkarBar sNþab;Fñab;saFarN³ suxPaB sIlFm’ nigsiT§i nigesrIPaBrbs;GñkÉeTot.

kfax½NÐxageRkamenH epþateTAelIEtTidæPaB EdlelceFøaxøH² énsiT§ iÉk Cn kñúgcMeNamTidæPaBsMxan;² Etb:ueNÑaH. edayyl;eTAelIPaBcRmUgcRmas; én erOgPaKeRcIn EdlBak;B½n§karpþl;cemøIy[)anCak;c,as; EtgEtminGaceFVIeTA)an

196

edayehtufa cemøIyTaMgenaH GaRs½yeTAelIkarføwgEføg edayRbugRby½tñ elIpl RbeyaCn_TaMgLay enAtamkrNInImYy²edaymankarBicarNaelIkal³eTs³Biess nana EdlmanenAkñúgsgÁmnImYy². TidæPaBcMbg²énsiT§iTTYl)anPaBÉkCn

rkSakarBarGtþsBaØaN nigPaBsñiTsñal

PaBCaÉkCn epþ ImecjBIkareKarBGtþsBaØaNCak;lak; rbs;buKÁlmñak;² EdlrYmmaneQμaH GakarxageRkA sMelokbMBak; mU:tsk; ey:nD½r Garm μN_ karriHKit nigkareKarBbUCa eTAelIsasna nigelIGVI²epSgeTot. kardak;vin½yCakMhit elI sMelokbMBak; b¤elImU:tsk; karEkERbedaybgçM b¤karminTTYlsÁal;eTAelIkarbþÚr eQμaH sasna b¤ey:nD½r ¬]TahrN_ karbdiesdrbs;rdæ kñúgkarEkERbkarcuHbBa¢I kMeNItrbs;CnEdlbþÚrePT¦b¤ral;TRmg;énkarbBa©ÚlmenaKmviC¢a ¬{karlagxYrk,al}¦ b¤karEkERbragkayedaybgçM CakareRCotERCkelIsiT§iÉkCn. PaBsñiT§sñalrbs; buKÁl RtUvEt)ankarBar edayeKarBcMeBaHkatBVkic©kñúgkarrkSaPaBGaf’kM)aMg Edl mankarTTYlsÁal;CaTUeTA¬dUcCakrNITak;Tindl;RKUeBTü nigbuBVCitCaedIm¦ nigkar Fanadl;karlak;Gaf’kM)aMg ¬dUcCa kñúgGMLúgeBleFVIkare)aHeqñat¦ ehIyedayeFVI c,ab;karBarTinñn½y[)ansmrmüCamYysiT§iEdlGacGnuvtþ)an kñúgkarTTYlB½t’man karEktRmUv nigkarlubecjTinñn½ypÞal;xøÜn. karkarBarsV½yPaBbuKÁl

TMhMbrievNénsV ½yPaB EdlRtUvkarBaredaysiT§ iÉkCn KWCabBaðad¾cRmUg cRmasmYy. sV½yPaBbuKÁl dUcCa kñúgvis½yénCIvitÉkCn EdlkñúgenaH mnusSCati

197

xitxMBüayamedIm,I[seRmc)annUvGVI²EdlxøÜncg;eFVIedayxøÜnÉg tamry³GMeBI Edl mineRCotERCkdl;siT§iGñkdéT - KWCasñÚleTAnwgKMnitesrIénPaBCaÉkCn. CaeKal karN_sV½yPaB bNþal[mansiT§ikñúgkarRKb;RKgelIragkayxøÜnÉg EdlmanpgEdrnUv siT§imYy kñúgkareFVIGMeBI kñúglkçN³bgá[maneRKaHfñak;dl;suxPaBxøÜnÉg edayrYm TaMgkareFVIGtþXatpg. b:uEnþ eTaHCay::agenHk¾eday sgÁmmnusSmanTsSn³eday\t ERbRbÜlfa karRbRBwtþEbbenH maneRKaHfñak;dl;plRbeyaCn_rYm nigsIlFm’ ehIyEtgEtham Xat; nigdak;eTascMeBaHkarRbRBwtþrebobenH ¬]TahrN_ kareFVIGtþXatedaymankarCYy nigkaresBeRKOgejón eRKOgRsvwg nigesBCatinIkUTInCaedIm¦. sYrfaetIsiT§irbs; ®sþIeTAelIragkayrbs;Kat; GacnaM[mansiTi§elIIkarrMlUtkUnKat;Edrb¤eT KWCasMNYr EdlmankarRbEkkRbNaMgKña EdlsMNYrenH TTYl)ancemøIyepSg²Kña BItulakar kMBUl nigtulakarFmμnuBaØepSgKña. siT§imanPaBCaÉkCn k¾mann½yCab;eTAnwgsiT§i rbs;buKÁlNamñak; kñúgkarTak;TgCamYyGñkdéTeTotpgEdr edayrYmTaMgsiT§ibegáIt cMNgTak;TgxagpøÚvGarm μN_CaedIm. siT§iTTYl)ansV½yPaBpøÚvePT nigTMnak;TMng pøÚvePT mansar³sMxan;bMput ehIyrdæaPi)al RtUvEtRbugRby½tñ CaBiess enAeBl EdleFVIkareRCotERCkeTAkñúgerOgpøÚvePT.

etI “KYsar ” mann½ydUcemþcxøH enAkñúgc,ab;siT§imnusSGnþrCati

bEnßmeTAelIkarKaMRT enAeRkamesckþIRbkasCasklsþIBIsiT§imnusS sßab½nrbs; RKYsar dUcCa “ RkuménEpñksgÁmEdlmanlkçN³CaFm μCati nigCamUldæan ” TTYl)an karkarBarCaBiessenAeRkammaRta23én ICCPR maRta10én ICESCR maRta 16énFm μnuBaØGWru:bEpñksgÁmkic© maRta8én ECHR maRta17énACHR nigmaRta

RbGb; 62

198

18énFm μnuBaØGaRhiVksRmab;siT§imnusS nigsiT§iRbCaBlrdæ. lMdab;eQμaHd¾eRcInenH cg¥úlbgðajfa Gtßn½yrbs;Bakü “ RKYsar ” )aneTAhYseKalKMniténRKYsarEdlman «Buk-mþay nigkUn EdlmanCaTUeTA enAkñúgRbeTs]sSahkmμeCOnelOnnana ehIy)an epþatCuMvijRKYsarFM² EdlEckecjCaEpñkeRcInCag dUcCaRKYsar Edlman«Bukmþay CIdUnCIta nigkUnecArs;enACMuKñaeRkamdMbUlEtmYy ]TahrN_ dUcCaRKYsarenAkñúgsgÁm GaRhiVkCaedIm. bEnßmeTAelIcMNgTak;Tgsac;Qam nigTMnak;TMngtampøÚvc,ab; ¬dUcCa GaBah_BiBah_ karykkUnmkciBa©wm karcuHbBa¢IelIRkumRbtiB½T§ePTdUcKña.l.¦ karrYm rs;CamYyKña TMnak;TMngEpñkesdækic© nigKuNtémøsgÁm nigvb,Fm’ Cak;lak;enAkñúgsgÁ mNamYy CalkçN³vinicä½yKnøwH Edl)aneRbIR)as;edIm,IkMNt;faetI RkumEdlman RbePTTMnak;TMngNamYyrvagmnusS nigmnusSbegáIt)anCaRKYsarmYyEdrb¤eT.

karkarBarRKYsar karkarBarRKYsarmansar³sMxan;cMeBaHsiT§iTTYl)anPaBÉkCn. karFanarbs; sßab½ncMeBaHRKYsar ¬dUcCa karTTYlsÁal;tampøÚvc,ab; nigGtßRbeyaCn_Cak; lak;EdlekItecjBIsßanPaBenaH ehIynigbTdæanénTMnak;TMngpøÚvc,ab;rvagbþIRbBn§ édKU «Buk-mþay nigkUn.l.¦ KWmanbMNgedIm,IkarBarsNþab;Fñab;sgÁmBIninñakar Edleq<aHeTArkkarEbk)ak;Kña nigedIm,IEfrkSamuxnaTICak;lak;rbs;RKYsar ¬dUcCa karbnþBUC nigkarbI)ac;EfrkSakUn¦- EdlCaktþa EdlminGacxVH)ancMeBaHkarrs;ran manCIvitrbs;sgÁm CaCagbeNþay[mankarepÞrtYnaTIenH eTA[sßab½nsgÁmepSg eTot b¤k¾eTArdæ. siT§imnusSkñúgkarerobGaBah_BiBah_ nigbgábegIátCaRKYsarmYy rYm TaMgsiT§ibnþBUC siT§iTTYlPaBes μ IPaBKñarvagbþIRbBn§ siTi§TTYl)ankarkarBarmatuPaB nigsiT§iBiessrbs;kUn² dUcmanEcgenAkñúg CRC RtUv)anP¢ab;pÞal; eTAnwgkarFana

199

sßab½nrbs;RKYsar. siT§irbs;kUnkñúgkarminGacbMEbk)anBI«Buk-mþayeK karTTYl xusRtUvrYmrbs;«Bukmþay edIm,IciBa©wmkUn nigkarGPivDÆrbs;kUn nigsiT§i kñúgkarCYbCMu RKYsar siTi§[kUneTAeKciBa©wm nigsiTi§ykkUneKmkciBa©wm mansar³sMxan;CaTIbMput.

siT§iTTYl)anPaBÉkCn naMmknUvkarkarBarelICIvitRKYsar RbqaMgnwgkar eRCotERCk edaybMBan nigminRtUvtamc,ab; CaBiess edayGaCJaFrrbs;rdæ . kar eRCotERCkCatYy:agmYy KWkartRmUv[bMEbkkUnecjBI«Bukmþayrbs;BYkeK edaymUl ehtufa «Bukmþay minykcitþTukdak;elIParkic©xøÜnEdlCa«Bukmþay nigdak;kUnTaMg enaH[enAeRkamkarEfTaMrbs;rdæ. eRkayBI)anBinitüsMNuMerOgmYycMnYnmk tulakar siT§imnusSGWru:b )anbegáItnUvynþkarFanaGb,brimamYycMnYn sRmab;«Buk-mþay nig kUn² EdlBak;B½n§ dUcCa karcUlrYmenAkñúgdMeNIrkarrdæ)al Bak;B½n§karBinitüemIl rbs;tulakar nigkarTak;TgKñaCaeTogTat;rvag«BukmþaynigkUnenAGMLúgeBlénkar dak;BYkeKenAkEnøgEfTaM edIm,IGnuBaØat[mankarCYbCMuRKYsareLIgvij. dUcKñaenHEdr bnÞab;BIkarElglHKña bþIRbBn§TaMgBIrnak; rkSasiT§ikñúgkareTACYbkUnrbs;BYkeK. karkarBarlMenAdæan

karkarBarlMenAdæan CaTidæPaBd¾sMxan;mYyeToténPaBCaÉkCn edaysar falMenAdæan manCab;nUvGarm μN_mYyénPaBsñiT§sñal TICRmk nigsnþisux dUecñH vaCa nimiμtrUb énkEnøgRCkekanmYy sRmab;eKcecjBICIv itCasaFarN³ EdleK GacerobcMCIv itrbs;eK tamesckþIR)afñarbs;xøÜnedayBuMP½yxøacdl;karrMxan. kñ úgkarGnuvtþCak;Esþg “lMenAdæan” minRKan;EtsMedAeTAelITIGaRs½yenA Cak;EsþgEtb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþEfmTaMgsMedAeTAelIpÞH b¤GaKarpÞHElVgnana edaymin KitBIkmμsiT§itampøÚvc,ab;¬m©as;km μsiT§i karCYl karkan;kab;nigEfmTaMgkareRbIR)as;

200

edayxusc,ab;¦ b¤minKitBIrebobénkareRbIR)as; ¬kEnøgrs;enACacMbg pÞHsRmakcug s)aþh_ b¤CakEnøgRbkbGaCIvkmμ¦. karcUllukluyeTAkñúgkEnøgTaMgenaH - Edl BN’naenAeRkamBaküfa :lMenAdæan : - EdlekIteLIgedayminmankaryl;RBmBI buKÁl EdlBak;B½n§ KWCakareRCotERCkmYy. TRmg;FmμtaénkareRCotERCk KWkar Eqkeqrrbs;b:UlIs edIm,Irukrk nigcab;xøÜnCnNamYy b¤k¾rkPsþútag edIm,IykeTA eRbIenAkñúgdMeNIrkarCRmHkIþerOgRBhμTNÐ. b:uEnþ enHminEmnCaRbePTEtmYyénkar eRCotERCkenaHeT. karbMpøajpÞHedaykmøaMgsnþisux karbeNþjecjedaybgçM kar eRbIkaemra: b¤Rbdab;sþab;edaylak;min[eKeXIj karGnuvtþ kartamdanemIleday RbB½n§eGLicRtUnik b¤TRmg;d¾GaRkk;énkarbMBulbrisßan ¬dUcCasemøgføg; b¤EpSgBul CaedIm¦ GacbegáItCakareRCotERCkrMxan eTAelIsiT§iTTYl)ankarkarBarlMenAdæan. kareRCotERCkRbePTenH GacGnuBaØati[eFVI)an RbsinebIGnuvtþtamc,ab;kñúgRsuk ehIyedaymineFVItamEtGMeBIcitþ dUcCa RbsinebIvaekIteLIgkñúgeKalbMNgCak;lak; nigedayRsbCamYyeKalkarN_smamaRt. karEqkeqrrbs;b:UlIs karrwbGUs nig kartamdanemIlCaFm μta RtUv)anGnuBaØati[eFIVeTA)an EtedayEp¥kelImUldæanén dIkaCalayl½kçN_GkSr Edlecj[edaytulakarEtb:ueNÑaH ehIyminRtUveRbIeday minRtwmRtUv b¤begáIt[mankarrMxan hYsBIkarbMeBjeKalbMNgCak;;lak;mYy dUcCa karrkSa[)annUvPsþútagCaedIm.

201

kRmitRBMEdnelIkareRCotERCkrbs;rdæ eTAelICivitRKÜsar Tak;TineTAnwgc,ab; nig

eKalneya)aysþIBIGenþaRbevsn_ karbeNþjecj nireTs nigbtüab½n

eTaHbICaBuMmansiT§iCaTUeTArbs;CnbreTskñúgkarcUl nigsñak;enAkñúgRbeTsmYyk¾ edayeKalneya)ayGenþaRbevsn_EdleFVItamEtGMeBIcitþ nigedayerIseGIg KWrMelaP eTAelIsiT§iénkarTTYl)ankarkarBar nigCYbCMuRKYsar. kalNaCnbreTsmñak;)an rs;enAkñúgRbeTs)ankan;EtyUr CaBiessbnÞab;BI)anerobGaBah_BiBah_ nig)anbegáIt)anCaRKYsar enaH rdæaPi)alRtUvEtmanGMNHGMNagkan;EteRcInxøaMgeLIg edIm,IbgðajPaBsmehtupl elIkarbeNþjecj nignireTsecjBIRbeTseTAelICnenaH. Ca]TahrN_ enAkñúg krNIrbs; Berrehab Tl;CamYynwgRbeTshuløg; ¬1988¦ RkumRbwkSasiT§imnusS GWru:b )anseRmcfa ehtukarN_ElglHBIRbBn§CnCatihULg;rbs;Kat;minGacCaGMNH GMNagRKb;RKan;kñúgkarbBa¢ak;PaBsmehtupleTAelIkarbeNþjecjbursCnCatimUru:ukmñak;enH EdlKat;)anrkSaTMnak;TMngCamYykUnRsIKat;enAkñúgRbeTshULg;. müa:gvijeTot Rbsin ebIsiT§ iTTYl)annUvCiv itRKYsarénCnbreTsmñak;RtUv)anykeTAfø wgEføgCamYynwg plRbeyaCn_Fm μanuPaBrbs;rdæ dUcCakarTb;sáat; sNþab;Fñab;minl¥ b¤]Rkidækm μenaH GMeBI]RkidæF¶n;F¶rrbs;buKÁlEdlCaCnsgS½yenaH CaFm μtanwgRtUvykCamUlehtuRKb; RKan;edIm,IbBa¢ak;PaBsmehtupldl;karbMEbkRKYsarenaH eTaHbICamankarsñak;enA kñúgRbeTsyUrehIyk¾eday. Tal;EtmankrNIBiessEmnETn EdlCnGenþaRbevsþn_ CMnan;TIBIr edayBitCaBuMmanCab;CMBak;nwgRbeTsedImkMeNItrbs;xøÜn b¤kñúgkrNIbuKÁl manBikarPaB nigCMgWF¶n;F¶rb:ueNÑaH eTIbtulakarGWru:brkeXIjfa mankarrMelaPelI siT§iénCivitRKYsar. ebIniyay[cMeTA rdæmanqnÞanusiT§iTUlMTUlay kñúgkarGnuvtþeKal neya)ayTak;TineTAnwgCnbreTs k¾bu:EnþrdæTaMgenaHRtUvføwgEføgrktulüPaBrvag

RbGb; 63

202

plRbeyaCn_saFarN³CaFm μanuPaB nigl½kçx½NÐtRmUvedIm,IkarBarCivitRKYsar nig kal³eTs³ÉkCnepSgeTot dUcCakarkan;kab;CaeTogTat; b¤RTBüsm,ti þ b¤PaBCam©as;elIlMenAdæan enAkñúgRbeTsEdlxøÜnkMBugrs;enA.

kic©karBarcMeBaHkareqøIyqøgCaÉkCn

eTaHbICaBakü :eqøIyqøg : kalBIdMbUgeLIg RtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;EteTAelI sMbuRtCalayl½kçGkSrk¾eday k¾naeBlbc©úb,nñenH vaRKbdNþb;eTAelIRKb;TRmg; TaMgGs;énTMnak;TMngEdlmancm¶ayBIKña³ edayTUrs½BÞ ExSkab etLic hVak; sMbuRtepJItameGLicRtUnic b¤meFüa)ayemkanic b¤eGLicRtUnicTaMgGs;. kar karBarkareqøIyqøg mann½yfakareKarBelIPaBsm¶at;rbs;karTak;TgeqøIyqøg Ebbhñwg. kardkhUtTuk karcab;BiruT§ karRtYtBinitü karsáat;cab;semøg b¤kare)aH Bum<GVI²EdlCakareqøIyqøgÉkCn KWCakareRCotERCk. TRmg;samBaØbMputénkar eRCotERCkrebobenH KWviFankartamdanemIledaysm¶at;EdleFVIeLIgeday Pñak;garrbs;rdæ¬dUcCa karebIksMbuRt kartamdankar snÞnatamTUrs½BÞ nig karsáat;cab;karepJIlixit tamhVak; nigGuIEml.l.¦ sRmab;eKalbMNgRKb;RKg yutþiFm’nigTb;sáat;]Rkidækm μ ¬]TahrN_ tamry³karEqkemIl kareqøIyqøg rbs;GñkeTas¦ b¤karRbyuT§RbqaMgePrvkm μ. dUckrNIEqkeqrpÞHEdr kareRCot ERCkeTAelIkareqøIyqøg RtUvEtGnuelameTAtamc,ab;kñúgRsuk ¬KWfa tamc,ab; vaTamTar[manbBa¢aBItulakar¦ nigGnuelamtameKalkarN_smmaRt.

203

siT§iTTYl)anPaBÉkCn nigkarRbyuT§RbqaMgePrvkm μ

siT§iTTYl)anPaBÉkCnRtUv)anTTYlkarb:HBal;y:agdMNMedaysarc,ab;nana EdlRtUv)aneFVIeLIg naeBlfμ I²enHenARbeTsCaeRcInedIm,IBRgIkGMNacb:UlIsnigGMNacesvaesIubkarN_edIm,I RbyuT§RbqMagePrvkmμ. CabEnßmeTAelIkarBRgIkTMhMmuxnaTICaRbéBNIrbs;b:UlIs dUcCa karEqkeqr karrwbGUs nigkartamdanBinitü ¬EtgEteFVIeLIyedayBMumankarGnuBaØatBI tulakar¦ ]TahrN_Cak;Esþg rYmmankartamdanBinitüedaydak;eRKOgeGLicRtUnic sRmab;XøaMemIl “kEnøgedkBYn : nigePrvCnd¾manskþanuBlÉeTot² tammeFüa)ay BinitüeRCIserIskarqøúH Binitü karviPaK karcab;bBa©ÚlKña kardak;pÁÚrpÁgKña karpÞúk nig tamdanelITinñn½yÉkCnd¾eRcInsn§wksn§ab; ehIynigeRbIviFIsV½yRbvtiþsRmab;cab;yk sñamRkey:Aéd nigykQam nigDNA BIRkumeKaledA EdlEtgEtRtUv)aneRCIs erIstamry³savtaénCatisasn_. enAkñúgvis½yenH¬k¾dUcCakñúgvis½ysiT§imnusSepSgeTot dUcCa siT§imanesrIPaBpÞal;xøÜn nigsiTi§TTYl)ankarkat;eTasRtwmRtUv¦ smaCiksPamantYnaTIsñÚlmYy³ KWRtUvEtFanafa karBRgIkGMNacb:UlIs nigGMNacGñkesIubkarN_sm¶at; RbsinCakarcaM)ac;Nas;RtUveFVI eLIgeday³ 1. mantmøaPaB nigRbCaFibetyüPaB 2. mankareKarBy:agRtwmRtUvdl;sþg;darsiT§imnusSGnþrCati 3. mineFVI[Gn;fydl;KuNtémød¾éføføarbs;sgÁmesrI nigRbCaFibetyü ³ KWesrIPaB

rbs;buKÁlmñak;² nignItirdæ.

RbGb; 64

204

esrIPaBkñúgkareFVIdMeNIr

maRta13 én UDHR

“ 1> mnusSRKb;rUb mansiTi§eFVIdMeNIredayesrI nigmansiTi§eRCIserIsnievsndæankñúgrdæmYy .

2> mnusSRKb;rUb mansiTi§cakecjBIRbeTsNamYy rYmTaMgRbeTsrbs;xøÜnpg nigmansiTi§vilRtLb;mkRbeTsrbs;xøÜnvij : .

maRta12 én ICCPR

“ 1> CnNaEdlrs;enARtwm®tUvtamlkçN³c,ab; kñúgRbeTsNamYy mansiTi§eFVIdMeNIr nig

eRCIserIsnievsndæanrbs;xøÜnedayesrI . 2> CnRKb;rUb manesrIPaBcakecjBIRbeTsNamYy rYmTaMgRbeTsrbs;xøÜnpg . 3> siTi§Edl)anEcgxagelIenH min®tUvmankarritti,teLIy elIkElgEtkarritti,t

enH manEcgkñúgc,ab;caM)ac; edImI,karBarsnþisuxCati sNþab;Fñab;saFarN³ suxPaBsaFarN³ b¤sIlFm’ b¤siTi§ nigesrIPaBGñkdéT ehIyminTMnas;CamYy

siTi§déTeTot EdlTTYlsÁal;edayktikasBaØaenH . KμanCnNamñak; ®tUv)andksiTi§tamGMeBIcitþ min[cUlkñúgRbeTsrbs;xøÜn eLIy . :

maRta13 én ICCPR

“ CnbreTszitenARsbc,ab;elIEdndIrdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH Gacnwg®tUv)an

beNþjecjBIrdæenaH)an luHRtaEteFVIeLIgedayGnuelamtamesckþIseRmcRsb c,ab; ehIyebIkarbeNþjecjenH minmanehtuplsRmab;rkSasnþisuxCati

205

EdltRmUv[beNþjeT CnbreTsenH ®tUv)anGnuBaØat[dak;GMNHGMNagCMTas; nwgkarbeNþjenH nigsMu[mantMNagedIm,IeKalbMNgenH nigedIm,IsMu[Binitü

eLIgvijelIerOgrbs;xøÜn edayGaCJaFrmansmtßkic© b¤edaymnusSmñak; b¤eRcInnak; EdlGaCJaFrmansmtßkic©)anEtgtaMgCaBiess. :

esckþIRbkasCasklsþIBIsiT§imnusS nigktikasBaØaGnþrCatisIþBIsiTi§BlrdænigsiTi§ neya)ay karBarsiT§iCnRKb;rUbEdlsñak;enACabeNþaHGasnñedayRsbc,ab;enAkñúg RbeTsmYy kñúgkarmansiTi§eFVIdMeNIr nigeRCIserIsnievsndæanrbs;xøÜnedayesrI enA TINak¾)an kñúgTwkdIrbs;RbeTsenaH. siT§ienH RtUv)ankarBarBIkareRCotERCkTaMg EpñksaFarN³ nigEpñkÉkCn. esrIPaBénkareFVIdMeNIrrbs;CnbreTsenAkñúgEdndIénrdæmYy

edaysarsiT§ienH Tak;T ineTAelIEtbuK ÁlTa MgLayNa EdlsßitenAkñúg TwkdIrbs;rdæmYy edayRsbc,ab; rdæaPi)al Gacdak;karrwtt,itelICnbreTs EdlcUlmkkñúg RbeTs edayBinitüemIlya:gl¥itl¥n; elICnTaMgLay EdlEsVgrkkarcUlmkkñúg RbeTs. etICnbreTsmñak;Edl :Rsbc,ab; :enAkñúgTwkdIénrdæmYy KYrRtUv)ankMNt; tamc,ab;kñúgRsuk EdlGacmankarrwtt,itmin[cUlkñúgRbeTs b¤y:agNaenaH luH RtaEt karrwtt,itenaH eqøIytbeTAnwgkatBVkic©GnþrCatirbs;rdæ.

CnbreTs EdlcUlmkkñúgRbeTsmYyedayxusc,ab; k¾bu:Enþ eRkaymk sßanPaBrbs;BYkeK RtUv)aneFVI[manPaBFm μtavij RtUv)ancat;Tukfa)ansßitenAkñúg TwkdIenaH edayRsbc,ab;. RbsinebIbuKÁlmñak; sßitenAkñúgRbeTsmYy edayRsb c,ab; karrwtt,itNamYyEdldak;eTAelIbuKÁlenaH b¤karRbRBwtþNamYy eTAelIbuKÁl

206

enaH manPaBxusEpøkBIkarRbRBwtþcMeBaHCnCatirbs;xøÜnenaH RtUvEtmankarbBa¢ak;fa smehtupl enAeRkammaRta12¬3¦ én ICCPR.

]TahrN_d¾l¥mYyénkarrwtt,it Edldak;eTAelICnbreTs ehIyRtUv)an GnuBaØati[eFVIeTA)an enAeRkammaRtaenH manenAkñúgkrNIrbs; Celepli Tl;nwg RbeTssu‘uyEGt enAKN³kmμaFikarsiT§imnusS ¬1994¦. elakCelepli CaCnCati TYKImñak;manedImkMeNItCaCnCatiXWt¬Kurdish¦ rs;enAkñúgRbeTss‘uyEGtRtUv)an bBa¢a[cakecjBIRbeTs edaymUldæanénkarsgS½yfa)anBak;B½n§eTAkñúgskm μPaB ePrvkm μ. bTbBa¢aenaH minRtUv)anGnuvtþeT ehIyKat;k¾RtUv)aneKGnuBaØati[rs;enA kñúgRkugmYy CabnþeTAeTot EdlCaTIkEnøg EdlKat;RtUvEteTAbgðajxøÜn[)aneTog Tat;enAmuxb:UlIs. KN³km μaFikarsiT§imnusS)anrkeXIjfa karrwtt,itenH manPaB RsbCamYyxbBaØtþiénmaRta12¬3¦ rbs; ICCPR dUecñHehIy vamanlkçN³Rsb c,ab;. esrIPaBcakecjBIRbeTsmYy maRta12¬2¦ én ICCPR Ecgfa CnRKb;rUb ¬RbCaCn nigCnbreTs nig EfmTaMgCnrs;enACabeNþaHGasnñenAkñúgRbeTsedayxusc,ab;¦ manesrIPaB cak ecjBITwkdIénRbeTsNamYy. siT§ienH GnuvtþelITsSn³kic©ry³eBlxøI nigEvg enA eRkARbeTs ehIynigeTAeFVIGenþaRbevsn_ ¬CaGcié®nþy_ nigBak;kNþalGcié®nþy_¦. karTTYl)annUvsiT§ienH minGaRs½yeTAelIeKalbMNg b¤ry³eBlénkareFVIdMeNIreTA eRkARbeTsenaHeT. siT§ienH )andak;katBVkic©TaMgeTAelIrdæEdlCanievsndæan nigrdæEdlpþl;

207

sBa¢ati. ]TahrN_ rdæEdlpþl;sBa¢ati RtUvEtecjÉksareFVIdMeNIr b¤lixitqøgEdn[BlrdæRKb;rUbTaMgGs; TaMgenAkñúg nigenAeRkAEdndIénRbeTs. RbsinNardæmYy eFVIkarCMTas;minRBmecjlixitqøgEdn b¤tRmUv[RbCaCnrbs;xøÜn sMuTidæakaredIm,I ecjBIRbeTs enaHKWCakareRCotERCk EdllM)aknwgelIkGMNHGMNagmkbgðaj fasmehtupl. bEnßmelIenHeTAeTot KN³kmμaFikarsiT§imnusS)anefáaleTas elIc,ab;CatiNaEdldak;karrwtt,itelIsiT§irbs;®sþI kñúgkarcakecjBIRbeTseday TamTar[mankaryl;RBmBIbþIrbs;Kat;.

]bsKÁnanadl;esrIPaBénkareFVIdMeNIr³ ]TahrN_

esrIPaBkñúgkareFVIdMeNIr EtgEtRtUv)anP¢ab;eTAnwg]bsKÁEdlmincaM)ac;nana dUcman raybBa¢IxageRkam EdleFVI[kareFVIdMeNIrkñúgRbeTs nigrvagRbeTsnana mankarlM)ak b¤minGaceFVIeTA)an. smaCiksPaGacR)afñacg;eFVIkarCMTas;eTAnwgviFankarEbbhñwg. kareFVIdMeNIrenAkñúgRbeTs katBVkic©suMkarGnuBaØati sRmab;kareFVIdMeNIrkñúgRbeTs katBVkic©suMkarGnuBaØat eBlpøas;bþÚrkEnøgrs;enA katBVkic©sMukaryl;RBmBIGaCJaFrmUldæan énkEnøgeKaledA rdæ)alGUsbnøay kñúgkarBinitüBaküsuMCalayl½kçN_GkSr

kareFVIdMeNIreTARbeTsmYyepSgeTot xVHmeFüa)ayeTArkGaCJaFr b¤TTYl)anB½t’man Tak;TineTAnwgl½kçx½NÐepSg² l½kçx½NÐtRmUv[dak;BaküsuM TRmg;Biess edIm,ITTYl)anTRmg;BaküsuMBitR)akdmYy

RbGb; 65

208

sRmab;ecjlixitqøgEdnmYy l½kçx½NÐtRmUv[manesckþIRbkasKaMRTBInieyaCk b¤sac;jati l½kçx½NÐtRmUv[dak;CUnnUvkarBN’nacM²mYy GMBIpøÚvEdlRtUveFIVdMeNIr témøénkarecjlixitqøgEdn mankRmitx<s; karGUsbnøayedayminsmehtupl kñúgkarecjÉksareFVIdMeNIr karrwtt,it elIsmaCikRKYsarEdleFVIdMeNIrCamYyKña l½kçx½NÐtRmUv[bg;R)ak;kk;sRmab;FananUvkarRtLb;mkvij b¤[mansMbuRteFVVIdMeNIrRtLb;

mkvij l½kçx½NÐtRmUv[manlixitGeBa¢IjBIrdæEdlRtUveFVIdMeNIreTA karebotebonelIGñkdak;BaküsuM

karkRmitRBMEdnnana esrIPaBkñúgkareFVIdMeNIrmin®tUvmankarritti,teLIy elIkElgEtkarritti,tenH RtUv)anEcgedayc,ab; nigkñúgkrNINaEdlmanPaBcaM)ac;elImUldæanénsnþisuxCati sNþab;Fñab;saFarN³ suxPaBsaFarN³ b¤sIlFm’ b¤siTi§ nigesrIPaBGñkdéT ¬maRta12¬3¦ én ICCPR. eyagtamKN³kmμaFikarsiT§imnusS l½kçx½NÐtRmUvTaMgenH nwgminGaceFVI)aneT kñúgkrNI dUcCa :RbsinebIbuKÁlmñak; RtUv)aneKhamXat; min[cakecjBIRbeTs edayRKan;EtEp¥kelImUldæanfa Kat;man :kic©karsm¶at;rbs;rdæ : b¤RbsinebI buKÁl mñak; RtUv)aneKhamXat; min[eFVIdMeNIrenAkñúgépÞRbeTs edayBuMMmankarGnuBaØati Cak;lak;mYy :. dUcKñaenHEdr karhammin[®sþI eFVIdMeNIredayesrI b¤cakecjBI RbeTsedayK μankaryl;RBm b¤karGmdMeNIredaybuKÁlCabursmñak;enaH KWCakar

209

rMelaPelImaRta12 én ICCPR. b:uEnþpÞúyeTAvij karrwtt,itmin[cUleTAkan;tMbn; eyaFa edayEp¥kelImUldæansnþisuxCati b¤karkRmitRBMEdnelIesrIPaBkñúgkartaMgTI lMenA kñúgtMbn;EdlCakEnøgrs;enArbs;CnCatiedIm b¤shKmn_CnCatiPaKticenaH KWCakarrwitt,itEdlGacGnuBaØati[eFVI)an.

kardak;kRmitRBMEdn nigkarBinitüemIlelIkarGnuvtþrbs;va kartak;Etgc,ab; kñúgkarGnum½tc,ab;Edlpþl;[mankarrwtt,it enAeRkammaRta12¬3¦ én ICCPR

Canic©kal sPaKYrEtRbtibtiþtameKalkarN_Edlfa karrwtt,itnanaminRtUveFVI[braC½ydl; eKalbMNgénsiT§ ienaHeT. c,ab;RtUvEcgGMBIlkçN³vinicä ½yc,as;las;sRmab;dak; karrwtt,itTaMgenH EdlKYrykeTAGnuvtþRtwmRtUvtamTisedA nigeKarBeKalkarN_ edIm,I smamaRt ehIykarrwtt,it KYreFVIeLIg[)ansmrmü mankarbMBany:agticbMput tamEdl-GaceFVIeTA)an nigKYrmansmamaRteTAnwgplRbeyaCn_ EdlRtUvkarBar. karGnuvtþ RbsinebIrdæseRmcdak;[mankarrwtt,itenaH karrwtt,itTaMgenHRtUvmanEcgenAkñúg c,ab;. karrwtt,itEdlmin)anEcgenAkñúgc,ab; ehIyminRsbnwgmaRta 12 ¬3¦ én ICCPR eT enaHKWCakarrMelaPedaypÞal; eTAelIesrIPaBénkareFVIdMeNIr. karGnuvtþ Cak;EsþgelIkar rwtt,itNamYyKYrEteqøIytbeTAnwgl½kçx½NÐénPaBcaM)ac; nigPaBsmamaRt dUc)anBnül;xagelI. bEnßmelIenHeTot karrwtt,itTaMgLay RtUvEtsuIsgVak;CamYy siT§iepSgeTot EdlEcgenAeRkam ICCPR ehIysIusgVak;CamYyeKalkarN_smPaB nigeKalkarN_minerIseGIg.

RbGb; 66

210

siT§icUleTAkan;RbeTsrbs;xøÜnvij

maRta12¬4¦ én ICCPR bgáb;n½yfa Cnmñak;mansiT§i sßitenAkñúgRbeTsrbs;xøÜn pÞal; nigmansiT§ivilRtLb;eTAkan;RbeTsenaHvijbnÞab;BIxøÜn)ancakecj ehIyvaGac pþl;siT§i[Cnmñak; GaccUleTAkan;RbeTsmYyCaelIkdMbUg ¬RbsinebIKat;mansBa¢ati rbs;RbeTsenaH b:uEnþKat;ekItenARbeTseRkA¦. siT§ikñúgkarRtLb;mkvij mansar³ sMxan; CaBiess sRmab;CnePosxøÜn EdlmanbMNgeFVImatuPUminivtþn_ edaysμ ½RKcitþ. Baküfa “ RbeTspÞal;xøÜnrbs;buKÁlmñak; ” sMedACabzm eTAelIBlrdæénRbeTs enaH. kñúgkrNIedayELk buKÁlEdl)ansñak;enAkñúgRbeTsmYyGs;ry³eBlCayUr mkehIy kñúgzan³CaCnbreTs b¤Edl)anekItenATIenaH kñúgzan³CaCnGenþaRbevsþn_ CMnan;TIBIr Gaccat;TukRbeTsEdlxøÜn)ansñak;enAenaHfa CaRbeTs “ pÞal; ” rbs;xøÜn. esrIPaBxagkarKit xagsm,CBaØ³ nigxagsasna

maRta18 én UDHR “ mnusSRKb;rUb mansiTi§esrIPaBxagkarKit esrIPaBxagsm,CBaØ³ nigxagsasna.

siTi§enH rab;bB©ÚalTaMg esrIPaBkñúgkarpøas;bþÚrsasna b¤CMenOrbs;xøÜn RBmTaMg esrIPaBsEmþgsasna b¤CMenOrbs;xøÜn Etmñak;Ég b¤CarYm CasaFarN³ b¤CaÉkCn

tamkarbgðat;beRgon karRbtibtiþ kareKarBbUCa RBmTaMgtamkarR)arB§BiFI skáar³epSg² . :

maRta18 én ICCPR

“ 1> CnRKb;rUbmansiTi§esrIPaBxagkarKit esrIPaBxagsm,CBaØ³ nigxagsasna .

211

siTi§enHRtUvrab;bB©ÚalTaMgesrIPaBkñúgkarkan; b¤eKarBsasna b¤CMenONamYytam kareRCIserIsrbs;xøÜn nigesrIPaBkñúgkarsEmþgsasna b¤CMenOrbs;xøÜn edaymñak;²Ég b¤edayrYmCamYyGñkdéT nigCasaFarN³ b¤CaÉkCn tamkareKarBbUCa karRbtibtiþtam karGnuvtþ nigkarbgðat;be®gon .

2> KμanCnNamñak; RtUvrgkarbgiçtbgçM[kan; b¤eKarBsasna EdleFVI[xUcdl;esrIPaB énkarkan; b¤kareKarBsasna b¤CMenO tamkareRCIserIsrbs;xøÜneLIy .

3> esrIPaBsEmþgkareKarBsasna b¤CMenOrbs;xøÜn nwgGacdak;kRmitRBMEdn)an luHRtaEtmanbBaØtþiedayc,ab; nigcaM)ac;dl;karkarBarsnþisuxsaFarN³ sNþab;Fñab;saFarN³ suxPaBsaFarN³ b¤sIlFm’ b¤siTi§ nigesrIPaB

mUldæanrbs;GñkdéT . 4> rdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH snüaeKarBesrIPaBrbs;«Bukmþay nigGñkGaNaBüa)al

Rsbc,ab; RbsinCaminman«Bukmþay kñúgkarFanadl;karGb;rMxagsasna nigsIlFm’ cMeBaH buRtFItarbs;eK RsbtamCMenOrbs;eK . :

siTi§manesrIPaBxagkarKit esrIPaBxagsm,CBaØ³ nigxagsasna mansar³sMxan; Nas; EdlvaminGacRtUvrgnUvkardkhUteLIy eTaHCakñúgGMLúgeBlEdlrdæman Gasnñk¾eday. GVIEdlRtUv)aneKsÁal;faCa forum internum dUcCa siT§iedIm,IbegáIt karKit TsSn³yl;eXIj sm,CBaØ³ kareKarBbUCa nigCMenOpÞal;rbs;xøÜn KWCasiT§i dac;xatmYy EdlkarBarRbqaMgeTAnwgTRmg;NamYyénkareRCotERCkrbs;rdæ dUcCa karGb;rMmenaKmviC¢a ¬ {lagxYrk,al :¦ CaedIm. b:uEnþ eTaHCay:agenHk¾eday k¾kar sMEdgCasaFarN³GMBIsasna b¤CMenO GacRtUveKrwtt,it)an ebImanmUldæan c,ab;RtwmRtÚv.

212

Bakü {sasna : nig {CMenO :KYreFVIkarbkRsay[TUlMTUlayedIm,IrYmbBa©Úl TaMgCMenO nigsasna EdlCaRbéBNI RBmTaMgminRbéBNIpgEdr eTaHbIvaCaevT niym minEmnevTniym b¤mineCOelIkarmanRBHk¾eday. esrIPaBkñúgkarman b¤ eRCIserIssasna nigCMenOmYy rYmmanTaMgesrIPaB edIm,IeFVIkareRCIserIs EdlGac naMeTAdl;karpøas;ecjBIsasna b¤CMenOEdlFøab;eCOBImun eTAeCOelIsasna b¤CMenO epSgmYyeTot b¤edIm,IeRCIserIsnUvTsSn³yl;eXIjnana EdlmineCOfamanRBH b¤k¾edIm,I rkSaTuknUvsasna b¤CMenOrbs;xøÜn. karhammin[mankarbgçitbgçM

Kμankal³eTs³NamYy EdlbuKÁlNamñak;GacRtUv)aneKbgçMedaykareRbIkmøaMgkay b¤ karKMrameRbIkmøaMgkay b¤kardak;eTasTNÐRBhμTNÐ edIm,I[eRCIsyk Rbkan;x¢ab;; b¤ Qb; eCOnUvsasna nigCMenOCak;lak;NamYy)aneT. karhamR)amenHk¾GnuvtþpgEdr eTAelIeKalneya)ay nigviFankarnana Edlman\T§ iBlRsedogKñaenH. Ca]TahrN_ smaCikPaBenAkñúgRkumsasnamYyminGaceFVI[buKÁlmñak;)at;bg; KuNvuTi§ BItYnaTIsaFarN³rbs;xøÜn)aneT. karsEmþgnUvsasna nig CMenO

Bakü{sMEdg}enHmanGtþn½yTUlMTUlayNas;. vamann½yRKbdNþb;eTAelI³ kareKarBbUCa ³ karR)arBVBiFIEsneRBn nigCaBiFIbuNüepSg² karksagTIskáar

bUCa kareRbIrUbmnþ nigGNþab;GNþasRmab;R)arBVBiFI kardak;bgðajnimiμtsBaØa nigkarRbtibtiþtaméf¶buNü nigéf¶Qb;sRmak

karRbtibtiþtam ³ karR)arBVBiFIbuNü edayGnuvtþtamk,Ünvin½ymðÚbGahar karesøókBak;

213

sMelokbMBak; b¤QñÜtk,alxusBIeK nigeRbIPasaCak;lak;mYy karGnuvtþ nigkarbgðat;beRgon ³ kareRCIserIsemdwknaMsasna buBVCit nigRKU

beRgon erobcMsikçasala nigsalabeRgonsasna nigbegáIt b¤EckcayGtßbT sasna b¤kare)aHBum<pSaynana.

edayehtufa karsMEdgsasna nigCMenOrbs;CnmYyrUbmanPaBskm μ Ca caM)ac;enaH vaGacb:HBal;eTAelIsiT§ixøHrbs;GñkepSgeTot ehIyF¶n;F¶rCagenHeTot

va EfmTaMgGaceFVI[maneRKaHfñak;dl;sgÁmeTotpg. ehtudUecñH enAeRkammaRta 18¬3¦ én ICCPR karsMEdgTaMgenHGacCakmμvtßúénkardak;kMhitCak;lak;xøH.

karkRmitRBMEdnelIkarsEmþgsasna nigCMenOrbs;buKÁlmñak;² karkRmitRBMEdnelIesrIPaBR)arB§BiFItamsasna nigCMenOrbs;buKÁlmñak;² RtUvP¢ab; eTAnwgl½kçx½NÐy:agtwgEtg ehIyGnuBaØati[eFVI)an RbsinebI ³

RtUv)anEcgedayc,ab;

caM)ac;edIm,IkarBarsuvtßiPaB sNþab;Fñab; suxPaB b¤sIlFm’saFarN³ b¤siT§i nigesrIPaBCamUldæanrbs;GñkdéT

]TahrN_mYysIþBImUldæanénkarGnuBaØati[dak;kRmitRBMEdnelIesrIPaBR)arB§ BiFItamsasna nigCMenOrbs;buKÁlmñak;² KWenAeBlkarR)arB§BiFIenaH køayCaeFVIkar eXasna[mans®gÁam b¤karts‘Umti [mankars¥b;ex<ImsBa¢ati BUCsasn_ b¤sasna EdlbegáItCakarGucGal[mankarerIseGIg GriPaB b¤hwgSa. CaerOy² PaBminGt;eGanEpñk sasnaTaMgGs; KWCaRbPBénvivaTRbkbedayGMeBIhwgSa rvagRkumCatisasn_ nig Rkumsasna.

214

karhamR)amelInimitþsBaØasasnaCacMhr enAkñúgsalaeronénRbeTs)araMg

PaBRbTajRbTg;KñaelIc,ab;)araMgmYy Edl)anGnum½tenAqñaM2004 bgðaj[eXIj nUvTMhMénPaBresIbénbBaðadak;kRmitRBMEdn elIkarR)arB§tamsasna b¤CMenO. c,ab;mYy RtUv)anGnum½tedaysemøgPaKeRcInelIslub énsmaCiksPa hammin[eRbIsBaØasasnaCa cMhenAkñ úgsalaeronrbs;rdæ. c,ab;enaHRtUv)aneKemIleXIjc,as;fa sMedAeTA elIRkNat;RKbk,al nigmuxrbs;sasnikGuIsøam fVId,wtEtfakarhamenaHrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgmYk knþibrbs;BYkCVIb nigeQIqáagd¾FMrbs;sasnaRKwHk¾eday. enAeBlEdlsPa nigrdæaPi)al)araMg pþl;yutiþkmμelIc,ab;enH edayelIkeLIgBIeKalkarN_ énGaNacRk¬karEbgEckdac;BIKñarvagrdænigsasna¦nigesckþIRtUvkaredIm,IkarBarekμgRsImUsøIm BIkarerIseGIgCak;lak;EpñkeynD½rk¾eday k¾RkumsiT§imnusSCaeRcIn )anpþl;GMNHGMNagfa bMramenaH rMelaPelIsiT§ikñúgkarTTYl)anesrIPaBxagsasna b¤xagCMenO ehIyfa bMramenaH KWBitCa karbgçitbgçMmYy EdlmaRta18 én CCPR )anhamXat;Etmþg.

karGb;rMsasna nigGb;rMsIlFm’ maRta18¬4¦én CCPR tRmUv[rdænanaeKarBesrIPaBrbs;«Bukmþay nigGaNa Büa)alRsbc,ab;kñ úgkarciBa© wmbI)ac;kUnrbs;BYkeK edayRsbeTAtamCMenO sasna nigsIlFm’rbs;BYkeKpÞal;. karGb;rMsasna nigGb;rMsIlFm’Edlxanmin)an enAtamsalaeronsaFarN³nana minpÞúyeTAnwgxbBaØtþienHeT RbsinebIsasnaenaH RtUv)anbeRgontamTisedA nig manlkçN³Bhuniym¬]TahrN_ beRgonCaEpñkmYyénemeronsþIBIRbvtþisa®sþTUeTA rbs;sasna nigcriyaFm’CaedIm¦. RbsinebIsasnamYy RtUv)anbeRgonenAkñúg

RbGb; 67

215

salasaFarN³ enaHKYrmanxbBaØtþieday\terIseGIg edIm,I[mankarelIkElg b¤ manCeRmIssRmab;eqøIytbtamesckþIR)afñarbs;«Bukmþay nigGaNaBüa)al Rsb c,ab;TaMgGs;. esrIPaBénKMnit nigkarsEmþgmti

maRta19 én UDHR

“mnusSRKb;rUb mansiTi§kñúgkarmanmti nigsEmþgmtiedayesrI. siTi§enH rab;bB©Úal TaMgesrIPaBkñúgkarRbkan;ykmtiedayKμankareRCotERCk nigesrIPaBkñúgkar EsVgrk TTYlyk nigpSBVpSayB½t’man nigKMnitnana eTaHtamry³meFüa)ay

pSBVpSayB½t’manNamYyk¾)an nigeday\tKitGMBIRBMEdn . :

maRta19 én ICCPR

“1> mnusSRKb;rUb mansiTi§Rbkan;ykmtieyabl; edayKμankareRCotERCk . 2> mnusSRKb;rUbmansiTi§sMEdgmtiedayesrI . siTi§enH ®tUvrab;bB©ÚalTaMgesrIPaB RsavRCavrk TTYlyk nigpSBVpSayB½t’man nigKMnitsBVEbby:ag edayminKitBI RBMEdn eTaHedaypÞal;mat; edaysresr b¤edaykare)aHBum<kþI tamTRmg;sil,³

b¤k¾edaymeFüa)aypSBVpSaydéTeTotkþI tamkareRCIserIsrbs;xøÜn . 3> kareRbIsiTi§EdlEcgkñúgkfax½NÐ2 énmaRtaenH tRmUv[mankrNIykic© nig karTTYlxusRtUvBiess. dUecñH kareRbIsiTi§enH Gacmankarrwtti,tmYycMnYn b:uEnþ

karrwtt,itTaMgenH RtUvmanEcgedayc,ab; nigmankarcaM)ac;edImI, ³ ¬k¦> eKarBsiTi§ nigkitþinamrbs;GñkdéT

¬x¦> karBarsniþsuxCati sNþab;Fñab;saFarN³ suxPaB b¤sIlFm’saFarN³. ”

216

xbBaØtþixagelIenH sMKal;)antamFatupSMsMxan;cMnYnBIr³ esrIPaBénKMnit nig

esrIPaBkñúgkarsEmþgmti

esrIPaBénKMnit

siT§ikñúgkarRbkan;ykTsSn³ KWmanlkçN³Gkm μCaFm μCati ehIybegáIt)anCa TRmg;énesrIPaBdac;xatmYy. ICCPR minGnuBaØati[mankarelIkElg b¤karrwt t,itNamYyeTAelIesrIPaBenHeLIy edaysarEtsarCatidac;xatrbs;va nwg rlay)at;eTAvij enAeBlNaGñkEdlmanmtienaH sMEdg[eKeXIjnUvKMniteyabl; rbs;xøÜn EdlTidæPaBenHTak;TineTAnwgesrIPaBkñúgkarsMEdgmti. dUcEdleyIg nwgeXIjesrIPaBkñúgkarsMEdgmtienHGacmankarrwtt,it ehIyEfmTaMgRtUvEt)an eKrwtt,it enAeRkamkal³eTs³mYycMnYn. esrIPaBkñúgkarbeBa©jmti

esrIPaBkñ úgkarsEmþgmti RBmCamYyesrIPaBkñ úgkarrYmRbCM u nigesrIPaB cUlrYmkñúgsmaKm KWCamUldæanRKiHénsgÁmRbCaFibetyü. RbCaFibetyü minGac seRmceCaKC½yeT RbsinebIKμanlMhUrénKMnit nigB½t’manedayesrIniglT§PaBedIm,I »üBlrdæRbmUlpþúMKña edIm,IBiPakSa nigbnøW[eKdwgBIKMnitmtiriHKn; nigkarTamTarnana kñúgkarkarBarplRbeyaCn_ nigsiT§irbs;BYkeK nigkñúgkarbegáItGgÁkarnanaedIm,IbMerI eKalbMNgTaMgenaH dUcCa shCIB nigKN³bkSneya)ayCaedIm. GñkraykarN_ BiessGgÁkarshRbCaCatiTTYlbnÞúkesrIPaBkñúgkarsMEdgmti )anBiBN’nafa siT§i enH Ca :siT§isRmab;eFVIetsþmYyy:agsMxan; karTTYl)annUvsiT§ienHbgðaj[eXIjnUv

217

kRmiténkarTTYl)annUvsiT§iTaMgGs; EdlmanEcgenAkñúg Fm μnuBaØGnþrCati sIþBIsiT§i mnusS ehIyfakareKarBsiT§ienH qøúHbBa©aMgdl;sþg;darrbs;RbeTsmYy Edlmankar RbRBwtþedayRtwmRtUv edayyutiþFm’ nigmansucriitPaB. 33

RKb;GgÁPaBEdleFVIkarRtYtBinitütamdanfñak;tMbn;nigGnþrCatiTaMgGs; )anKUs bBa¢ak;nUvsar³sMxan;d¾]tþúg]tþménsiT§ienH eTAelIlT§iRbCaFibetyü. KN³kmμkarGaRhVik TTYlbnÞúksiT§imnusSnigsiT§iRbCaBlrdæ )aneFVItameKalkarN_enH edayGnum½tesckþIRbkas BIeKalkarN_énkarsMEdgmti enAGaRhVik kñúgExtula qñaM2002.

siT§ikñúgkarsMEdgmti minRKan;EtrYmbBa©ÚlnUvsiT§irbs;buKÁlmñak;² kñúgkar sMEdg[eXIjnUvkarKiteXIjrbs;xøÜnb:ueNÑaHeT EfmTaMgsiT§ikñúgkarEsVgrk TTYl yk nigpSBVpSayBIB½t’mannigKMnitRKb;RbePTTaMgGs;eTotpg. dUecñH siT§ienHman visalPaBsRmab;buKÁl nigsRmab;sgÁm³ eBalKW vaCasiT§imYy EdlCakmμsiT§irbs; buKÁlTaMgLay ehIyk¾bgáb;nUvsiT§irYmKña kñúgkarTTYl)anB½t’manRbePTNak¾eday nigedIm,ITTYl)anKMnitepSg² EdlsEmþgeLIgedayGñkdéTepSgeTot.

33 KN³km μkarsiT§imnusSshRbCaCati r)aykarN_rbs;GñkraykarN_BiesseTAelIkarelIksÞÜy nig karkarBarsiT§iTTYl)anesrIPaBkñúgkarmanTsSn³eyabl; nigkarsMEdgmti ¬E/CN.4/2002/75¦ Exmkra qñaM2002.

218

esrIPaBkñúgkarbeBa©jmti - siT§id¾TUlMTUlaymYy

enAkñúgsMNuMerOgrbs; Handyside Tl;nwgcRkPBGg;eKøs ¬1976¦ CaRkumh‘une)aH Bum<mYyEdlecjpSay :kUnesovePARkhm : EdlmanbMNgnwglk;eTA[ kUnsisSsala Edlman Gayu 12qñaM b¤eRcInCag. esovePAenaH manEpñkxøHepþateTAelIerOgePT nigGas½ydæan nana sRmab;karrkCMnYy nigdMbUnμaneTAelIerOgEdlBak;B½n§eTAnwgpøÚvePT. CalT§plén bNþwgmYycMnYn EdlTTYl)anedayGaCJaFr TIkEnøgrbs;Rkumh‘unRtUv)anEqkeqr esov ePAmYycMnYnRtUv)anrwbGUs ehIyRkumh‘unRtUv)anrkeXIjfamaneTaskñúgkarmanesovePA GasGaPassRmab;e)aHBum<pSay edIm,ITTYl)ankarcMeNj. Kat;RtUv)an eKpakBin½y ehIyRtUv)anbBa¢a[bg;tMélTaMgenaH. karecaTenHRtUv)antMkl;Tuk enAeBlbþwg]T§rN_ ehIyesovePAEdlRtUv)anrwbGUsTaMgenaHRtUv)anbMpøajecal. kare)aHBum<pSayEkERb eLIgvijRtUv)anecjnaeBlbnÞab;mk. tulakarsiT§imnusSGWr:ub)anseRmcfaBuMmankar rMelaPbMBaneTAelIsiT§iTTYl)anesrIPaBxagkarbeBa©jmtienaHeT edaysarGaCJaFr)an dak;kRmiteTAelIBYkeKeTAnwgGVIEdlmanPaBcaM)ac;bMput enAkñúgsgÁmRbCaFibetyü mYy. eTaHCay:agenHk¾eday va)ansgát;F¶n;facMNab;Garm μN_x<s;bMputKYrRtUv)aneFVI eLIgelIeKalkarN_nana EdlkMNt;critlkçN³rbs;sgÁmRbCaFibetyü. tulakar)an yl;eXIjfa esrIPaBkñúgkarbeBa©jmti)anbegáIt[manmUldæanRKwHd¾sMxan;mYykñúg cMeNammUldæanRKwHnanarbs;sgÁmmYy ehIyvaCalkçxNÐmUldæanmYy sRmab;karrIk cMerInrbs;sgÁm nigkarGPivDÆn_rbs;buKÁlmñak;². edayP¢ab;eTAnwgkarritt,itCaFmμanuPaB karritt,itmanRbsiT§PaB :minRKan;EteTAelIB½t’man b¤KMnitnana EdlRtUv)anTTYledayeBj citþ b¤RtUv)aneKyl;fa manlkçN³minRbmafemIlgay b¤CaerOgEdlminmanPaBxusBI eKb:ueNÑaHeT EfmTaMgmanRbsiT§PaBeTAelIB½t’man b¤KMnitEdlRbmaf eFVI[P½ysøn;esøa

RbGb; 68

219

b¤rMxaneTAdl;rdæ b¤eTAdl;EpñkNamYyrbs;RbCaBlrdæ. ebIKμanesckþIRtUvkareTAelIlT§I Bhuniym karGt;eGan nigkareyaKyl;d¾TUlMTUlayTaMgGs;enHeT enaHk¾K μan sgÁmRbCaFibetyüEdr}. enAkñúgsMNuMerOgrbs;Feldek Tl;nwgRbeTssøÚv:aKI ¬2001¦ EdlkñúgenaHGñkdak;Bakü bNþwg RtUv)anrkeXIjfa maneTasbrihaekrþi×cMeBaHkarecaTeTAelIrdæm®nþI EdleTIbnwg RtUv)anEtgtaMgfμ I² famanRbvtþiCamYyRkumhaVsIusenaH tulakarGWru:b )anbBa¢ak;Cafμ I fa esrIPaBkñúgkarbeBa©jmti mansar³RbeyaCn_x<s;bMput enAkñúgbribTénkarBiPakSa Epñkneya)ay ehIy)anBicarNafa ehtuply:agdMukMPYnRtUvEteFVIeLIgedIm,IbBa¢ak; eTAelIkarrit t,itTaMgLayenaH enAkñúgkarEføgkarN_neya)ay. tulakar)anyl;fa karEføgrbs;Gñkdak;BakübNþwgenH Cakarvinicä½yEdlmanKuNtMélmYy EdlPaBBitR)akd énkarvinicä½yenHminrgeRKaHeTAdl;PsþútagenaHeT ehIy)anEføgfa :lkçxNÐtRmUv edIm,IbgðajkarBiténkarvinicä½yRbkbedayKuNtMélmYyminGaceFVIeTA)anedIm,IbMeBj nigrMelaPeTAelIesrIPaBénkarmanmtieyabl;enaHeT :. karbriyayeTAelIfaetIkar vinicä½yRbkbedayKuNtMélmanTMhMb:uNÑa EdlpSarP¢ab;eTAnwgkarBitnana tulakar)an snñidæanfa esrIPaBkñúgkarbeBa©jmtirbs;GñkbþwgenHRtUv)aneKrMelaP BIeRBaHfatulakar kñúgRsuk)anxkxankñúgkarbgðaj[eXIjBIesckþIRtUvkarEpñksgÁmEdlcaM)ac; edIm,IeFVICa mUlehtukñúgkarkarBareTAelIsiT§ibuKÁlrbs;rdæm®nþIenaH EdlRtUvbgðaj[eXIjfaetI karkarBareTAelIrdæm®nþIenaH GacmancMNucsMxan;xøaMg CagsiT§iTTYl)anesrIPaBkñúgkar beBa©jmtirbs;GñkbþwgrUbenH ehIynigsMxan;xøaMgCagplRbeyaCn_TUeTA kñúgkarelIk sÞÜyesrIPaBsþIBIbBaðaénplRbeyaCn_saFarN³ eTAeTotEdrb¤Gt;. enAkñúgerOgrbs; Jersild¬1994¦ GñksarB½t’manmñak;RtUv)aneKkat;eTasBIbTjúHjúg[mankarerIseGIg bnÞab;BIKat;)aneFVIbTsmÖasn_mYyCamYyBYkGñkelg EdlGñkTaMg enaH)anEføgBIGMNHGMNagCatisan_niymRCulhYsehtu nigRbqaMgCnbreTs. tulakar

220

GWru;b)anrkeXIjfa karkat;eTasenaH)anrMelaPelIesrIPaBkñúgkarbeBa©jmti CaBiess

edaysarfa kmμviFIenaHCaTUeTAmankarriHKn;eTAelIRkumBYkGñkelg nigmenaKmviC¢arbs; BYkeKehtudUecñHehIyminGacbegáIt[)anCakarjúHjúg[mankarerIseGIgenaHeT.

“esrIPaBkñúgkarbeBa©jmti KWCassrRKwHmYy Edlkarrs;ranmanCivitrbs;sgÁm

RbCaFibetyü RtUvBwgEp¥keTAelIssrRKwHmYyenH. vaCakarEdlminGacxVH)an edIm,IbegáIt[)anCaTsSn³KMnitCasaFarN³. vak¾CalkçxNÐEdlminGacxVH)an sRmab;karGPivDÆn_[manKNbkSneya)ay shCIB sgÁmviTüasa®sþnigvb,Fm’ nigCaTUeTA cMeBaHCnTaMgLayEdl manbMNgCH\T§iBlrbs;xøÜn eTAkan;saFarN³ Cn. niyayedayxøI vatMNag[meFüa)aynana Edlpþl;lT§PaBeTA[shKmn_ enAeBlEdleFVIRbtibtþikareTAelICMerIsrbs;xøÜn manB½t’many:agRKb;RKan;. CalT§ pl vaGacRtUv)aneKniyayfa sgÁmmYyEdlminmanB½t’manRKb;RKan;eTenaH sgÁm enaHBuMmanesrIPaBBitR)akdenaHeT : .

tulakarsiT§imnusSGnþrGaemrikkaMg

TsSn³pþl;CakarRbwkSaeyabl; OC-5/85 XøaRbeyaK 70.

esrIPaBkñúgkarpSBVpSayB½t’man nigKMnit

TidæPaBénesrIPaBkú ñgkarbeBa©jmtienH mansar³sMxan;CaBiess cMeBaH smaCiksPa edaysarfa vanaMmknUvesrIPaBkñúgkarbeBa©jmtipÞal;rbs;BYkeK enA kñúgEpñkneya)ay. enAkñúgkrNIén Kivenmaa Tl;nwgRbeTshaVMgLg; ¬1994¦ Bak;B½n§eTAnwgkareFV I)atukm μmYy edIm,IefáaleTaseTAelIRbvtþ isiT§imnusS rbs;RbmuxrdæbreTsmñak; EdlkMBugeFV Id MeNIrTsSn³kic©pøÚvkarmkkan;RbeTs

221

hVaMgLg;enaH KN³kmμaFikarsiT§imnusS )anrkeXIjfa :siT§irbs;buKÁlmñak; kñúgkarbeBa©j nUvTsSn³yl;eXIjEpñkneya)ay edayrYmmanTaMgTsSn³yl;eXIjrbs;Kat; eTA elIerOgsiT§imnusSy:agCak;c,as;enaH begáIt)anCaEpñkmYyénesrIPaBkñúgkarbeBa©j mti EdlRtUv)anFanaeday maRta19 énktikasBaØaenH :. dUcEdltulakarsiT§i mnusSGWru:b )anEføgedaysIusgVak;Kñafa :vaminRKan;EtGnuvtþeTAelIB½t’man b¤KMnit nanaEdlRtUv)anTTYledayeBjcitþ b¤RtUv)aneKyl;famanlkçN³minRbmafemIl gay b¤CaerOgEdlminmanPaBxusBIeKb:ueNÑaHeT EfmTaMgGnuvtþeTAelIB½t’man b¤ KMnitEdlRbmaf eFVI[P½ysøn;esøa b¤rMxanEfmeTotpg : ¬sUmemIlRbGb; 68¦. esrIPaBkñúgkarEsVgrk nig TTYlB½t’man

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esckþIRbkaséneKalkarN_BIesrIPaBkñúgkarbeBa©jmtienAGaRhiVk GtßbTelx IV.

ebIBuMmanesrIPaBkñúgkarEsVgrk nigTTYl)anB½t’maneTenaH RbB½n§pSBVpSay smaCik-sPa nigGñkepSgeTot nwgminmanlT§PaBkñúgkarebIkkkaykrNInana EdlTak;Tin eTAnwgGMeBIBukrlYy karRKb;RKgminRtwmRtUv b¤GRbsiT§PaBnana nigFana[man rdæaPi)alEdlmantmøaPaB nigKNenyüPaBenaHeT. enAkñúgr)aykarN_qñaM1995 rbs;elakeTAkan;KN³kmμkarsiT§imnusSGgÁkarshRbCaCati GñkraykarN_Biess rbs;shRbCaCati TTYlbnÞúkelIesrIPaBénKMnit nigkarbeBa©jmti )ansgát;F¶n;fa

222

:esrIPaBnwgKμanRbsiT§PaBGVITaMgGs; RbsinebI RbCaCn BuMmansiT§ikñúgkarTTYl)an B½t’maneTenaH. siT§iTTYl)anB½t’man KWCamUldæan cMeBaHrebobrs;enA RbkbedayRbCa Fibetyü. dUecñHehIy ninñakarnaM[mankarlak;TukB½t’manBIRbCaCnTUeTA KWRtUvEtelIkyk mkBinitü[)an y:agykcitþTukdak; :. 34

c,ab;sþIBIsiT§iTTYl)anB½t’man

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34 E/CN.4/1995/32 XøaRbeyaK 35.

RbGb; 69

223

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35 E/CN.4/2004/88 XøaRbeyaK 20.

224

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225

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RbGb; 70

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227

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228

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RbGb; 71

229

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kardak;kMhitCacaM)ac; eTAelIesrIPaBénkarbeBa©jmti

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230

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sMNuMerOgrbs; Faurisson Tl;nwgRbeTs)araMg ¬KN³km μaFikarsiT§imnusS qñaM1996¦

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RbGb; 72

231

GñkniBn§enH)andak;BakübNþwgrbs;Kat;eTAkan;KN³km μaFikarsiT§imnusS edayeFVI karCMTas;fa c,ab; Gayssot )anrMelaPeTAelIsiT§irbs;Kat;kñúgkarTTYl)anesrIPaB énkarbeBa©jmti nigesrIPaBénkarGb;rMfñak;]tþm. KN³km μaFikarsiT§imnusS)an rkeXIjfa karritt,iteTAelIesrIPaBénkarbeBa©jmtirbs;elak Faurisson RtUv)an GnuBaØati[eFVIeTA)anenAeRkammaRta19¬3¦én ICCPR BIeRBaHfakarritt,itenaH)anbMerInUv sckþIR)afñaeTAkan;shKmn_CnCatiCVIb[rs;enAedayesrIputBIkarP½yxøacBIbriyakasEdl RbqaMgeTAnwgCnCatiCVIb. KN³kmμaFikarsiT§imnusS)anrkeXIjfa karritt,itenH mansar³sMxan; Nas; kñúgkarTamTarRbqaMgkarRbkan;BUCsasn_ nigRbqaMgkarniymPasa. esrIPaBkñúgkarCYbRbCuMedaysnþiviFI nigesrIPaBxagsmaKm

maRta20 én UDHR

“1> mnusSRKb;rUb mansiTi§esrIPaBkñúgkarRbCMu b¤karbegáItsmaKmedaysnþiviFI. 2> KμanCnNamñak; ®tUv)anbgçitbgçM[cUlrYmkñúgsmaKmNamYyeLIy. :

maRta21 én ICCPR

“ siTi§RbCMuedaysnþiviFI ®tUvEtTTYlsÁal; . kareRbIR)as;siTi§enH Gacmankarritti,t Edl kMNt;edayc,ab;Etb:ueNÑaH nigEdlcaM)ac;kñúgsgÁmRbCaFibetyü kñúgplRbeyaCn_ én snþisuxCati b¤suvtßiPaBsaFarN³ sNþab;Fñab;saFarN³ karkarBarsuxPaBsaFarN³

b¤sIlFm’ b¤karkarBarsiTi§ nigesrIPaBrbs;GñkdéT . :

maRta22¬1¦ nig¬2¦ én ICCPR

“ 1> CnRKb;rUb mansiTi§cUlrYmCasmaKmedayesrICamYyGñkdéT rab;bB©ÚalTaMg siTi§begáItshCIB nigsiTi§cUlCashCIB edImI,karBarplRbeyaCn_rbs;xøÜn .

232

2> kareRbIR)as;siTi§enH Gacmankarritti,tEdlkMNt;edayc,ab;Etb:ueNÑaH nig EdlcaM)ac;kñúgsgÁmRbCaFibetyü kñúgplRbeyaCn_énsnþisuxCati b¤suvtßiPaB

saFarN³ sNþab;Fñab;saFarN³ karkarBarsuxPaBsaFarN³ b¤sIlFm’ b¤karkarBarsiTi§ nigesrIPaBrbs;GñkdéT. maRtaenH minraraMgdl;karritti,t

xagpøÚvc,ab;elIsmaCikeyaFa nignKr)alkñúgkareRbIR)as;siTi§enHeT . :

esrIPaBkñúgkarRbCuM nigkarbegáItsmaKmedaysnþiviFI CamYyKñanwgesrIPaBkñ úg karbeBa©jmti KWCasiT§iKnøwHenAkñúgsgÁmRbCaFibetyümYy edaysarfa siT§iTaMgenHGnuBaØat »üRbCaBlrdæcUlrYmkñúgdMeNIrkarRbCaFibetyü. dUcenAkñúgkrNIénesrIPaBkñúg-karbeBa©jmtiEdr siT§iTaMgenH k¾RtUvmankRmitCak;lak;nanapgEdr. esrIPaBkñúgkarCYbRbCuM visalPaB

karkarBaresrIPaBkñúgkarRbCuMFananUvsiT§ikñúgkarerobcMkarRbCuMnana Edlman eKalbMNg edIm,IBiPakSaB½t’man b¤KMnitCasaFarN³ b¤edayeFVIkarEckcayB½t’man TaMgenaH. eTaHCay:agenHk¾eday karCYbRbCuMnanaRtUv)aneKkarBar luHRtaEtva RtUv)aneFVIeLIg :edaysnþiviFI : CaBakümYyEdlRtUvEteFVIkarbkRsay[)anTUlMTU lay. Ca]TahrN_ rdæPaKIRtUvEtTb;sáat;kuM[karCYbRbCuMedaysnþiviFIERbkøay eTACakub,km μmYy edaysarmankarbgáehtu b¤edayeRbIkmøaMg edaykmøaMgsnþisux b¤PaKIÉkCnnana dUcCa)atukrRbqaMg)atukrdUcKña b¤edayPñak;garbgáehtunana CaedIm. rdænana sßitenAeRkamkatBVkic©mYy edIm,Icat;viFankarCaviC¢manTaMgLay

233

edIm,IFananUvsiT§ienH ehIyeFVIkarkarBarRbqaMgeTAnwgkareRCotERCkedayPñak;garrdæ nigPaKIÉkCnpgEdr. edIm,ITTYl)aneKalbMNgenH GaCJaFr RtUvEtcat;viFankar Fana[mandMeNIrkarRbRBwtþeTAedayrlUn énkarRbmUlpþúM nigkareFVI)atukmμnana. RsbCa mYyKñaenHEdr BYkeKKYrRtUvEt)aneK[dMNwgGMBITIkEnøg nigeBlevlaénkarCYbRbCuM enaH edaymankarCUndMNwgCamun[)anRKb;RKan; ehIyKYrRtUv)aneKGnuBaØat[cUl eTAkEnøgCYbRbCuMenaH)an.

kardak;kMhitepSg²

siT§ikñúgkarRbCuMedaysnþiviFI RtUvrgnUvkarritt,itCaeRcIn EdlRtUvEt³ RsbeTAtamc,ab;³ kareRCotERCk eTAelIesrIPaBkñúgkarRbCuM GacRtUv)aneFVI

eLIgy:agÉkraCüedayGaCJaFrrdæ)alnana CaBiess edayb:UlIs edayEp¥k elImUldæanénkarGnuBaØatiEdlmanEcgenAkñúgc,ab;TUeTAmYy

manPaBcaM)ac;enAkñúgsgÁmRbCaFibetyümYy³ ]TahrN_ vamansmamaRtnig RsbKñaCamYy niwgKuNtMélRbCaFibetyüCamUldæan énBhuniym PaBGt;eGan kar eyaKyl;TUlMTUlay nigGFibetyüPaBrbs;mnusS ehIyRsbtamenHEdrkarbMEbk karCYbRbCuMedaykmøaMgbgçM GacGnuBaØat[eFVIeTA)an luHRtaEtRKb;meFüa)ay sml μmnana )anTTYlbraC½ymk.

manbMNgeTAelIeKalbMNgCaFmμanuPaB dUcCa snþisuxCati suvtßiPaBsaFarN³ ¬kar CYbRbCuMGacRtUv)aneKeFVIkarbMEbk)an RbsinebIvanaM[mankarKMramkMEhgCak; lak;NamYy eTAelIbuKÁl nigGñkeFVIdMeNIr kat;kEnøgRbCuMenaH¦ sNþab;Fñab; saFarN³ suxPaBsaFarN³ nigsIlFm’saFarN³ nigsiT§i nigesrIPaBrbs; GñkdéTepSgeTot.

234

esrIPaBxagsmaKm

visalPaB

karkarBaresrIPaBkñúgkarbegáItsmaKm FananUvsiT§irbs;CnRKb;rUb kñúgkarbegáIt smaKmmYy CamYybuKÁlEdlmankaryl;eXIjRsedogKña b¤edIm,IcUlrYmeTA kñúgsmaKmEdlmanRsab;mYy. dUecñHehIy RbB½n§bkSEtmYyd¾twgrwgEdlRcanecal min[mankarbegáIt nigskm μPaBnanarbs;KN³bkSneya)ayepSg² rMelaPeTAelI esrIPaBkñúgkarbegáItsmaKm. karbegáItsmaKm nwgkøayCasmaCikPaB enAkñúg smaKmRtUvEtmanlkçN³s μ ½RKcitþ KμanCnNamñak;GacRtUveKbgçMedaypÞal; nigeday Rbeyal edayrdæ b¤edayPaKIÉkCnnana [cUlrYmeTAkñúgKN³bkSneya)aymYy sgÁm sasnamYy RkumBaNiC¢kmμ b¤kñúgkøwbkILamYy)aneLIy. rdæTaMgLaysßitenAeRkam katBVkic©mYy edIm,Ipþl;Rkbx½NÐc,ab; sRmab;karbegáItsmaKm nigedIm,IkarBarsiT§i enH RbqaMgeTAnwgkareRCotERCkedayPaKIÉkCnnana. esrIPaBkñúgkarbegáItsmaKm rYmbBa©ÚlnUvsiT§ikñúgkarbegáIt nigcUlrYmeTA kñúgshCIBnanaedIm,IkarBarplRbeyaCn_rbs;buKÁlmYy. siT§irbs;shCIBRtUv)an elIkeLIgy:agBiess enAkñúgmaRta8 én ICESCR.

krNIrbs;KN³bkSsgÁmniyménRbeTsTYKI ¬STP¦ nigGñkepSg

Tl;nwgRbeTsTYKI ¬tulakarsiT§imnusSGWru:b ¦

KN³bkSsgÁmniyménRbeTsTYKI¬STP¦ RtUv)anbegáIteLIgenAéf¶TI06 Exviciäka qñaM 1992 k¾b:uEnþ enAéf¶TI30 vicäika qñaM1993 tulakarFm μnuBaØaRbeTsTYKI)anbBa¢a

RbGb; 73

235

[rMlayKN³bkSecal EdlEp¥kelImUldæanfa kmμviFIrbs;KN³bkSenaHGacnwgeFVI[xUcxateTAelIbUrNPaBEdndIrbs;RbeTs nigÉkPaBCati. tulakar)anrkeXIjfa STP )anGMBavnav»ümansiT§ikñúgkareFVIesckþIseRmceCaKvasnaedayxøÜnÉg sRmab; RkumBYk Kurds ehIy)anKaMRT siT§ikñúgkar :eFVIs®gÁamedIm,ITamTarÉkraCüPaB : ehIy)an RbdUc TsSn³yl;eXIjrbs;xøÜneTAnwgRkumePrvkr. Gñkdak;BakübþwgkñúgcMeNamkarecaT Rbkan;CaeRcInenaH)anecaTfa karrMlayKN³bkSecalenaH)anrMelaPsiT§irbs;BYkeK EdlRtUv)anFanaenAeRkammaRta11énECHR sþIBIsiT§ikñúgkarbegáItsmaKm.

tulakarsiT§imnusSGWru:ub )anrkeXIjfa karrMlay STP )anbegáIt[mankareRCotERCkmYy eTAelIsiT§ikñúgkarTTYl)anesrIPaBkñúgkarbegáItsmaKmrbs;GñkbþwgBitEmn. vaBuMmanesckþIbBa¢ak; NasRmab;eFVI[raMgsÞHeTAdl;KN³bkSneya)aymYy edayRKan;EtKN³bkSneya)ayenaH sVHEsVgrkkarBiPakSaCasaFarN³GMBIsßanPaBmYyEpñkrbs;RbCaCnTaMgmUlrbs;rdæ ehIysVH EsVgcUlrYmeTAkñúgCivitneya)ayrbs;RbeTs edIm,IeFVIkarEsVgrkdMeNaHRsaynana edayeRbI meFüa)aymanlkçN³RbCaFibetyü EdlmanlT§PaBkñúgkareFVI[RkumBak;B½n§nanamankareBj citþ. bEnßmelIenHeTAeTot edaysarEttulakarFmμnuBaØ )aneFVIesckþIseRmcenH TaMgmun eBlEdl STP )ancab;epþImskmμPaB rbs;xøÜneTAeTot dUecñHtulakarGWru:b )anrkeXIj fa BuMmanPsþútagenAcMeBaHmux edIm,IKaMRTeTA niwgkarecaTRbkan;fa STP GMBITMnYlxus RtUvNamYyeTAelIbBaðanana EdlbgáeLIgedayePrvkm μenAkñúgRbeTsTYKIenaHeT. dUecñHehIy Ep¥keTAelItulakarGWru:b karrMlayenaHKWminmansmamaRt nigminmanPaBcaM)ac; enAkñúgsgÁmRbCaFibetyümYyeLIy.

karkRmitRBMEdnnana esrIPaBkñúgkarbegáItsmaKm RtUvTTYlrgnUvkarritt,itdUcKñaeTAnwgesrIPaBkñ úg karCYbRbCuMEdr³ karritt,itNamYy RtUvEtmanEcgenAkñúgc,ab; manPaBcaM)ac;enAkñúg

236

sgÁmRbCaFibetyü nigbMerIeKalbMNgmYy kñúgcMeNameKalbMNgCaeRcIn eday eFVIkarbBa¢ak;nUvehtupl[)ansmrmüénkareRCotERCk dUcCakarkarBarsnþisuxCati suvtßiPaBsaFarN³ sNþab;Fñab;saFarN³ suxPaB b¤sIlFm’saFarN³ ehIynigpl RbeyaCn_ nigesrIPaBrbs;GñkdéT. karbegáItsmaKm Edlcg;)an[mankars¥b; ex<ImeTAelIsBa¢ati Catisasn_nigsasna KYrRtUv)anhamXat;edIm,ICaplRbeyaCn_ rbs;GñkdéTepSgeTot eTAtammaRta20¬2¦ én ICCPR EdlhamXat;kartsU‘ mtiNa EdlnaM[mankars¥b;ex<ImeTAelIsBa¢ati Catisasn_ nigsasna. siT§ikñúgkarcUlrYmenAkñúgrdæaPi)al

maRta21 én UDHR “ 1> mnusSRKb;rUb mansiTi§cUlrYmkñúgkardwknaMkic©karsaFarN³énRbeTsrbs;xøÜn

edaypÞal; b¤tamry³tMNagEdl)aneRCIserIsedayesrI . 2> mnusSRKb;rUb mansiTi§cUlbeRmImuxgarsaFarN³énRbeTsrbs;xøÜn kñúg

l½kçx½NÐsmPaB . 3> qnÞ³rbs;RbCaBlrdæ CamUldæanGMNacénkardwknaMkic©karsaFarN³. qnÞ³enH ®tUvsEmþgecjtamry³kae)aHeqñaty:ageTogTat; tameBlkMNt; nigBitR)akd manlkçN³skl esμ IPaB nige)aHeqñatedaysm¶at; b¤tamnItiviFIsmmUl Edl

FanaesrIPaBénkare)aHeqñat . :

maRta25 én ICCPR

“ RbCaBlrdæRKb;rUbmansiTi§ nigman»kas ³ ¬k¦> rYmcMENkkñúgkardwknaMkic©karsaFarN³edaypÞal; b¤tamry³tMNag Edl

237

xøÜneRCIserIsedayesrI . ¬x¦> e)aHeqñat nigQreQμaH[eKe)aHeqñat enAkñúgkare)aHeqñatBitR)akdtam kalkMNt;eTogTat; Caskl esμ IPaB nigedaysm¶at; EdlFanakarbeB©ajmti

edayesrIBIqnÞ³Gñke)aHeqñat . ¬K¦>cUlbeRmImuxgarsaFarN³kñúgRbeTsrbs;xøÜn kñúgl½kçx½NÐTUeTAedaysmPaB. siT§ikñúgkarcUlrYmenAkñúgrdæaPi)al KWCassrRTUgmYyrbs;RbCaFibetyüsm½yTMenIb dUecñHehIy vamansar³sMxan;Nas;sRmab;sPa. karGnuvtþsiT§ienH)anRtwmRtUv manplb:HBal;edaypÞal;eTAdl;critRbCaFibetyürbs;sPa ehIyCaBiess eTAdl;rdæaPi)al nigeKalneya)aynanarbs;xøÜn. tamBiteTA siT§ienHmanbIEpñk EdlRtUv)anBnül;dUcxageRkam³

siT§iTUeTAkñúgkarcUlrYmCasaFarN³ siT§ie)aHeqñat nigQreQμaH[eKe)aHeqñat

siT§iTTYl)anesvakm μsaFarN³esμ IKña

siT§iTUeTAkñúgkarcUlrYmkñúgkic©karsaFarN³ siT§ikñúgkarcUlrYmCasaFarN³ rYmman ³ ¬k¦>karcUlrYmedayRbeyaleTAkñúgkic©karsaFarN³ tamry³GñktMNagCab;eqñat ¬x¦>karcUlrYmedaypÞal;eTAkñúgkic©karsaFarN³. karcUlrYmedayRbeyal karcUlrYmedayRbeyal RtUv)aneFVIeLIgPaKeRcIn tamry³kare)aHeqñat nigkarbegáItnUv

238

sßab½ntMNagnana CaBiess sPaCati EdlRbCaBlrdæcUlrYmenAkúñúgkic©karsaFarN³ beBa©j qnÞ³rbs;BYkeK nigdak;[rdæaPi)al manKNenyüPaBcMeBaHBYkeK . KN³kmμaFikarsiT§i mnusS )anEføgfa GMNacrbs;sßab½ntMNag KYrRtUv)anBRgwgtampøÚvc,ab; nigminKYr RtUv)aneKkRmitenARtwmEtCamuxnaTICaGñk[eyabl;enaHeT ehIyfa GñktMNagenaH KYrEt GnuvtþnUvGMNacTaMgLayNa EdlRtUv)anRbKl;mk[xøÜnEtbu:eNÑaH [)anRsbeTA tamxbBaØtiþrbs;rdæFm μnuBaØ ¬esckþIBnül;TUeTA elx25¦. edIm,I[sPaeFVIkarqøúHbBa©aMg[)anBitR)akdBIqnÞ³rbs;RbCaBlrdæ kare)aHeqñat RtUvEtmanPaBBitR)akd esrI nigRtwmRtUv ehIyRtUv)anerobcMeFVIeLIgmin[man cenøaHeBlyUrmintamkalkMNt;enaHeT. enAqñaM1994 IPU )anGnum½tesckþIEføgkarN_ sþIBIlkçN³vinicä½ysRmab;kare)aHeqñatedayesrI nigRtwmRtUvEdl)anbBa¢ak; c,as;GMBIlkçN³ vinicä½yeTAelIsiT§ikñúgkare)aHeqñat karQreQμaHCaebkçCnsiT§i nig karTTYlxusRtUvrbs;KN³bkS nigkareXasna ehIynigsiT§i nigkarTTYlxus RtUvrbs;rdæ. GgÁkarshRbCaCatiCaEpñkmYyénkarCYyeRCamERCg eTAelIkare)aH eqñat nigskm μPaB BinitüemIleTAelIkare)aHeqñat k¾)anbegáItlkçN³vinicä½y c,as;las;sRmab;kMNt;GVIEdlKYrCaFatuTUeTAnanarbs;c,ab; nignItiviFIe)aHeqñat epSg². karcUlrYmedaypÞal; karcUlrYmedaypÞal;mann½yfa minRKan;EtGñktMNagCab;eqñatbu:eNÑaHeT EfmTaMgRbCaCnpgEdr EdlmanlT§PaBcUlrYmedaypÞal;eTAkñúgkic©karsaFarN³ tamry³karBiPakSa nigkarCECkEvkEjkCasaFarN³ CamYyGñktMNagCab;eqñat kareFVIRbCamti nigKMnitpþÜcepþImeBjniymnana b¤tamry³karerobcMGgÁkaredayxøÜnÉg

239

Edl)anFanaedayesrIPaBkñ úgkarbeBa©jmti karRbCu Mnigbegá ItsmaKm. eTaHCay:agenHk¾eday enAkñúgkrNIerOg Marshall Tl;nwgkaNada ¬1991¦ KN³kmμa FikarsiT§imnusS )anTTYlsÁal;nUvTMhMd¾TUlMTUlayénqnÞanusiT§irbs;rdæTak;TineTAnwg karpþl;siT§ikñúgkarcUlrYmneya)ayedaypÞal;³

“vaBuMmanGVIEdlCaTMnas;eT Edlfa karcUlrYmeTAkñúgkic©karsaFarN³ enAkñúg rdæRbkan;lT§ iRbCaFibetyüenaH KWCaParkic©rbs;GñktMNag[RbCaBlrdæ EdlRtUv)aneKe)aHeqñateLIgsRmab;eKalbMNgenaH ehIym®nþIsaFarN³nana RtUv)aneKEtgtaMgeLIgedayRsbeTAtamc,ab;. edayminxusEbøkBIK ña karRbRBwtþeTArbs;kic©karsaFarN³ b:HBal;eTAdl;plRbeyaCn_rbs; RbCaBlrdæ mYyEpñkFM b¤k¾b:HBal;eTAdl;RbCaBlrdæTaMgmUlEtmþg xN³eBlEdlkñúgkrNI xøHeTot vab:HBal;edaypÞal;eTAelIplRbeyaCn_rbs;RkumCak;lak;NamYy enAkñúgsgÁmeTotpg. eTaHbICakarBieRKaHeyabl;Camun dUcCasvnakar b¤karBieRKaHeyabl;saFarN³ CamYyRkummanplRbeyaCn_sMxan;CageK Etg EtGacRtUv)anGnuBaØatedayc,ab; b¤RtUv)anvivtþeTACaeKalneya)aysaFarN³ enAkñúgkarRbRBitþinana énkic©karsaFarN³k¾eday k¾ maRta25¬k¦ énktikasBaØa enH minGacRtUv)aneKyl;kñúgn½yfa RkumEdlmankarb:HBal;edaypÞal;NamYy TMhMFM b¤tUc mansiT§iedayK μanlkçxNÐ edIm,IeRCIserIsrebobcUlrYmeTAkñúgkar RbRBitþiénkic©karsaFarN³enaHeT. tamBiteTA vaCakarRbemIemIleTAelIsiT§iénkar cUlrYmedaypÞal;rbs;RbCaCn EdlmaneRcInelIsBIvisalPaBénmaRta 25¬k¦ eTAeTot :.

240

esckþIRbkassþIBIlkçN³vinicä½ysRmab;kare)aHeqñatedayesrI nig

RtwmRtUvrbs; IPU ¬1994¦

GMNacrbs;sPaPaKeRcInekItecjBIsmtßPaBrbs;BYkeKkñúgkarqøúHbBa©aMgedayesμaHRtg; eTAelIPaBcMruHénRKb;EpñkTaMgGs;rbs;sgÁm ehIyedIm,IeFVIdUcenH)an vaGaRs½yeTAelIrebobEdl kare)aHeqñatRtUv)aneKerobcMeLIg. dUecñHehIy IPU )aneFVIkarRbwgERbgCaduMkMPYn eTAelIkar begáIteLIgnUvlkçN³vinicä½ysRmab;kare)aHeqñat. lT§plsMxan;mYyBIkargarenaH KW esckþIEføgkarN_sþIBIlkçN³vinicä½y sRmab;kare)aHeqñatedayesrI nigRtwmRtUv Edl RtUv)anGnum½tenAkñúgqñaM 1994. PaKeRcIn esckþIEføgkarN_enHEp¥keTAelIkarsikSa mYyeTAelIGtßn½y nigviFanrbs;c,ab;GnþrCati nigkarGnuvtþCak;Esþgrbs;rdæEdlTak;Tin eTAnwgkare)aHeqñat edayRKbdNþb;dMeNIr kare)aHeqñatTaMgmUlEtmþg mantaMgBIc,ab;e)aHeqñat karerobcMsnøwkeqñat karRtYtBinitüemIlelIkEnøge)aHeqñat karrab;snøwkeqñat karRbkaslT§pl karBinitüeTAelIbNþwg nigedaHRsay TMnas;nana. esckþIRbkasenH k¾)anelIkeLIgnUvbBaðanana énsiT§ikñúgkare)aHeqñat karQreQμaHCa ebkçCn siT§i nigkarTTYlxus RtUvrbs;KN³bkS nigkareXasna ehIynigsiT§i nigkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;rdæ. eday sarvaCaÉksarelIkdMbUgkñúgkarbeBa©jnUvkaryl;RBmCaÉkcä½nEpñkneya)ayCuMvijBiPBelak eTAelIRbFanbTenH enaHesckþIEføgkarN_enHRtUv)aneKykeTAeRbIR)as;CaeKalkarN_ENnaMmYy sRmab;kare)aHeqñatenAtamRbeTsCaeRcIn.

siT§ie)aHeqñat nigQreQμaH[eKe)aHeqñat

siT§ie)aHeqñat nigsiT§ikñúgkarQreQ μaH[eKe)aHeqñat KWsMxan;Nas;sRmab; sPakñúgzan³Casßab½nRbCaFibetyümYysRmab;smaCiksPa nigsRmab;lT§iRbCaFibetyü

RbGb; 74

241

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242

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243

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244

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246

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247

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248

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37J. Olaka–Onyango nig Deepika Udagama ebskkm μBiessrbs;GnuKN³km μkarelIksÞ Üy

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OHCHR hSúWENv ExkBaØa qñaM2002

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250

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edayehtufa PaBRkIRk CaEpñkmYyénkarminTTYl)annUvsiT§imnusSCaeRcInenaH maK’ayksiT§imnusSCaeKalKWCakarcaM)ac;edIm,IBRgwgyuT§saRsþénkarkat;bnßyPaB RkIRk. kñúgkareqIøytbeTAnwgsMeNI EdleFIVeLIgeday KN³kmμaFikarsiT§iesdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’ enAkñúgExkkáda qñaM2001 eRkamkarCYyBIIGñkCMnaj3rUb elak RsIRobinson ]tþmsñgkarGgÁkarshRbCaCatiTTYlbnÞúksiTi§mnusSnaeBlenaH)an

251

begI áteLIgnUveKalkarN_ENna MRBag ³ maK’ayksiT § imn usSCaeKal edIm,IeFVICayuT§sa®sþkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk ¬Edl)ane)aHBum<pSay enAkñúgExkBaØa qñaM2002¦. kñúgkar[niymn½yelIPaBRkIRk BYkeK)aneRCIsyknUvTsSn³ EdlRtUv)aneKTTYlsÁal;ya:gTUlMTYlaymYy EdlRtUv)anelIkeLIgdMbUgeK edayGñkts‘Umti KWelak Amartya Sen Edl[niymn½yfa CnRkIRkmñak; KWCa CnEdlRtUv)aneKbM)at;ecal nUvlT§PaBCamUldæannana dUcCalT§PaBkñúgkarrYc putBIkarGt;Xøan lT§PaBkñúgkarrs;enARbkbedaysuxPaBl¥ nigGacecHGan nigsresr. ]TahrN_nana GMBIsiT§i mnusS EdlmankarBak;B½n§sMxan;nwgPaBRkIRk mandUcCa siTi§TTYl)ancMNIGahar TICMrk suxPaB nigkarGb;rM. siT§imnusS epSgeTot mankarTak;TgsMxan;eTAnwgPaBRkIRk KWfakarTTYl)ansiT§iTaMgenaH nwgCYy[)anTTYlnUvsiT§iBak;B½n§sMxan;²déTeTotEdr. ]TahrN_ karTTUl)ansiTi§ eFIVkar nigeFIV[mankarTTYl)annUvsiT§imnusSepSgeTotEdr dUcCasiT§iTTYl)ancMNI Gahar suxPaB nigTIlMenA. siT§iBlrdæ nigsiT§ineya)ay dUcCasiTi§mansuvtißPaB pÞal;xøÜn siTi§TTYl)anyutiþFm’edayesI μPaBKña nigsiT§iesrIPaBEpñkneya)ayk¾man TMnak;TMngsMxan;nigkarRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgPaBRkIRkEdr.

eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsvtSrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati

1. lubbM)at;PaBRkIRk nigPaBGt;XøanhYsehtu TisedAsRmab;qñaM 2015³ kat;bnßyBak;kNþaleéncMnYnmnusS EdlkMBugrs;enA CamYycMMNUlticCag 1duløar kñúgmYyéf¶ ehIynigRbCaCnEdlrgeRKaHBIPaBGt;Xøan

RbGb; 76

252

2. seRmc[)annUvkarGb;rMkMritbzmsikSaCaskl TisedAsRmab;qñaM2015³ Fanafa ek μgRubus nigekμgRsI bBa©b;karGb;rMkMritbzmsikSa

3. elIksÞÜysmPaBeynD½r nigBRgwgGMNac®sþI TisedAsRmab;qñaM2005 nig2015 ³ lubbM)at;ecalPaBxusKñaEpñkeynD½renAkñúgkar Gb;rMkMritbzmsikSa nigmFümsikSa cg;)anbMputenAqñaM2005 nwgenAtamRKb;kMrit TaMgGs;enAqñaM2015

4. kat;bnßyGRtamrN³rbs;kumar TisedAsRmab;qñaM2015³kat;bnßycMnYnBIrPaKbIénGRtamrN³rbs;kumareRkamGayu5qñaM 5. eFVI[suxPaBmþaymanPaBRbesIreLIg

TisedAsRmab;qñaM2015 ³ kat;bnßycMnYnbIPaKbYnénGRtamrN³rbs;®sþI Edlsøab; eBlsMralkUn

6. RbyuT§RbqaMgnwgCMgWhIuv¼eGds_ CMgWRKuncaj; nigCMgWepSg² TisedAsRmab;qñaM2015 ³ bBaÄb; nigcab;epþImeFVIkarTb;sáat;karrIkraldalénCMgWhIuv ¼eGds_ nigkarpÞúHeLIgnUvCMgWRKuncaj; nigCMgWkacsahavepSg²eTot

7. FananirnþrPaBbrisßan dak;bBa©ÚleKalneya)ayénkarGPivDÆn_RbkbedaynirnþrPaB eTAkñúgeKalneya)ay nigkmμviFInanarbs;RbeTs ehIyeFVIkarTb;sáat;nUvkar)at;bg;énFnFanbrisßan. enAqñaM2015 ³ kat;bnßycMnYnBak;kNþalnUvsmamaRténcMnYnRbCaCn EdlK μan lT§PaBTTYl)anTwks¥atsRmab;TTYlTan enAqñaM2020 ³ eFVI[seRmc)anPaBRbesIreLIgCadMukMPYn elICIvitrbs;mnusS y:ag ehacNas; cMnYn 100lannak; EdlkMBugrs;enAkñúgtMbn;GnaFibetyü

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8. GPivDÆn_nUvPaBédKUCaskl sRmab;karGPivDÆn_ edaymankarkMnt;eKaledAsRmab;

CMnYyBaNiC¢km μ nigkarrMelaHbMNul GPivDÆn_EfmeToteTAelIRbB½n§BaNiC¢km μ nighirBaØvtßúebIkTUlaymYy edayrYmbBa©Úl nUvkartaMgcitþmYy eTAelIGPi)alkic©l¥ karGPivDÆn_ nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk enA fñak;Cati nigGnþrCati. eqøIytbeTAniwgesckþIRtUvkarBiessrbs;RbeTsmankarGPivDÆn_ticbMput nigesckþIRtUvkar Biessrbs;RbeTsEdlBuMenACab;smuRT nigrdækMBugGPivDÆn_enAtamekaHtUc²nana. edaHRsayedayTUlMTUlayeTAnwgbBaðabMNulrbs;RbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_. GPivDÆn_kargar sRmab;yuvCnEdlRbkbedayPaBéføfñÚr nigmanplitPaB. edaymankic©shkarCa mYyRkumh‘unplit»sfnana pþl;lT§PaB[TTYl)annUv»sfEdlGacTij)ankñúg tMélefak nigEdlRtUvkarcaM)ac;nana eTA[RbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_TaMgLay. eday mankic©shkarCamYyEpñkÉkCn eFVI[manGtßRbeyaCn_nanaBIbec©kviTüafμI CaBiess elIbec©kviTüaB½t’man nigTUrKmnaKmn_.

sßab½nhirBaØvtßúGnþrCati nigkarRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgPaBRkIRk cab;taMgBIqñaM1996 sßab½nhirBaØvtßúGnþrCati )ancab;epIþmTTYlsÁal;nUvsar³sMxan; énkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk. kñúgkmμviFIGPivDÆn_TUlMTUlayrbs;BYkeK RkumFnaKarBiPB elak nigsßab½nrUbiyvtßúGnþrCatiEdlRtUv)aneKsÁal;faCasßab½nBretton Woods enaH )ansnμt;ykkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk CamUldæanényuT§sa®sþfIμkñúgkarrMelaHbMNul nigkic© shkarénkarGPivDÆn_. RbeTsEdlCMBak;bMNuleRcIn nigRbeTsRkIRkepSgeTot RtUv)anCMruj[begIátnUvyuT§saRsþkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk (PRSPs) tamry³dMeNIrkar EdlmankarcUlrYm. yuTæsaRsþenaH RtUvbBa¢ak;[)anc,as; GMBIkarkat;bnßy nig

254

eKaledAedIm,IlubbM)at;[)anTaMgRsugnUvPaBRkIRk RBmTaMgbegIátnUvTisedAnigsþg; dasRmab;vas;EvgenAkñúgEpñkepSg² dUcCakarplites,óg suxPaB karGb;rM Blkmμ PaByutiþFm’ GPi)alkic©l¥ nigkareFIV[)anlTi§RbCaFibetyü. eTaHCaya:genHk_eday k¾kmμviFIEbbenHRtUv)anTTYlrgnUvkarriHKn;CaeRcIn rYmTaMgBIsMNak;GñkraykarN_Biess rbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatiEdlTTYlbnÞúkvis½ysklPavUbnIykm μ nigsiT§imnusSpg Edr ¬sUmemIlRbGb;75¦ kñúgkarTTUc[KitEtBIma:RkÚesdækic© ehIyEdleFIV[)at; bg;nUvPaBCam©as;kar nigkarcUlrYmrbs;RbCaCnkñúgRsuk.38 karsÞabsÞg;mtiEdl eFIVeLIgedaymUlniFishRbCaCatisRmab;RbCaCn (UNFPA) )aneFIVkarsikSaeTAelI visalPaBEdl PRSPs )anRKbdNþb;EpñkTaMg7 éncMnYnRbCaCn nigbBaðakarGPi vDÆn_ rYmTaMg siTi§mnusSenAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ cMnYn44 rhUtdl;qñaM2001. karsikSa)anlatRtdag[eXIjfa bBaðasiTi§mnusSEdlmanTMnak;TMngya:gCak;c,as; eTAnwgsni§sBaØaGnþrCati KWCaRbFanbTEdlRtUv)aneKelIkmkniyay edaytictYcbMput ehIy faRbeTsPaKeRcIn minniyayGMBIsiTi§mnusSTal;EtesaH. 39

eTaHbICasiTi§mnusS minTan;)anedIrtYCacMbgenAkñúgkarbegIát nigkarGnuvtþn_ eTAelI PRSPs k¾eday k¾eKalneya)ayTUeTAsIþBIkarrYmbBa©ÚlsiTi§mnusSrbs;GgÁkarsh RbCaCati nwgnaM[manmaK’ayksiTi§mnusSCaeKal edIm,IbegáItelIyuT§sa®sþnanaénkarkat;

38 Oloka-Onyango nig Udagama op. cit, XøaTI 53 39 karepþateTAelIRbCaCn nigRbFanbTEpñkGPivDÆn_ enAkñúgÉksaryuTæsaRsþkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk karRbQmmux nigkalanuvtþPaBsMrab; UNFPA éf¶TI11 Exmina qñaM2002

255

bnßyPaBRkIRk enAkñúgskmμPaBnana rbs;kmμviFIGPivDÆn_shRbCaCati ¬UNDP¦ kñúgsßab½n Bretton Woods nigTIPñak;garm©as;CMnYyepSg²eTot. EpñkEdlenAsl;TaMgb:un μankñúgCMBUkenH EdlPaKeRcIn Ep¥keTAelIeyabl; CaTUeTArbs;KN³kmμaFikar CESCR epþateTAelIsiT§iesdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’ EdlRtUv)anFanaenAeRkamesckþIRbkasCasklsIþBIsiTi§mnusS ehIynig CESCR. Epñk enaH k_elIkeLIgnUveKalcMNucsMxan;² Tak;TgnwgbBaðaepSg²EdlBak;B½næ.

tMélbEnßméndMeNaHRsayedayEp¥kelIsiTi§mnusS

eqø IytbeTAnwgsMnYrsI þB It MélbEnßmeTAelIdMeNaHRsayedayEp¥kelIsiTi§mnusS cMeBaHkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nigeTAkan;karGPivDÆn_TUeTA esckIþþENnaMRBagpþl;nUv cMelIyd¾KYr[eCOmYyKW ³ karpþl;GMNac bJukareFVI[manPaBm©as;kar. ma’KaTTYl)ansiTi§mnusSCaeKalpþl;nUvKMeragbTdæand¾Cak;c,as; nigKYr[eCOTukcitþ sRmab;karbegIátnUvbTdæanKtiyutþ sMrab;CarUbmnþkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk BIeRBaHfa karkat;bnßyPaB RkIRkedaymanRbsiT§PaBminGaceFIVeTA)aneT RbsinebIKμankarpþl;GMNacdl;RbCaCn RkIRk. bTdæan nigtMélrbs;c,ab;siTi§mnusSGnþrCati manskþanuBlPaB nwgseRmcnUv karpþl;GMNac enH. enAeBlEdlviFIsaRsþEbbenH RtUv)aneKRbkan;ykkarkat;bnßy PaBRkIRkElgmann½yfaRKan;EtCakarbMeBjnUvtRmUvkarrbs;RbCaCnRkIRkeTotehIy. vak¾mann½yfa CakarTTYlsÁal;faRbCaCnRkIRkmansiTi§rbs;xøÜn ehIyRsbeBlCamYy KñaenaH k¾mankarbMeBjnUvkatBVkic©tampøÚvc,ab;sRmab;GñkepSgeTot. ehtuenHehIy karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk)ankøayeTACaGIV EdlelIsBIkarpþl;sb,úrsFm’ nigelIsBIkar

RbGb; 77

256

bMeBjkatBVkic©EbbsIlFm’ KWvakøayeTACakarbMeBjkatBVkic©eTAtampøÚvc,ab; Edlbgáb; n½yfa nItibuKÁlEdlmankrNIkic©kñúgkarbMeBjnUvtYnaTIenH rYmmanrdæ sßab½nGnþrdæaPi)al nig sßab½nsklTaMgLay KYrEtRtUvmanKNenyüPaB cMeBaHkic©karenH. bEnßmeTAnwgKMnit EdlsMedAeTAdl;PaBRsbc,ab; KNenyüPaB nigkarBRgwgGMNac enaH TRmg;sMxan;énmaK’aTTYl)ansiTi§mnusSCaeKal rYmmaneKalkarN_énlkçN³ skl PaBminerIseGIg nigPaBesI μKña mankarcUlrYm nigmankarTTYlsÁal; nUvTMnak;TMngrvag KñaeTAvijeTAmkénsiTi§mnusSTaMgGs;. km μviFI nigsßab½nrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatiCaeRcIn CaBiess UNDP nig OHCHR )anGnum½tyknUvmaK’ayksiTi§mnusSCaeKal edIm,IkarGPivDÆn_mnusSCati edayeFVIkar kMNt; nUvvtßúbMNg énkarGPivDÆn_ kñúgn½yEdlsiT§i EdlGacGnuvtþ)aneTAtampøÚvc,ab;. maK’a TTYl)ansiTi§ mnusSCaeKalenH maneKalbMNg edIm,IBRgwgkRmitKNenyüPaB enAkñúgdMeNIrkarénkarGPivDÆn_ tamry³karkMNt;;nUvGñkRtUvTTYl)ansiTi§ ¬nigsiTi§ EdlBYkeKRtUvTTYl)an¦ ehIynigGñkEdlRtUvbMeBjkrNIykic© ¬nigkatBVkic© rbs;BYkeK¦ ehIynigtamry³karbMElgsþg;darCaskleTACaeKaledA EdlkMNt;eLIg enAkñúgRsuk edIm,IsRmab;eFIVkarvas;EvgeTAelIPaBrIkcMerIn.

siTiæTTYl)ansnþisuxsgÁm

maRta22 én UDHR

“kñúgzan³CasmaCikénsgÁm mnusSRKb;rUb mansiTi§TTYl)ansnþisuxsgÁm nig RtUvTTYl)ankarseRmcnUvsiTi§esdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’ EdlcaM)ac;sRmab;

esckþIéføfñÚr nigkarrIkcMerIn edayesrIénbuKÁliklkçN³rbs;xøÜn tamry³

257

karxitxMrbs;Cati nigkic©shRbtibtþikarGnþrCati RsbtamkarerobcM nigtamFnFanrbs;RbeTsnImYy². :

maRta25 én UDHR

“ 1> mnusSRKb;rUb mansiTi§TTYl)ankRmitCIvPaBRKb;RKan; edImI,FanasuxPaB nig suxumalPaBrbs;xøÜn nig®KYsar rYmman cMNIGahar semøókbMBak; lMenAdæan karEf TaMsuxPaB nigesvasgÁmkic©cMa)ac;epSg²eTot . mnusSRKb;rUb mansiTi§TTYl)ankarKaMBar enAeBlKμankargareFVI manCMgW Bikar emm:ay b¤eBaHm:ay cas;Cra b¤enAeBl)at;

bg;meFüa)ayFanaCIvPaB EdlbNþalmkBIkal³eTs³ putBIqnÞ³rbs;xøÜn . 2> matuPaB nigkumarPaB mansiTi§TTYlCMnYy nigkarEfTaMBiess. kumarRKb;rUb

eTaHekItBI«Bukmþaymanxan;søa b¤\tmanxan;søakþI ®tUv)anTTYlkarkarBarxagsgÁmkic© dUcKña . :

maRta9 én CESCR

“ rdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH TTYlsÁal;siTi§rbs;CnRKb;rUbTTYl)ansiTi§snþisuxsgÁm

rYmTaMgkarFanar:ab;rgsgÁmpg . : etIGIVeTACaRbB½n§snþisuxsgÁm? tamBiteTA RbB½n§snþ isuxsgÁm KYrEtmaneKaledA edIm,Ipþl;nUvkar RKbdNþb;d_TYlMTYlaysRmab;sßankarN_RKb;RbePTEdlGacnwgeFIVkarKMramkMEhg dl;smtßPaBbuKÁlNamñak; kñúgkarrkR)ak;kMér nigedIm,IFananUvsþg;daénkarrs;enA[)anRKb; RKan;. cMNucTak;TgnwgsuvtißPaBsgÁm RtUv)ansegçb enAkñúgGnusBaØasIþBIsnþisux

258

sgÁm ¬sþg;daCaGb,brma¦ enAqñaM1952 ¬elx102¦. cMNucTaMgenaH mandUcCa³ karEfTaMevC¢saRsþ GtßRbeyaCn_sRmab;eBlmanCMgW GtßRbeyaCn_enAeBlKμankargareFIV GtßRbeyaCn_sRmab;cas;Cra GtßRbeyaCn_sRmab;buKÁlikenAeBlrgrbYs

GtßRbeyaCn_sRmab;RKYsar nigmatuPaB

GtßRbeyaCn_eBlGsuBlPaB

GtßRbeyaCn_sRmab;GñkenArs;bnþ enAkñúgRbB½n§snþisuxsgÁm mankarEbgEckxusKña rvagkm μviFIFanar:ab;rg sgÁmkic© Edlpþl;nUvR)ak;]btßm ÖkñúgkrNImankarbg¥ak;dl;karrkcMNUlBImuxrbr nigkmμviFI CMnYy]btßmÖsgÁmkic©Edlpþl;nUvR)ak;]btßmÖbEnßmeTAelIR)ak;cMNUltictYcrbs;smaCikRkúm EdlgayrgeRKaH. kmμviFITaMgBIrRbePTenH maneKalbMNgedIm,IFananUvlkçxNÐsMPar³ Edl RtUvkarsRmab;karrs;enAkñúgkRmitbTdæanRKb;RKan; ehIynigpþl;karkarBarBIplb:HBal;Edl bNþalmkBIPaBRkIRk nigGsnþisuxénEpñksMPar³.

Tak;TgeTAnwgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ karGegáteTAelIsnþisuxsgÁm RtUv)an dak;CalMdab;lMedaydUcxageRkam³

RbeTscMnYntictYcNas; Edl)anbegIátEpnkarsnþisuxsgÁm d¾TYlMTUlay edaypþl;nUvkarRKbdNþb;Caskl

EpnkarsnþisuxsgÁm TMngCaeFVIeLIg edIm,IepþateTAelIRkumBiessnana ¬dUc Ca kumar b¤RsIþmanépÞeBaH¦

259

EpnkarsnþisuxsgÁmPaKeRcIn Cakm μviFICYyseRgÁaHbnÞan; edaypþl;nUvkar CYy]btßmÖ enAeBlmaneRKaHmhnþray.

]bsKÁEtgEtekItmaneLIgcMeBaHRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ enAeBlEdlBYkeK BüayambegIátnUvRbB½n§snþisuxsgÁm. ]bsKÁenaH rYmman PaBRkIRk GsmtßPaBEpñk rdæ)al bMNul nigeKalneya)aysMrbsMrYlrcnasm<½næ Edldak;kMhitedaysßab½n hirBaØvtßúGnþrCati.

ktþasMxan;² EdlRtUvykmkBicarNa Tak;TgeTAnwgsiTiæTTYl)ansnþisuxsgÁm

enAkñ úgkic©RbwgERbg edIm,IFana[)annUvkarGnuvtþsiTi æTTYlnUvsnþ isuxsgÁm sßab½nrdæ CaBiess sPa KYrEtcgcaMnUvGnusasn_dUcxageRkam³ EpnkarskmμPaBfñak;CatimYy EdlrYmman eKaledA sUcnkrsRmab;vas;Evg

nUvPaBrIkcMerIn nigeBlevlakMNt;c,as;lal;. EpnkarenH KYrEtRtUv)antak; EtgeLIg ehIyynþkar KYrEtRtUv)anbegIáteLIg edIm,IRtYtBinitükarrIkcMerIneTA elIkarseRmc)annUvsiTi§enH .

viFankarnItibBaØtiþEdlTak;TgTaMgLay KYrEtCMruj[)annUvkarrIkcMerIneTAelI karTTYl)annUvsiTiæenH ehIyRtUvEtBMumanPaBerIseGIgeLIy

kñúgkMLúgeBlénkarrIkcMerIn eTAelIkarTTYl)annUvsiT§ikRmitGb,brma énsnþisuxsgÁm KYrEtRtUv)anFana[mancMeBaHRkumsgÁmEdlgayrgeRKaHCaTIbMput¬dUcCacas; Cra kumarEdlmkBIRKYsarRkIRk buKÁlEdlmanCMgW RBmTaMgCnBikar¦

karGnuvtþnviFankarsnþisuxsgÁmKYrEtRtUvTTYlkarBinitü ehIycMENkÉviFan

260

karkat;bnßy ¬karkat;bnßyKuNRbeyaCn_énsuvtißPaBsgÁm b¤TMhMénkarRKb dNþb;¦ KYrEtRtUveCosvag

nItiviFIrdæ)al nigRbB½n§tulakar KYrEtRtUvbegIát[man edIm,ICMrujlT§PaB[Gñk EdlRtUvTTYlplRbeyaCn_ GacriHrknUvsMNgxUcxatrbs;xøÜn

karCYyeRCamERCg KYrEtbegIáteLIg edIm,IGnuvtþviFankarTaMgenH edIm,IeCosvagGMeBIBuk rlYy nigkarbnøM Tak;TgeTAnwgKuNRbeyaCn_énsnþisuxsgÁm.

snþisuxsgÁmsRmab;cas;Cra ³ esckþIBnül;TUeTArbs; CESCR elx6

“ktikasBaØaGnþrCatisIþBIsiTi§esdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’ BMu)anEcgc,as;GMBIsiTi§rbs;mnusS cas;CraeT k¾b:uEnþenAkñúgmaRta16 manEcgGMBI {siTi§rbs;buKÁlmñak;²kñúgkarTTYl)ansnþisux sgÁm EdlrYmmankarFanara:b;rgsgÁmkic©}. maRtaenaHTTYlsÁal;nUvsiTi§TTYlR)ak;]btßmÖrbs; cas;Cra. eTaHbICaya:gNak¾eday karBitEdlfa siTi§EdlmanEcgenAkñúgktikasBaØa sMedAsRmab;RKb;smaCikTaMgGs;enAkñúgsgÁm vac,as;Nas;EdlfaRbCaCncas;Cra k¾RtUvTTYl)annUvsiTi§eBjelj EdlTTYlsÁal;enAkñúgktikasBaØaenaHEdr. :

siTi§eFIVkargar nigsiTi§enAkEnøgeFIVkar

maRta23 ¬1¦ én UDHR

“ 1> mnusSRKb;rUb mansiTi§eFVIkargar eRCIserIskargaredayesrI nigeFVIkargar kñúglkçxNÐRtwm®tUv nigeBjcitþ RBmTaMgkarBarRbqaMgnwgPaBGt;kargareFVI . :

RbGb; 78

261

maRta6 én CESCR

“ 1> rdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH TTYlsÁal;siTi§eFVIkargar rYmman siTi§rbs;mnusSRKb;rUb manlT§PaBciBw©amCIvitedaykargarEdleRCIserIs b¤RBmTTYlykedayesrI nigcat;viFankarsmRsb edImI,karBarsiTi§enH .

2> viFankarEdlrdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenHRbkan;yk edImI,FanakareRbIR)as;eBj eljnUvsiTi§enHRtUvrYmbB©ÚalkartRmg;Tisxagbec©keTs nigviC¢aCIv³ nigkmμviFI

bNþúHbNþaleKalneya)ay nigbec©keTs edImI,Fana[mankarGPivDÆn_efrxag vis½yesdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’ nigkargareBjeljEdlmanplRbeyaCn_

kñúglkçxNÐkarBar esrIPaBmUldæanxagneya)ay nigesdækic©cMeBaHbuKÁlRKb;rUb. :

maRta7 én CESCR

“ rdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH TTYlsÁal;siTi§rbs;buKÁlRKb;rUb edImI,TTYl)annUv lkçxNÐkargarRtwmRtUv nigRbkbedayGMeNaypl EdlFanaCaBiessnUv ³

¬k¦ R)ak;kéRmEdlpþl;CaGb,brma[GñkeFVIkarnUv ³ 1> ebovtSr_Rbkbedaysmrmü nigR)ak;kéRmesμ IKñacMeBaHkargarEdlmantMélesμI Kña edayminmankarEbgEckNamYy CaBiess ®sþIRtUvEtmankarFananUvlkçxNÐ

kargarEdlpþl;[BYkeKminticCaglkçxNÐEdlbursTTYl edayRtUv)anR)ak;kéRm esμ IKñacMeBaHkargardUcKña .

2> CIvPaBrs;enAsmrmüsRmab;xøÜneKpÞal; nigRKYsar RsbtambBaØtiþénktikasBaØaenH. ¬x¦ lkçxNÐkargarRbkbedaysuvtßiPaB nigGnam½y .

¬K¦ »kasdUcKñasRmab;buKÁlRKb;rUb edImI,)aneLIgzan³kñúgkargareTAkRmitx<s;

262

smRsb edayminBicarNaeTAelIGVIepSgBIGtItPaBkargar nigsmtßPaB . ¬X¦ karsRmak karlMEh karkRmitem:ageFVIkarsmrmü nigkarQb;sRmaktam

kalkMNt;eTogTat; edaymanR)ak;ebovtSr_ nigR)ak;kéRmsRmab;éf¶buNüCati. : siT§ieFIVkargar CaeKalsMxan; siT§ieFIVkargar karBarbuKÁlRKb;rUbRbqaMgeTAnwgkarpat;ecjBIesdækic©k¾dUc CakarBarbuKÁlEdlKμankargareFIVTl;nwgkardak;[ÉekaBIsgÁm. CMerIsedayesrI EdlmanEcgenAkñúgmaRta6¬1¦énCESCR )ansgát;F¶n; fa ³ muxrbr nigkarTTYl)annUvFnFan KYrEtRtUv)anEbgEck enAkñúgmeFüa)ayNamYy EdlFana)anfabuKÁlRKb;²rUbEdlmanbMNgnwgRbkbmuxrbrNamYyGaceFIVeTA)an ehIyGaceRCIserIs b¤TTYlnUvrbrenaHedayesrI kñúgeKalbMNgeRcInepSg²Edlkñúg enaH KWedIm,IeFIVkarciBa©mCIvit tamry³muxrbrenaH. enAkñúgbribTsiTi§mnusS “kargar” mann½yTUlMTUlayCaCagRtwmEtCaBakü “R)ak;QñÜlkmøaMgBlkmμ”. b:uEnþ sMNYrfaetI kargarRtUv)anrYmbBa©ÚleRcIn eTAkñúg skmμPaBepSg²eTotenAkñúgTidæPaBénCIvit ¬]TahrN_ enAkñúgcMeNamCnCatiPaKtic¦ b¤tic CagenHk¾eday¬]TahrN_enAkñúgkrNIGñklk;kmøaMgBlkmμ¦ kargar mann½yCanic© fa CakarGnuvtþskmμPaB EdlbMeBjnUvesckþIRtUvkar nigpþl;nUvesva eTAdl;Rkum mnusS b¤sgÁm ehtudUecñHehIy kargar RtUvEt)aneKTTYlsÁal; ehIyTTYl)anCa rgVan;mkvij.

263

krNIykic©rbs;rdæTak;TgeTAnwgmuxrbrkargar eRkammaRta1 énFm μnuBaØsgÁmkic©rbs;GWru:b

edIm,ITTYlykCavtßúbMNg nigkarTTYlxusRtUvCabzmmYykñúgcMeNamvtßúbMNg nigkarTTYlxusRtUvCabzmCaeRcInnUvkarseRmc)annigkarrkSa)annUvPaB mankargar eFVIkñúgkRmitx<s;nigmanlMnwgtamEdlGaceFVIeTA)anedayman karrMéBKiteXIjeTAdl;karTTYl)ankargareFVITaMgGs;Kña

edIm,IkarBarRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB nUvsiTi§rbs;kmμkrnieyaCik kñúgkarrkkMérciBaw©m CIvitrbs;BYkeK enAkñúgmuxrbrmYy EdlBYkeKeRCIserIsedayesrI.

edIm,IbegIát nigrkSanUvkarpþl;esvarkkargareFIV eday\tKitéfø eTAdl;kmμkr nieyaCikTaMgGs;.

edIm,Ipþl; b¤elIksÞÜykarENnaMvKÁhwVkhWVnsmrmü k¾dUcCakarbNþúHbNþal nigkarsþarnItism,Ta

enAeBlEdlkarEtgc,ab;kMBugRtUv)anRBagsIþBIsiTi§eFIVkargar nigkarGnuvtþrbs;c,ab;enH tamry³eKalneya)ay b¤kmμviFIepSg² cMNab;GarmμN_CaBiess KYrRtUv)anepþateTAelIkar Tb;sáat;karerIseGIgTak;TgeTAnwgkarTTYl)annUvkargareFIV. kartak;Etgc,ab; KYrEtsMedA eTAelIkarsMrbsMrYl nUvkarrab;bBa©Úlrbs;CnmYyRkum² dUcCa RkumRsIþ cas;Cra nigCnBikar eTAkñúgBlkmμTIpSar ehIyCaTUeTA KYrEtsMedAeTAelIkarkarBar nigkarelIksÞÜysiTi§rbs; nieyaCik kñúgkarciBa©wmCIvitrbs;BYkeK tamry³kareRCIserIsnUvmuxrbredayesrI.

RbGb; 79

264

eKaledAcMbgéneKalneya)aykargar KYrEtCakarseRmc)annUvkarmankargareFIV eBjelj[)anelOnbMputEdlGaceFIVeTA)an edayRsbeTAnwgFnFanCati. elIs BIplRbeyaCn_sgÁmkic© eKalneya)ayTaMgenaH KYrEtelIkBIkarRBYy)armÖTak;Tg nwgPaBGt;mankargareFIV Edlmanry³eBlyUrGEgVg nigGñkEdlmanR)ak;cMNUl tictYc tamry³karbegIátkm μviFIkargarsaFarN³. rdæKYrEtFana[)anfa karbNþúHbNþal nigkarENnaMbec©keTs EdlGac TTYl)anCaTYeTA eday\tKitéfø b¤edaytMélsmrmü RtUv)anbegIáteLIg ehIyfa karpþl;esvarkkargareFIV eday\tKitéfø sRmab;kmμkrnieyaCik RtUv)anpþl;[enA kEnøgeFIVkar. siTi§enAkEnøgeFIVkar maRta7 én CESCR FananUvsiTi§rbs;buKÁlRKb;²rUb edIm,ITTYl)annUvlkç xNÐkargarEdlyutiþFm’ nigsmRsb. lkçxNÐTaMgenHrYmman³

kMérkargar Edlpþl;dl;nieyaCikTaMgGs;CaGb,brma nUv³ ebovtSr_RbkbedaysmFm’ nigR)ak;kMéresμ IKña cMeBaHkargarEdlesIμKñasRmab;

kargarEdlmantMélesI μKña edayminmankarerIseGIg ¬CaBiess cMeBaHRsIþþ¦ karrs;enAedaysmrmü sRmab;kmμkrnieyaCit nigRKYsarrbs;BYkeK

lkçxNÐeFIVkarEdlmansuvtißPaB nigmansuxumalPaB ]’kasesI μ²Kña sRmab;kareLIgzan³ edayEp¥keTAelIry³eBl Edl)aneFIVkar

nigsmtßPaB

265

ry³eBlem:ageFIVkargarsmehtupl karsMrak karlMEh eBlevlaQb;sMrak nigkar Qb;sMraksaFarN³ EdlTTYl)anR)ak;kMér.

ehtudUecñHehIy smaCiksPa KYrEtFana[)anfa cMNucKnwøHdUcxageRkamenH RtUv)ansgát;bBa¢ak;enAkñúgkartak;Etgc,ab; ehIyRtUv)anGnuvtþCak;Esþg³

R)ak;QñÜlCaGb,brma EdlRKb;RKan; sRmab;lkçxNÐrs;enAd¾smrmü sRmab; kmμkrnieyaCik nigRKYsarrbs;BYkeK ehIynigkarhamXat;nUvkareFVIkargaredaybgçM

bTdæanmansuvtißPaB suxmalPaB nigkarRtYtBinitülkçxNÐkargartam

lkçN³CaRbB½næ siTi§begIát nigcUlrYmshCIBkm μkr EdlshCIBenaH KYrEtGacdMeNIrkareday

s½VyPaB enAkñúglMdab;Cati nigGnþrCati. PaBminmankarerIseGIg enAkEnøgeFIVkar ¬EdlkñúgenaH RbqaMgnwgRsþI CnCatiPaKtic

CnBikar nigRkumsasna¦ Tak;TgeTAnwg³ R)ak;QñÜl³ tMélR)ak;QñÜlRtUvEtmanPaBesI μKña sRmab;kargardUcKña ]’kassRmab;kareLIgtYnaTI³ TaMgenHKYrEtmanPaBesI μKña ehIyEp¥keTAelI

cMnYnqñaMEdl)aneFIVkar nigkarGnuvtþkargar siTiæmankMritCIvPaBrs;enAsmrmü

maRta25 én UDHR

“ 1> mnusSRKb;rUb mansiTi§TTYl)ankRmitCIvPaBRKb;RKan; edImI,FanasuxPaB nig suxumalPaBrbs;xøÜn nig®KYsar rYmman cMNIGahar semøókbMBak; lMenAdæan karEfTaM suxPaB nigesvasgÁmcM)ac;epSg²eTot. mnusSRKb;rUb mansiTi§TTYl)ankarKaMBar

266

enAeBlKμankargareFVI manCMgW Bikar emm:ay b¤eBaHm:ay cas;Cra b¤enAeBl)at; bg;meFüa)ayFana CIvPaB EdlbNþalmkBIkal³eTs³EdleKminGacRtYtRta)an .

2>matuPaB nigkumarPaB mansiTi§TTYlCMnYy nigkarEfTaMBiess. kumarRKb;rUb eTaH ekItBI«Bukmþaymanxan;søa b¤\tmanxan;søakþI ®tUv)anTTYlkarkarBarxagsgÁmkic©

dUcKña. :

maRta11 én CESCR

: 1> rdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH TTYlsÁal;siTi§rbs;CnRKb;rUb kñúgkarTTYl)ankRmit CIvPaBRKb;RKan;sRmab;xøÜnpÞal; nigsRmab;RKYsarxøÜn rYmman cMNIGahar sMelok bMBak; niglMenAdæansmrmü RBmTaMg karrIkceRmInCalMdab;énlkçxNÐrs;enArbs; eK. rdæPaKI RtUvcat;viFanakarsmRsb edImI,Fana[seRmc)annUvsiTi§enH nigTTYl sÁal;sar³sMxan;caM)ac;énshRbtibtiþkarGnþrCati tamkaryl;RBmKña edayesrI. 2> edayTTYlsÁal;siTi§mUldæanrbs;mnusSRKb;rUb rYccakputBIesckþIeRscXøan rdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH edaymñak;²Ég nigtamry³shkarGnþrCati RtUvcat;

viFankar rYmman kmμviFIBiess²Cak;lak; EdlcaM)ac;dUcteTA ³ ¬k¦ edImI,eFVI[RbesIrdl;viFIénkarplit karrkSaTuk nigkarEckcaymðÚbGahar edaykareRbIR)as;eBjeljnUvcMeNHdwgxagbec©keTs nigviTüasa®sþ edaykar pSBVpSayeKalkarN_énkarGb;rMsþIBIGaharUbtßmÖ nigedaykarGPivDÆn_ b¤karEk TRmg;rbbdIFøI edImI,seRmc)annUvkarGPivDÆn_ nigkareRbIR)as;FnFanFmμCati

RbkbedayRbsiT§PaBx<s;bMput .

267

¬x¦ edImI,FanakarEbgEckedaysmFm’nUvFnFanes,ógGaharBiPBelak eTAtam esckþIRtUvkar edayKiteTAdl;bBðaaTaMgLayEdlecaTeLIgcMeBaHRbeTsnaMcUl

k¾dUcCaRbeTsnaMecjes,ógGahar .

maRta12 én CESCR

1> rdæPaKIénktiikasBaØaenH TTYlsÁal;siTi§rbs;buKÁlRKb;rUbmankRmitsuxPaB TaMgxagragkay nigxagsμartI x<s;bMput tamEdlGaceFVIeTA)an .

2> viFankarnana EdlrdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenHcat;edImI,FanakareRbIsiTi§enH[)an eBjelj RtUvrab;bB©ÚalnUvviFankarEdlcaM)ac; edImI,Fana ³

¬k¦ viFankarsRmab;karkat;bnßyGRtamrN³PaBénTarkkñúgeBaHmþay nig mrN³PaBkumar nigsRmab;karrIklUtlas; RbkbedaysuxPaBl¥rbs;kumar . ¬x¦ kareFVI[RbesIrRKb;TidæPaBénGnam½yxagEpñkbrisßan nig]sSahkm μ . ¬K¦ viFIbgáar karBüa)al nigkarRtYtBinitüCMgWqøg CMgWratt,at CMgWbNþalmkBIviC¢aCIv³

nigCMgWdéTeTot RBmTaMg RbyuT§RbqaMgnwgCMgWTaMgenHpg . ¬X¦ karbegáItlkçxNÐsRmab;Fanadl;CnRKb;rUbnUvesvasuxaPi)alRKb;Epñk

nigCMnYyEpñksuxaPi)alkñúgeBlmanCMgW. maRta25 én UDHR FanasiTi §sgÁmkic©Edlfa kñ úgkRmitNamYyenaH KWCaEmkFagénsiTi§EdlTTYlyk)an ³ siTi§mankMritCIvPaBrs;enAsmrmü. bEnßmeTAnwgsiTi§TTYl)ansnþisuxsgÁm EdlTak;TgeTAnwgcMNucxagelI siTi§enHk¾rab;bBa©ÚlnUvsiTi§dUcxageRkamenHEdr³

268

siT§iTTYl)anmðÚbGaharRKb;RKan; siTi§TTYl)ansMelokbMBak;smrmü siTi§TTYl)anlMenAdæan

siTi§suxPaB

maRta11 én CESCR EcgGMBI siTi§mankMritCIvPaBrs;enAsmrmü ¬mðÚbGahar sMelokbMBak; niglMenAdæan¦ ehIyTTYlsÁal;nUvsiTi§TTYl)anlkçxNÐrs;enARbkb edaykarrIkcMerInCalMdab;. PaKIrdæCaEpñkmYyénsnæisBaØaenH )anebþCJacitþ “ nwgcat; viFankarsmRsb edIm,IFanakarTTYl)ansiTi§enH edayTTYlsÁal;nUvsar³sMxan; énkic© shRbtibtþikarGnþrCati EdlmanmUldæaneTAelIkaryl;RBm edayesrI. ” enAkñúg maRta11 én CESCR KN³kmμaFikar CESCR k_)andak;ecjmknUvsiTi§TTYl)an TwkeRbIR)as;;pgEdr. PaBGt;Xøan nigPaBRkIRkenAelIBiPBelak pÞúyeTAnwgsiTi§mankMritCIvPaB rs;enAsmrmü. ehtudUecñHehIy siTi§enH KYrEtbegIátCamUldæanénEpnkar nigyuT§-saRsþkat;bnßyPaBGt;Xøan nigPaBRkIRk TaMgfñak;Cati niGnþrCati.

siTiæTTYl)ancMNIGahar eTaHbICashKmn_GnþrCati EtgEteFIVGMNHGMNagCaerOy² GMBIsar³sMxan; én kareKarBedayeBjTMhwg nUvsiTi§TTYl)ancMNIGaharRKb;RKan;k¾eday k¾enAEtman KMlatd¾FMeFgenAkñúgvis½yenH rvagbTdæanc,ab;GnþrCati nigsßankarN_Bit² Edl EtgEtekItmaneLIg enAelIkEnøgCaeRcInkñúgBiPBelakenH. RbCaCnCag 840lan nak; enABaseBjBiPBelak RbQmmuxnwgPaBGt;XøanhYsehtu ehIyRbCaCnrab;

269

lannak;TTYlrgnUveRKaHGt;Xøan EdlbNþalmkBIeRKaHmhnþrayFmμCati CMelaH sIuvil sRgÁamnigykGahareFVICaGavuFneya)ay. CagenHeTAeTot KN³km μaFikar CESCR)aneFIVkarsegátfa :karxVHCIvCati nigkgVHGaharrUbtßmÖ nigbBaðaepSgeTot EdlBak;B½næeTAnwgsiTi§TTYl)annUvGaharRKb;RKan; nigsiT§iTTYl)anesrIPaB BIPaB Gt;Xøan k¾manekIteLIgenAkñúgRbeTsEdlmanesdækic©GPivDÆn_CaTIbMputEdr :.40

ehtudUecñHehIy bBaðaenHKWCabBaðaskl ehIyTamTarnUvkarykcitþTukdak;ya:g eBjTMhwgBIshKmn_GnþrCati. enAkñúgqñaM1996 CMnYbkMBUlsIþBIes,ógGaharBiPBelak )andak;ecjnUv eKaledA sMedAeTAdl;karkat;bnßy [)anBak;kNþal nUvGRtaRbCaCnEdlBMu)an TTYlGaharUbtßmÖRKb;RKan; RtwmqñaM2015. cMENkÉeKaledAGPivDÆn_shvtSTI1 k¾mandak;ecjnUvkarkat;bnßy[)anBak;kNþal nUvsmamaRtRbCaCn EdlBwgEp¥k eTAelIR)ak;ticCag 1 duløar kñúg1éf¶ ehIynigRbCaCnEdlTTYlrgnUvPaBGt;Xøan kñúgqñaMCa mYyKña. xN³EdlRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_)anTTYleCaKC½ykñúgkarkat;bnßyPaBGt;Xøan)an ya:gelOn rUbPaBTUeTAénbBaðaenH enAEtCaerOgeRkomRkM. eyageTAtamkarvay tMélrbs; FAO eTaHbICa cMnYnRbCaCnEdlTTYlrgnUvkgVHGaharYbtßmÖya:gF¶n;F¶r bnþ Føak;cuHbniþcmþg² rvagqñaM1995-1997 nigqñaM2000-2002 k_eday k¾karBiteTA cMnYnRbCaCn EdlTTYlrgnUvkgVHGaharUbtßmÖ )anekIneLIgdl;eTA 18lannak;. enAkMLúgqñaM2000-2002 RbCaCnRbEhl 852lannak; BaseBjBiPBelak

40 CESCR esckþIBnül;TUeTA elx12 ¬1999¦

270

41 GgÁkares,ógGahar nigksikmμGgÁkarshRbCaCati³ PaBBMuc,as;lal;énsniþsuxes,óg enAelI BiPBelak qñaM2004 TIRkugr:Um qñaM2004 42

Ibid.

RtUv)anvaytMélfaxVHGaharUbtßmÖ¬9lannak;rs;enAkñúgRbeTs]sSahkmμ 28lan nak;enAkñúgRbeTsEdlsißtenAkñúgkaBGnþrkal nig815lannak; sißtenAkñúgRbeTs kMBugGPivDÆn_¦. 41

enAkñúgbNþaRbeTsEdlTTYl)aneCaKC½y enAkñúgkarkat;bnßyPaBGt;Xøan GDP )anekIneLIgelOnelIsBI 5dg ¬enAkñúgGaRta 2>6% kñúg1qñaM¦ CagenAkñúgbNþaRbeTs EdlbBaðakgVHGaharUbtßmÖekIneLIg ¬enAkñúgGaRta 0>5% kñúg1qñaM¦. RbeTsEdl TTYleCaKC½ybMput k¾)anbgðajnUvkarrIklUtlas;elOnCagmun xagEpñkvis½yksi- km μ GaRtaTabCagmun énkarrIkraldalénemeraKeGds_ nigkarekIneLIgyWtén cMnYnRbCaCn. 42

etIsiTiæTTYl)ancMNIGahar GaceFVI[seRmc)anedayviFINa?

{PaBGt;Xøan nigkgVHCIvCati minEmnbgáeLIgedayeRBgvasna b¤Cakar dak;TMnayrbs;Fm μCatieLIy bBaðaenH KWbgáeLIgedaymnusSpÞal;. :

Jean Ziegler/GñkraykarN_Biessrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatiTTYlbnÞúkEpñksiTi§TTYl)ancMNIGahar³ r)aykarN_sIþBIsiTi§TTYl)ancMNIGahar (E/CN.4/2001/53) qñaM2006 XøaTI6

siTi §TTYl)ancMNIGaharRKb;RKan; KWminGacpþac;ecjBIPaBéf¶fñ ÚrEdlman enAkñúgbuKÁlmñak;² ehIyvaBak;B½nænwgmansar³sMxan;CaTIbMput CamYynwgkarTTYl)an siT§imnusSdéTeTot.

271

Rkbx½NÐc,ab;sIþBIes,ógGahar

xN³EdlrdænanaenAeRkamktikasBaØa CESCR mankatBVkic©mYykñúgkarFanakarGnuvtþ siTi§TTYl)ancMNIGahar ehIyRtUvEtdak;siT§ienHenAkñúgc,ab;enaHk¾eday k¾RbCaBlrdæ EdlrgnUvPaBGt;XøanGacEsVgrkkaredaHRsayeTAelIbBaðaenH)an luHRtaEtkñúgkrNI ktikasBaØaenHRtUv)aneKelIkykmkBiPakSaenAcMeBaHmuxtulakar EdlkrNIenH CakarkRmnwgekIteLIg b¤k¾vaRtUv)aneKbBa©ÚleTAkñúgc,ab;Catinana. ehtudUecñHehIy KN³ kmμaFikar EdlRtYtBinitükarGnuvtþsni§sBaØaenH)anTTUc[RbeTsTaMgGs; KYrEtecjc,ab; edIm,IkarBarsiTi§TTYl)ancMNIGahar ehIy)anpþl;Gnusasn_CaBiessdl;rdænana edIm,I[BYkeKBicarNaeTAelIkarGnuvtþKMeragc,ab; EdlenAkñúgenaHFanafa dMeNaHRsaynanaRtUv)an ykcitþTukdak; enAkñúgkrNImankarekgRbv½Ba©elIsiTi§TTYl)ancMNIGahar. eskþIBnül;TUeTAelx12 rbs; CESCR bBa¢ak;fa “ KMeragc,ab;KYrEtrab;bBa©ÚlnUveKal bMNg TisedA b¤eKaledA EdlRtUvseRmc nigeBlevlakMNt; sRmab;karseRmc)an TisedATaMgenaH. KMeragc,ab;enaH k¾KYrrab;bBa©ÚlviFIsaRsþEdlnaM[eKalbMNgTaMgenaH Gac RtUvseRmc)an enAkñúgn½yTUlMTUlaymYy CaBiess karb:unb:geFIVkic©shRbtibtikar CamYysgÁmsIuvil nigvis½yÉkCn RBmTaMgCamYYyGgÁkarGnþrCati sßab½nnana Edl TTYlxusRtUv cMeBaHdMeNIrkarénc,ab;enH nigynþkarfñak;Cati sRmab;karRtYtBinitü k¾dUcCa nItiviFIsRmab;CMerIsepSgeTot ebIGaceTArYc. enAkñúgkarbegIátnUvrgVas;RbEvg nigkar tak;Etgc,ab; PaKIrdæKYrEteFIVkarTMnak;TMng edayskmμCamYyGgÁkarsgÁmsIuvilnana. ”

siTi§TTYl)ancMNIGaharGacTTYl)an enAeBlEdlRsIþ bursnigkumarRKb;² rUb EtÉg b¤enAkñúgkarshkarCamYyGñkepSgeTot manlT§PaBRKb;eBlevla xagEpñk esdækic© k¾dUcCaEpñkragkay kñúgkarTTYl)ancMNIGaharRKb;RKan; b¤TTYl)annUv meFüa)aykñúgkarTijcMNIGahar. enHminEmnmann½yfa rdæaPi)al RtUvEtpþl;nUv

RbGb; 80

272

mðÚbGahar eday\tKitéfø RKb;eBlevla eTARKb;KñaenaHeT b:uEnþ vaTak;TgeTAnwg krNIykic©rbs;rdæaPi)al kñúgkareKarB karkarBar karbMeBjkatBVkic© nigeRkam kal³eTs³NamYyenaH RtUvEtpþl;nUvsiTi§enaH. CabnÞab;eTAenH KWCa]TahrN_Cak;lak;mYycMnYn énkarcat;viFankarnana nigskmμPaBnana EdlRtUvGnuvtþ. Rkbx½NÐc,ab;; KYrEtRtUvbegáIteLIgCa]bkrN_KnøwH sRmab;karbegIát nigkarGnuvtþ yuT§saRsþCatisIþBIes,óg nigsniþsuxes,óg sRmab;TaMgGs;Kña. enAkñúgkarBinitüeLIgvijeTAelIrdæFmμnuBaØ nigc,ab;Cati ehIynigkarpSarP¢ab; cMNucTaMgGs;enH CamYYynwgc,ab;siTi§mnusSsþIBIsiTi§TTYl)ancMNIGahar cMNab; Garm μN_CaBiess KYrEtRtUvepþateTAelItRmUvkaredIm,IraraMgkuM[mankarerIseGIgTak; TgeTAnwgkarTTYl)anes,óg b¤FnFanEdlBak;B½næ. viFankarxageRkamenHRtUv)an GMBavnav[man ³

1. Fana[)annUvkarTTYlyk)annUves,ógGahar TaMgEpñkesdækic© nigrUbragkay eTAdl; smaCikRKb;RkumTaMgGs; rYmTaMgRbCaCnRkIRk nigEpñkepSgeToténsgÁmEdl gayrgeRKaH b¤k¾TTYlrgnUvkarerIseGIg. K μanskmμPaBNamYyGacbg¥ak; nUvkarTTYlyk)anGaharRKb;RKan; ¬]TahrN_³ kardkhUtRbCaCnecjBI dIrbs;BYkeK edayBMuRtwmRtUvtampøÚvc,ab; kardak;nUvsarFatumanCatiBul eTAkñúgmðÚbGaharedayectna b¤k¾enAkñúgeBlmanCMelaHGavuF mankar bNþal[mankarb Mp ø ajdl;FnFan plitpl ehIynigkarraraMg dl;karpþl;CMnYyseRgÁaH eTAkan;RbCaCnsIuvil CaedIm¦.

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viFankarnana KYrEtRtUv)anGnuvtþ edIm,IkarBarshRKas b¤buKÁlNamñak; BIkar eFIV[)at;bg;nUvkarTTYlyk)ancMNIGaharRKb;RKan;. katBVkic© edIm,IkarBar sMedAeTAelIkarCMruj[manc,ab; karBarGñkeRbIR)as; nigkarGnuvtþc,ab;enH ]TahrN_ enAkñúgkrNIRkumh‘unNamYYy eFIV[kxVk;dl;TwksRmab;eRbIR)as; b¤ RbsinebIRkumh‘unpþac;muxnana eFIV[xUcTIpSares,óg b¤karpþþl;nUvRKab;BUC.

2. Fana[)anfa RKb;KñaTaMgGs; CaBiess RsþI TTYl)annUvsiTiæeBjelj nigesI μ Kña kñúgkarTTYlyknUvFnFanesdækic© rYmman siTi§sñgmrtk nigeFIVCam©as;dIFIø nigRTBüsm,tþiepSgeTot nigkarTTYlyk)annUv\NTan FnFanFm μCati nig bec©kviTüaepSg² eTAtamkarKYr.

edIm,IFana nigBRgwgdl;RbCaCnkñúgkarTTYl)an nigkareRbIR)as;FnFanepSg² nigmeFüa)ayciB©wamCIvit viFankarmYycMnYn KYrEtRtUv)andak;ecj edIm,IFana[)anfa ³ - RbCaBlrdæTTYl)anR)ak;QñÜlRKb;RKan; b¤karTTYl)annUvdIFIø karTij

nigplites,og - RkumEdlgayrgeRKaH RtUv)ankMNt; ehIyeKalneya)ay RtUv)anGnuvtþ

edIm,Ipþl;[BYkeK TTYl)annUves,ógGaharRKb;RKan; tamry³karBRgwg smtßPaB edIm,[BYkeKGacciB©awmCIvitedayxøÜnÉg¬]TahrN_³ tamry³ lTæPaBénkarmankargareFIVEdlRbesIr kmμviFIpøas;bþÚrTRmg;ksikm μsMrab; GñkEdlGt;mandIFIø b¤karpþl;TwkedaHeKaeday\tKitéføenAkñúgsalaedIm,I eFIV[RbesIreLIg dl;GaharUbtßmÖsRmab;kumar¦.

274

3. viFankarmYycMnYn KYrEtRtUv)andak;ecj edIm,IeKarB nigkarBarkarRbkbrbr pÞal;xøÜn nigkargarEdlTTYl)anR)ak;kMér GacnwgFananUvlkçxNÐrs;enAeday smrmü sRmab;nieyaCiknigRKYsarrbs;BYkeK nigedIm,IraraMgmin[ekItmankar rujecalkarTTYl)annUvkargareFIV sißtelImUldæan ePT Catisasn_ b¤karerIg eGIgepSgeTot BIeRBaHkarerIseGIgenHGacb:HBal;dl;smtßPaBeFIVkargarrbs; nieyaCik kñúgkarciBa©wmCIvitrbs;BYkeK.

4. karrkSanUvkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøI

rdæaPi)al KYrEtmanKMnitbegIátnUvkmμviFI CYyeRCamERCgdl;ksikr[)anRKb; RKan; edayepþatCasMxan; eTAelIGñkEdlRtUvkarbMput ]TahrN_dUcCa tamry³kar FananUvsiTiærbs;CnCatiedIm kñúgkarTTYl)annUvdIFIøEdltBIdUntarbs;BYkeK karpþl; GMNacdl;RsIþ nigCYyeRCamERCgGñkplitRTg;RTayxñattUc nigksikr EdlsißtenA tMbn;dac;Rsyal ¬dUcCaenAtamtMbn;PñM b¤tMbn;TIrehadæan¦. es,ógKYrEtRtUv)anpþl;[ enAeBlEdlbuKÁlNamñak; b¤RkumNamYYy minGac ciBa©wmCIvitrbs;BYkeK)an edaysarmUlehtu BYkeKminGacRKb;RKgsßanPaB)an rYm man eRKaHFmμCati nigeRKaHepSg²eTot ¬RbePTénkar]btßmÖ GacrYmman karEck cayes,ógedaypÞal; karepÞrR)ak; b¤k¾tamry³kmμviFIkargar edIm,Ies,óg¦.

etIRtUvEtcat;viFankarPøam²b¤? dUcKñaeTAnwgsiT§iesdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’pgEdr katBVkic©rbs;rdækñúgkarbMeBj nigkarBarsiTiæTTYl)anes,ógRKb;RKan; KWCakm μvtßúEdlRtUveFVIeGayTTYl)anCa beNþIr² EdlenHmann½yfa KWeKmin)antRmUv[rdæ eFVIeGay)anseRmckarTTYl)anenH

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TaMgRsugPøam²enaHeT b:uEnþ RtUvcat;viFankar edIm,IseRmc[)anCabeNþIr² tamry³ kareRbIR)as;FnFanEdlman[Gs;BIlT§PaB. EteTaHCaya:gNak¾eday katBVkic© xageRkamenH KWminEmnCakm μvtßúEdlRtUveFVI eGayTTYl)anCabeNþIr²eT KWrdæman tYnaTI RtUvcat;viFankarCabnÞan;Tak;TgeTAnwgcMNucTaMgenH³

beBa©ósBIkarerIseGIgNamYYy Tak;TgeTAnwgkarTTYl)anes,óg nigkarTTYl)an meFüa)ay nigsiT§i sRmab;karTijes,ógenaH

pl;CaGb,brma nUvkarciBaw©mCIvitCamUldæan ¬edIm,IFananUvkarrYcputBIkarGt;Xøan¦ eCosvageKalkarN_kat;bnßy

siTi§xagsMelokbMBak; siTi§kñúgkarmansMelokbMBak;RKb;RKan; KWCasmasPaBTI3Edl)anbBa¢ak;ya:gc,as; kñúgsiTi§mankMritCIvPaBrs;enAsmrmü ¬bnÞab;BIsiTi§TTYl)annUvsnþisuxsgÁm nigsiTi§ TTYl)ancMNIGahar¦. rdæaPi)al RtUvEteKarBnUvrebobesøókBak; CaBiess rbs; smaCikCnCatiPaKticnigCnCatiedIm eKarBsMelokbMBak;rbs;BYkeK ehIyRtUvkar BarBYkeKRbqaMgnwgc,ab;esøókBak; edaymankarerIgeGIgminRtwmRtUvtamc,ab; karebotebon nigkareRCotERCkRsedogKña BIsMNak;smaCikrdæ nigminEmnrdæ. elIsBIenHeTAeTot rdæaPi)al RtUvEtbegIát[manRKb;RKan;nUvsMelokbMBak; sRmab; RbCaCnEdlRkIRkCaTIbMput rYmman RbCaCnRkIRk CnEdlRtUv)aneKXMuXaMg Cn ePosxøÜn nigCnePosswk. RbePTsMelokbMBak; GaRs½yeTAelIlkçxNÐvb,Fm’ sgÁm nigGakasFatu. ya:gehacNas; RbCaCnRkIRk KYrTTYl)annUv sMelokbMBak; EdlCMruj[BYkeKGacecjmuxenATIsaFarN³ edayBuMmankarx μaseGon.

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siTi§manlMenAdæan siTi §manlMenAdæansmrmü minKYrRtUv)anyl;edayceg¥ótcg¥l; faCasiTi§ TTYl)annUvdMbUlRCkenaHeLIy k¾b:uEnþ vaKYrEtRtUv)anemIleXIjfaCasiTi§kñúgkarrs; enAkEnøgNamYYy edaysuvtißPaB snþiPaB nigRbkbedayPaBéføfñÚr. PaBGt;manTICMrk KWCaTRmg;hYsRbmaN énkarminTTYlsÁal; nUvsiTiækñúgkar manTICMrk ehIyCaktþamYyEdlbNþal[manPaBRkIRk. b:uEnþ sßankarN_ Edlmin R)akdRbCarbs;GñkEdlrs;enAtamtMbn;dac;Rsyal nigGñkrs;enAkñúgsMNg;GnaFibetyü Ca eRcInlannak; EdlRbQmmuxnwgPaBceg¥ótENnhYsRbmaN kgVHRbB½n§EfTaM kak sMNl; karbMBul karRbQmmuxtamrdUvkal kñúglkçxNÐGakasFatuGaRkk;bMput nig kgVHTwks¥at nigehdæarcnasm<½næepSgeTot EdlnaMeGay)at;bg;F¶n;F¶r nUvsiT§iman lMenAdæansmrmü. eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsvtS rab;bBa©ÚleKaledACak;lak; enAkñúg vis½yenH ³ :nwgseRmc[)annUvPaBrIkcMerInd¾KYr[kt;sMKal; énCIvitrs;enArbs;Gñkrs; enAsMNg;GaNaFibetyünana ya:gehacNas;cMnYn 100 lannak; RtwmqñaM2020. } siTi§lMenAdæan ³ karTTYl)annUvFatupSMrbs;va esckþIBnül;TUeTAelx4rbs;CESCR sþIBIsiTi §manlMenAdæansmrmü kMNt; fa siTi§dUcEdlmankarBak;B½n§Cak;lak; mandUcxageRkamenH³ k> karkan;kab;edaymansnþisuxtampøÚvc,ab; CnRKb;rUb KYrEtmankRmitsnþisux énkarkan;kab;lMenAdæanrbs;xø Ün Edl FanakarBaredayc,ab;RbqaMgnwgkarbeNþjedaybgçM karyayI nigkarKMramkMEhg

277

epSgeTot. CalTæpl rdæaPi)al KYrEtcat;viFankarPøamCabnÞan;kñúgeKalbMNgpþl; nUvsnþisuxpøÚvc,ab; dl;RKYsarNaEdlBMuTan;manÉksarrebobenaH. viFankarTaMgenH KYr EtRtUv)aneFIVeLIg tamry³karBieRKaHeyabl;CamYYybuKÁl nigRkumEdlb:HBal;nana. x> PaBGacrk)anénesvakmμ sMPar³ nigehdæarcnasm<½næ ral;GñkEdlRtUvTTYl)anplBIsiTi §manlMenAdæansmrmü KYrEtTTYl)anCa nirnþrPaBnUvFnFanFm μCati nigFnFanrYm ³ Twks¥atsRmab;briePaK famBlsRmab; karcMGin kMedA nigePøIg Gnam½ys¥at nig]bkrN_sRmab;duHlag ]bkrN_sRmab;pÞúk mðÚbGahar RbB½næecalkaksMNl; RbB½næceRmaH RBmTaMgesvase®gÁaHbnÞan;. K> lMenAdæanEdlmantMélsmrmüGacTij)an cMNaypÞal;xø Ün b¤cMNayRKYsarTaMgmUl EdlTak;TgeTAnwgpÞHsEm,g KYr EtminRtUv)aneFVI[mankarpøas;bþÚr b¤rgkarKMramKMEhgeTAelIkarTTYlyk)annUvtRmUvkar Ca mUldæandéTeToteT. kar]btßmkñúgkarTijpÞH KYrEtRtUvbegIát[mansRmab;CnEdl minmanlT§PaBTijpÞHkñúgtMélsmrmü cMENkGñkCYlpÞHeKenA k¾KYrEtRtUv)aneKkar Bar BIkartMelIgéføQñÜlpÞHminsmehtuplpgEdr. EpnkarskmμPaB KYrEtRtUv)an begáIteLIg edayrYmbBa©Úlkm μviFIcMNaysRmab;RKYsarEdlmanR)ak;cMNUlTab nig karpþl;R)ak;]btßmÖTun sRmab;TijpÞH edaypþl;GaTiPaBdl;Cn EdlgayrgeRKaH bMput dUcCaCnBikar Cncas;Cra CnCatiPaKtic CnCatiedImPaKtic CnePosxøÜn nig CnePosswk.

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enAkñúgsgÁmCaeRcIn EdlsmÖar³sMxan;sRmab;karsagsg;pÞH manlkçN³ Fm μCati viFankarnana KYrRtUveFVIeLIgedayGaCJaFr edIm,IFananUvPaBEdlGacrk)annUvsmÖar³ TaMgGs;enaH. X> lMenAdæanEdlGacrs;enA)an edIm,IeFVI[manPaBsmrmü lMenAdæan RtUvpþl;[Gñkrs;enA nUvTIlMhrRKb;RKan; nigkarBarBYkeK BIGakasFatuRtCak; esIm ekþA ePøóg xül; b¤karKMramkMEhgepSg eTot cMeBaHsuxPaB eRKaHfñak; nigCMgW. suvtßiPaBEpñkragkayrbs;Gñkrs;enA RtUv)anFana. g> lMenAdæanEdlGacecjcUl)an

edIm,I[manPaBsmrmü lMenAdæan RtUvEtmanPaBGacTTYl)an edayGñk EdlmansiT§iTTYl)anlMenAdæanenaH. RkumEdl)at;bg;plRbeyaCn_ RtUv)aneKpþl;[nUvsiT§ieBjelj nigRbkbedaynirnþrPaB cMeBaHFnFanlMenAdæan. RsbCamYyKñaenH Rkumnana dUcCaCncas;Cra kumar mnusSBikar GñkmanCMgWF¶n;F¶r GñkpÞúkemeraKhIuv buKÁlEdl manbBaðasuxPaBCaRbcaM CnmanCMgWpøÚvcitþ CnrgeRKaHedayeRKaHmhnþrayFm μCati nigRbCaCnEdlkMBugrs;enA enAkñúgtMbn;gayrgeRKaH edaymhnþray KYrTTYl)annUv GaTiPaB eTAelIlMenAdæan. c,ab; nigeKalneya)aysþIBIlMenAdæan KYrykcitþTukdak;eTAelI esckþIRtUvkarlMenAdæanCaBiessrbs;RkumTaMgenH nigRkumgayrgeRKaHepSgeTot. c> TItaMgsmrmü edIm,I[manPaBsmrmü lMenAdæan RtUvmanTItaMgkEnøgNaEdlgayrkkar gareFVI esvakm μEfTaMsuxPaB salaeron kEnøgemIlkUnekμg nigesvasgÁmkic©epSg

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karerIseGIg karebotebon nigkareRCotERCkRsedogKñaenaH

cat;viFankarCaviC¢man edIm,Ikat;bnßycMnYnRbCaCnEdlK μanTICRmk nig edIm,Ipþl;[BYkeK nUvkEnøgrs;enAsmrmümYy edaykarBarBIGakasFatu GaRkk; nigkareRKaHfñak;dl;suxPaB

begáItynþkartulakar Bak;kNþaltulakar rdæ)al b¤ynþkarGnuvtþ

neya)ay EdlmanlT§PaBkñúgkarpþl;nUvsMNgeTAdl;CnrgeRKaHTaMgLay BI karrMelaPbMBan EdlRtUveKecaTRbkan;eTAelIsiT§imanlMenAdæansmrmü.

krNIrbs; Villa la Dulce³

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RbGb; 81

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krNIenHbgðajfa kareRbIR)as;yuT§sa®sþ nigkardak;Bakübþ wgtampø Ú vtulakar edIm,IGnuvtþsiT§isgÁmkic© EdlRtUv)anFanaedayrdæFmμnuBaØ GacCH\T§iBleTAelIesckþIseRmc eKalneya)aynana.

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siT§isuxPaB maRta25¬1¦ énesckþIRbkasCasklsþIBIsiT§imnusS Edlpþl;nUvkarFanaeTA elIsuxPaB nigsuxumalPaB begáIt)anCamUldæansRmab;Rkbx½NÐc,ab;GnþrCatiFana dl;siT§iTTYl)anesvasuxaPi)al. maRta12 én CESCR )anbriyaybEnßmeTAelI siT§ienH ehIyKUsbBa¢ak;GMBIkatBVkic©nanarbs;rdæ. eyageTAtamGgÁkarsuxPaBBiPBelak¬WHO¦ suxPaB KWCa :sßanPaBén suxumalPaBeBjeljEpñkragkay citþ nigsgÁm ehIyminRKan;EtCakarKμanCMgW b¤ BikarPaBb:ueNÑaHenaHeT :.44 dUecñHehIy siT§isuxPaBKWCasiT§iu rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgGs;Edl minRKan;EtTak;TineTAnwgsuxPaBEpñkragkayrbs;buKÁlmYyb:ueNÑaHeT EfmTaMgBak;B½n§eTA elIsiT§imnusSCaeRcInepSgeTot nigbBaðasiT§imnusSdéTeTotpgEdr. enAqñaM1997 rdæ GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al nigEpñkÉkCnnana Edl)ancUlrYmenAkñúgsnñisITGnþrCati elIkTI 4 sþIBIkarelIkkMBs;suxPaB)anGnum½tesckþIEføgkarN_TIRkughSakartasþIBIkardwk naM[mankarelIkkMBs;suxPaB eq<aHeTAkan;stvtSTI21. esckþIEføgkarN_enH qøúH bBa©aMgBIcariklkçN³rYmbBa©ÚlKñaénsiT§isuxPaB ehIy)ankMNt;lkçxNÐtRmUvnana sRmab;eKalneya)ayEdlmanbMNg[TTYl)annUvsiT§ienH ³ :snþiPaB TICRmk karGb;rM snþisuxsgÁm TMnak;TMngsgÁm cMNIGahar cMNUl karpþl;GMNaceTA[®sþI RbB½n§ eGkURbkbedaysßirPaB kareRbIR)as;FnFanRbkbedaycirPaB yutþiFm’sgÁm kar eKarBsiT§imnusS nigsmFm’. elIsBIenHeTAeTot PaBRkIRk KWCakarKMramkMEhg d¾ FMeFgCageKeTAelIsuxPaB . }

44 FmμnuBaØrbs;GgÁkarsuxPaBBiPBelak eKalkarN_ 1946.

283

RbGb; 82

EpñkenH min)anelIkeLIgBIGtßn½yTUlMTUlayénsiT§isuxPaB nigBITMnak; TMngrvagsuxPaB nigsiT§ iTTYl)ancMNIGahar lMenAdæan nigCIv itEdlRtUv)an BiPakSaenAEpñkepSgenAkñúgesovePAenH enaHeT. niymn½yceg¥óténsiT§isuxPaB edayepþateGaycMeTA eKGacbMEbksiT§isuxPaB eTAtamkarGnuvtþrbs;va CabYnEpñk dac;edayELkBIKña ³

1. suxPaBmþay kumar nigsuxPaBbnþBUC 2. kEnøgeFVIkarRbkbedaysuxPaB nigbrisßanFmμCati 3. karkarBar karBüa)al nigkarRtYtBinitüCMgW edayrYmbBa©ÚlkarGacrk)an nUv

»sfsar½nþ nigesvakmμeBTücaM)ac;nana 4. siT§iTTYl)anTwkpwkEdlmansuvtßiPaB

suxPaB nigPaBRkIRk

enAtamRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ nigenAkñúgRbeTselakxaglicmankarCab;Tak;TgKñamYyRtUv)an eKRbkas[dwgrvagbBaðasuxPaB nigPaBRkIRk. RbCaBlrdæRkIRk EdlmanlT§PaBtictYc kñúg karTTYl)ankarEfTaMsuxPaB nigkarkarBarsgÁmkic© CaTUeTAminsUvmansuxPaBl¥ qab;søab; ehIymanGRtamrN³kumarnigmatax<s;. enAeBlCamYyKñaenH karmanCMgW)an eFVI[PaBRkIRk kan;EtF¶n;F¶reLIgtamry³kar)at;bg;R)ak;cMNUl nigkarcMNayeTAelI karEfTaMsuxPaBehIy )anERbkøayrgVg;énPaBRkIRkpugcuHkan;EteRCA. dUecñHehIy kareFVI[suxPaBkan;EtRbesIreLIgrbs;CnRkIRkKWmanvtßúbMNgénkarGPivDÆn_ EdlmanPaBcaM)ac; bMput.

284

enAkñúgeKaledATI8énkarGPivDÆn_shsvtS mankarGMBavnavcMnYnbI sRmab;karelIk kMBs;suxPaBCak;lak; enARtwmqñaM2015 ³ kat;bnßyGRtamrN³kumar nigmata nig BinitüemIlelIkarrIkdal énCMgWhuIv¼eGds_ CMgWRKuncaj;nigCMgWrebg. suxPaBKWCa ktþaKnøwHmYypgEdrTak;TineTAnwgeKaledATI1 énkarGPivDÆn_shsvtS ¬karlubbM)at; PaBRkIRk nigPaBGt;Xøan¦. suxPaBl¥cUlrYmcMENkeTAelIkarGPivDÆn_ nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk tamviFI eRcIny:ag. vabegáInplitPaBkargar dUecñaHCMruj[mankarvinieyaKTunkñúgRsuk nig breTs begáInFnFanmnusS nigbegáInGRtasnSMR)ak;rbs;Cati. dUecñHehIy karvinieyaK TuneTAelIvis½ysuxPaB KWCaviFankard¾mancirPaBmYy EdlFana[manGtßRbeyaCn_ xageRkACaviC¢manCaeRcIn.

viFankarepSg²mYycMnYn GacRtUv)aneFV IeLIg edIm,IFanafa siT§ isuxPaB RtUv)anGnuvtþ. edaynaMykmuxnaTInigGMNacrbs;xøÜnpÞal;mkeRbIenaH sPaGacedIr tYnaTIy:agsMxan;enAkñúgdMeNIrkarenaH. niyayCaTUeTA karseRmc)annUvsiT§isuxPaB mann½yeTAdl;karEfTaMsux PaBbzmsRmab;mnusSRKb;Kña edayK μankarerIseGIg eTAdl;yuT§sa®sþ nigEpnkar skm μPaBénsuxPaBsaFarN³Cati nigkarbegáIteLIgnUvsUc©nakr ynþkarsRmab; vas;Evg nigynþkarRtYtBinitütamdansuxPaBfñak;Cati. ynþkarFanara:b;rgsuxPaB nigkmμviFIGb;rMGMBIbBaða nigkarkarBarsuxPaBKW CakarsMxan; ehIysmaCiksPa KYreFVIkarFanafa manmUlniFiRKb;RKan;sRmab;kic© RbwgERbgTaMgenaH nigsRmab;karRsavRCav nigkarGPivDÆn_EdlBak;B½n§nwgsuxPaB.

285

Rkumnana EdlRtUvkarkarykcitþTukdak;CaBiess bBaðasuxPaBnanaEdlmanCak;lak ;eTAn wgRk umNamYy d UcCa CnEdl GsmtßPaBEpñkragkaynigpø Úvcitþ CnRkIRk ®sþ I kumar nigGñkkMBugmanpÞúkCMgW hIuv¼eGds_ TamTar[mankarykcitþTukdak;CaBiess. eKalneya)ay EdlmanTis edAc,as;las; nigfvikaEpñksuxPaBRKb;RKan; edIm,IeqøIytbeTAtamesckþIRtUvkarén RkumTaMgenH KWCakarcaM)ac;. Tak;TinCamYyCnRkIRk bBaðasuxPaBCaKnøwHnana rYmman karelIkkMBs; karTTYl)an esvasuxaPi)al kardak;ecjnUvkmμviFIcak;va:k;saMg)ansmrmü nigkarGnuvtþeTAelI viFankarbrisßanCamUldæannana ¬CaBiess bBaðakare)aHecalkaksMNl;¦. smaCiksPaGacCaFnFand¾sMxan;CaTIbMput kñúgkartak;Etgc,ab;Bak;B½n§nana eday eFVIkarFananUvkarGnuvtþc,ab;TaMgenaH nigelIkkMBs;karyl;dwgCasaFarN³ GMBI sßanPaBrbs;GñkRkIRk. karTTYl)anesvasuxPaB karEfTaMEpñkeBTü nigesvakm μBnüakMeNItrbs; ®sþI TamTar[mankarykcitþTukdak;. smaCiksPa KYrFana[mankarGnum½tc,ab; EdlhamXat; nigbM)at;ecalkarkat;snÞHRBhμcarIrbs;ek μgRsII.45

45 enAExkBaØa qñaM2001 IPU)anebIkyuT§nakarsPamYyedIm,IbBaÄb;GMeBIhwgSaRbqaMg®sþI edayepþateTA elIkarlubbM)at;nUv FGM. B½t’manbEnßmGacrk)anBI http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/fgm.htm

http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/fgm.htm�

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c,ab;nanaEdlFana[mankarpþl;eTA[kumarTaMgGs;nUvCMnYyEpñkeBTü nig karEfTaMsuxPaBEdlcaM)ac;nana KYrRtUv)anGnum½t nigGnuvtþ. vaCakarsMxan; edIm,I dak;cuHnUvkm μviFInanaEdlerobcMeLIg edIm,Ikat;bnßyGRtamrN³Tark nigkumar nig edIm,IerobcMplitkmμviFIB½t’mansþIBIsuxPaB nigcMNIGaharrbs;kumar GtßRbeyaCn_én karciBa©wmkUnedayTwkedaH sar³sMxan;énGnam½y nigbrisßanl¥s¥at nigkarkarBarkuM[man eRKaHfñak;. kumarBikar KYrmanlT§PaB nigTTYl)ankarGb;rM karbNþúHbNþal nigesva EfTaMsuxPaB ehIyKYrTTYlGtßRbeyaCn_BIesvayuvnItism,Ta karerobcMxøÜnsRmab; kargar nigkalanuvtþPaB TTYlPaBsb,ayrIkray kñúgbMNg edIm,IFana[mankar bBa©ÚleTAkñúgsgÁm nigkarGPivDÆn_pÞal;xøÜnCaGtibrma. cugeRkay KWbuKÁlTaMgLayEdlkMBugmanpÞúkCMgWhIuv¼eGds_ EdlenAExFñÚ qñaM2004 mancMnYnCiteTAdl; 40lannak;46 enATUTaMgBiPBelak KYrRtUv)aneKkarBar RbqaMgeTAnwgkarerIseGIgRKb;TRmg;TaMgGs;. karcMNayelIkarBinitüeBTürbs; BYkeK KYrRtUv)aneKecj[ ehIyfñaMKYrRtUv)anpþl;eTA[BYkeK edayEp¥kelImUldæan eTogTat;. 47

46 bNÐit Peter Piot naykRbtibtþién UNAIDS> sarepJIrCUnTivaCMgWeGds_BiPBelak éf¶TI1 ExFñÚ qñaM 2004. 47 sMrab;B½t’manbEnßmelIRbFanbTenH sUmemIlesovePAsMrab;smaCiksPa GMBICMgWhIuv¼eGds_ c,ab; nig siT§imnusS UNAIDS/IPU TIRkughSWENv qñaM1999.

287

siT§iTTYl)anTwk bEnßmelIsiT§iTTYl)ancMNIGahar lMenAdæan nigsMelokbMBak; ¬EdlmanEcgy:ag c,as;kñúgmaRta25 énesckþIRbkasCasklsþIBIsiT§imnusS nigmaRta11 én CESCR¦ siT§i mankMritCIvPaBrs;enAsmrmü GacnaM[manesckþIRtUvkarCamUldæanepSgeTot. esckþIBnül; TUeTAelx15 rbs;KN³kmμaFikar CESCR Edl)anGnum½tenAExvicäika qñaM2002 )ankMNt; :siT§imnusSkñúgkarTTYl)anTwk : faCaEpñkmYyd¾sMxan;éncegáamsiT§iTaMgmUl eday)anEføgfa siT§iTTYl)anTwk :sßitenAkñúgrgVg;énkarFanaEdlcaM)ac; sRmab;eFVI[mankMritCIvPaB rs;enA smrmü CaBiess edaysarvaCalkçxNÐmUldæanmYy d¾sMxan;bMput kñúgcMeNamlkçxNÐmUl dæanCaeRcInsRmab;karrs;ranmanCIvit :. siT§iTTYl)anTwk RtUv)anelIkmkniyaypgEdr enA kñúgmaRta14¬2¦ én CEDAW nig maRta24¬2¦ én CRC. etIGVIeTACasiT§iTTYl)anTwk? siT§iTTYl)anTwk pþl;eTAdl;RKb;mnusSTaMgGs;nUvTwkRKb;RKan; mansuvtßiPaB GacTTYlyk)an GaceTArk)an nigGacmanlT§PaBTij)an sRmab;kareRbIR)as;pÞal;xøÜnnig enAkñúgpÞH. siT§iTTYl)anTwkmansar³sMxan;Nas;sRmab;karseRmc)annUvsiT§iepSg eTot dUcCasiT§irs;ranmanCIvit suxPaBnigcMNIGahar. eTaHbICafaGVIEdlbegáIt)an CaPaBRKb;RKan;énTwk mankarERbRbYleTAtamlkçxNÐCaeRcInk¾eday k¾ktþaxag eRkam GnuvtþenARKb;kal³eTs³TaMgGs; ³

PaBGacrk)an ³ karpÁt;pÁg;TwkedayeTogTat; RtUvEteFVI[)andl;CnRKb;rUbkñúg cMnYnmYyRKb;RKan; sRmab;kareRbIR)as;pÞal;xøÜn nigkareRbIR)as;kñúgpÞH. kareRbI R)as;TaMgenH CaFm μta rYmman briePaK Gnam½ypÞal;xøÜn e)akKk;sMelokbMBak;

288

karerobcMcMNIGahar Gnam½y nigPaBs¥at)atrbs;RKYsar. cMNuHTwk Edlman sRmab;buKÁlmñak;² KYreFVIeTAtameKalkarN_ENnaMrbs;GgÁkarsuxPaBBiPBelak. buKÁl nigRkumxøHGacRtUvkarTwkbEnßmelIsenHeTAeTot edaysarEtlkçxNÐ suxPaB GakasFatu nigkargarCak;lak;NamYy. KuNPaB ³ TwksRmab;kareRbIR)as;pÞal;xøÜn nigkareRbIR)as;kñúgpÞH RtUvEtman suvtßiPaB dUcCa K μanGtisuxumR)aN sarFatuKImI nigviTüúskm μ EdleRKaHfñak; y:agGaRkk;dl;suxPaB. BN’ køin nigrsCatirbs;Twk KYrmanPaBsmRsb sRmab;kareRbIR)as;pÞal;xøÜn nigkareRbIR)as;kñúgpÞH. PaBGacTTYl)an ³ Twk nigsMPar³ nigesvakm μTwk RtUvEtpþl;eTA[CnRKb;Kña TaMgGs; EdlkMBugrs;enAkúñgEdndIrbs;rdæ edayKμankarerIseGIgeLIy. PaB GaceTArk)an manktáacMnYnbYnEdlCan;RtYtKña ³

karcUleTAdl;TIkEnøgmanTwk ³ sRmab;RkumRbCaCnTaMgGs; Twk nigsMPar³ nigesvakm μTwkRKb;RKan; RtUvEtsßitenAkñúgcm¶aymYy EdlGaceTArk)an edaysuvtßiPaB. manTwkRKb;RKan; suvtßiPaB nigGacTTYlyk)an RtUvEtpþl; eTA[RKb;RKYsar sßab½nGb;rM GaKarEfTaMsuxPaB nigkEnøgeFVIkar b¤kEnøgenA CitenaH. KuNPaBrbs;sMPar³ nigesvakm μTwkTaMgGs; RtUvEtmanlkçN³l¥ RKb;RKan; nigsmrmüEpñkvb,Fm’ ehIyRtUvEteqøIytbeTAnwglkçxNÐEynD½r vdþsgSar nigPaBÉkCnnana. snþisuxrUbkayrbs;Cn EdlTTYl)ankareRbI R)as; nigesvakmμTwk RtUvEt)anFana. karTTYl)anEpñkesdækic© ³ Twk nigsMPar³ nigesvakm μTwk RtUvEtmanlkçN³ EdlGackarTij)anCaTUeTA. tMél nigkarbg;kMéredaypÞal; nigRbeyal

289

EdlmanCab;eTAnwgkarTTYl)anTwksuvtßiPaB RtUvEtmancMnYnsmehtupl nig minEkERb b¤KMramkMEhgeTAelIkarTTYl)annUvsiT§iepSg²eTot EdlRtUv)anFana eRkam CESCR. karTTYl)anedayminerIseGIg ³ tamc,ab; nigtamkarGnuvtþCak;Esþg Twknig sMPar³ nigesvakm μTwk RtUvEtpþl;eTAdl;RKb;Kña edayrYmTaMg RkumRbCaCn EdlgayrgeRKaHbMput nigEdlRtUv)aneKpat;ecj edayKμan karerIseGIg Ep¥kelImUldæanNamYyeLIy. karTTYl)anB½t’man ³ karTTYl)anenH rYmbBa©ÚlnUvsiT§ikñúgkarrkTTYl nig pSBVpSayB½t’manTaMgLay EdlTak;TineTAnwgbBaðaTwk.

Twk nigsiT§ikñúgkarrs;ranmanCIvit erogral;qñaM RbCaCncMnYn 2>2 lannak; søab;edaysarCMgWraKrUs mnusSCaeRcInlannak;EfmeTotTTYlrgnUvkar)at;bg;xagcMNIGahar karGb;rM nig

esdækic© tamry³CMgWraKrUs EdlGacbgáar)antamry³kareFVI[RbesIeLIgkñúgkar pÁt;pÁg;Twk nigGnam½y

RbCaCncMnYnCit 3>4lannak; søab;erogral;qñaM BICMgWnana EdlBak;B½n§nwgTwk enAeBlNamYy RbCaCncMnYn 1>5ekad manRbCaCnmñak;kñúgcMeNambYnnak;enAkñúg

BiPBelak rgnUvkarqøgdgáÚv)ara:sIut EdlekItecjBIkaksMNl;rbs;mnusS nig kaksMNl;rwgenAkñúgbrisßan. 48

RbGb; 83

48 karvaytMélBIkarpÁt;pÁg;Twk nigGnam½yBiPBelak r)aykarN_qñaM2000 esckþIsegçbr)aykarN_

290

RbePTénkarrMelaPbMBannanaeTAelIsiT§iTTYl)anTwk karrMelaPbMBannanaeTAelIkatBVkic© kñúgkareKarBsiT§iTTYl)anTwk ³ karkat;pþac;b¤kardak;[enAeRkABIesvakmμ b¤kareRbIR)as;TwkedaybMBan nigminman

karbBa¢ak;ehtuplRtwmRtUv karbegáIntMélTwk edaymanPaBerIseGIg b¤mantMéléføeBk karbMBul nigkarkat;bnßyRbPBFnFanTwk edayeFVI[b:HBal;dl;suxPaBrbs;mnusS

karrMelaPbMBannanaeTAelIkatBVkic© kñúgkarkarBarsiT§iTTYl)anTwk xkxanmin)anGnum½t nigGnuvtþc,ab;nana edIm,ITb;sáat;karbMBul nigkarTajykTwk

edayGsmPaBrbs;va xkxankúñgkardak;[enAeRkamkarRKb;RKgd¾manRbsiT§PaB nigxkxaneFVIkarRtYtBinitü

eTAelIGñkpþl;esvaTwkrbs;ÉkCn xkxankñúgkarkarBarRbB½n§EbgEckTwk ¬]> bNþajbMBg;Tueya nigGNþÚg¦ BIkareRCotERCk

kareFVI[xUcxat nigkarbMpøicbMpøaj

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RtUv)anerobcMeLIg edIm,IFanasiT§iTTYl)anTwk sRmab;mnusSRKb;rUb karcMNayminRKb;RKan; b¤karEbkEckFnFansaFarN³ naM[mankarminGac

seRmc)annUvsiT§iTTYl)anTwk edaybuKÁl nigRkumCnTaMgLay CaBiessRkumEdl gayrgeRKaH nigRkumEdlRtUv)aneKpat;ecj.

xkxankñúgkareFVIkarBinitütamdan nUvkarTTYl)ansiT§iTTYl)anTwkenAfñak;Catikñúg cMeNamenaH edayeRbIR)as;sUc©nakr nigsþg;darsRmab;vas;eTAelIsiT§iTTYl)anTwk

RbGb; 84

291

xkxankñúgkarcat;viFankarnana edIm,Ikat;bnßykarEbgEcksm,Ta nigesvakmμTwk

edaymines μ IPaBKña xkxankñúgkarGnum½tynþkarnana sRmab;karCYyse®gÁaHbnÞan; xkxankñúgkarFanafa mnusSRKb;rUbTTYl)ansiT§ienH enAkRmitGb,brmaEdlcaM)ac; karxkxanrbs;rdæ kñúgkarykcitþTukdak;eTAelIkatBVkic©pøÚvc,ab;GnþrCati Tak;Tin

eTAnwgsiT§iTTYl)anTwk enAeBlcuHkic©RBmeRBogCamYyrdædéT b¤CamYyGgÁkar GnþrCatinana.

etIskm μPaBGVIxøH GaccUlrYmcMENk kñúgkarFananUvkarTTYl)ansiT§iTTYl)anTwk? TImYy rdæaPi)alTaMgLayKYrpþl;[manTwk EdlGacmanKuNPaBsmrmü nigGacTTYlyk)an dUcEdlKUsbBa¢ak;xagelI. karGnuvtþCabeNþIr² nUvviFankar TaMgenaH dUc)anerobrab;xagelI vaGacnwgQaneTArkkarseRmc)any:ageBjelj nUv siT§iTTYl)anTwk. sPaGaceFVIkartamdanBinitüemIl nigBRgwgviFankarCak;lak; rbs;rdæaPi)al dUcxageRkam ³

RbsinebImanPaBcaM)ac; rdæaPi)alKYrGnum½tyuT§sa®sþnigEpnkarskm μPaBeTA elITwkfñak;Cati edIm,IFana[manRbB½n§pÁg;pÁg; nigRKb;RKgTwkmYy Edlpþl;»ü RbCaCnTaMgGs; nUvTwks¥at nigmansuvtßiPaB kñúgbrimaNRKb;RKan; sRmab;kareRbI R)as;pÞal;xøÜn nigenAkñúgpÞH. yuT§sa®sþ nigEpnkarskm μPaBenaH KYrrYmbBa©Úl nUv]bkrN_nana dUcCa sUc©nakr nigsþg;darsRmab;vas;EvgeTAelIsiT§iTTYl)an TwksRmab;tamdanBinitü karvivtþ[)anditdl; ehIyKYrkMNt;TisedACaBiess

292

eTAdl;Rkumnana EdlBuMTTYl)anRbeyaCn_ nigRkumEdleKpat;ecjBIsgÁm.

rdæaPi)al KYrcat;viFankarnanaRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB edIm,IkarBarkuM[PaKITIbI edayrYmTaMg saCIvkmμqøgRbeTs kuM[begáIt]bsKÁcMeBaHkarTTYl)an eday esμ IPaBKña eTAelITwks¥at nigkarBarkuM[mankarbMBul nigcUlrYmeTAkñúgTMlab; énkarTajykTwk edayhYsBIsmtßPaBrbs;va

rdæaPi)al KYrcat;viFankarnana edIm,ITb;sáat; BinitüemIl nigRtYtemIleTAelI CMgWnana EdlBak;B½n§nwgTwk ehIyCaBiess FanakarTTYl)anGnam½yRKb;RKan;.

siT§iTTYl)ankarGb;rM maRta26¬1¦ én UDHR

“mnusSRKb;rUb mansiTi§TTYl)ankarGb;rM. karGb;rM ®tUvEt\tbg;éfø y:agehac

Nas; sRmab;karGb;rMbzm nigkarGb;rMmUldæan . karGb;rMbzmsikSa KWCa katBVkic©. karGb;rMxagbec©keTs nigviC¢aCIv³ ®tUverobcM[manCaTUeTA. karGb;rM fñak;]tþmsikSa ®tUvebIk[cUleronesμIPaBKña edayQrelImUldæansmtßPaB .

maRta13 én CESCR

rdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH TTYlsÁal;siTi§buKÁlRKb;rUb edImI,TTYl)ankarGb;rM .

¬>>>>¦ rdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH TTYlsÁal;fa edImI,seRmc)ankareRbIR)as;eBjelj

nUvsiTi§enH ³

293

¬k¦ karGb;rMkRmitbzmsikSa RtUvEtCakatBVkic© ehIy\tKitéføsRmab;TaMgGs;Kña . ¬x¦ karGb;rMkRmitmFümsikSatamRTg;RTayepSg² rYmTaMgkarGb;rMbec©keTs nig

viC¢aCIv³kRmitmFüm RtUvEtebIk [manCaTUeTA nig[mnusSRKb;KñaGaccUleron)an tam RKb;meFüa)aysmRsbTaMgGs; nigCaBiess tamkardak;[ manCalMdab;

nUvkarsikSaeday\tbg;éfø . ¬K¦ karGb;rMkRmit]tþmsikSa RtUvEtebIkcMhdl;mnusSRKb;rUbedayesμ IPaB tam smtßPaBrbs;mnusSmñak;² tamRKb;meFüa)aysmRsbTaMgGs; nigCaBiess

tamkardak;[manCalMdab;nUvkarsikSa eday\tbg;éfø . ¬X¦ karGb;rMmUldæan RtUvEtCMruj b¤BRgwgtamRKb;meFüa)ayEdlGaceFVIeTA)an

sRmab;GñkEdlmin)anTTYl b¤min)anbB©ab;kRmitbzmsikSarbs;xøÜn . ¬g¦ RtUvEtbnþy:agskmμ elIkarGPivDÆn_bNþajsikSaFikarRKb;lMdab;

begáItRbB½n§GaharUbkrN_[)anRKb;RKan; nigbegáInCalMdab;nUvlkçxNÐsmÖar³rbs;buKÁliksikSa .

3> rdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH snüaeKarBesrIPaBrbs;matabita nigGaNaBüa)al Rsbc,ab; ebIsmRsb edImI,eRCIserIssalaeron eRkABIsalaeronsaFarN³ »ü kUnrbs;xøÜn b:uEnþRtUvRsbtamviFanGb,brmaEdlrdæGackMNt; b¤Gnum½t kñúgvis½y Gb;rM nigr:ab;rgkarGb;rMsasna nigsIlFm’rbs;kUn RsbtamCMenOpÞal;rbs;BYkeK 4> KμanbTbBaØtiþNamYyénmaRtaenH RtUvykmkbkRsayfab:HBal;dl;esrIPaB

énrUbv½nþbuKÁl nignItibuKÁl kñúgkarbegáIt nigdwknaMRKwHsßansikSa elIkElgEt eKalkarN_Edl)anEcgkñúgkfax½NÐ1 énmaRtaenH RtUv)aneKarB nig[Etkar

294

Gb;rMEdlpþl;[enAkñúgRKwHsßanTaMgenaH RsbeTAnwgbTdæanGb,brma EdlGac kMNt;edayrdæ .

maRta14 én CESCR

“ enAeBlkøayCaPaKIénktikasBaØaenH rdæPaKIEdlminTan;GacFana

karGb;rMkRmitbzm CakatBVkic© nigeday\tbg;éfø enAkñúgEdndIcMNuHénRbeTsxøÜn b¤EdndIEdlsßitenAeRkam Ednsmtßkic©rbs;xøÜn snüabegáIt nigGnum½tkñúgry³eBl 2qñaM nUvEpnkarlMGiténviFan karcaM)ac; edImI,eFVI[)anseRmcCalMdab; tamcMnYn

qñaMsmrmüEdlkMNt;kñúgEpnkarenH nUvkarGnuvtþeBjeljéneKalkarN_ Gb;rMkRmitbzmCakatBVkic© nigeday\tbg;éføsRmab;TaMgGs;Kña . :

bEnßmeTAelIkarEcg nigKUsbBa¢ak;enAkñúgc,ab;GnþrCati nigsn§isBaØasMxan;² Edl)an bgðajxagelI siT§iTTYl)ankarGb;rM k¾RtUv)aneKelIkeLIgpgEdrenAkñúgmaRta28 nig29 én CRC nigenAkñúgeKaledATI2 nigTI3énkarGPivDÆn_shsvtS Edl)an dak;ecjnUvsþg;dar nigeKalbMNgsMxan;² Tak;TineTAnwgkarTTYl)ansiT§ienH. siT§i enH RtUv)anpSarP¢ab; edayminGackat;pþac;)an eTAnwgesckþIéføfñÚrbs;mnusS nigkar seRmc)annUvsiT§ienH KWmansar³sMxan;Nas; cMeBaHkarGPivDÆn_rbs;buKÁlmñak;² nigrbs;sgÁmTaMgmUl. siT§iTTYl)ankarGb;rM pþl;GMNaceTAdl;RbCaCn Edl RtUv)aneKpat;ecjEpñkesdækic©nigsgÁmkic© ehIyvamansar³sMxan;Nas;enAkñúg karRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgPaBRkIRk vakarBarkumarBIkarekgRbv½Ba© nigvaman \T§iBleFVIkarkMNt;eTAelIkarekIneLIgnUvcMnYnRbCaCn. dUecñHehIy siT§ienHKWCa KnøwHkñúgkarseRmc)annUvsiT§imnusSCaeRcInepSgeTot.

295

“ dUecñH sßanPaBRbCaFibetyüEdlmancirPaBmYy tRmUv[manbriyakas nigvb,Fm’RbCaFibetyüEdlRtUv)anbNþúHeLIg nigBRgwgCabnþbnÞab; edaykarGb;rM nigmeFüa)ayénvb,Fm’ nigB½t’manepSgeTot. dUecñH sgÁmRbCaFibetyümYy RtUvEt mankarebþCJax<s;eTAelIkarGb;rM [)anTUlMTUlayCaTIbMput ehIyCaBiesseTAeTot enaH KIkarGbrM;eTAelIRbCaBlrdæ nigkartRmg;Tis edIm,IseRmc)annUvRbCaCnEdl RbkbedayTMnYlxusRtUvmYy. :

shCIBGnþrsPa esckþIRbkasCasaklsþIBIRbCaFibetyü TIRkugEKr ExsIha qñaM1997 XøaRbeyaK19

bBaØtiþxagelIénesckþIRbkasCasklsþIBIsiT§imnusS nig CESCR )anEcg nUveKalbMNgy:agc,as;las;fa rdæCaPaKITaMgLay KYrmanbMNg edIm,IeFVIkareqøIytbeTA nwgxbBaØtþ iTa MgenH edIm,IFananUvkarTTYl)ansiT§imnusSkñúgkarTTYl)ankarGb;rM. k¾b:uEnþ GVIeTAEdlCakarBak;B½n§nana EdlGacGnuvtþ)anBitR)akd eTAelIbBaØtiþTaMg enaHsRmab;rdæ nigCaBiesssRmab;sPa? edIm,Ipþl;CacMelIy siT§iTTYl)ankarGb;rM GacRtUv)anbMEbkecjeTACaBIrEpñk dUcteTA³

1. karelIkkMBs;[mankarTTYl)ankarGb;rM 2 . esrIPaBkñúgkareRCIserIsRbePT nigxøwmsarénkarGb;rM

296

PaBRkIRk nigkarGb;rM 49

enATUTaMgBiPBelak kumarcMnYn113lannak;min)ancUleron EdlBIrPaKbIéncMnYnenH Caek μgRsI. bEnßmelIenH karbegáInKuNPaBGb;rM karBRgIkkarGb;rMCamUYldæaneq<aHeTATis edAGb;rMbzmCasklkRmitGnþrCati nigkarkat;bnßyPaBlMeGogKñakñúgkarTTYl)an nig visalPaB bgðajnUvkarlM)aky:agxøaMg. mankic©RBmeRBogGnþrCatiyUrGEgVgmYy Edlfa karGb;rMbzm KYrmanlkçN³Caskl enAedImstvtSTI21. KMlatCaeRcInénvtþmankarcUl eron nigkarrkSa[kumarenAeron sßiteTAtamRTBüsm,tiþ Edl)anbgðajfa GñkRkIRk KWsißtenAq¶ayNas; BIkarseRmc[)annUveKalbMNgenH CagGñkepSg²eTot. k¾b:uEnþ ehtuGVI)anCaGRtacuHeQ μaHcUleronTab niglT§plénkarGb;rMmanKuNPaBGn;kñúg cMeNamGñkRk? karpÁt;pÁg; TImYy vaCakarlM)aksRmab;kumarRkIRk edIm,IeTAkan;salaeron. salaeronTMngCa RbmUlpþú MKñaenAtamTIRkug nigtMbn;EdlmanGñkmanrs;enAeRcIn. enARbeTsKInI ¬Guinea¦ Ca]TahrN_ eBlevlaeFVIdMeNIrCamFümeTAkan;salaeronbzmsikSa EdlenACitbMput KWmancMnYn 47 naTI enAtamtMbn;CnbT nigmanEt 19naTIbu:eNÑaH enAtMbn;RbCuMCnnana.

eTaHCay:agNak¾eday enAtamRbeTsCaeRcIn kareTAkan;salaeronminEmnCabBaða sñÚleT. karcMNayelIkarGb;rM mankarekIneLIgenAtamRbeTsCaeRcInkñúgGMLúg

RbGb; 85

49 Tinñn½yEp¥kelI ::RbCaCn PaBRkIRk niglT§PaB : sßanPaBénRbCaCnBiPBelak qñaM2002> mUlniFishRbCaCatisMrab;RbCaCn.

297

bu:unμanTsvtSknøgmkenH k¾b:uEnþkMeNIneTAelIkarcMNayEdleFVIeLIgminRBmKñaCamYy nwgkarykcitþTukdak;CaBiesseTAelIesckþIRtUvkarrbs;GñkRk GaceFVI[PaBxusKña EdlBak;B½n§CamYyRTBüsm,tiþ mankan;EtxøaMgeLIgeTAvij CaCageFVIkarkat;bnßy. PsþútagBIRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_CaeRcIn )anbgðajfa skm μPaBrbs;rdæaPi)al Edlpþl; plRbeyaCn_eTAdl;GñkmanRTBüsm,tþi )anRsUbykcMENkd¾FMmYyénkarcMNaysaFarN³ sRmab;karGb;rM. enAGaemrikLaTIn PaBxusKñaeTAelIsmiT§ipleronsURt )annaM[mannUv PaBK μanRbsiT§PaBénsalaeronrbs;rdæ EdlPaKeRcInCasalaeronrbs;GñkRk ehIy karGb;rMbzmsikSa nigmFümsikSa EdlCakRmiténkareronsURtmYy Edl manGtßRbeyaCn_eRcInbMputeTAdl;GñkRk TTYl)ancMENktictYcénkarcMNay EpñkGb;rMsrub. eTaHbICaenAeBlNaEdlrdæaPi)al eFVIkarEbgEckFnFanRKb;RKan; kñúgeKalbMNg edIm,IBRgwgkarTTYl)an nigBRgwkKuNPaBGb;rM[eTAdl;GñkRkk¾eday k¾smtßPaBEpñkrdæ)al kñúgkarpþl;esvaTaMgenaH enAEtminRKb;RKan;enAeLIy.

KuNPaBGb;rM rYmmankmμviFIsikSa ÉksaresovePA viFIsa®sþbeRgon karbNþúHbNþal eTAdl;RKUbeRgon GaRtaeFobrvagsisSnigRKU nigkarcUlrYmrbs;«BukmþaysisSeFVIkar kMNt;eTAelIlT§plénkarGb;rM ¬dUcCaGRtasisSenArkSacUleronkñúgsala kRmiténkarbBa©b; karsikSa nigBinÞúetsþ¦.

esckþIRtUvkar esckþIRtUvkarsRmab;karGb;rMGaRs½yeTAelIkarTTYl)anRbeyaCn_mkvijcMeBaH RKYsar. RbeyaCn_enH rYmmancMNUl EdlRtUv)anrMBwgTuk b:uEnþk¾Bak;B½n§eTAdl;bBaðasuxPaB EdlmanPaBRbesIreLIg nigGRtamankUnticCagmun. eyageTAtamkarsikSamYy karrkR)ak;)anCamFümGacekIn 10PaKry sRmab;kareron)ankRmitbEnßmmYyfñak;

298

RbsinebImankalanuvtþPaBkargar sRmab;km μkrEdl)anTTYlkareronsURtTaMgenaH.

enARbeTsxøH esckþIRtUvkarsRmab;karGb;rM mancMnYnticCag edaysarEtpl RbeyaCn_EdleKrMBwgTuknanaBIkarGb;rM mancMnYnfy EdlkñúgcMeNamenaH edaysarkar cMNayeTAelIkarGb;rM KuNPaBTabtamsalasaFarN³ nigkarerIseGIgRbqaMgRkumCnCatiPaK tic b¤RkummanPasaepSg nigkarerIseGIgRbqaMgnwg®sþI enAkñúgTIpSarkargar. éføbg;sala karRsavRCavfμI² rYmTaMgkarRsavRCav EdlEp¥kelIr)aykarN_rbs;rdæpgEdr RtUv)an dak;CUneTAKN³km μaFikar CRC nigCESCR bgðajfakarGb;rMCamUldæan ¬eTaHbICa katBV kic©k¾eday¦ KWminEmnEtgEtminbg;R)ak;enaHeT. éføbg;salamanplb:HBal; edaypÞal;eTAelIkarcUlrYmeTAkñúgRbB½n§Gb;rM ehIy)anCMruj[GñkRkTTYl)an nUvkarxatbg;mYy.

EpñkTaMgBIr GacRtUv)anbMEbkecjeTACa 4vis½yénkatBVkic©EfmeTot ³ karEdlGacrk)an kareTATTYl)an karTTYlyk)an nigkarEdlGacsRmbeTAtam)an dUc manEcgkñúgesckþIBnül;TUeTAelx13 énKN³km μaFikar CESCR. eKalKMnitTaMg enH rYmmannUvviFankarGnuvtþdUcteTA³

PaBEdlGacrk)annUvsßab½n nigkm μviFIGb;rMEdlmandMeNIrkar karGb;rMbzmKWCakatBVkic© nigminbg;éføsRmab;TaMgGs;Kña ¬edIm,IkarBar

kumarBIkareFVIkargar eBlEdlBYkeKenAek μgenAeLIy¦ km μviFIbNþúHbNþalRKUbeRgon lkçxNÐkargarsmrmüsRmab;RKUbeRgon edayrYmTaMgsiT§ikñúgkarbegáIt

smaKm nigkarcrcaCarYm

299

PaBGacTTYl)ankarGb;rMsRmab;TaMgGs;Kña karGb;rMmFümsikSa nig]tþmsikSa EdlGacmanlT§PaBTTYl)anEpñkesdækic© karTTYl)annUvkarGb;rM edayminmankarerIseGIg RbB½n§pþl;R)ak;]btßmÖsmrmü sRmab;karGb;r M eTAdl;RkumEdl)at;bg;

GtßRbeyaCn_nana karpþl;mUlnIFiRKb;RKan; sRmab;karGb;rMenAtMbn;CnbTnana ynþkarnana sRmab;RtYtBinitütamdaneTAelIeKalneya)ay RKwHsßannana

km μviFI rebobénkarcMNay nigkarGnuvtþepSgeTot enAkñúgvis½yGb;rM. PaBGacTTYlyk)annUvTRmg; nigxøwmsar eFVIc,ab;edayFananUvKuNPaBrbs;kmμviFIsikSa nigviFIsa®sþkñúgkarbeRgon sþg;darGb;rMCaGb,brma ¬elIkarGnuBaØat[cUleron kmμviFIsikSa karTTYlsÁal;

viBaØabnbR½t.l. nigynþkartamdanRtYtBinitüBak;B½n§nana karFana[mansiT§ikñúgkarbegáItRKwHsßanÉkCn PaBEdlGacsRmbeTAtam)anrbs;km μviFIsikSa karerobcMkm μviFIsikSa nigkarpþl;mUlniFiGb;rM [RsbeTAnwgesckþIRtUvkar

BitR)akdrbs;sisS nignisSitTaMgLay. Epnkarskm μPaB karkic©x itxMRbwgERbgrbs;rdæ ed Im, IseRmc)annUvsiT § iTTYl)ankarGb;r M KYrmanlkçN³QaneLIgCabeNþIr². kic©RbwgERbgTaMgenaH KYrmanRbsiT§PaB nig minbEg¥rbg¥g;enAkñúgkRmitsmrmümYy. katBVkic©rbs;rdæminsßitenAkñúgsßanPaB

300

Rbjab;Rbjal;eTAelIRKb;Epñk¬karGb;rMCamUldæan bzmsikSa mFümsikSa nig]tþmsikSa¦ enaHeT ³ rdæaPi)alnanaRtUv)aneKrMBwgTuk[pþl;GaTiPaBkñúgkardak;[mankarGb;rMkRmitbzm EdlCakatBVkic© nigedayminbg;éfø xN³eBlTnÞwmKñaenH cat;viFankarCaCMhan² sRmab;eFVI[)anseRmcsiT§iTTYl)ankarGb;rM enAtamkRmitepSgeTot. rdænana enAeBlkMBugkøayCaPaKImYyrbs; CESCR minTan;manlT§PaB GnuvtþkarGb;rMkRmitbzm EdlCakatBVkic© nigedayminbg;R)ak; KYreFVIkarGnum½t nigGnuvtþEpnkarGb;rMfñak;CatimYy dUcmanEcgkñúgmaRta14 énktikasBaØaenH. EpnkarenaH KYrRtUv)anKUsvaseLIg ehIyGnum½tkñúgrgVg;ry³eBl 2qñaM sRmab;kar GnuvtþCabeNþþIr² enAkñúgrgVg;cMnYnqñaMsmehtupl EdlRtUveFVIeLIgenAkñúgEpnkarenaH nUveKalkarN_énkarGb;rMCakatBVkic© Edlminbg;R)ak;sRmab;TaMgGs;Kña. karEcgCak;lak; nUvry³eBl 2qñaM minEmnTuk[rdæPaKIrYcxøÜnBIkatBVkic©enHeT kñúgkrNI EdlrdæenaH xkxankñúgkareFVIskmμPaBenHkñúgGMLúgeBlenaH.

snñisITGnþrsPaelIkTI105 :eBalGHGagfa karGb;rM KWCalkçxNÐmYy sRmab;karelIkkMBs;[mankarGPivDÆn_RbkbedaycirPaB eFVIkarFananUvbrisßan RbkbedaysuxumalPaB FananUvsnþiPaB niglT§iRbCaFibetyü nigTTYl)annUvvtßú bMNgénkarRbyuT§nwgPaBRkIRk eFVI[kMeNInRbCaCnmankarfycuH nigbegáIt[man smPaBrvagePTnana ehIyvb,Fm’ KWCaEpñkmYyd¾sMxan;éndMeNIrkarGPivDÆn_enH . :

dMeNaHRsaysþIBI :karGb;rM nigvb,Fm’ Caktþa sMxan;kñúgkarelIkkMBs;karcUlrYmrbs;burs nig®sþI enAkñúgvis½yneya)ay nigCalkçxNÐsRmab;karGPivDÆn_mnusS : TIRkughava:Na

Exemsa qñaM2001 XøaRbeyaK 1

301

esckþIsnñidæancugeRkay siT§imnusSKWCaeKalKMnitEdlmankarvivtþn_. karvivtþn_rbs;vaKWCadMeNIrkarmYy EdlkñúgenaH smaCiksPa nigGgÁsßab½nsPaGacedIrtYnaTIQanmuxmYy. tYnaTIenH GacCa]bkrN_y:agsMxan; enARKb;dMNak;kalTaMgGs;éndMeNIrkar ³ pþÜcepþImKMnit nigCMruBaJ[mankarBiPakSaEvkEjkenAfñak;Cati nigfñak;GnþrCati eFVIkarKaMRTdl; GgÁsßab½n begáItbTdæan eFVIkarcUlrYmkñúgkarKUsvaseLIgnUv]bkrN_c,ab; eFVIkar Fana[mankarGnum½t nigpþl;sc©ab½neTAelIsn§isBaØaGnþrCatinana eFVIkartamdan eTAelIsn§isBaØaTaMgenaH nigeFVIkartamdanBinitüemIlelIkarGnuvtþrbs;va. eFVIEbb enH smaCiksPaGacCaédKUd¾sMxan;kñúgkarEkERbRbB½n§BiPBelak edayQrelI mUldæanénPaBRtwmRtUv smPaB nigsiT§imnusS.

303

bBa¢IGkSrbMRBYBaJ

305

]bsm<½n§ 1

esckþIRbkasCasklsþIBIsiT§imnusS buBVkfa edayyl;eXIjfa karTTYlsÁal;esckþIéføfñÚrCab;BIkMeNItrbs;smaCíkTaMgGs;én RKYsarmnusS ehIynigkarTTYlsÁal;siTi§esμ IPaBKñanigsiT§iminGaclk;dUr epÞr b¤dk hUt)an CaRKwHénesrIPaB yutþiFm’ nigsnþiPaBkñúgBiPBelak. edayyl;eXIjfa karminTTYlsÁal;nigkarRbmafemIlgaysiTi§mnusS )annaMeTA kan;GMeBIéRBépSsahavyg;Xñg eFVI[ekþARkhaydl;stism,CBaØ³mnusSCati nig edayyl;eXIjfa karekIteLIgnUvBiPBelakmYy EdlmnusSCatiRtUvmanesrIPaB-kñúgkarniyaysþI nigC¿enOrYcputBIPaBP½yxøacnigTuK’tPaB RtUv)anRbkasfaCa esckþIR)afñad¾x<s;bMputrbs;mnusSTUeTA. edayyl;eXIjfa CakarcaM)ac;EdlsiTi§mnusSRtUvEt)ankarBaredaynItirdæ edIm,I eCosvag kMu[mnusSbgçMcitþCacugeRkaybg¥s; bHe)arRbqaMgTl;nwgGMNacpþac;kar nigkarKabsgát;. edayyl;eXIjfa CakarcaM)ac;EdlRtUvelIksÞÜykarBRgIkTMnak;TMngCamitþPaB rvagRbCaCatinana.

306

edayyl;eXIjfa RbCaBlrdæTaMgGs;énshRbCaCati )anRbkasbBa¢ak;sarCaf μ Í kñúgFmμnuBaØshRbCaCatinUvCMenOrbs;xøÜneTAelIsiTi§mUldæanénmnusS elIesckþIéføfñÚr elItémørbs;mnusSnigelIsmPaBénsiTi§rvagbursnig®sþI ehIyebþCaJelIksÞÜyvDÆnPaB sgÁmnigkRmitCÍvPaB rs;enA[kan;EtRbesIreLIgkñúgesrIPaB kan;EtTUlMTUlay. edayyl;eXIjfa kñúgkic©shRbtibtiþkarCamYyGgÁkarshRbCaCati rdæCasmaCík TaMgGs;snüa nigFanaeKarBsiT§iskl nigesrIPaBmUldæan[)anseRmc. edayyl;eXIjfa TsSn³rYmmYysþIIGMBIsiTi§nigesrIPaBTaMgenH mansarsMxan;bMput edIm,IbMeBjnUvkarsnüaxagelI GaRs½yehtuenHmhasnñi)atRbkasfa ³ esckþIRbkasCasklsþIBIsiTi§mnusSenH Ca]tþmKtirYmEdlRbCaBlrdæRKb;²RbeTs nig RbCaCatiTaMgGs;RtUveFVI[)anseRmc edIm,I[buKÁlRKb;²rUbnigGgÁkarsgÁmTaMgGs; eday rkSax¢ab;Canic©kñuúgsμartIrbs;xøÜnnUvesckþIRbkasenH xitxMRbwgERbgbNþúHbNþalkar eKarBsiTi§ nigesrIPaBTaMgenHtamry³karbeRgonnigkarGb;rM ehIynigxMRbwgERbg Fana[mankarTTYlsÁal; nigkarGnuvtþCasklCak;EsþgnUvsiTi§nigesrIPaB eday-víFankarCatinigGnþrCati EdlmanlkçN³rIkceRmInCalMdab;TaMgkñúgcMeNamRbCaBlrdæénrdæ smaCíkTaMgkñúgcMeNamRbCaBlrdæEdndI EdlsßitenAeRkamGMNacénrdæTaMgenaHpg.

307

maRta 1 mnusSTaMgGs;ekItmkmanesrIPaBnigsmPaBkñúgEpñkesckþIéføfñÚrnigsiT§i.

mnusSmanvicarNBaØaN nigstism,CBaØ³Cab;BIkMeNIt ehIyKb,IRbRBwtþcMeBaH KñaeTAvíjeTAmkkñúgsμartIPatrPaBCabgb¥Ún.

maRta 2 mnusSmñak;²GaceRbIR)as;siTi§nigesrIPaBTaMgGs; Edl)anRbkaskñúgesckþIRbkasenH edayKμankarRbkan;EbgEckEbbNamYymanCaGaT× BUCsasn_ BN’sm,úr ePT Pasa sasna mtineya)ayb¤mtiepSg²eTot edImkMeNItCatib¤sgÁm RBTüsm,tþ i kMeNIt b¤sßanPaBdéT²eToteLIy.

elIsBIenH minRtUveFVIkarRbkan;EbgEckNamYy edaysMGageTAelIzan³xagneya)ay xagyutþaFikarb¤xagGnþrCatirbs;RbeTsb¤EdndIEdlbuKÁlNamñak;rs;enA eTaHbICaRbeTs b¤EdndIenaHÉkraCükþI sßiteRkamGaNaBüa)alkþI b¤ KμansV½yRKb;RKgkþI b¤sßiteRkamkardak; kRmitepSg eTotNamYyénGFibetyüPaBkþI. maRta 3 buKÁlmñak;² mansiTi§rs;ranmanCÍvít esrIPaB nigsnþisuxpÞal;xøÜn. maRta 4 KμanCnNamñak;RtUvsßitkñúgTasPaB b¤sßitkñúgPaBCaGñkbeRmIdac;éføeLIy. TasPaB nigTasBaNiC¢kmμRtUvhamXat; eTaHtamTRmg;Nak¾¾eday.

308

maRta 5 KμanCnNamñak; RtUvTTYlrgTaruNkm μ b¤TNÐkm μ b¤RbRBwtþikm μEbbeXareXA GmnusSFm’ b¤benßakbnÞabeLIy.

maRta 6 mnusSmñak;² mansiTi§[TTYlsÁal;BIbuKÁliklkçN³Ktiyutþrbs;xøÜn enARKb; TIkEnøg. maRta 7 mnusSRKb;rUb mansiTi§es μ IKñacMeBaHmuxc,ab; nigmansiTi§TTYlkarkarBar BIc,ab;esμ I²Kña edayK μankarerIseGIg. mnusSRKb;rUb mansiTi§TTYlkarkarBares μ I² KñaRbqaMgnwgkarerIseGIgNaEdlrMelaPelIesckþIRbkasenH RBmTaMgRbqaMgnwg karjúHjg;[mankarerIseGIg. maRta 8 mnusSRKb;rUb mansiTi§rkdMeNaHRsayCak;EsþgmYyenAcMeBaHmuxsalaCRmHkþIiCati Edlmansmtßkic© cMeBaHGMeBITaMgLayNaEdlrMelaPsiTi§mUldæanrbs;xøÜn Edl RtUv)anTTYlsÁal;edayrdæFm μnuBaØ b¤edayc,ab;.

maRta 9 KμanCnNamñak; RtUv)ancab;xøÜn XuMxøÜn b¤nireTsxøÜn edaybMBaneLIy.

309

maRta 10 mnusSRKb;rUb mansiTi§es μ IKñaeBjelj sMu[tulakarÉkraCü nigminlMeGog

BinitüerOgkþIrbs;xøÜnCasaFarN³nigedaysmFm’ edIm,IseRmcelIsiT§ikatBVkic© nigPaBsmehtuplcMeBaHkarecaTRbkan;TaMgLayxagbTRBhμTNÐ. maRta 11

1> CnNaEdlCab;ecaTBIbTel μ IsRBh μTNÐ RtUvsn μtCaCnK μaneTas

rhUtdl;BiruT§PaB RtUv)anrkeXIjenAkñúgsvnakarCasaFarN³ Edlman karFanacaM)ac;edIm,IkarBarsiT§iCnCab;ecaT BIbTelμ IsRBhμTNÐ.

2> K μanCnNamñak;RtUv)anpþnÞaeTasBIbTel μ IsRBh μTNÐ eday)anRbRBwtþ

b¤PøaMgPøat;RbRBwtþ EdlGMeBIenHmin)anEcgkñúgc,ab;Cati b¤GnþrCati. minRtUvpþnÞaeTas[F¶n;CageTas Edl)ankMNt;[GnuvtþkñúgGMLúgeBl bTel μ Is)anekIteLIgeLIy.

maRta 12 KμanmnusSNamñak; RtUvrgkarrMelaPeRCotERCktamGMeBIcitþkñúgCÍvítÉkCn RKYsar TIlMenA kareqøIyqøg b¤kareFVI[b:HBal;dl;kitþiys nigekrþ×eQ μaHrbs;xøÜn)an eLIy. CnRKb;rUb mansiTi§TTYlkarkarBarBIc,ab;RbqaMgnwgkareRCotERCk b¤ karb:HBal;TaMgenH.

310

maRta 13 1> mnusSRKb;rUbmansiTi §eFV IdMeNIredayesrI nigmansiTi §eRCÍserIsnievsndæan

kñúgrdæmYy.

2> mnusSRKb;rUb mansiTi§cakecjBIRbeTsNamYy rYmTaMgRbeTsrbs;xøÜnpg nigmansiTi§vílRtLb;mkRbeTsrbs;xøÜnvíj.

maRta 14

1> mnusSRKb;rUb mansiTi§EsVgrknigTTYlkEnøgRCkekankñúgRbeTsdéTeTot kñúgkrNImankareFVITukçbukemñjmkelIxøÜn.

2> siTi§suMRCkekanenHminGacelIkmksMGag)aneT kñúgkrNImankarecaT

Rbkan;BIbTel μ IsénnItirYm b¤BIkarRbRBwtþNaEdlpÞúyBIeKalbMNg nig eKalkarN_TaMgLayrbs;shRbCaCati.

maRta 15 1> mnusSRKb;rUbmansiTi§TTYl)ansBa¢atimYy. 2> K μanCnNamñak;GacRtUvdkhUtsBa¢ati b¤¤raraMgsiT§ibþÚrsBa¢atirbs;xøÜn eday rMelaP)aneLIy.

311

maRta 16 1> bursnigRsIþ mansiT§ierobGaBah_BiBah_ nigksagRKYsar edayminRbkan;

BUCsasn_ sBa¢ati b¤sasnaeLIy. bursnigRsIþ mansiTi§esμ IKñakñúgkarerob GaBah_BiBah_ kñúgcMNgGaBah_BiBah_ nigkñúgeBlrMlayGaBah_BiBah_.

2> GaBah_BiBah_GacRbRBwtþeTA)an luHRtaEtmankarRBmeRBogedayesrI

nigeBjelj BIGnaKtbþIRbBn§. 3> RKYsarCaFatuFm μCati nigCaFatumUldæanrbs;sgÁm ehIyRKYsarmansiTi§

TTYlkarkarBarBIsgÁm nigrdæ.

maRta 17

1> mnusSRKb;rUb eTaHCabuKÁlkIþ smUhPaBkIþ mansiTi§Cam©as;km μsiTi§.

2> K μanCnNamñak;RtUv)andkhUtkm μsiTi§edaybMBaneLIy . maRta 18 mnusSRKb;rUb mansiT§iesrIPaBxagkarKit stism,CBaØ³ nigsasna. siTi§enH rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgesrIPaBpøas;bþÚrsasna b¤CMenO RBmTaMgesrIPaBsEmþgsasna b¤CMenOrbs;xøÜnEtmñak;Ég b¤ CarYm CasaFarN³ b¤CaÉkCn tamkarbgðat;beRgon karGnuvtþCaTmøab; kareKarBbUCa RBmTaMg tamkarR)arB§BiFIskáar³epSg².

312

maRta 19 mnusSRKb;rUb mansiTi§esrIPaBkñúgkarmanmti nigkarsEmþgmti. siTi§enH rab;bBa©ÚlTaMg esrIPaBkñúgkarRbkan;mtiedayKμankareRCotERCk nigesrIPaBkñúg-karEsVgrk karTTYl nigkarpSBV pSayBt’mannigKMnitnanaedayKμanRBMEdn eTaHtamry³meFüa)aysEmþgmtiNamYyk¾eday.

maRta 20 1> mnusSRKb;rUb mansiTi§esrIPaBkñúgkarRbCMu b¤karbegIátsmaKm edaysniþvíFI. 2> K μanCnNamñak; RtUv)anbgiçtbgMç[cUlrYmkñúgsmaKmNamYyeLIy.

maRta 21

1> mnusSRKb;r Ub mansiTi §c UlrYmkñ úgkardwknaMkic©karsaFarN³énRbeTs rbs;xøÜnedaypÞal; b¤tamry³tMNagEdl)aneRCÍserIsedayesrI.

2> mnusSRKb;rUb mansiTi§c UlbeRmImuxgarsaFarN³énRbeTsrbs;xø Ün kñúgl½kçx½NÐsmPaB. 3> qnÞ³rbs;RbCaBlrdæ CamUldæanGMNacénkardwknaMkic©karsaFarN³.

qnÞ³enH RtUvsEmþgecjtamry³kare)aHeqñaty:ageTogTat; tameBl kMNt; nigBitR)akd manlkçN³skl esμ IPaB nige)aHeqñatedaysm¶at;; b¤tamnItivíFIsmmUl EdlFanaesrIPaBénkare)aHeqñat.

313

maRta 22 kñúgzan³CasmaCíkénsgÁm mnusSRKb;rUb mansiTi§TTYl)ansniþsuxsgÁm nig-manbuBVsiTi§TTYl)ansiTi§xagesdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’ EdlcaM)ac;sRmab; esckIþéføfñÚr nigkarrIkcMerIneday esrIénbuKÁliklkçN³rbs;xøÜn tamry³karxitxM rbs;Cati nigkic©shRbtibtiþkarGnþrCati RsbtamkarerobcM nigtamFnFanrbs; RbeTsnImYy². maRta 23

1> mnusSRKb;rUb mansiTi§eFIVkargar eRCÍserIskargaredayesrI nigeFVVIkargar kñúgl½kçx½NÐ RtwmRtUvnigeBjcitþ RBmTaMgk arRbqaMgnwgPaBGt;kargareFVI.

2> mnusSRKb;rUb mansiTi §TTYlR)ak;ebovtSesI μKñacMeBaHkargardUcKña

edayKμankarerIseGIg.

3> GñkeFIVkargar mansiTi§TTYl)anlaPkaredaysmFm’nigeBjcitþ edIm,I FanaGtßiPaBrs;enArbs;xøÜnnigRKYs [smRsbnwgesckIþéføfñÚrénmnusS nig RtUv)anbMeBjbEnßmeTot tammeFüa)ayepSg²énkarkarBarEpñksgÁm RbsinebIcaM)ac;.

4> mnusSRKb;rUb mansiTi§begáIt nigcUlrYmshCÍB edIm,IkarBarplRbeyaCn_ rbs;xøÜn.

maRta 24 mnusSRKb;rUb mansiTi§Qb;sRmakniglMEhkMsanþ rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgkRmit em:agkargarsmehtupl nigkarQb;sRmakeday)anR)ak;ebovtStameBlkMNt;.

314

maRta 25 1> mnusSRKb;rUb mansiTi§TTYl)ankRmitCÍvPaBRKb;RKan; edIm,IFanasuxPaB nig

suxumalPaBrbs;xøÜnnigRKYsar rYmmancMNIGahar semøókbMBak; lMenAdæan karEfTaMsuxPaB nigesvasgÁmkic©caM)ac;epSg²eTot. mnusSRKb;rUbman siTi§TTYl)ankarKaMBarenAeBlK μankargareFVImanC¿gW Bikar emm:ay b¤eBaHm:ay cas;Cra b¤ enAeBl)at;bg;meFüa)ayFanaCÍvPaB Edl bNþalmkBIkal³eTs³putBIqnÞ³rbs;xøÜn.

2> matuPaB nigkumarPaB mansiTi§TTYlC¿nYy nigkarEfTaMBiess. Kumar RKb;rUb

eTaHekItBI«Bukmþaymanxan;søa b¤\txan;søakIþ RtUv)anTTYlkarBar xagsgÁmkic©dUcKña.

maRta 26 1> mnusSRKb;rUb mansiTi §TTYl)ankarGb;rM. karGb;rMRtUv\tbg;éfø

y:agehacNas; sRmab;karGb;rMbzmsikSa nigGb;rMmUldæan. karGb;rM bzmsikSa KWCakatBVkic©. karGb;rMxagbec©k eTsnigvíC¢aCÍv³ RtUverobcM[manCaTUeTA. karGb;rM]tþmsikSa RtUvebIk[cUleronesI μPaBKñaeday QrelImUldæansmtßPaB.

2> karGb;rM RtUvsMedAeTArkkarrIklUtlas;eBjeljénbuKÁliklkçN³rbs;mnusS nigkarBRgwgkareKarBsiTi§mnusSnigesrIPaBCamUldæan. karGb;rMenH RtUvelIkkMBs; karyl;dwgkarGt;»n GFüaRs½yKñanigmitþPaBrvagRbCaCati nigRkumBUCsasn_ b¤RkumsasnaTaMgGs; RBmTaMgkarGPivDÆn_skmμPaBrbs;shRbCaCati kñúgkar

315

EfrkSasniþPaB. 3> matabita mansiTi§CaGaTiPaBkñúgkareRCÍserIsRbePTénkarGb;rMsRmab;

buRtFItarbs;xøÜn. maRta 27 1> mnusSRKb;rUb mansiTi§cUlrYmedayesrIkñúgCÍvPaBvb,Fm’rbs;shKmn_

rIkraynwg sil,³ nigcUlrYmcMENkkñúgvDÆnPaBvíTüasaRsþ nig)anTTYlpl RbeyaCn_BIlT§plvDÆnPaBenH.

2> mnusSRKb;rUb mansiTi§TTYl)ankarkarBarplRbeyaCn_xagsIlFm’

nigsmÖar³ EdlEdl)anmkBIplitkmμxagvíTüasaRsþ GkSrsaRsþ b¤sil,³ sñaédrbs;xøÜn.

maRta 28 mnusSRKb;rUb mansiTi§cUlrYmRKb;RKgsNþab;Fñab;sgÁmnigGnþrCati EdlsiTi§ nigesrIPaBEcgkñúgesckþIRbkasenH GacRtUvseRmc[)anedayeBjelj. maRta 29 1> mnusSRKb;rUb mankrNIykic©cMeBaHshKmn_EdlCakEnøgEtmYyKt; GacbegáIt)an

karrIkceRmInedayesrInigeBjbribUrN_nUvbuKÁliklkçN³rbs;xøÜn.

316

2> kñúgkareRbIsiTi§nigesrIPaBrbs;xøÜn mnusSRKb;rUb RtUvsißtenARtwmkRmit-Edlc,ab;)ankMNt;Etb:ueNÑaH kñúgeKalbMNgFanakarTTYlsÁal; nigkar eKarBsiTi§nigesrIPaBrbs;GñkdéT nig edIm,IbMeBjesckþIRtUvkary:agRtwmRtUvxag sIlFm’ sNþab;Fñab;saFarN³ nigsuxumalPaBTUeTA enAkñúgsgÁmRbCa Fibetyü.

3> KμankrNINamYy EdlsiTi§nigesrIPaBTaMgenH GacykeTAeRbIR)as;pÞúy

nwgeKalkarN_TaMgLayrbs;shRbCaCatieLIy.

maRta 30 KμanbTbBaØtiþNamYyénesckIþRbkasenH GacRtUv)anbkRsay EdlbNþal[rdæNamYy RkumNamYy b¤buKÁlNamñak; mansiTi§EbbNamYyedIm,IeFVIskm μPaB b¤RbRBwtþGMeBIGVVImYy sMedAbMpøícbMpøajnUvsiTi§nigesrIPaBTaMgLay EdlmanEcg enAkñúgesckIþRbkasenHeLIy.

317

]bsm<½n§ 2

ktikasBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIsiTi§Blrdæ nigsiT§ineya)ay

buBVkfa rdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH yl;eXIjfa RsbtameKalkarN_nana Edl)anRbkasenAkñúgFmμnuBaØshRbCaCati karTTYlsÁal;esckþIéføfñÚrCab;BIkMeNIt siTi§esμ IPaBKña nigsiT§iEdlminGaclk;dUr epÞr dkhUt)an rbs;smaCíkRKÜsarmnusS KWCaRKwH énesrIPaB yutþiFm’ nigsnþiPaB kñúgBiPBelak .

TTYlsÁal;fa siTi§TaMgenH ekItmkBIesckþIéføfñÚrCab;BIkMeNItrbs;mnusS .

TTYlsÁal;fa RsbtamesckþIRbkasCasklsþIBIsiTi§mnusS ]tþmKtirbs;mnusS esrI EdlGaRs½yplesrIPaBBlrdæ nigneya)ay nigPaBrYcputBIkarP½yxøac nig-TuK’tPaB GacseRmceCaKC½yeTA)an luHRtaEtbegáIt)anlkçxNÐ Edl[mnusSmñak;² GaceRbIR)as;)annUvsiTi§Blrdæ nigsiTi§neya)ay RBmTaMgsiTi§esdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’rbs;xøÜn .

yl;eXIjfa Fm μnuBaØshRbCaCati tRmUv[rdænUvkatBVkic©C¿ruj[mankareKarB Caskl nigkarGnuvtþn_nUvsiTi§ nigesrIPaBrbs;mnusS .

yl;eXIjfa buKÁlRKb;rUb mankrNIykic©cMeBaHGñkdéT nigcMeBaHshKmn_

318

EdlxøÜnrs;enA ehIyRtÚvxitxMelIksÞÜy nigeKarBsiTi§TaMgLay EdlTTYlsÁal; kñúgktikasBaØaenH .

RBmeRBogelImaRtaTaMgLaydUcteTA ³

EpñkTI 1

maRta 1 1> RbCaCatiTaMgGs; mansiTi§sV½yseRmc . GaRs½yedaysiTi§enH RbCaCati

TaMgenH seRmcedayesrInUvzan³neya)ay nigxitxMGPivDÆn_esdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’rbs;xøÜnedayesrI .

2> edIm,IseRmceKaledArbs;xøÜn RbCaCatiTaMgGs; Gaccat;Ecg edayesrInUv

ePaKRTBü nigFnFanFm μCatirbs;xøÜn edaymineFVI[b:HBal;dl;katBVkic© EdlecjmkBIshRbtibtþ ikaresdækic©GnþrCati EdlEp¥kelIeKal karN_énplRbeyaCn_eTAvíjeTAmk nigeKalkarN_énc,ab;GnþrCati . EteTaHy:agNak¾eday RbCaCatinImYy² minRtÚv)andkhUtmeFüa)ay ciBa©wmCÍvítpÞal;xøÜneT,Iy .

3> rdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH rYmTaMgrdænanaEdlmankarTTYlxusRtUvRKb;RKg

TwkdIGsVy½t nigTwkdIGaNaBüa)al RtÚvelIksÞÜyeFVI[)anseRmcnUvsiT§isV½y seRmc nigRtUveKarBsiTi§enH RsbtambTbBaØtiþTaMgT,ayénFm μnuBaØshRbCa Cati .

319

EpñkTI 2

maRta 2

1> rdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH snüaeKarB nigFanaCUnbuKÁlRKb;rUb Edlrs;enAelITwkdI nigsßiteRkamEdnsmtßkic©rbs;xøÜnnUvsiT§iEdlTTYlsÁal;edayktikasBaØaenH edayKμankarEbgEckNamYy manCaGaT× BUCsasn_ BN’ sm,úr ePT Pasa sasna mtineya)ay b¤mtiepSg²eTot edImkMeNItCati b¤sgÁm RTBüsm,tþi kMeNIt b¤sßanPaBdéT²eToteLIy .

2> ebIminTan;manEcgkñúgc,ab;EdlmanRsab; b¤kñúgvíFankardéTeToteT

rdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH snüacat;víFankarcaM)ac; RsbtamnItivíFIénrdæ Fm μnuBaØrbs;xøÜn nigRsbtambTbBaØtiþTaMgLayénktikasBaØaenH eday sRmÜldl;karGnum½tvíFankarc,ab; b¤víFankarepSgeTotEdlcaM)ac; edIm,IeFVI[seRmc)annUvsiTi§TaMgLayEdlTTYlsÁal;edayktikasBaØaenH .

3> rdæPaKIénkatikasBaØaenH snüa ៖

¬k¦ Fanafa CnNaEdlRtUveKrMelaPsiTi§ nigesrIPaBrbs;xøÜnEdlTTYlsÁal; edayktikasBaØaenH CnenaH mansiT§i[mankaredaHRsayedays½kþisiT§i eTaHbI karrMelaPenaH )anRbRBwtþedayCnEdlbMeBjmuxnaTIraCkark¾eday . ¬x¦ Fanafa CnNaEdlbþwg[mankaredaHRsayEbbenH RtUvmansiTi§[GaCJaFrmansmtßkic©xagyutþiFm’ xagrdæ)al b¤xagnItibBaØtiþ b¤GaCJaFr mansmtßkic©déTeTot seRmc»üxøÜn edayeyagtamc,ab;rbs;rdæenaH nig RtÚvbegáItlT§PaBénkarbþwgeTAtulakarpg .

320

¬K¦ Fanafa GaCJaFrmansmtßkic© RtÚvGnuvtþ[)annUvdMeNaHRsay Edl)an seRmcehIy .

maRta 3 rdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH snüaFanasiT§iesμ IKñarvagburs nig®sþI kñúgkareRbIR)as;

siTi§Blrdæ nigsiTi§neya)ay dUcmanEcgkñúgktikasBaØaenH .

maRta 4

1> kñúgkrNImanPaBGasnñsaFarN³Biess EdlKMramkMEhgdl;GtißPaBCati nigEdlRtÚv)anRbkasCapøÚvkar rdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH Gaccat;víFankar bdib,BaØtiþnwgkatBVkic©EdlmanEcgkñúgktikasBaØaenH kñúgkRmitEdlsßanPaB tRmÚvEtb: ueNÑaH ku M[EtvíFankarTaMgenH manvísmitPaBeTAnwg katBVkic©©déTeTot Edlc,ab;GnþrCatitRmÚv ehIyminBak;B½n§nwgkarerIseGIg EdlEp¥kelIBUCsasn_ BN’sm,úr ePT Pasa sasna b¤edImkMeNItsgÁm.

2> bTbBaØtiþxagelIenH minGnuBaØat[man bdib,BaØtþinwg maRta6 maRta7

maRta8 ¬kfaxNÐ1 nig2¦ maRta11 maRta15 maRta16 nig maRta18 . 3> rdæPaKINamYyénktikasBaØaenHEdleRbIR)as;siT§ibdib,BaØtiþ RtÚvpþl;

B½t’mandl;rdæPaKIÉeTotCabnÞan; tamry³GnþrkarIénGKÁelxaFikarGgÁkar shRbCaCati nUvbTbBaØtiþ nigmUlehtuEdlxøÜn)aneFVIbdib,BaØtiþenH. karpþl;B½t’manbEnßmsþIBIkalbriecäT énkarbBa©b;bdib,BaØtiþrbs;xøÜn RtÚveFVI eLIgtamry³GnþrkarIénGKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati .

321

maRta 5

1> K μanbTbBaØtþi iNamYyénktikasBaØaenH GacRtUv)anbkRsaytRmUvfa rdæmYy RkummYy buKÁlmñak; mansiTi§eFVIskm μPaB b¤RbRBwtþGMeBIGVÍmYyEdl sMedAeTAbMpøícbMpøajsiT§i nigesrIPaB EdlTTYlsÁal;kñúgktikasBaØaenH b¤ sMedAeTAdak;kRmit EdlmanvísalPaBFMCagkRmit Edl)anEcgenAkñúg ktikasBaØaenH .

2> minRtUveFVIkarritt,it b¤eFVIbdib,BaØtiþNamYyeLIy eTAelIsiT§imUldæan

rbs;mnusS EdlRtUv)anTTYlsÁal; b¤EdlenACaFrman kñúgrdæPaKIénktika sBaØaenH edayGnuelameTAtamc,ab; GnusBaØa bTbBa¢a b¤TMenomTMlab; edayykelsfa ktikasBaØaenH minTTYlsÁal;siT§iTaMgenaH b¤TTYl sÁal;siT§iTaMgenaH kñúgkRmitticCag .

EpñkTI 3

maRta 6

1> CnRKb;rUb mansiTi§manCÍvítCab;BIkMeNIt . siTi§enH RtUvkarBaredayc,ab; . KμanCnNamñak; RtÚveKRbharCÍvíttamGMeBIcitþ)aneLIy .

2> kñúgRbeTsTaMgLayNa EdlminTan;)anlb;ecaleTasRbharCÍvít

salRkmkat;eTasRbharCÍvít GacRbkas)ancMeBaHEtbT]RkidæNa EdlF¶n;F¶rbMputRsbtamc,ab;CaFrman kñúgeBlEdlbT]RkidæenaH ekIteLIg ehIyminpÞúy nwgbTbBaØtþiiénktikasBaØaenH nigGnusBaØasþIBI-

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karbgáar nigkarpþnÞaeTasbT]RkidæRbl½yBUCsasn_ . TNÐkm μenH Gac Gnuvtþþ)an edayGnuelamEttamsalRkmsßaBr Edlecjedaytulakar-mansmtßkic©b:ueNÑaH .

3> enAeBlEdlkarRbharCÍvítCabT]RkidæRbl½yBUCsasn_ RtUvyl;fa

KμanbTbBaØtþiiNamYyénmaRtaenH EdlGnuBaØat[rdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH eFVIbdib,BaØtiþ tamEbbNamYyBIkatBVkic©NaEdl)ansn μt; Rsbtam bTbBaØtþiénGnusBaØasIþBIkarbgáar nigkarpþnÞaeTasbT]RkidæRbl½yBUCsasn_ enaH)aneLIy .

4> CnEdlTTYleTasRbharCÍvít mansiTi§sMuGP½yeTas b¤bn§ÚrbnßyeTas. KarelIk

ElgeTas karGP½yeTas b¤¤karbn§ÚrbnßyeTasRbharCÍvít Gacpþl;[)anRKb; krNITaMgGs; .

5> eTasRbharCÍvít minRtUvGnuvtþcMeBaHbT]RkidæTaMgLayNaEdlRbRBwtþedayCn

manGayueRkam 18qñaM nigminRtÚvGnuvtþcMeBaH®sIþmanépÞeBaHeLIy . 6> KμanbTbBaØtþiiNamYykñúgmaRtaenH GacykmksMGag edIm,IeFVI»üyWtya:v b¤

raraMgdl;karlubecaleTasRbharCÍvítedayrdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH eLIy .

maRta 7

K μanCnNamñak;RtUvrgTaruNkm μ b¤RbRBwtþkm μ b¤TNÐkm μ EdleXareXA GmnusSFm’ b¤eFVI[efakTabeLIy . CaBiess hamykCnNamñak; mkeFVIkarBiesaFn_ xagevC¢sa®sþ b¤víTüasa®sþ edayKμankaryl;RBmedayesrIBIsamIuxøÜneLIy .

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maRta 8

1> K μanCnNamñak; RtUvCab;kñúgTasPaBeLIy . TasPaB nigTasBaNiC¢km μ tamRKb;TRmg;TaMgGs; RtÚvhamXat; .

2> K μanCnNamñak; RtÚvCab;kñuúgPaBCaxJúMbeRmIdac;éføeLIy . 3> ¬k¦ KμanCnNamñak; tRmÚv[eFVIkaredaybgçM b¤xanmin)aneLIy.

¬x¦ kfaxNÐ3>¬k¦ minRtÚvykmkbkRsayfa hamXat;karGnuvtþn_eTas[eFVIkaredaybgçM Rsbtamkarvínicä½yeTas edaytulakarmansmtßkic©kñúgRbeTs EdlbT]RkidæxøH GacmaneTasCab;Kuk[eFVIkaredaybgçM.

¬K¦ bMNgénkfaxNÐenH Baküfa {kargaredaybgçM b¤edayxanmin)an} minRtUvrab;bBa©Úl ៖

(i) kargar b¤esvaEdlKμanEcgkñúgGnukfaxNÐ¬x¦ nigEdltRmUv CaFm μta cMeBaHCnCab;XuM tambTbBa¢aRsbc,ab;rbs;tulakar b¤cMeBaH CnEdltulakar seRmcedaHElg[manesrIPaB edaymanlkçxNÐ . (ii) esvaEdlmanlkçN³eyaFa nigkic©karbMerICatiEdltRmÚvtamc,ab; sRmab;GñkRbqaMgs®gÁam enAkñúgRbeTsEdlTTYlsÁal;siT§iRbqaMgs®gÁam . (iii) esvaEdltRmUvkñúgkrNImanGasnñ b¤eRKaHmhnþray EdlKMramkMEhg dl;GayuCÍvít nigsuxmalPaBshKmn_ . (iv) kargar b¤esvaEdlCaEpñkénkatBVkic©Fm μtarbs;RbCaBlrdæ .

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maRta 9

1> CnRKb;rUb mansiTi§manesrIPaB nigsnþisuxpÞal;xøÜn . K μanCnNamñak; RtUv cab;xøÜn b¤XMuxøÜntamGMeBIcitþ)aneLIy. KμanCnNamñak; RtUvdkhUtesrIPaB)an eLIy elIkElgEtmanehtupl nigRsbtamnItivíFIEdlmanEcgenA kñúgc,ab; .

2> CnNaEdlRtUv)ancab;xøÜn RtUvmansiT§i[eK R)ab;[dwgenAeBlcab;xøÜn GMBI

mUlehtuénkarcab;xøÜn nigRtÚvR)ab;[dwgPøamGMBIkarecaTRbkan; . 3> buKÁlNaEdl)ancab;;;xøÜn b¤XMuxøÜnBIbTRBhμTNÐ nwgRtUv)annaMxøÜneTAcMeBaHmux

ecARkm b¤GaCaJFrNamYyepSgeTot EdlGnuBaØatedayc,ab;»übMeBj muxgartulakar kñúgry³eBlya:gxøIbMput nigRtUv)anCMnMuCMrHkñúgry³eBl smRsb b¤RtUvedaHElg . karXMuxøÜnmnusS edIm,Irg;caMkarCMnMuCMrH KWmin EmnCavíFanTUeTAeT b:uEnþkar»üenAeRkAXMu RtUvEtmankarFanakarcUl xøÜnrbs;CnenaH enAeBlsvnakar b¤enARKb; dMNak;kardéTeToténnItivíFI ehIy RtUvmanmuxkñúgkarGnuvtþn_salRkm .

4> CnNaEdlRtUvdkhUtesrIPaB edaykarXat;xøÜn b¤XMuxøÜn RtUvEtmansiTi§

dak;BakübNþwg edIm,I[tulakarGacseRmcedayminBnüareBl GMBInItüanukUlPaB énkarXMuxøÜn nigkarbgÁab;[enAeRkAXMu ebIkarXuMxøÜnenaHminRsbc,ab; .

5> CnNaEdl)anrgeRKaHedaysarkarXat;xøÜnb¤XMuxøÜnedayxusc,ab; man-

siTi§TamTarsMNg .

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maRta 10

1> CnNaEdlRtUv)andkhUtesrIPaB RtUvTTYl)ankarRbRBwtþmkelIxøÜn tamlkçN³mnusSFm’nigkareKarBcMeBaHesckþIéføfñÚrBIkMeNItrbs;mnusS.

2> ¬k¦ CnCab;ecaT RtUvdak;[enAepSgBITNÐit elIkElgEtkñúgkal³eTs³Biess .

CnCab;ecaT RtUvsßitenAeRkamrbbdac;edayELkEdl smRsbeTAtam lkçxNÐrbs;CnBMuTan;maneTas .

¬x¦ CnCab;ecaTCaGnItiCn RtUvdak;epSgBInItiCn ehIyRtUvTTYlkarCMnMuCRmH

[)anqab;tamEdlGaceFV I)an .

3> RbB½n§RKb;RKgBn§naKar RtUvmankarRbRBwtþeTAelITNÐ it Edlman eKalbMNgCasarv½nþ edIm,IsþarnItism,Ta nigbBa©ÚlBYkeKeTAkñúgsgÁmvíj . TNÐitCaGnItiCn RtUvbMEbkecjBInItiCn ehIyRtUvsßitenAkñúgkarRbRBwtþ eTAelIBYkeK smRsbtamGayu nigsßanPaBnItüanukUlPaBrbs;eK .

maRta 11 KμanCnNamñak; RtUvCab;Bn§naKar edaysarEtxøÜnBMuGacbMeBjtamkatBVkic©

énkic©snüaenaHeLIy . maRta 12

1> CnNaEdlrs;enARtwmRtÚv tamlkçN³c,ab; kñúgRbeTsNamYy mansiTi§

eFVIdMeNIr nigeRCÍserIsnievsndæanrbs;xøÜnedayesrI. 2> CnRKb;rUb manesrIPaBcakecjBIRbeTsNamYy rYmTaMgRbeTsrbs;xøÜn pg .

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3> siTi§EdlmanEcgxagelIenH minRtUvmankarritt,iteLIy elIkElgEt

karritt,itenH manEcgkñúgc,ab; caM)ac;edIm,IkarBarsnþisuxCati sNþab; Fñab;saFarN³ suxPaBsaFarN³ b¤sIlFm’ b¤siT§i nigesrIPaBGñkdéT ehIyminTMnas;CamYysiT§idéTeTot EdlTTYlsÁal;edayktikasBaØaenH .

4> KμanCnNamñak; RtÚv)andksiT§itamGMeBIcitþ min[cUlkñúgRbeTs rbs;xøÜneLIy .

maRta 13 CnbreTs zítenAedayRsbc,ab; elIEdndIrdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH

nwgGacRtUv)anbeNþjecjBIrdæenaH)an luHRtaEteFVIeLIg edayGnuelamtamesckþI seRmcRsbtamc,ab; elIkElgEtkarbeNþjecjedayehtuplbgçM sRmab; rkSasnþisuxCati ehIyCnbreTsenH RtUv)anGnuBaØat[dak;ehtuplCMTas; nwgkarbeNþjecjenH nigsMu[GaCJaFrmansmtßkic© b¤mnusSmñak; b¤eRcInnak; EdlGaCJaFr)anEtgtaMgCaBiess BinitükrNIrbs;xøÜneLIgvíj rYmTaMg[man GñkkarBarsiT§ipgEdr .

maRta 14 1> CnRKb;rUb RtUvmanPaBes μ IKñacMeBaHmuxtulakar nigsalaCMrHkþI . CnRKb;

rUb RtUvmansiTi§[salakþImansmtßkic© ÉkraCü nigminlMeGog EdlbegáIteLIg edayc,ab; CMnMuCMrHerOgkþIrbs;xøÜn edaysmFm’ nigCasaFarN³ edIm,IseRmc elIkarecaTRbkan;RbqaMgmkelIxøÜn kñúgvís½yRBhμTNÐ b¤elIIsiTi§ nigkrNIykic© kñúgvís½yrdæb,evNI. sarB½t’man nigsaFarN³Cn Gacmin[cUlrYmTaMgRsug b¤ EpñkmYyénsvnakar sRmab;plRbeyaCn_énTMenomTMlab;l¥ sNþab;

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Fñab;saFarN³ b¤sni þsuxCatikñ úgsgÁmRbCaFibetyü b¤enAeBlpl RbeyaCn_énCÍvítÉkCnrbs;KUPaKI tRmUv[eFVIdUecñH b¤kñúgkRmitEdlcaM)ac;bMput tamkaryl;eXIjrbs;tulakar kñúgsßanPaBBiessEdlfa kareFVICasaFarN³ nwg naM[xUcdl;plRbeyaCn_yutþiFm’ . b:uEnþ karecjsalRkmTaMgGs;GMBIerOg RBhμTNÐ b¤rdæb,evNI RtUvRbkasCasaFarN³ elIkElgEtplRbeyaCn_GnItiCn tRmÚvepSgBIenH b¤erOgkþIGMBITMnas;RKÜsar b¤GaNaBüa)alrbs;kumar .

2> CnEdlCab;ecaTBIbTRBh μTNÐRtUv)ansn μt;Camunfa CaCnK μaneTas rhUtdl;BiruT§PaBrbs;xøÜn RtÚv)ankMNt;Rsbtamc,ab; .

3> kñúgkarseRmcesckþIecaTRbkan;BIbTRBh μTNÐNamYyRbqaMgmkelIxøÜn

CnRKb;rUb mansiT§iTTYl)ankarFanaCaGb,brima edayesμ IPaBKñay:ag eBjelj dUcxageRkam ៖

¬k¦ RtUv)anB½t’manPøam² nigedaylMGitGMBIRbePT nigmUlehtuénkar ecaTRbkan;mkelIxøÜn CaPasaEdlCnenaHecH . ¬x¦ RtUvmaneBlevla nigsmÖar³rUbv½nþRKb;RKan; sRmab;erobcMkarBarxøÜn nigeqøIyqøgCamYyemFavÍEdleRCÍserIsedayxøÜnÉg . ¬K¦ RtÚv)anCMnuMCMrHeday\tBnüareBlyUrhYsehtu . ¬X¦ RtUv)anCMnuMCMrHedaymanvtþmanrbs;xøÜnnigkarBarxøÜnedaypÞal;xøÜnÉg b¤tamry³CMnYykarc,ab; tamkareRCÍserIsrbs;xøÜn nigRtUv)anR)ab;»üdwg GMBIsiTi§enH RbsinebIxøÜnKμanCMnYykarc,ab; ehIyRtUvTTYl)anCMnYykar c,ab;sRmab;xøÜn kñúgkrNIEdlplRbeyaCn_yutþiFm’ tRmUv[eFVIdUecñH nig eday\tbg;éfø enARKb;krNIEbbenH ebICnCab;ecaTK μanmeFüa)ay RKb;RKan; edIm,IcMNayeTAelICMnYykarc,ab;eT .

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¬g¦ RtUvmankarsYrcemøIy b¤sMu[sYrcemøIy eTAelIsakSIdak;bnÞúk nigsMu[sakSIedaHbnÞúkcUlxøÜn edIm,IsYrcemøIykñúgnamxøÜn kñúglkçxNÐdUcKña nwgsakSIdak; bnÞúk . ¬c¦ RtUvTTYl)anGñkbkERbPasaeday\tKitQñÜl ebICnCab;ecaT minyl; b¤ minecHPasaEdleRbIR)as;kñúgsvnakar . ¬q¦ minRtÚv)anbgiçtbgçM [eqøIydak;kMhuselIxøÜnÉg b¤sarPaBfa manBiruT§ . 4> nItivíFIGnuvtþcMeBaHyuvCn-yuvnarI EdlminTan;mannItiPaBtamc,ab;kMNt; RtUv Kitdl;Gayu nigGtßRbeyaCn_énkarGb;rMrbs;BYkeKeLIgvíj . 5> CnRKb;rUbEdlCab;BiruT§BIbTelμIsRBhμTNÐ RtUvmansiTi§suM»üsalakþICan;x<s; BinitüeTAelIkarRbkasBiruT§PaB nigkarpþnÞaeTaseLIgvíj Rsbtamc,ab; . 6> enAeBlCnNamñak; RtUv)anRbkas[Cab;BiruT§BIbTRBhμTNÐCasaßBr ehIy eRkaymk karRbkas[Cab;BiruT§enH RtUv)anbdiesF b¤RtUv)anelIkElgeTas edayehtufa GgÁehtuf μ I b¤Edl)anrkeXIjfμ I bBa¢ak;y:agc,as;fa mankar xusqÁgBIsMNak;tulakar CnEdlTTYlrgeRKaH edaysarkardak;eTas enH RtUvTTYlsMNgRsbtamc,ab; elIkElgEtmankarkMNt;bgðajfa karminlatRtdagGaf_kM)aMg énkarBitTan;eBl bNþalmkBICnenaH TaMgRsug b¤mYyEpñk . 7> KμanCnNamñak; RtUvykmkecaTRbkan; b¤ykmkpþnÞaeTassar Cafμ IeLIy cMeBaHbTel μ Is Edl)anpþnÞaeTasCasßaBr b¤)anelIkElgeTas Rsbtamc,ab; nignitivíFIRBhμTNÐrbs;rdænImYy²rYcehIy .

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maRta 15

1> K μanCnNamñak; RtUvCab;BiruT§BIbTel μ IsRBhμTNÐ cMeBaHGMeBI b¤karxkxan NamYyEdlmin)ancat;CabTel μ IsRBhμTNÐ Rsbtamc,ab;Cati b¤c,ab; GnþrCati kñúgxN³eBlRbRBwtþenaHeLIy. dUcKñaenH minRtUvdak;eTas[F¶n;Cag eTas EdlGnuvtþkñúgxN³eBlRbRBwtþbTelμIseLIy . RbsinebI eRkayBI-karRbRBwtþbTelIμs ehIyc,ab;)anbBaØtiþ[mankardak;eTasRsalCagmun Cn elμIsRtÚvTTYlGtßRbeyaCn_BIkardak;eTasRsalCagenH .

2> KμanbBaØtþiNamYykñúgmaRtaenHRbqaMgnwgkarCMnuMCMrHkþI b¤karpþnÞaeTasdl;Cn

Namñak; cMeBaHGMeBI b¤karxkxanNamYyEdlCnenaH)anRbRBwtþ kñúgxN³eBlEdl GMeBI b¤karxkxanenaH CabTelμ IsRBhμTNÐ RsbtameKalkarN_TUeTAénc,ab;Edl TTYlsÁal;edayshKmn_énRbCaCati .

maRta 16 CnRKb;rUb mansiTi§[eKTTYlsÁal;buKÁliklkçN³Ktiyutþirbs;xøÜnenARKb;

TIkEnøg .

maRta 17 1> K μanCnNamñak; RtUvTTYlrgkareRCotERCktamGMeBIcitþ b¤edayxusc,ab;

kñúgCÍvítÉkCn RKÜsar lMenAdæan sMbuRteqøIyqøgrbs;xøÜn b¤RtUvrgkarb:HBal; edayxusc,ab; eTAelIkitiþys nigekrþ×eQμaHrbs;xøÜneLIy .

2> CnRKb;rUb mansiTi§[c,ab;karBarRbqaMgnwgkareRCotERCk b¤karb:HBal; EbbenH .

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maRta 18 1> CnRKb;rUbmansiTi§esrIPaBxagkarKit stism,C¢BaØ³ nigsasna. siTi§enH

RtUvrab;bBa©ÚlTaMgesrIPaBkñúgkarkan; b¤eKarBsasna b¤CMenONamYy tam kareRCÍserIsrbs;xøÜn nigesrIPaBkñúgkarsEmþgsasna b¤CMenOrbs;xøÜn edaymñak;²Ég b¤edayrYmCamYyGñkdéT nigCasaFarN³ b¤CaÉkCn tam kareKarBbUCa karRbtibtþitamkarGnuvtþn_ nigkarbgðat;beRgon .

2> K μanCnNamñak; RtUvrgkarbgçitbgçM[kan; b¤eKarBsasna EdlbMBarbMBan eFVI[xUcxat dl;esrIPaBénkarkan; b¤kaeeKarBsasna b¤CMenO tamkar eRCÍserIsrbs;xøÜneLIy .

3> esrIPaBsEmþgkareKarBsasna b¤CMenOrbs;xøÜn nwgGacdak;;kRmitRBM Edn)an luHRtaEtmanbBaØtiþedayc,ab; nigcaM)ac;dl;karkarBar snþisux-saFarN³ sNþab;Fñab;saFarN³ suxPaBsaFarN³ b¤sIlFm’ b¤siTi§ nig esrIPaBmUldæanrbs;GñkdéT .

4> rdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH snüaeKarBesrIPaBrbs;«Bukmþay nigGñkGaNaBüa)al Rsbc,ab; RbsinCamankñúgkarFanadl;karGb;rMxagsasna nigsIlFm’ dl;buRtFItarbs;eK RsbtamCMenOrbs;eK .

maRta 19 1> CnRKb;rUbmansiTi§Rbkan;ykmtieyabl;edayK μankareRCotERCk. 2> CnRKb;rUb mansiTi§esrIPaBkñúgkarbeBa©jmti. siTi§enH RtUvrab;bBa©ÚlTaMgesrIPaB

RsavRCavB½t’man TTYl nigpSBVpSayB½t’man nigKMnit sBVEbby:ag edayminKitBI RBMEdn edaypÞal;mat; sresr b¤e)aHBum< tam TRmg;sil,³kþI b¤k¾edaymeFüa)ay pSBVpSaydéTeTotkþI tamkareRCÍserIsrbs;xøÜn .

331

3> kareRbIR)as;siT§iEdlEcgkñúgkfaxNÐÁ2 énmaRtaenH tRmUv[mankrNIykic© nig-

karTTYlxusRtUvBiess . dUecñH kareRbIR)as;siT§ienH Gacmankarritt,it mYycMnYn EdlRtUvkMNt;dac;xatedayc,ab; nigEdlcaM)ac;edIm,I ៖ ¬k¦ eKarBsiTi§ nigkitiþsBÞrbs;GñkdéT . ¬x¦ karBarsnþisuxCati sNþab;Fñab;saFarN³ suxPaB b¤sIlFm’saFarN³ .

maRta 20 1> kareXasnaNaCaKuNRbeyaCn_dl;s®gÁam RtÚvhamXat;edayc,ab; . 2> karGMBavnavNa[mankars¥b;ex<ImCati BUCsasn_ b¤sasnaEdl CakarjúHjg;naM

[ekItmankarerIseGIg karRbTUsþray b¤GMeBIhwgSa RtÚvhamXat;edayc,ab; .

maRta 21 siTi§RbC¿uedaysnþivíFIRtUvEtTTYlsÁal;. kareRbIR)as;siTi§enH Gacmankarritt,it Edl

kMNt;edayc,ab;Etb:ueNÑaH nigEdlcaM)ac;kñúgsgÁmRbCaFibetyü kñúgpl RbeyaCn_énsniþsuxCati b¤suvtßiPaBsaFarN³ sNþab;Fñab;saFarN³ karkarBar-suxPaBsaFarN³ b¤sIlFm’ b¤karkarBarsiTi§ nig esrIPaBrbs;GñkdéT .

maRta 22 1> CnRKb;rUb mansiTi§cUlrYmCasmaKmedayesrICamYyGñkdéT rab;bBa©ÚlTaMg

siTi§begáItshCÍB nigsiT§icUlCasmaCíkshCÍB edIm,IkarBarplRbeyaCn_ rbs;xøÜn .

2> kareRbIR)as;siTi§enH Gacmankarritt,it EdlkMNt;edayc,ab;Etb:ueNÑaH

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nigEdlcaM)ac;kñúgsgÁmRbCaFibetyü kñúgplRbeyaCn_énsniþsuxCati b¤suvtßiPaBsaFarN³ sNþab;Fñab;saFarN³ karkarBarsuxPaBsaFarN³ b¤ sIlFm’ b¤karkarBarsiTi§ nigesrIPaBrbs;GñkdéT . maRtaenH minraraMgdl;karrit t,itxagpøÚvc,ab;elIsmaCíkeyaFa nignKr)alkñúgkareRbIR)as;siT§ienHeT .

3> KμanbTbBaØtþiiNamYyénmaRtaenH GnuBaØat[rdæPaKIénGnusBaØa qñaM1948

rbs;GgÁkarBlkm μGnþrCatisþIBIesrIPaBxagshCÍB nigkarkarBar-siT§ixagshCÍB cat;víFankarxagpøÚvc,ab; b¤Gnuvtþc,ab; tamrebobEdleFVI[b:HBal;dl;karFana EdlmanEcgkñuúgGnusBaØaenaHeLIy .

maRta 23 1> RKÜsarCaGgÁPaBFm μCati nigCaGgÁPaBmUldæanrbs;sgÁm ehIyRKYsar

mansiTi§TTYlkarkarBarBIsgÁm nigrdæ . 2> siTi§rbs;mnusSRbus-RsIeBjv½y kñúgkarerobGaBah_BiBah_ nig kñúgkarksag

RKYsar RtÚvEtTTYlsÁal; . 3> KμanGaBah_BiBah_NaGaceFVIeLIgedayK μankaryl;RBmedayesrI nig eBj

eljBIGnaKtbþI-RbBn§eLIy . 4> rdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH RtUvcat;víFankarsmRsb edIm,IFanasmPaB

xagsiT§i nigkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;bþIRbBn§ cMeBaHkarerobGaBah_BiBah_ kñúgeBlmancMNgGaBah_BiBah_ nigenAeBlrMlayGaBah_BiBah_ . kñúgRKaEdlmankarrMlayGaBah_BiBah_ RtUvmanbTbBaØtþiisRmab;karkarBar CacaM)ac;cMeBaH kUn .

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maRta 24 1> kumarRKb;rUb mansiT§iTTYl)anvíFankarkarBar tRmUvnwgsßanPaBrbs;xøÜn

CaGnItiCn BIsMNak;RKÜsarrbs;xøÜn sgÁm nigrdæ edayKμankarerIseGIg BUCsasn_ BN’sm,úr ePT Pasa sasna edImkMeNItCati b¤sgÁm RTBüsm,tiþ b¤kMeNIteLIy .

2> kumarRKb;rUb RtÚv)ancuHeQμaHkñúgbBa¢ICabnaÞn; bnÞab;BIeBlekIt nig RtÚvmaneQμaH . 3> kumarRKb;rUb mansiTi§)ansBa¢atimYy . maRta 25 edayKμankarEbgEck dUcEdl)anEcgkñúgmaRta2 nigedayK μankarritt,it

Edlminsmehtupl RbCaBlrdæRKb;rUb mansiTi§ nigman»kas ៖ ¬k¦ rYmcMENkkñúgkardwknaMkic©karsaFarN³edaypÞal; b¤tamry³tMNag EdlxøÜneRCÍserIsedayesrI . ¬x¦ e)aHeqñat nigQreQμaHe)aHeqñat enAkñúgkare)aHeqñatBitR)akdtamkalkMNt; eTogTat; Caskl esμ IPaB nigedaysm¶at; EdlFanakarbeBa©jmti edayesrI BIqnÞ³Gñke)aHeqñat . ¬K¦ cUlbeRmImuxgarsaFarN³kñúgRbeTsrbs;xø Ün kñ úglkçxNÐTUeTA edaysmPaB .

maRta 26 CnRKb;rUbmansiTi §es μ IKñacMeBaHmuxc,ab; nigmansiTi §karBarBIc,ab;esI μKña

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eday\terIseGIg . kñúgRbkarenH c,ab;RtUvhamkarerIseGIg nigRtUvFana»ü CnRKb;rUbnUvkarkarBars½kþisiT§iesμ IKñaRbqaMgkarerIseGIgTaMgLay manCaGaT×BUCsasn_ BN’sm,úr ePT Pasa sasna mtineya)ay b¤mtiepSgeTot edImkMeNItCati b¤sgÁm RTBüsm,tþi kMeNIt b¤sßanPaBdéTeTot .

maRta 27 kñúgrdæEdlmanRkumCnPaKticxagCatiBn§ú sasna b¤Pasa CnEdlCa

smaCíkCnPaKticTaMgenH edayrYmnwgsmaCíkdéTeToténRkumrbs;xøÜn minRtUv TTYlrgkarraraMg siTi§GaRs½yplvb,Fm’rbs;BYkeK siTi§kan; nigRbtibtþi sasna tamTmøab;BYkeK b¤siT§ieRbIR)as;Pasarbs;BYkeKeLIy .

EpñkTI 4

maRta 28

1> KN³km μaFikarsiTi§mnusSmYy ¬bnÞab;BIenHeTAehAfa KN³km μaFikar¦ RtUv begáIteLIg . KN³km μaFikar mansmaCík 18rUb nigbMeBjmuxgartam-karkMNt;xageRkam .

2> KN³km μaFikar RtUvmansmaCíkCaRbCaBlrdæénrdæsmaCíkktikasBaØa

enH EdlCamnusSmanGtþcriksIlFm’x<s; nigsmtßPaB EdleKTTYlsÁal; kñúgvís½ysiT§imnusS edaykarKitdl;RbeyaCn_Edl)anmkBIkarcUlrYmBImnusS mYycMnYn EdlmanbTBiesaFn_xagvís½yc,ab; .

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3> smaCíkKN³kmμaFikar RtUveRCÍserIstamkare)aHeqñat ehIyRtUveFVIkar kñúgzan³CabuKÁl .

maRta 29

1> smaCíkKN³km μaFikar RtUveRCÍserIstamkare)aHeqñatCasm¶at; BIbBa¢I eQμaHebkçCn EdlmanKuNsm,tþi tamlkçxNÐbBaØtþikñúgmaRta 28 ehIyEdl eRCIstaMg edayrdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH .

2> rdæPaKInImYy² énktikasBaØaenH GaceRCÍstaMgebkçCn 2 rUb y:ageRcIn .

ebkçCnTaMgenH RtÚvEtCaCnCatiénrdæEdleRCÍstaMgebkçCn . 3> ebkçCndEdl GacmansiTi§eRCÍstaMgCafμ IeTot)an .

maRta 30

1> kare)aHeqñatelIkdMbUg RtUveFVIy:agyUrbMput 6Ex eRkayBIkalbriecäT énkarcUlCaFrmanénktikasBaØaenH .

2> y:agtic4Ex munkalbriecäTénkare)aHeqñateRCÍserIssmaCík sRmab;

KN³km μaFikar eRkABIkareRCÍserIs [bMeBjmuxgarTMenr RsbtammaRta 34 GKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati RtUvecjlixitGeBa¢Ij[rdæPaKIénktika sBaØaenH bBa¢ÚnbBa¢IebkçCnrbs;xøÜn kñúgry³eBl3Ex sRmab;eFVICasmaCik KN³km μaFikar .

3> GKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati RtUveFVIbBa¢IeQ μaHebkçCnTaMgGs; tameQμaHlMdab;Gkçr³Rkm edaybBa¢ak;eQμaHrdæPaKIEdl)aneRCÍstaMgebkçCn

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ehIyepJIbBa¢IenH eTArdæPaKITaMgGs;énktikasBaØaenH y:agehac 1Ex munkalbriecäTénkare)aHeqñatnImYy² .

4> kare)aHeqñateRCÍserIssmaCíkKN³km μaFikar RtUveFVIkñúgeBlRbCuMrdæPaKI

énktikasBaØaenH EdlekaHGeBa¢Ijeday GKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarsh RbCaCati enATIsñak;karénGgÁkarenH . kUr:umsRmab;kic©RbCMu KWBIrPaKbIén rdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH. ebkçCnEdlCab;CasmaCíkKN³km μaFikar RtUv Et CaebkçCnEdlTTYl)an semøgeRcInbMput nigsemøgPaKeRcIndac;xat BItMNagrbs;rdæPaKIEdlmanvtþman nig)ane)aHeqñat .

maRta 31

1> KN³km μaFikar minGacmansmaCíkelIsBI 1rUb EdlCaCnCatiénrdæ dEdleLIy .

2> kñúgkare)aHeqñateRCÍserIssmaCíkKN³km μaFikar RtUveFVIkarBicarNaEbg

EcksmaCíkPaB eTAtamPUmisa®sþþedaysmFm’ nig[mantMNag TRmg;epSg²énGarüFm’ RBmTaMgeTAtamRbB½n§c,ab;FM²pg .

maRta 32

1> smaCíkKN³km μaFikar RtUveRCÍserIstamkare)aHeqñat sRmab;ry³eBl 4qñaM . smaCíkKN³km μaFikar GacmansiTi§QreQ μaHe)aHeqñateLIgvíj RbsinebImankareRCÍstaMgCaf μ I . b:uEnþGaNtþismaCík9rUb EdlCab;eqñat elIkTI1 RtUvputkMNt;kñúgry³eBl2qñaM ehIyeRkayBIkare)aHeqñatelIkTI1

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eQμaHsmaCíkTaMg 9rUbenH RtUvcab;eqñateRCÍserIsCabnÞan; edayRbFanGgÁRbCMu EdlmanEcgkñúg kfaxNÐ4 énmaRta30 .

2> eBlputGaNtþikargar kare)aHeqñat RtUveFVIeLIg[RsbtambTbBaØtiþén

maRtamun² enAkñúgEpñkTI4 énktikasBaØaenH .

maRta 33

1> RbsinebImansmaCíkNamYyénKN³km μaFikar)anQb;eFVIkargarrbs;xøÜn eRkABImUlehtuGvtþmanCalkçN³beNþaHGasnñ RbFanKN³km μaFikar tammtiÉkcä½nÞBIsmaCíkÉeTot RtUvCUndMNwgeTAGKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCa-Cati ehIyGKÁelxaFikarRtÚvRbkasBIGasn³TMenrrbs;smaCíkenaH.

2> kñúgRKamanmrNPaB b¤karlaQb;BItMENg rbs;smaCíkNamñak;

RbFanKN³kmμaFikar RtUvCUndMNwgPøameTAGKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCa Catii ehIyGKÁelxaFikar RtUvRbkasBIGasn³TMenr cab;BIkalbriecäT mrNPaB b¤karsMulaElgmanGanuPaB .

maRta 34

1> enAeBlGasn³TMenr RtUv)anRbkasRsbtammaRta 33 nigebIGaNtþi rbs;smaCíkEdlRtUvdak;CMnYs minTan;putkMNt;kñúgry³eBl 6Ex bnþBI-kalbriecäTénkarRbkasGasn³TMenr GKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati RtUvCUndMNwg[rdæPaKITaMgGs;énktikasBaØaenH kñúgry³eBl2Ex [eRCÍs taMgebkçCn Rsbtam bTbBaØtiþénmaRta29 edIm,IbMeBjGasn³TMenrenH .

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2> GKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCatiii RtUverobcMbBa¢IeQ μaHebkçCneRCÍs taMgtamlMdab;GkçrRkm ehIyRtUvepJÍbBa¢IenH eTArdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH . kare)aHeqñatbMeBjGasn³TMenr RtÚveFVIRsbtambTbBaØtiþBak;B½n§énEpñk TI4 énktikasBaØaenH .

3> smaC íkKN³km μ aFikarEdlCab; eqñ atbM eBjGasn³TM enr dUc)an

RbkasRsbtammaRta33 RtUvbMeBjParkic©rhUtdl;cb;;GaNtþirbs;smaCík EdlTukGasn³[TMenrenAkñúgKN³kmμaFikar RsbtambTbBaØtiþénmaRtaenaH.

maRta 35 smaCíkKN³km μaFikarTTYlbrilaPBIFnFanrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati tam-

karyl;RBmBImhasnñi)atGgÁkarshRbCaCati kñúglkçxNÐkMNt;edaymhasnñi)at GgÁkarshRbCaCati eTAtamsarsMxan;énmuxgarrbs;KN³kmμaFikar .

maRta 36 GKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati RtUvpþl;buKÁlik nigsmÖar³rUbv½nþcaM)ac; edIm,I

[KN³kmμaFikar bMeBjmuxgar[)ans½kþisiT§i RsbtamktikasBaØaenH .

maRta 37

1> GKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCatiRtUvekaHsmaCíkKN³km μaFikar »ümkRbCMuCaelIkTI1 enATIsñak;karGgÁkarshRbCaCati .

2> eRkayBIkic©RbCu¿elIkTI1 KN³km μaFikar RtUverobcMsm½yRbCu¿RKb;eBl dUc)ankMNt;kñúgbTbBa¢aépÞkñúgrbs;xøÜn .

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3> tamFmμta KN³km μaFikar RtUvRbCu¿enATIsñak;karGgÁkarshRbCaCati b¤ enAkariyal½yGgÁkarshRbCaCatienATIRkughSWENv .

maRta 38 munnwgTTYltMENg smaCíkKN³km μaFikarTaMgGs;RtUvRbkasCa]Larik

enAcMeBaHmuxGgÁRbCuMfa nwgbMeBjmuxgarrbs;xøÜn edayK μanlMeGog nigedaysti sm,CBaØ³ .

maRta 39 1> KN³km μaFikar RtUve)aHeqñateRCÍserIs m®nþIkariyal½yrbs;xøÜn sRmab;

ry³eBl2qñaM . m®nþIkariyal½yTaMgGs; GacRtÚv)ane)aHeqñateRCÍserIsCaf μ I eTot)an .

2> KN³km μaFikarRtUverobcMbTbBa¢aépÞkñúgrbs;xøÜn. b:uEnþ bTbBa¢aépÞkñúgenH

RtUvmanbTbBaØtiþdUcxageRkamenH bEnßmelIbTbBaØtiþdéTeTot ៖ ¬k¦ kUr:um RtÚvmansmaCík 12nak; . ¬x¦ esckþIseRmcrbs;KN³kmμaFikar RtUveFVIeLIgedaysemøgPaKeRcIn énsmaCíkvtþman .

maRta 40

1> rdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH snüabgðajr)aykarN_ sþIBIvíFankar Edl)an Gnum½t GnuvtþsiTi§EdlTTYlsÁal;kñúgktikasBaØaenH nigr)aykarN_sþIBIkarrIk ceRmIn EdlseRmc)an kñúgkarGaRs½yplénsiT§iTaMgenH ៖

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¬k¦ kñúgry³eBl1qñaM KitBIéf¶cUlCaFrmanénktikasBaØaenHcMeBaH rdæPaKIBak;B½n§ . ¬x¦ ral;elIkEdlKN³km μaFikareFVIsMeNI .

2> r)aykarN_TaMgGs; RtUvdak;CUneTAGKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati ehIy GKÁelxaFikar RtUvbBa¢Únr)aykarN_TaMgenaH eTAKN³kmμaFikaredIm,IBinitü . RbsinebImanr)aykarN_ RtUvbBa¢ak;BIktþa nig]bsKÁ EdlnaM[b:HBal; dl;karGnuvtþn_énktikasBaØaenH .

3> eRkayBIkarBieRKaHCamYyKN³kmμaFikar GKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati

GacbBa¢ ÚneTAsßab½nÉkeTsBak;B½n§ nUvesckþ IcmøgRKb;PaKénr)ay karN_EdlGacsßitkñúgvís½yénsmtßkic©rbs;sßab½nTaMgenaH .

4> KN³kmμaFikar RtUvsikSar)aykarN_Edldak;CUnedayrdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH .

KN³kmμaFikar RtUvbBa¢Únr)aykarN_rbs;xøÜn RBmTaMgeyabl;TUeTA Edl KN³kmμaFikarBinitüeXIjfa smRsbeTA[rdæPaKITaMgGs;. KN³kmμaFikar Gac bBa¢Úneyabl;TaMgenHeTARkumRbwkSaesdækic© nigsgÁmkic© edayP¢ab;CamYyc,ab; cmøgénr)aykarN_nana EdlKN³kmμaFikar)anTTYlBI rdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH .

5> rdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenHGacdak;CUnKN³km μaFikarnUvesckþIsegátelI

karpþl;eyabl; EdlGacRtÚveFVIeLIg RsbtamkfaxNÐ4 énmaRtaenH .

maRta 41

1> rdæPaKINamYyénktikasBaØaenH GacRbkasenARKb;eBlevla Rsbtam-

341

maRtaenH faxøÜnTTYlsÁal;smtßkic©rbs;KN³kmμaFikarkñúgkarTTYl nig-BinitübNþwgBIrdæPaKI EdlGHGagfa rdæPaKImYyeTot min)anbMeBjkatBVkic© rbs;xøÜn RsbtamktikasBaØaenH . bNþwgenH GacTTYl nigBinitü)an luHRtaEt rdæPaKI )aneFVIesckþIRbkasTTYlsÁal;smtßkic©rbs;KN³kmμaFikar cMeBaH rdæenH . KN³km μaFikar minRtUvTTYlbNþwgrbs;rdæPaKI Edlmin)an eFVI-esckþIRbkasTTYlsÁal;eLIy . bNþwgRsbtammaRtaenH RtÚvedaHRsay RsbtamnItivíFIxageRkam ៖

¬k¦ ebIrdæPaKImYyénktikasBaØaenH yl;eXIjfa rdæPaKImYyeTot min GnuvtþbTbBaØtþiiiénktikasBaØaenH rdæPaKImçag GacnaMykbBaða tamry³ bNþwgCalayl½kçN_GkSr mkbgðaj[rdæPaKImçageTot BinitüBicarNa . kñúgry³eBl 3Ex eRkayBI)anTTYlbNþwgrdæcugbNþwg RtUvpþl;karBnül; b¤esckþIRbkasCalayl½kçN_GkSr bMPøWbBaðatamkRmit EdlGaceFVI)an nig edaycM² CUnrdæedImbNþwg EdlmaneyagnItivíFI nigdMeNaHRsay enAkñúgRbeTsEdl)aneFVI ehIyEdlminTan;seRmc b¤EdlenAebIkcMh .

¬x¦ ebIbBaðaminRtUv)anedaHRsay[eBjcitþ rvagrdæCab;Bak;B½n§TaMgBIr kñúgry³ eBl6Ex cab;BIéf¶TTYlbNþwgdMbUgedayrdæcugbNþwg rdæNamYyk¾)an mansiTi§ bBa¢ÚnbBaðaeTAKN³kmμaFikar edayCUndMNwgeTAKN³km μaFikar nigrdæmçag eTot . ¬K¦ KN³kmμaFikar GacedaHRsaybBaða EdlbBa¢Ún[mkxøÜn)an luHRtaEt KN³kmμaFikar )anrkeXIjfa meFüa)ayxagpøÚvc,ab;TaMgGs;Edl manenAkñúg RbeTsenaH RtUv)anykmkeRbIGs;lT§PaB RsbtameKalkarN_énc,ab;GnþrCati EdlTTYlsÁal;CaTUeTA . víFanenH nwgminRtÚvykmkGnuvtþeT ebInItivíFIénkaredaH Rsay bnþyUrhYsehtu .

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¬X¦ KN³kmμaFikar RtUverobcMsm½yRbCu¿rbs;xøÜnedaysm¶at; enAeBl BinitübNþwg RsbtammaRtaenH . ¬g¦ eyagtambTbBaØtiþkñúgGnukfaxNÐ¬K¦ KN³kmμaFikar RtUvdak;esva rbs;xøÜn»ürdæPaKIBak;B½n§eRbIR)as; edIm,IQaneTAdl;dMeNaHRsayRsuH RsYlelIbBaða Ep¥kelImUldæanénkareKarBsiTi§mnusS nigesrIPaBmUldæan EdlTTYlsÁal;kñúgktikasBaØaenH . ¬c¦ bBaðaNaEdlbBa¢ ÚnmkKN³km μaFikarRsbtamGnukfaxNÐ¬x¦ KN³km μaFikar GacsuM[rdæPaKIBak;B½n§ pþl;B½t’manBak;B½n§bEnßm mkKN³kmμa Fikar . ¬q¦ rdæPaKIBak;B½n§ eyagtamGnukfaxNÐ¬x¦ mansiTi§manvtþmantMNag rbs;xø ÜnenAeBlKN³kmμaFikarkMBugBinitübBaða nigmansiT§ iesñ Ieyabl; edaypÞal;mat; nig¼b¤Calayl½kçN_GkSr . ¬C¦ kñúgry³eBl 12Ex eRkayBIkalbriecäTTTYldMNwg dUcEcgkñúgGnukfa xNÐ¬x¦ KN³kmμaFikar RtÚvdak;CUnr)aykarN_mYy ៖ (i) RbsinebIdMeNaHRsaymYy RtUv)anrkeXIj RsbtambTbBaØtiþenAkñúgGnu kfaxNÐÐ ¬g¦ KN³kmμaFikar RtUvkRmitr)aykarN_rbs;xøÜn RtwmEtCaesckþIEføg-karN_segçbsþIBIGgÁehtu nigdMeNaHRsayEdl)anrkeXIj . (ii) RbsinebIdMeNaHRsayNamYyminGacrkeXIj RsbtambTbBaØtiþénGnu kfaxNÐÐ ¬g¦eT KN³km μaFikar RtUvkRmitr)aykarN_rbs;xøÜn RtwmEt-CaesckþIEføgkarN_ segçbsþIBIGgÁehtu. karesñIeyabl;Calayl½kçN_ GkSr nigkMNt;RtaénkaresñIeyabl;pÞal;mat; edayrdæPaKIBak;B½n§ RtUvP¢ab; eTAnwgr)aykarN_ .

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enARKb;bBaðaTaMgGs;r)aykarN_ RtUvpSay[rdæPaKIBak;B½n§)andwg . 2> bTbBaØtiþénmaRtaenHnwgcUlCaFrman enAeBlEdlrdæPaKIcMnYn 10 én

ktikasBaØaenH )aneFVIesckþIRbkas RsbtamkfaxNÐ1énmaRtaenH. esckþIRbkasenH RtUvtMkl;TukedayrdæPaKI enAnwgGKÁelxaFikar GgÁkarshRbCaCati ehIyGKÁelxaFikar RtUvepJIc,ab;cmøgeTA»ürdæPaKI TaMgGs;. esckþIRbkas GacdkeTAvíj)anRKb;eBledayCUndMNwgeTA GKÁelxaFikar. kardkeTAvíjenH minRtUveFVI[b:HBal;dl;karBinitü bBaðaNaEdlCakm μvtßúénbNþwgEdlepJÍrYcehIy RsbtammaRtaenHeLIy ehIybNþwgbEnßmBIrdæPaKI nwgQb;TTYl eRkayBIGKÁelxaFikar)anTTYl karCUndMNwgBIkardk elIkElgEtrdæPaKIBak;B½n§)aneFVIesckþIRbkas Cafμ I .

maRta 42

1> ¬k¦ ebIbBaðaEdldak;CUnKN³kmμaFikar RsbtammaRta41 minRtUv)anedaH RsayCaTIeBjcitþdl;rdæPaKIBak;B½n§eT KN³kmμaFikar edaymankaryl;RBm CamunBIrdæPaKIBak;B½n§ Gaccat;taMgKN³kmμkarpSHpSarcMeBaHkic©mYy¬bnÞab;BIenH eTAehAfa KN³kmμkar¦. KN³kmμkar RtUvdak;esvarbs;xøÜn [rdæPaKIBak;B½n§ eRbIR)as; edIm,IrkdMeNaHRsaysRmuHsRmÜlelIbBaðaenaH edayeKarBtamktika sBaØaenH .

¬x¦ KN³km μkarRtUvmansmaCík5rUb Edlmankaryl;RBmBIrdæPaKI Bak;B½n§. ebIrdæPaKIBak;B½n§ minQandl;karRBmeRBogKñaTaMgRsug b¤EpñkxøH elI smasPaBKN³km μkar kñúgry³eBl 3ExeT smaCíkKN³km μkarNa

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Edlmin)anTTYlkaryl;RBm RtUvdak;[eRCÍserIsedaykare)aHeqñatCasm¶at; edayyksemøg PaKeRcInBIrPaKbIéncMeNamsmaCíkKN³kmμaFikar .

2> smaCíkKN³km μkar RtUvbMeBjtYnaTICabuKÁl. smaCíkKN³kmμkar minRtUv CaCnCatiénrdæPaKIBak;B½n§ b¤énrdæEdlminEmnCaPaKIénktikasBaØaenH b¤énrdæPaKIEdlmin)aneFVIesckþIRbkasdUcEcgkñúgmaRta41 .

3> KN³kmμkar RtÚve)aHeqñateRCÍserIsRbFan nigGnum½tbTbBa¢aépÞkñúg rbs;xøÜn . 4> KN³kmμkar RtUvRbC¿uCaFm μtaenATIsñak;karGgÁkarshRbCaCati b¤enA

kariyal½yGgÁkarshRbCaCatienATIRkughSWENv. b:uEnþ kic©RbCuM GaceFVI eTA)an enAkEnøgsmRsbdéTeTotEdlKN³kmμkarGackMNt; edayBieRKaH eyabl;CamYy GKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati nigrdæPaKIBak;B½n§.

5> elxaFikardæan EdlmanEcgkñúgmaRta36 RtUvCYyKN³kmμkar Edl)an

cat;taMg RsbtammaRtaenH . 6> B½t’manEdlKN³kmμaFikar TTYl nigRbmUl)an RtUvTuk[KN³kmμkareRbIR)as;

ehIyKN³kmμkar GacsuM[rdæPaKIBak;B½n§ pþl;B½t’manBak;B½n§epSgeTot . 7> enAeBlEdlKN³kmμkar)anBinitübBaðasBVRKb;ehIy y:agyUr 12Ex eRkayBI

karsikSabBðaacb; KN³km μkar RtUvepJIr)aykarN_eTARbFanKN³km μaFikar edIm,IeqøIyqøgeTArdæPaKIBak;B½n§ ៖ ¬k¦ ebIKN³km μkarminGacbBa©b;karBinitübBaða kñúgry³eBl12Ex eT KN³km μkar RtUvkRmitr)aykarN_ RtwmEtCaesckþIEføgkarN_segçb sþIBIsßanPaBénkarBinitübBaðaEtb:ueNÑaH.

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¬x¦ Ep¥kelIkareKarBsiTi§mnusSdUc)anTTYlsÁal;enAkñúgktikasBaØaenH ebIdMeNaHRsayRsuHRsYlKñaelIbBaðaGaceFV I)anseRmcehIy enaH KN³km μkar RtUvkRmitr)aykarN_rbs;xøÜn RtwmEtCaesckþIEføgkarN_ segçbelIGgÁehtu nigdMeNaHRsayEdlseRmc)an . ¬K¦ ebIdMeNaHRsaytamlkçxNÐénGnukfaxNÐ¬x¦ minGacseRmc)aneT r)ay karN_rbs;KN³km μkar RtUvbgðajesckþIsnñidæanelIRKb;cMNucénGgÁehtu Tak;TgnwgbBaðananarvagrdæPaKIBak;B½n§ nigbgðajeyabl;sþIBIlT§PaB éndMeNaHRsay RsuHRsYlKñaelIbBaða. r)aykarN_enH RtÚvmanpgEdrnUv karpþl;eyabl;Calayl½kçN_GkSr nigsMNuMerOgTaMgmUlénkarpþl;eyabl; pÞal;mat;edayPaKIBak;B½n§ . ¬X¦ ebIr)aykarN_rbs;KN³km μkar )andak;CUnRsbtamGnukfa xNÐ¬K¦ xagelIenaH rdæPaKIBak;B½n§ RtUvCMrabeTARbFanénKN³kmμaFikar kñúgry³eBl3Ex cab;BIéf¶)anTTYlr)aykarN_ faetIRBmTTYlb¤minRBmTTYl Gtßn½yénr)aykarN_rbs;KN³kmμkar .

8> bTbBaØtiþénmaRtaenH minb:HBal;dl;muxkarrbs;;KN³kmμaFikar dUcmanEcgkñúg-maRta 41 eLIy .

9> cMNayTaMgGs;rbs;smaCíkKN³kmμkar RtUvEbgEckesμ IKñarvag rdæPaKIBak;B½n§

Rsbtamkar)a:n;sμan EdlkMNt;edayGKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati . 10> RbsinebIcaM)ac; GKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati RtUvmansiT§icMNay CYs

eTAelIsmaCíkKN³km μkar munmansMNgBIrdæPaKIBak;B½n§ Rsbtam kfaxNÐ9 énmaRtaenH .

346

maRta 43 smaCíkénKN³km μaFikar nigKN³kmμkarsRmuHsRmÜlcMeBaHkic©Edl EtgtaMg

RsbtammaRta42 mansiTi§eRbIR)as;smÖar³rUbv½nþ manbuBVsiT§i nigGP½yÉksiT§i énGñkCMnajkarkñúgebskkmμrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati dUcmanEcgkñúgEpñkBak;B½n§ énGnusBaØasþIGMBIbuBVsiT§ nigGP½yÉksiT§rbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati .

maRta 44 bTbBaØtþi i isRmab;GnuvtþGnusBaØaenH RtUvGnuvtþedayminRtUveFVI[b:HBal;

dl;nItivíFIEdl)anEcgkñúgvís½ysiTi§mnusS RsbtamlixitubkrN_epSg² nigGnusBaØa rbs;shRbCaCati nigsßab½nÉkeTseLIy ehIyminRtUvraraMgrdæPaKIénGnusBaØaenH kñúgkareRbInItivíFIdéTeTot edIm,IedaHRsayCemøaH Rsbtamkic© RBmeRBogGnþrCatiTUeTA b¤Biess EdlcgrdæPaKIeLIy .

maRta 45 KN³km μaFikarRtUvbB¢Úanr)aykarN_RbcaMqñaM sþIBIskm μPaBrbs;xøÜn[mha

snñi)atGgÁkarshRbCaCati tamry³RkumRbwkSaesdækic© nigsgÁmkic©.

EpñkTI 5

maRta 46 K μanbTbBaØtiþNamYykñúgktikasBaØaenH RtUvykmkbkRsayeFVI[b:HBal;

dl;bTbBaØtiþTaMgLay énFm μnuBaØshRbCaCati nigrdæFmμnujénsßab½nÉkeTsnana

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EdlkMNt;karTTYlxusRtUvrbs;GgÁkarnanaénshRbCaCati nigsßab½nÉkeTs cMeBaHbBaðaBak;B½n§nwgktikasBaØaenHeLIy .

maRta 47 KμanbTbBaØtiþNamYyénktikasBaØaenH RtUvykmkbkRsay eFVI[b:HBal;dl;

siTi§BIkMeNItrbs;RbCaCatiTaMgGs; kñúgkarGaRs½ypl nigeRbIR)as;eBjelj nig edayesrInUvePaKRTBü nigFnFanFm μCatirbs;xøÜneLIy .

EpñkTI 6

maRta 48 1> ktikasBaØaenH RtUvebIkcMh[cuHhtßelxasRmab;rdæsmaCíkshRbCaCati

b¤smaCíkénsßab½nÉkeTsNamYyb¤CaPaKIénlkçnþik³rbs;tulakaryutþiFm’Gnþr Cati b¤CardæepSgeTot EdlRtÚv)anGeBa¢Ijedaymhasnñi)atshRbCaCati edIm,IkøayCaPaKIénktikasBaØaenH .

2> ktikasBaØaenHCakm μvtßúénkar[sc©ab½n. lixitubkrN_[sc©ab½n RtUv

tMkl;TukenAnwgGKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati . 3> ktikasBaØaenH RtUvebIkcMh[rdæTaMgGs;cUlCasmaCík dUcEcgkñúg

kfaxNÐ1 énmaRtaenH . 4> karcUlCasmaCík RtUveFVIeLIgedaykartMkl;lixitubkrN_suMcUlCasmaCík enA

nwgGKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati .

348

5> GKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati RtUvCUndMNwgdl;rdæTaMgGs; Edl)an cuHhtßelxaelIktikasBaØaenHb¤Edl)ancUlCasmaCíkénktikasBaØaenH GMBIkartMkl;lixitubkrN_»üsc©ab½n b¤lixitubkrN_suMcUlCasmaCík .

maRta 49

1> ktikasBaØaenHcUlCaFrmankñúgry³eBl3Ex eRkayBIkalbriecäTénkartMkl; lixitubkrN_[sc©ab½n b¤lixitubkrN_suMcUlCasmaCíkTI35 enAnwg GKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati .

2> cMeBaHrdæEdl[sc©ab½n b¤suMcUlCasmaCíkénktikasBaØaenH bnÞab;BI

smaCíkTI35 ktikasBaØaenHnwgcUlCaFrmankñúgry³eBl3Ex eRkayBI-kalbriecäTénkartMkl;lixitubkrN_[sc©ab½n b¤lixitubkrN_suMcUlCa smaCíkrbs;rdæenaH .

maRta 50 bTbBaØti þénktikasBaØaenH RtUvGnuvtþelIRKb;EpñkTaMgGs;énrdæshB½n§

edayKμankarkRmit b¤elIkElgeLIy .

maRta 51

1> rdæPaKINamYyénktikasBaØaenH GacesñIeFVIvíesaFnkm μ nigdak;esckþIesñI enaHCUnGKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati. GKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati RtUvbBa¢ÚnesckþIesñIvíesaFnkm μenH eTArdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH edaysMu[rdæPaKIbBa¢ak; faetIyl;RBm[mansnñisITénrdæPaKITaMgGs; edIm,I

349

Binitü nige)aHeqñatelIesckþIesñIvíesaFnkmμb¤eT . kñúgkrNImansemøg 1PaK3y:agticénrdæPaKITaMgGs; Rbkasyl;RBm[mansnñisIT GKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati RtUvekaHRbCu¿snñisIT eRkamkar]btßmÖ rbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati. RKb;víesaFnkmμEdlGnum½t edaymtiPaK-eRcInénrdæPaKIvtþman nige)aHeqñatkñúgsnñisIT RtUvdak;CUnmhasnñi)at GgÁkarshRbCaCati edIm,IsuMkaryl;RBm .

2> víesaFnkmμTaMgenH nwgcUlCaFrman enAeBlTTYl)ankaryl;RBmBImhasnñi)at

GgÁkarshRbCaCati nigTTYl)ankarGnum½t edaymtiPaKeRcIn2PaK3énrdæPaKI énktikasBaØaenH RsbtambTbBaØtþiénrdæFmμnuBaØrbs;rdænImYy² .

3> enAeBlEdlvíesaFnkmμTaMgenaHcUlCaFrmanehIy víesaFnkmμTaMgenaH

nwgkøayCakatBVkic©sRmab;rdæPaKI EdlRBmTTYlykvíesaFnkm μTaMgenaH ÉrdæPaKIepSgeTotEdlmin)anTTYlyl;RBm RtUvsßitenAeRkambTbBaØtiþén ktikasBaØaenH nigvíesaFnkm μmun² EdlxøÜn)anRBmTTYlykrYcehIy .

maRta 52 eRkABIkarCUndMNwgTaMgLayEdlmanEcgenAkñ úgkfaxNÐ5énmaRta48

GKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati RtÚvCRmabCUnrdæTaMgLay RsbtamkfaxNÐ1 énmaRtaenH nUv ៖

¬k¦ karcuHhtßelxa kar[sc©ab½n nigkarsuMcUlCasmaCík eyagtammaRta 48 . ¬x¦ kalbriecäT énkarcUlCaFrmanénktikasBaØaenH eyagtammaRta49 nigkal-briecäTénkarcUlCaFrmanénvíesaFnkmμTaMgLay eyagtammaRta51 .

350

maRta 53 5 1> ktikasBaØaenHEdlmanGtßbTCaPasacin Gg;eKøs )araMg rusSIú nig eGs,a:j

mantémøesμIKña nigRtÚvtMkl;TukenAb½NÑsardæanrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati . 2> GKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati RtUvbBa¢Únc,ab;cmøgénktikasBaØaenH

edaymanbBa¢ak;karcmøgtamc,ab;edIm CUndl;rdæTaMgLay eyagtam-maRta48 .

351

]bsm<½n§ 3

ktikasBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIsiT§iesdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’

buBVkfa

rdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH ³

yl;eXIjfa RsbtameKalkarN_ Edl)anEcgkñúgFm μnuBaØshRbCaCati karT-TYlsÁal;esckþIéføfñÚrCab;BIkMeNIt nigkarTTYlsÁal;siTi§esμ IKña nigminGaclk;dUr epÞr b¤dkhUt)anrbs;smaCíkTaMgGs; énRKYsarmnusS KWCaRKwHénesrIPaB yutþiFm’ nigsnþiPaBkñúgBiPBelak .

TTYlsÁal;fa siTi§TaMgenHekItecjmkBIesckþIéføfñÚrCab;BIkMeNItrbs;mnusS.

TTYlsÁal;fa RsbtamesckþIRbkasCasklsþIBIsiTi§mnusS ]tþmKtiénmnusS es-rIPaBrYcputBIkarP½yxøac nigTuK’tPaB GacseRmceCaKC½yeTA)an luHRtaEt begáIt)anlkçxNÐEdl»ümnusSmñak;² GaceRbIR)as;)annUvsiTi§esdækic© sgÁmkic© nig vb,Fm’ RBmTaMgsiTi§Blrdæ nigsiT§ineya)ayrbs;xøÜn .

yl;eXIjfa Fm μnuBaØshRbCaCati tRmUv[rdænananUvkatBVkic©elIksÞÜykar eKarBCaskl nigkarRbtibtþinUvsiTi§ nigesrIPaBrbs;mnusS .

yl;fa buKÁlmñak;² mankrNIykic©cMeBaHGñkdéT nigshKmn_EdlxøÜnrs; enA

352

mankarTTYlxusRtÚvkñúgkarxitxMelIksÞÜy nigeFVI[mankarRbtibtþisiTi§EdlTTYl sÁal;kñúgktikasBaØaenH .

RBmeRBogelImaRtaTaMgLaydUcteTA ³

EpñkTI 1

maRta 1

1> RbCaCatiTaMgGs;mansiTi§sV½yseRmc . edayGaRs½ynUvsiTi§enH RbCa CatiTaMgenaH kMNt;edayesrInUvzan³neya)ay nigxitxMGPivDÄn_esdækic© sgÁmkic© nig vb,Fm’rbs;xøÜnedayesrI .

2> edIm,IseRmceKaledArbs;xøÜn RbCaCatiTaMgGs;Gaccat;EcgedayesrI n U v eP aK RTBü n i gFnFanFm μCat i rbs ;x ø Ü n e d aym i n eF V I[b:HBal;dl;katBVkic©Edlecj mkBIshRbtibtþikaresdækic©GnþrCati EdlEp¥kelIeKalkarN_énplRbeyaCn_eTAvíj eTAmk nigeKal-karN_énc,ab;GnþrCati . K μankrNINamYy EdlRbCaCatinImYy² RtUv)andkhUtmeFüa)aypÞal;rbs;xøÜn sRmab;ciBa©wmCÍvítenaHeT,Iy .

3> dæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH rYmTaMgrdænanaEdlmankarTTYlxusRtUvRKb;RKg T w kd IGsVy½ t n i gT w kd IGaNaBüa)al Rt U velI ksÞ ÜyeFV I[)a n s e R m c n U v s i T § i s V ½ y s e R m c n i g R t U v e K a r B s i T i § e n H RsbtambTbBaØtiþTaMgT,ayénFmμnuBaØshRbCaCati .

353

EpñkTI 2

maRta 2

1> rdæPaKInImYy²énktikasBaØaenH edaykarRbwgERbgrbs;xøÜnÉgpÞal; nig tamry³C¿nYy nigshRbtibtiþkarGnþrCati CaBiessxagesdækic© nig-bec©keTs snüacat;víFankar eRbIR)as;CaGtibrmanUvFnFanEdlxøÜnman sRmab ; eF V I[mankar r Ik ce Rm InCal Md ab ; B Ik a rseRmc)anedayeBjeljnUvsiTi§TaMgGs; EdlTTYlsÁal;kñúg ktikasBaØaenH tamRKb;meFüa)aysmRsb rYmmanCaBiess karGnum½tvíFankarxag c,ab;pg .

2> rdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH snüaFanafa siTi§TaMgLayEdlEcgkñúgktika sBaØaenH nwgRtUveRbIR)as; edayKμankarerIseGIgNamYyEp¥kelIBUCsasn_ BN’sm,úr ePT sasna Pasa mtineya)ay b¤mtiepSg²eTot edImkMeNItCati b¤sgÁm RTBü sm,tþi kMeNIt b¤sßanPaBdéTeToteLIy .

3> RbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_TaMgLay edayKitKUr[)anRtwmRtUv dl;siTi§mnusS niges-dækic©Catirbs;xøÜn GackMNt;dl;kRmitRtwmNamYyEdlxøÜnFanasiTi§esdækic©Edl TTYlsÁal;kñúgktikasBaØaenH dl;GñkEdlBuMEmnCaRbCaBlrdæxøÜn .

maRta 3 rdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenHsnüaFananUvsiT§iesñIKñarvagbursnig®sþIkñúgkarGaRs½y

plsiTi§esdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’TaMgGs;EdlmanEcgenAkñúgktikasBaØaenH .

354

maRta 4

rdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH TTYlsÁal;fa kñúgkarTTYl)ansiTi§TaMgLayEdl Fanaedayrdæ RsbtamktikasBaØaenH rdæGacdak;siT§iTaMgenH[manRBMEdnEdlkMNt; edayc,ab;Etb:ueNÑaH eday[RsbeTAnwgRbePTénsiTi§TaMgenH nigsRmab;EtedIm,I elIksÞÜysuxumalPaBTUeTAb:ueNÑaH enAkñúgsgÁmRbCaFibetyü .

maRta 5

1> KμanbTbBaØtiþNamYyénktikasBaØaenH GacRtUv)aneKbkRsaytRmÚvfa rdæNamYy RkumNamYy buKÁlNamñak; mansiTi§NamYy eFVIskm μPaBNamYy b¤ RbRBwtþiGMeBINamYy sMedAeTAbMpøícbMpøajsiT§i b¤esrIPaB EdlTTYlsÁal;edayktika sBaØ aenHb¤sM edAeTAdak;kRmitEdlmanvísalPaBFMCagkRmitEdl)anEcgenAkñúgktika sBaØaenH .

2> minRtUveFVIkarritt,it b¤eFVIbdibBaØtiþNamYy eTAelIsiT§imnusSCamUldæan EdlRtUv)anTTYlsÁal; b¤enACaFrmanenAkñúgrdæPaKITaMgLayénktikasBaØaenH eday GnuelameTAtamc,ab; GnusBaØa bTbBa¢a b¤TMenomTMlab;TaMgLay e d a y y k e l s f a k t i k a s B a Ø a e n H m i n T T Y l s Á a l ; b¤TTYlsÁal;siT§iTaMgenaHenAkñúgkRmitticCag .

355

EpñkTI 3 maRta 6

1> rdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH TTYlsÁal;siTi§eFVIkargar rYmmansiT§irbs;mnusS RKb;rUb manlT§PaBciBa©wmCÍvítedaykargarEdleRCIserIs b¤RBmTTYlykedayesrI nig-cat;víFankarsmRsb edIm,IkarBarsiTi§enH .

2> víFankarEdlrdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenHRbkan;yk edIm,IFanakareRbIR)as; eBjeljnUvsiTi§enH RtUvrYmbBa©Úl kartRmg;Tisxagbec©keTs nigvíC¢aCÍv³ nigkmμviFI bNþúHbNþaleKalneya)ay nigbec©keTs edIm,IFana[mankarGPivDÆn_efr xag vís½yesdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’ nigkargareBjel-jEdlmanplRbeyaCn_kñúg lkçxNÐkarBar esrIPaBCamUldæanxagneya)ay nigesdækic©cMeBaHbuKÁlRKb;rUb .

maRta 7 rdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH TTYlsÁal;siTi§rbs;buKÁlRKb;rUb edIm,ITTYl)annUv

lkçxNÐkargarRtwmRtÚv nigRbkbedayGMeNaypl EdlFanaCaBiessnUv ³ ¬k¦ R)ak;kéRmEdlpþl;CaGb,brma[GñkeFVIkar nUv³

1> ebovtSr_RbkbedaysmFm’ nigR)ak;kéRmesμ IKñac¿eBaHkargarEdlmantémø e s μ I K ñ a e d a y m i n m a n k a r E b g E c k N a m Y y C a B i e s s ®sþIRtUvEtmankarFananUvlkçxNÐ kargarEdlpþl;[BYkeK mintic-CaglkçxNÐEdlburs)anTTYl edayRtÚv)anR)ak;kéRm esμ IKña cMe-

356

BaHkargardUcKña . 2> CÍvPaBrs;enAsmrmüsRmab;xøÜneKpÞal; nigRKÜsar RsbtambTbBaØtiþén ktikasBaØaenH .

¬x¦ l½kçx½NÐkargarRbkbedaysuvtßiPaB nigGnam½y . ¬K¦ »kasdUcKñasRmab;buKÁlRKb;rUb edIm,I)aneLIgzan³kñ úgkargar eTA kRmitx<s;smRsb edayminBicarNaeTAelIGVIepSgBIGtItPaBkargar nigsmtßPaB . ¬X¦ karsRmak karlMEh karkRmitem:ageFVIkarsmrmünigkarQb;sRmak tam-kalkMNt;eTogTat; edaymanR)ak;ebovtSr_ nigR)ak;kéRmsRmab;éf¶buNüCati .

maRta 8

1> rdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH snüaFana[)annUv ³

¬k¦ siTi§sRmab;CnRKb;rUb begáItshCIB nigcUlrYmshCÍB tamkareRCÍs erIsrbs;xøÜn edaysßiteRkamvíFanTaMgLayEdlkMNt;edayGgÁkarBak;B½n§ edIm,IelIk sÞÜy nigkarBarplRbeyaCn_esdækic© nigsgÁmkic©rbs;xøÜn . kareRbIR)as;siTi§enH minGacrwtt,it)aneT elIkElgEtkarrwtt,itenaH manEcgenAkñúgc,ab; nigCavíFan karcaM)ac; kñúgsgÁmRbCaFibetyü CaplRbeyaCn_dl;snþisuxCati b¤sNþab;Fñab; saFarN³ b¤edIm,IkarBarsiTi§ nigesrIPaBrbs;GñkdéT .

¬x¦ siTi§rbs;shCÍBbegáItshB½n§ b¤sm<½n§Cati nigsiT§irbs;shB½n§ nig sm½<n§Cati begáIt b¤cUlrYmkñúgGgÁkarshCÍBGnþrCati .

¬K¦ siTi§rbs;shCÍB eFVIskm μPaBedayesrI edayKμankRmitRBMEdn elIk

357

ElgEt kRmitRBMEdnenaHmanEcgkñ úgc,ab; nigCavíFankarcaM)ac;kñ úgsgÁmRbCaFibetyü sRmab;CaplRbeyaCn_dl;snþisuxCati b¤sNþab;Fñab;saFarN³ b¤edIm,IkarBarsiTi§ nigesrIPaBrbs;GñkdéT .

¬X¦ siTi§eFVIkUdkmμEdlRtÚveRbIR)as;;[Rsbtamc,ab;rbs;RbeTsnImYy² .

2> maRtaenH minraraMgdl;kardak;karrwtt,itRsbc,ab; elIkareRbIR)as;siTi§ T a Mg enH edaysmaC íkkgkm ø a Mg Rbdab ;Gav uF b ¤nKr)al b¤muxgarsaFarN³eLIy .

3> KμanbTbBaØtiþNamYyénmaRtaenH GnuBaØat[rdæPaKITaMgGs;énGnusBaØa qñaM1948 énGgÁkarBlkmμGnþrCatisþIBIesrIPaBxagshCÍB nigkarkarBar-siT§ishCÍB cat;víFankarxagpøÚvc,ab;Edlb:HBal; b¤Gnuvtþc,ab; tamEbbEdleFVI[b:HBal;dl;kar FanaTaMgLay EdlmanEcgkñuúgGnusBaØaenaH .

maRta 9

rdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH TTYlsÁal;siT§irbs;CnRKb;rUbTTYl)ansnþisuxsgÁm rYmTaMgkarFanar:ab;rgsgÁmpg .

maRta 10 rdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH TTYlsÁal;fa ³ 1> kic©KaMBarnigC¿nYyd¾TUlMTUlaybMputEdlGaceFVIeTA)anRtUvEtpþl;[RKYsar

EdlCaGgÁPaBFm μCati nigCaGgÁPaBmUldæanrbs;sgÁm CaBi-

358

esssRmab;karksag RKYsar nigenAeBlEdlRKYsarmankarTTYlxusRtU-vcMeBaHkarEfrkSa nigkarGb;rMbuRt FItakñúgbnÞúk . GaBah_BiBah_ RtÚvEte-FVIeLIgedaymankaryl;RBmedayesrIBIGnaKt bþI-RbBn§ .

2> kic©KaMBarBiessmYy RtUvpþl;[mþayTaMgLay sRmab;ry³eBlsmrmü

mYy enAmun nigeRkayeBlsRmalkUn . kñúgry³eBlenH mþayCanieyaCík RtUv)an TTYl-nUvkarsRmakmanR)ak;Ex b¤karsRmakEdlmankarpþl;sniþsuxsgÁmRKb;RKan; .

3> víFankarkarBar nigC¿nYyBiess RtUveFVIeLIgCaKuNRbeyaCn_dl;kumar

nigyuvCnTaMgGs; edayKμankarerIseGIgNamYy edaymUlehtuExSelahit b¤lkç xNÐGVIepSgeToteLIy . kumar nigyuvCnTaMgGs; RtUvTTYl)annUvkarkarBarRbqaMg nwgGaCÍvkmμesdækic© nigsgÁmkic© . karCYlkumar nigyuvCn[eFVIkar EdleFVI[b:H Bal;dl;sIlFm’ b¤suxPaBrbs;BYkeK b¤eFV I[maneRKaHfñak;dl;CÍvít b¤EdlGaceFVI»ü xUcdl;karlUtlas;Fmμtarbs;BYkeK RtUvpþnÞaeTastamc,ab; . r d æ R t U v k M N t ; G a y u C Y l [ e F V I k a r g a r e h I y k a r C Y l k u m a r[eFVIkargareRkamGayukMNt;enH RtUvhamXat; nig pþnÞaeTastamc,ab; .

maRta 11

1> rdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH TTYlsÁal;siTi§rbs;CnRKb;rUb kñúgkarTTYl)an kRmitCÍvPaBRKb;RKan;sRmab;xøÜnpÞal; nigsRmab;RKÜsarxøÜn rYmmancMNI-Gahar sMelok bMBak; nigTIlMenARKb;RKan; RBmTaMgkarrIkceRmInCalM-dab;énlkçxNÐrs;enArbs;eK . rdæPaKI RtUvcat;víFankarsmRsb edIm,IFana[seRmc)annUvsiT§ienH nigTTYlsÁal; sar³sMxan;caM)

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ac;énshRbtibtþikarGnþrCati tamkaryl;RBmKñaedayesrI .

2> edayTTYlsÁal;siTi§mUldæanrbs;mnusSRKb;rUb rYccakputBIesckþIeRsk X ø an rd æP aK I énkt ikasBa Ø a enH edayx ø Ü nÉg n igtam-ry³kic©shkarGnþrCati RtUvcat; víFankar rYmmankm μvíFIBiess²Cak;lak; EdlcaM)ac;dUcteTA ³

¬k¦ edIm,IeFVI[RbesIrdl;víFIénkarplit karrkSaTuk nigkarEckcaymðÚb Gahar edaykareRbIR)as;eBjeljnUvcMeNHdwgxagbec©keTs nigvíTüasa®sþ eday karpSBVpSayeKalkarN_énkarGb;rMsþIBIGaharUbtßmÖ nigedaykarGPivDÆn_ b¤karEk TRmg;rbbdIFøI edIm,IseRmc)annUvkarGPivDÆn_ nigkareRbIR)as;FnFanFmμCati Rbkb edayRbsiT§PaBx<s;bMput .

¬x¦ edIm,IFanakarEbgEckedaysmFm’ nUvFnFanes,ógGaharBiPBelak eTA-tamesckþIRtUvkar edayKiteTAdl;bBaðaTaMgLayEdlecaTeLIgcMeBaHRbeTsnaM cUl k¾dUcCaRbeTsnaMecjes,ógGahar .

maRta 12

1> rdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH TTYlsÁal;siTi§rbs;buKÁlRKb;rUb mankRmit sux-PaB TaMgxagragkay nigxagsμartIx<s;bMput tamEdlGaceFVIeTA)an .

2> víFankarnana EdlrdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenHcat; edIm,IFanakareRbIsiTi§ enH[)aneBjelj RtÚvrab;bBa©ÚlnUvvíFankarEdlcaM)ac;edIm,IFana ³

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¬k¦ víFankarsRmab;karkat;bnßyGRtamrN³ énTarkkñúgeBaHmþay nig mrN³énkumar nigsRmab;karrIklUtlas;RbkbedaysuxPaBl¥rbs;kumar .

¬x¦ kareFVI[RbesIrRKb;TidæPaBénGnam½yxagEpñkbrisßan nig]sSahkmμ.

¬K¦ víFIbgáar karBüa)al nigkarRtYtBinitüCMgWqøg CMgWratt,at CMgWbNþal mkBIvíC¢aCÍv³ nigCMgWdéTeTot RBmTaMgRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgCMgWTaMgenHpg .

¬X¦ karbegáItlkçxNÐsRmab;Fanadl;CnRKb;rUb nUvesvasuxaPi)alRKb; Epñk nigCMnYyEpñksuxaPi)alkñúgeBlmanCMgW .

maRta 13

1> rdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH TTYlsÁal;siT§ibuKÁlRKb;rUb edIm,ITTYl)ankar Gb;rM . rdæPaKI RBmeRBogKñafa karGb;rMRtUvnaMeq<aHeTArkkarrIkceRmIneBjelj én buKÁliklkçN³rbs;mnusS nigGtßn½yénesckþIéføfñÚrrbs;mnusS nigBRgwgka-reKarB siTi§mnusS nigesrIPaBCamUldæan . rdæPaKI RBmeRBogKñabEnßme-Totfa karGb ;r M Rt Uv eF V I[mn usSRKb ;r Ub Gaced Irt YnaT I-manRbeyaCn_kñúgsgÁmesrI elIksÞÜykareyaKyl; karGt;»n nig-mitþPaBrvagRbCaCati nigrvagRkumBUCsasn_ RkumCatiBn§ú b¤Rkumsasna TaMgGs; RBmTaMgeRCamERCgskm μPaBrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati edIm,IrkSasnþiPaB .

2> rdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH TTYlsÁal;fa edIm,IseRmc)ankareRbIR)as;eBj eljnUvsiTi§enH ³

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¬k¦ karGb;rMkRmitbzmsikSa RtÚvEtCakatBVkic© ehIy\tbg;éfø sRmab; TaMgGs;Kña .

¬x¦ karGb;rMkRmitmFümsikSa tamRTg;RTayepSg² rYmTaMgkarGb;rMbec©k eTs nigvíC¢aCÍv³kRmitmFüm RtUvEtebIk[manCaTUeTA nig[mnusSRKb;Kña GaccUl eron)an tamRKb;meFüa)aysmRsbTaMgGs; nigCaBiess tamkardak;[manCa lMdab; nUvkarsikSaeday\tbg;éfø .

¬K¦ karGb;rMkRmit]tþmsikSa RtUvEtebIkcMhdl;mnusSRKb;rUbedayesμ IPaB tamsmtßPaBrbs;mnusSmñak;² tamRKb;meFüa)aysmRsbTaMgGs; nigCaBiess tamkardak;[manCalMdab;nUvkarsikSaeday\tbg;éfø .

¬X¦ karGb;rMmUldæan RtÚvEtC¿ruj b¤BRgwg tamRKb;meFüa)ayEdlGaceFVI eTA)an sRmab;GñkEdlmin)anTTYl b¤min)anbBa©b;kRmitbzmsikSarbs;xøÜn .

¬g¦ RtUvEtbnþya:gskmμelIkarGPivDÆn_bNþajsikSaFikarRKb;lMdab; begáIt RbB½n§GaharUbkrN_[)anRKb;RKan; nigbegáInCalMdab;nUvlkçxNÐsmÖar³ rbs;buKÁlik sikSa .

3> rdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH snüaeKarBesrIPaBrbs;matabita nigGaNa Büa)alRsbc,ab;ebIsmRsb edIm,IeRCIserIssalaeroneRkABIsalaeronsaFarN³»ü kUnrbs;xø Ü n b: u Enþ RtU vRsbtamvíFanGb,brmaEdlrdæGackMNt ; b¤Gnum½tkñúgvís½yGb;rM nigra:b;rgkarGb;rM sasna nigsIlFm’rbs;kUn RsbtamCMenOpÞal;rbs;BYkeK .

4> K μanbTbBaØt i þNamYyénmaRtaenH RtUvykmkbkRsay fab:HBal;dl; esrIPaBénrUbv½nþbuKÁl nignItibuKÁl kñúgkarbegáIt

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n igd wkna M RK w Hs ß ans ikS a el IkElgEt eKalkarN _ Edl)anEcgkñúgkfax½NÐ1énmaRtaenH RtUv)aneKarB nig[EtkarGb;rMEdl pþl;[enAkñúgRKwHsßanTaMgenaH RsbeTAnwgbTdæanGb,brmaEdlGackMNt;edayrdæ .

maRta 14

enAeBlkøayCaPaKIénktikasBaØaenH rdæPaKI EdlminTan;GacFanakarGb;rM kRmitbzm CakatBVkic© nigeday\tbg;éfø enAkñúgEdndIcMNuHénRbeTsxøÜn b¤EdndI Edl-sißtenAeRkamEdnsmtßkic©rbs;xøÜn snüabegáIt nigGnum½t kñúgry³eBl2qñaM nUv EpnkarlMGi-ténvíFankarcaM)ac; edIm,I eFV I»ü)anseRmcCalMdab;tamcMnYnqñaMsmrmüEdl kMNt;kñúgEpnkarenH nUvkarGnuvtþn_eBjeljéneKalkarN_Gb;rMkRmitbzmCakatBVkic© ni-geday\tbg;éføsRmab;TaMgGs;Kña .

maRta 15 1> rdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH TTYlsÁal;siTi§énbuKÁlRKb;rUb edIm,I ³

¬k¦ cUlrYmkñúgCÍvPaBvb,Fm’ . ¬x¦ TTYlGtßRbeyaCn_BIvDÆnPaB nigkarGnuvtþn_víTüasa®sþ . ¬K¦ TTYlGtßRbeyaCn_ BIkarkarBarplRbeyaCn_xagsIlFm’ nigxag smÖar³ EdlekItBIplitkmμxagvíTüasa®sþ GkSrsa®sþ b¤sil,³EdlxøÜnCaGñkbegáIt .

2> víFankar EdlrdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH Rbkan;yk edIm,IFanadl;kar eRbIR)as;eBjeljnUvsiT§enH RtUvrYmbBa©ÚlvíFankarcaM)ac;sRmab;Fanadl;karEfrkSa karGPivDÄn_ nigkarpSBVpSayxagvíTüasa®sþ nigvb,Fm’ .

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3> rdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH snüaeKarBesrIPaBEdlminGacxVH)ansRmab; karRsavRCavxagvíTüasa®sþ nigskmμPaBRbDitjaN .

4> rdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH TTYlsÁal;GtßRbeyaCn_Edl)anmkBIkarelIk Twkcitþ nigkarGPivDÄn_énshRbtibtþikar nigkarTak;TgCaGnþrCatikñúgvis½yviTüasa®sþ nigvb,Fm’ .

EpñkTI 4 maRta 16

1> edayGnuelameTAtambTbBaØtiþnanaénEpñkenHénktikasBaØaenH rdæPaKI énktikasBaØaenH snüadak;CUnnUvr)aykarN_sþIBIvíFankarEdlxøÜn)anGnum½t nigsþIBI karrIkceRmInEdlseRmc)an edIm,IFanakareKarBsiTi§ EdlRtÚv)anTTYlsÁal;eday ktikasBaØaenH .

2> ¬k¦ r)aykarN_TaMgGs; RtUvdak;CUnGKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati ehI-yGKÁelxaFikar RtUvbBa¢Únc,ab;cmøgénr)aykarN_TaMgenH eTARkumRbwkSaesdækic© nigsgÁmkic© edIm,IBinitü RsbtambTbBaØtiþénktikasBaØaenH . ¬x¦ GKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati RtUvbBa¢ÚnpgEdr nUvc,ab;cmøg énr)aykarN_TaMgenH eTA[sßab½nÉkeTs b¤EpñkBak;B½n§xøHénr)aykarN_EdlepJ Ímk edayrdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH EdlCas-maCíkénsßab½nÉkeTs tamEdlr)aykarN_ b¤Epñkénr)aykarN_ man-Tak;TgnwgbBaðaEdlsßiteRkamsmtßkic©rbs;sßab½nxagelI Rsbtamsar-lixitCabtidæab½nerog²xøÜn .

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maRta 17 1> rdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH RtUvbgðajr)aykarN_rbs;xøÜnCadMNak;² Rsb

tamkm μvíFIEdlRkumRbwkSaesdækic© nigsgÁmkic© nwgkMNt;kñúgry³eBl1qñaM K itBIkal briec äTEdlktikasBaØaenHcUlCaFrman bnÞab;B I)anBieRKaHbþÚreyabl;CamYyrdæuPaKI nigsßab½nÉkeTsBak;B½n§ .

2> r)aykarN_GacR)ab;BIktþa nigkarlM)akEdlraraMgrdæTaMgenaH kñúgkar bMeBjkatBVkic©eRkamktikasBaØaenH .

3> kñúgkrNIEdlB½t’manBak;B½n§ RtUv)andak;CUn GgÁkarshRbCaCati b¤ sßab½nÉkeTsNamYy edayrdæPaKINamYy énktikasBaØaenHehIy enaHmincaM)ac; bgðajB½t’manenaHeLIgvíjeToteT KWRKan;Eteyag[c,as;las;elIB½t’manenaHeTA CakarRKb;RKan;ehIy .

maRta 18

RsbtamkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;xøÜn enAeRkamFmμnuBaØshRbCaCati kñúgvis½y siTi§mnusS nigesrIPaBCamUldæan RkumRbwkSaesdækic© nigsgÁmkic© GaceFVIkarsRmb sRmYlCamYysßab½nÉkeTsnana Bak;B½n§nwgkareFVIr)aykarN_ Edlsßab½nTaMgenH RtUvdak;C UnRkumRbwkSa ehIyEdlTak;Tgnwgkarr IkceRmInEdlseRmc)ankñúgkarGnuvtþn_ bTbBaØtþiénktikasBaØaenH EdlsißtkñúgRkbx½NÐénskmμPaBrbs;xøÜn . r)aykarN_ TaMgenH GacbBa©ÚlTinñn½yénesckþIseRmc nigGnusasn_elIkarGnuvtþn_Edl)anGnum½t edayGgÁkarmansmtßkic©énsßab½nÉkeTs .

365

maRta 19 RkumRbwkSaesdækic© nigsgÁmkic© GacepJÍCUnKN³km μkarsiTi§mnusS edIm,IeFVI

karsikSa nigpþl;Gnusasn_TUeTA b¤edIm,ICaB½t’man ebIsinCaman nUvr)aykarN_sþIBI siT§imnusSEdlrdænana)andak;CUn RsbtammaRta16 nigmaRta17 nigr)aykarN_ sþIBIsiTi§mnusS Edlsßab½nÉkeTs)andak;CUnRsbtammaRta18 .

maRta 20

rdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH nigsßab½nÉkeTsBak;B½n§nana GacCUneyabl;eTA RkumRbwkSaesdækic© nigsgÁmkic© elIkGnusasn_TUeTARsbtammaRta19 b¤eyagtam Gnusasn_TUeTAEdlmankñúgr)aykarN_rbs;KN³kmμkarsiTi§mnusS b¤kñúgÉksarEdl man-Ecgkñúgr)aykarN_enaH . maRta 21

RkumRbwkSaesdækic© nigsgÁmkic© Gacdak;CUnmhasnñi)atGgÁkarshRbCaCati mþgmáal nUvr)aykarN_P¢ ab;CamYyGnusasn_EdlmanlkçN³TUeTA nigesckþ Isegçb B½t’manEdlTTYl)anBIIrdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH nigsßab½nÉkeTssþIBIvíFankarEdl)an dak;ecj nigkarrIkceRmInEdlseRmc)an edIm,IFanakareKarBCaTUeTA nUvsiT§iEdl)an TTYl-sÁal;kñúgktikasBaØaenH .

maRta 22

RkumRbwkSaesdækic© nigsgÁmkic© GacCMrabCUnGgÁkardéTeTot énGgÁkarsh RbCaCati GgÁkarCasaxa nigsßab½nÉkeTsBak;B½n§ Edlpþl;CMnYyxagbec©keTs nUvbBaðaTaMgLay

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dUc)anelIkeLIgkñúgr)aykarN_Edl)anbBa¢ak;kñúgEpñkenH énktika sBaØaenH ehIyGacCY-yGgÁkarTaMgenH eFV IkarseRmckñ úgrgVg;smtßkic©pÞ al;erog²xø Ün nUvkarKYr[manvíFankarGnþrCatisRmab;rYmcMENkkñúgkarGnuvtþn_ktikasBaØaenH [)an s½kþisiT§i nig-CalMdab; .

maRta 23

rdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH RBmeRBogKñafa víFankarlMdab;GnþrCati edIm,I seRmc)annUvsiTi§EdlmanEcgkúñgktikasBaØaenH manCaGaT× kareFVIGnusBaØa kar-Gnu m½tGnusasn_ kar]btßmÖ CMnYybec©keTs nigkarerobcMkarRbCuMfñak;tMbn; nig-kar RbCuMEpñkbec©keTs sRmab;BieRKaHeyabl; nigsikSaCamYyrdæaPi)alBak;B½n§ .

maRta 24 KμanbTbBaØti þNamYykñúgktikasBaØaenH RtUvykmkbkRsay eFVI[b:HBal;

dl;bTbBaØtiþTaMgLayénFmμnuBaØshRbCaCati nigFmμnuBaØénsßab½nÉkeTsEdlkMNt; karTTYlxusRtUverog²xøÜn rbs;sßab½nnana énGgÁkarshRbCaCati nigsßab½nÉkeTs Edl-Bak;B½n§nwgbBaðaEdledaHRsaykñúgktikasBaØaenHeLIy .

maRta 25

KμanbTbBaØtiþNamYy RtUvykmkbkRsayeFVI[b:HBal;dl;siTi§BIkMeNItrbs; RbCaCati kñúgkarGaRs½ypl nigkareRbIR)as;edayeBjelj nigedayesrInUvePaK RTBü nigFnFanFm μCatirbs;xøÜneLIy .

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EpñkTI 5 maRta 26

1> ktikasBaØaenH RtUvebIkcMh[cuHhtßelxa sRmab;rdæsmaCíkshRbCa Cati b¤smaCíkénsßab½nÉkeTsNamYy b¤CaPaKIénlkçnþik³rbs;tulakaryutþiFm’Gnþr Cati b¤CardæepSgeTot EdlRtÚv)anGeBa¢Ijedaymhasnñi)atshRbCaCati [køay CaPaKIénktikasBaØaenH .

2> ktikasBaØaenH Cakmμvtßúénkar[sc©ab½n . lixitubkrN_[sc©ab½nRtUv tMkl;TukenAnwgGKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati .

3> ktikasBaØaenH RtUvebIkcMh[cUlCasmaCíkedayrdæNamYy Edlman eyagkñúgkfaxNÐ1 énmaRtaenH .

4> karcUlCasmaCík RtUveFVIeLIg edaykartMkl;lixitubkrN_suMcUlCa smaCíkenAnwgGKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati .

5> GKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati RtUvCUndMNwgdl;rdæTaMgGs;Edl)an cuHhtßelxaelIktikasBaØaenH b¤Edl)ancUlCasmaCík énktikasBaØaenH GMBIkar tMkl;lixitubkrN_[sc©ab½n b¤lixitubkrN_suMcUlCasmaCík .

maRta 27 1> ktikasBaØaenH cUlCaFrmankñúgry³eBl3Ex eRkayBIkalbriecäTén

kartMkl;lixitubkrN_[sc©ab½n b¤lixitubkrN_suMcUlCasmaCíkTI35 enAnwgGKÁelxa FikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati .

368

2> cMeBaHrdæNamYyEdl[sc©ab½n b¤suMcUlCasmaCík énktikasBaØaenH bnÞab;BIsmaCíkTI35 ktikasBaØaenHnwgcUlCaFrmankñúgry³eBl3Ex e Rk ayB Ik al br i e c ä T énk a rt Mkl ;l i x i t u bkrN _[sc © ab ½ n b¤lixitubkrN_suMcUlCasmaCíkrbs;rdæenaH.

maRta 28 bTbBaØtiþénktikasBaØaenH RtUvGnuvtþelIRKb;EpñkTaMgGs;énrdæshB½n§ eday

Kμankardak;kRmitRBMEdn b¤karelIkElgeLIy .

maRta 29 1> rdæPaKINamYyénktikasBaØaenH GacesñIsMueFVIvíesaFnkm μ nigdak;esckþI

esñ IenaHCUneTAGKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati . GKÁelxaFi-karGgÁkarshRbCa Cati RtUvbBa¢ÚnesckþIesñIeFVIvíesaFnkmμenH eTArdæPaKIénktikas-BaØaenH edaysMu»ürdæ PaKIbBa¢ak;faetIyl;RBm[mansnñisITénrdæPaKITaMgGs; edIm,IBinitü nige)aHeqñatelI esckþIesñIsMueFVIvíesaFnkmμ b¤eT . kñúgkrNI-mansemøg1PaK3y:agtic énrdæPaKITaMg Gs; Rbkasyl;RBm[mansnñisIT GKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati RtUvekaHRbCuM snñisIT eRkamkar]btßmÖrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati . RKb;víesaFnkm μEdl)anGnum½t edaymtiPaKeRcInénrdæPaKIvtþman nige)aHeqñatkñúgsnñisIT RtU-vdak;CUnmhasnñi)at énGgÁkarshRbCaCati edIm,IsuMkaryl;RBm .

2> víesaFnkmμTaMgenH nwgcUlCaFrman enAeBlTTYl)ankaryl;RBmBI mhasnñi)atGgÁkarshRbCaCati nigTTYl)ankarGnum½tedaymtiPaKeRcIn2PaK3én rdæPaKIénktikasBaØaenH RsbtambTbBaØtþiénrdæFmμnuBaØrbs;rdænImYy² .

369

3> e nAeBlEdlvíesaFnkmμTaMgenaH cUlCaFrmanehIy víesaFnkmμTaMg enaH nwgkøayCakatBVkic© sRmab;rdæPaKIEdl)anTTYlyl;RBmykvíesaFnkmμTaMg enaH ÉrdæPaKIepSgeTotEdlmin)anTTYlyl;RBm RtÚvsßitenAeRkambTbBaØtiþénktika sBaØenH nigvíesaFnkmμmun² EdlxøÜn)anyl;RBmrYcehIy .

maRta 30 eRkABIkarCUndMNwgTaMgLayEdlmanEcgenAkñúgkfaxNÐ5 énmaRta26 GKÁ

elxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati RtÚvCUndMNwgdl;rdæTaMgLay RsbtamkfaxNÐ1 énmaRtaenH nUv ³

¬k¦ karcuHhtßelxa kar[sc©ab½n nigkarsuMcUlCasmaCík eyagtam maR-ta26 .

¬x¦ kalbriecäTénkarcUlCaFrmanénktikasBaØaenH eyagtammaRta27 nig-kalbriecäTénkarcUlCaFrmanénvíesaFnkmμTaMgLay eyagtammaRta29 .

maRta 31 1> ktikasBaØaenH EdlmanGtßbTCaPasacin Gg;eKøs )araMg rusSIú nig eGs,a:j

mantémøesμIKña nigRtÚvtMkl;TukenAbNaÑsardæanrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati.

2> GKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati RtUvbBa¢Únc,ab;cmøg énktikasBaØa enH edaymanbBa¢ak;karcmøgtamc,ab;edIm eTArdæTaMgLay eyagtammaRta26 .

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]bsm<½n§ 4 ³

lixitubkrN_GnþrCatiEdlmanenAelIGuinFWENt elak Gñk GacrkGtßbTxageRkamenH tamry³eKhTMB½rrbs;kariyal½y OHCHR ³ http://www.ohchr.org/eng/law/index.htm

c,ab;siT§imnusSGnþrCati

esckþIRbkasCasklsþIBIsiT§imnusS

ktikasBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIsiT§iesdækic© sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’

ktikasBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIsiT§iBlrdæ nigsiT§ineya)ay

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© shPaBGnþrsPa (IPU) nig kariyal½y ]tþmsñgkarGgÁkarshRbCaCatiTTYlbnÞúksiT§imnusS (OHCHR)

2005

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ISBN 978-92-9142-492-4

shPaBGnþrsPa (IPU) Chemin du Pommier 5 CH – 1218 Le Grand-Saconnex Tel. +4122 919 41 50 Fax.+4122 919 41 60 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.ipu.org

kariyal½y]tþmsñgkarGgÁkarshRbCaCati TTYlbnÞúksiT§imnusS OHCHR Palais des Nations Avenues de la Paix 8-14 CH – 1211 Geneva 10 Tel. +4122 917 90 00 Fax. +4122 917 01 23 E-mail: [email protected]

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