siting renewable energy on potentially contaminated land, … · 2019-03-16 · wind. solar....
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RE-Powering America’s Land:Siting Renewable Energy on Potentially Contaminated Land, Landfills and Mine Sites
Developing Solar on Landfills & BrownfieldsJune 12, 2017
WIND SOLAR
RE-Powering America’s Land
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Encourages the reuse of formerly contaminated lands, landfills and mine sites for renewable energy development, when such
development is aligned with the community's vision for the site.
Benefits -- Why Renewables on Potentially Contaminated Lands
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Gain community support
Leverage existinginfrastructure
Improve project economics through
reduced land costs & tax incentives
Protect open space
Build sustainable land development
strategy
Provide low-cost, clean power to communities
Reduce project cycle times with
streamlined zoning and permitting
Encouraging Reuse for Renewable Energy Development
• RE-Powering America’s Land
– Developing partnerships, creating connections and outreach
– Disseminating success stories and best practices
– Providing technical and programmatic assistance
– Articulating benefits – environmental, economic, community
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Exploring Sites
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• Is your “Brownfield” right for a Brightfield?
– Identifying and screening contaminated properties
– Clarifying cleanup related issues, status and liability
– Identifying and addressing barriers
– Exploring financing strategies and incentives
– Highlighting favorable policies
Identifying and Screening
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Google Earth Mapper
Electronic Decision Tree
RE-Powering MapperGoogle Earth Overlay
Mapped inventory of 80,000+ EPA and select state tracked sites (over 43 million acres of land)
Incorporates data from:• EPA Cleanup and Landfill Programs• National Renewable Energy Lab
• Wind, Solar, and Biomass Resources• Southern Methodist University and USGS
• Geothermal• Department of Homeland Security
• U.S. Highways• Railroads• Transmission Lines• Substations
• 11 State Agencies:CA, HI, IL, MA, NJ, NY, OR, PA, TX, VA, and WV
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RE-Powering’s Mapper
8Google Earth Mapper
Attributes in Mapper
Cleanup Progress Profile
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Sites Screened by Program and State
Program # of Sites
Abandoned Mine Land 466
Brownfield Program Sites 26,030
Superfund 2,009
Landfills - Landfill Methane Outreach Program 2,062
RCRA Corrective Action Sites 3,759
Sites Associated with Federal Programs 34,326
State Identified Sites # of Sites
California (7,622), Hawaii (1,180), Illinois (5,541), Massachusetts (1,495), New Jersey (10,362), New York (2,180), Oregon (4,743), Pennsylvania (5,543), Texas (1,150), Virginia (5,422), West Virginia (2,103)
47,341
Federal and State Sites Screened 81,667
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Illinois Sites – Select Counties and By Program
AML BF SF Landfill RCRA
STATEResponse
ActionSTATE VSRP Total
Cook 345 14 10 119 2,878 3,366
DuPage 7 2 16 343 368
Lake 12 8 3 13 256 292
Will 4 3 6 25 133 171
Kane 1 2 8 140 151
McHenry 1 13 98 112
Winnebago 16 6 1 17 102 142
Madison 1 38 3 3 12 65 122
Other Counties 5 711 30 61 151 270 1,033 2,110
Total 6 1,126 73 88 151 493 5,048 6,985
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Mapper’s Screening Criteria
Utility Solar PV
Large-Scale
Solar PVUtilityWind
Large-Scale Wind
1-2 Turbine
WindSolar Resource (kWh/m2/day)
≥ 5.0 ≥ 3.5
Wind Resource(m/s at 80 m)
5.5 5.5 5.5
Acreage: ≥ 40 ≥ 2 ≥100 ≥40 ≥2
Distance to Transmission (miles)
≤ 10 ≤ 1 ≤10 ≤10 ≤1
Distance to Graded Roads (miles)
≤ 10 ≤ 1 ≤10 ≤10 ≤1
Positively ScreeningBrownfields Sites
318 5,306 275 636 3,255
Positively Screened Brownfields
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Utility Solar PV
Large-Scale
Solar PVUtilityWind
Large-Scale Wind
1-2 Turbine
WindPositively ScreenedBrownfields Sites
318 5,306 275 636 3,255
Region 1 -- 447 13 39 223Region 2 2 213 9 15 200Region 3 -- 318 2 14 37Region 4 8 817 5 18 104Region 5 -- 1,430 93 241 1,477Region 6 73 624 62 116 448Region 7 26 529 56 115 527Region 8 43 224 16 35 108Region 9 133 582 18 31 85Region 10 33 122 1 12 46
Positively Screened Landfills
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Utility Solar PV
Large-ScaleSolar PV
Positively Screened Landfill* Sites 272 666
Region 1 -- 29Region 2 -- 37Region 3 -- 57Region 4 3 116Region 5 -- 91Region 6 32 72Region 7 10 48Region 8 28 29Region 9 180 165Region 10 19 22
* Landfill sites as tracked by EPA’s Landfill Methane Outreach Program
Potential Electricity Capacity
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SOLAR
WIND
RE-Powering Mapper – 2017 Upgrade
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Screening Potential Sites:Electronic Decision Tree tool
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Decision Tree Summary
- Explores solar (ground mount and/or rooftop) or wind (ground mount)
- Can be used for small to large sites to assess potential for distributed, large-scale or utility-scale systems
- Walks users through a series of Yes / No / Skip Questions
- Supplements questions with additional information, tips and linksto relevant resources
- Generates reports of the screening results and user comments that can be printed or imported into other documents
- Summary Site Screening Report- Data Entry Report- Site Comparison Report
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RE-Powering’s Electronic Decision Tree
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Electronic Decision Tree:Landfill Issues
• Closure status
• Other land use restrictions
• Settling
• Compatibility with – piping / collection systems– leachate and landfill gas system
• Erosion control, Stormwater Management
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Electronic Decision Tree:Load Assessment and Financial Phase
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Electronic Decision Tree:Project Arrangements
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Tool’s Initial Findings and Next Steps
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Feasibility Studies
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• Assess sites for renewable energy (RE) technologies
• Estimate the project size and expected generation
• Examine costs and competitiveness with purchased power
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Barriers Identified by External Stakeholders
Cleanup Related Information and Status
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https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/cleaning-brownfields-under-state-response-programs-getting-no-further-action
Liability
• EPA– Revitalization Handbook -- Revitalizing
Contaminated Lands: Addressing Liability Concerns (Updated 2014)https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/revitalization-handbook
– Revised Enforcement Guidance Regarding the Treatment of Tenants…and Model Comfort / Status Letters for Lessees…https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-08/documents/tenants-bfpp-2012-mem-note.pdf
• State Liability
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Liability Resources
• EPA– CERCLA Liability and Local Government Acquisitions and Other Activities
(http://www2.epa.gov/enforcement/fact-sheet-cercla-liability-and-local-government-acquisitions-and-other-activities)
• State Examples– IL – “Comprehensive” No Further Action Letter
http://www.epa.illinois.gov/topics/cleanup-programs/srp/overview/index
– IN – Comfort Letters and Site Status Lettershttp://www.in.gov/ifa/brownfields/files/cl-ssl-supplemental-info-request-form.docx
– MI – Baseline Environmental Assessmentshttp://www.michigan.gov/documents/deq/deq-oea-tou-MECC_Presentation-BEA-DC_529860_7.pdf
– MN – No Association Determinations Et alhttps://www.pca.state.mn.us/sites/default/files/vic-gd4.pdf
– OH – No Further Action Letter and Covenant Not to Suehttp://epa.ohio.gov/Portals/30/rules/2014/3745-300-13.pdf
– WI – General Liability Clarification Letter(http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/Brownfields/Liability.html)
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Financing
• Tools for remediation and redevelopment that could also be used for renewable energy (Federal, State, Local)
• Renewable energy financing tools
• Federal Tax Incentives
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Financing
• Tools for remediation and redevelopment that could also be used for renewable energy (Federal, State, Local)– EPA and State Brownfield Programs– Tax Abatement Programs– Tax Increment Financing– HUD Community Development Block Grants– Community Reinvestment Act
• Renewable energy financing tools– USDA Rural Energy for America Program– State Green Banks– Green Bonds
• Federal Tax Incentives29
Highlighting Supportive Policies
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• Policies that Encourage Renewable Energy on Brownfields and/or Landfills
• Massachusetts, New Jersey, Vermont, Maryland, Illinois
• Land Use Policies that Target Areas for Renewable Energy Development
• BLM, DRECP
• Policies that Promote Renewable Energy•
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Policies that Encourage Integration of Community and Energy Planning- SolSmart
- NYSERDA – Clean Energy Communities
Other Policy Motivators- Emissions reduction, community resiliency, critical infrastructure, infill investment, etc.- Low Income Solar Programs- California Green Tariff Program
Highlighting Supportive Policies (cont’d)
Highlighting Supportive Policies-- Net Metering
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Highlighting Supportive Policies –Community Solar
RE-Powering (RE on CLs)- Usually needs customers / off-
taker (Limited on-site load)- 210+ installations to date / 1.2
GW- Large number of CLs in US- Such lands are in and among
communities
Community Solar- Customers needing sites- 100’s of installations to date /
343 MW- Increasing trend and projects
in 26 states to date
Low and Moderate Income / EJ Communities- CLs often located in LMI and
EJ communities- Higher proportion of LMI
individuals and families live in rental and multifamily housing
- Community solar provides access to renewable energy
Highlighting Supportive Policies –Community Choice Aggregation
• Bulk electricity purchasing arrangements through which municipalities are empowered to negotiate electric supply rates with power providers on behalf of the residents and business owners within their jurisdiction.
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A COMMUNITY authorizes its municipal government to procure electric supply services on its behalf;
The municipality then makes its CHOICE of electric providers, based on the rates it is able to negotiate with these suppliers and how the electricity is generated
Cost savings are achieved through the AGGREGATION of customer demand, allowing the municipality to negotiate bulk purchasing rates.
Source, Community Choice Aggregation Fact Sheet, The Solar Foundation, January 2013
Highlighting Supportive Policies --Utility Green Tariff Programs
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Specific program structures vary
Source: O’Shaughnessy, Eric, State of the Voluntary Green Power Market (2015 Data) - NREL
RE-Powering Resources
36Tracking Matrix
Success StoriesBest Practices
Benefits Matrix
Advantages
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Tracking Matrix -- Projects Identified To Date
Tracking Matrix: Trends
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0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
October-12 April-13 October-13 April-14 October-14 April-15 October-15 April-16 October-16 April-17
Brownfields Landfills All RE on CL Installations
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Tracking Matrix - Excerpt
Tracking Matrix -- Landfills
• 122 Installations on landfills / landfill buffers– 102 solar and 5 wind projects on MSW landfills– 12 solar projects on Superfund, RCRA or BF sites– 2 solar and 1 wind project on landfill buffer
• Landfill Installations in 28 states– 64 in New England (MA(54); CT(4); ME(1); NH(1); RI(1); VT(3))– 18 in NY/NJ (NJ(8); NY(10))– 10 in CO, TX and Southwest (CO(3); TX(3); NM(1); NV(2); UT(1))– 8 in Mid-Atlantic (PA(3); DE(2); MD(3))– 8 in Southeast (NC(2); TN(2); FL(2); GA(1); KY(1))– 7 in CA, HI and Northwest (CA(5); AZ(1); OR(1))– 7 in Midwest (MN(2); WI(3); MI(1); OH(1))
• Uses of Electricity from Landfills– 98 Landfills Provide Wholesale Electricity (1 Community Owned)– 24 Local or On-Site Use (6 for green remediation)
40Source: Tracking Matrix April 2017
Benefits
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Benefits Matrix
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Success StoriesCase Study: Solar on Landfill
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Success StoriesCase Study: Solar on Superfund Site
• Case Study (http://www.epa.gov/superfund/programs/recycle/pdf/reilly-chem-2014.pdf)• Old industrial property (distilled coal tar and treated wood) – 120 acres• Treatment, containment and cover of contaminated areas;
on-going groundwater management and monitoring• Innovative soil management plan to minimize disturbance of impaired soil• EPA “comfort letter” to clarify liability issues• 10.8 MW solar PV installation on 43 acres; Over 36,000 panels• Project developer sub-leases site property and sells power to local utility under 15 year PPA• Qualified for utility sponsored renewable energy program (voluntary “feed in tariff” type program)• Utility retains ownership of project renewable energy credits
MAYWOOD SOLAR FARM
Best Practices for Siting Solar on Landfills
• Discusses
• Technical / Physical Characteristics
• Solar Installations
• Serving Electrical Load
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• Settlement– Weight of solar installation– Settlement can damage or adversely impact efficiency
• Side slope stability
• Stormwater / runoff– Change in potential for erosion, flooding
• Cap / Cover– Affecting cover during installation– Compatible or even part of cap– Landfills must be closed in accordance with state approved– closure plans or modifications to existing closure plans
• Changes in post-closure maintenance45
Best Practices:Technical / Physical Characteristics
• Ownership and Procurement Arrangements– Owner develops– Third party develops (land lease)– Community solar– CCA– Competitive solicitation (design and/or build)
• Serving Electricity Load– Interconnection– Serving on-site and/or off-site loads
• Power purchase agreements • Net metering / virtual net metering• Sell to utility or other energy provider
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Best Practices:Electricity Generated
Solar on Landfill Additional Resources
• Case Studies include– Scituate Landfill (MA); Fort Carson (CO)– Nellis Air Force Base (NV); Operating Industries Landfill (CA)
• Feasibility Studies include– Vincent Mullins Landfill (AZ); Crazy Horse Sanitary Landfill (CA)– Price’s Pit Landfill (NJ); Kolthoff Landfill (OH)– Cathcart Landfill (WA); Sky Park Landfill (WI)– Refuse Hideaway Landfill (WI)
• State Guidance– The Guide to Developing Solar Photovoltaics at Massachusetts Landfills– Guidance for Installation of Solar Renewable Energy Systems on Landfills
in New Jersey
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RE-Powering America’s Land
• Building greater awareness of opportunities
• Sharing experiences in developing RE-Powering projects by– Increasing familiarity of reuse and the renewable energy
development process; – Identifying challenges and strategies to address such
challenges; and– Providing programmatic and technical assistance
• Making our own efforts more helpful and impactful
• Supporting your efforts to champion such projects
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RE-Powering America’s LandRegional Response Team
Regions
Region 1 – New EnglandJulieanne Sammut ([email protected]) (617) 918-1426Katherine Woodward ([email protected]) (617) 918-1353
Region 2 – New York / New Jersey / PR / USVIFernando Rosado ([email protected]) (212) 637-4346
Region 3 – Mid-AtlanticCharles B. Howland ([email protected]) (215) 814-2645
Region 4 -- SoutheastDonna Seadler ([email protected]) (404) 562-8870
Region 5 -- MidwestTom Bloom ([email protected]) (312) 886-1967
Region 6 – South CentralCasey Luckett ([email protected]) (214) 665-7393Karen Peycke ([email protected]) (214) 665-7273
Region 7 - Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, & NebraskaBrad Eaton ([email protected]) (913) 551-7265
Region 8 - Mountain and PlainsTimothy Rehder ([email protected]) (303) 312-6293
Region 9 – Pacific SouthwestKaren Irwin ([email protected]) (415) 947-4116Andria Benner ([email protected]) (415) 972-3189
Region 10 Pacific NorthwestMargaret Olson ([email protected]) (503) 326-5874
HeadquartersAdam Klinger ([email protected]) (202) 566-0546 Marc Thomas ([email protected]) (202) 566-0791
Liability QuestionsPhil Page ([email protected]) (202) 564-4211
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