situation of brazilian children and adolescents ... world, by geographical area and in terms of its...

Situation of Brazilian Children and AdolescentsQuantitative Overview

Introduction

Brazil is an immense and diverse country in terms ofculture, ethnicity and socio-economic conditions. Itis the largest and most populous country in SouthAmerica, occupying an area of around 8.6 millionsquare kilometres. It is the fifth largest country inthe world, by geographical area and in terms of itspopulation size with around 190 million people, ofwhich 83% live in urban centres.

A middle income country with the largest nationaleconomy in Latin America, the country is the world'stenth largest economy at the current marketexchange rates and the ninth largest in terms ofpurchasing power parity (PPP), according to theInternational Monetary Fund and the World Bank.According to the Brazilian Government, the GrossDomestic Product for 2007 was R$2.6 trillion(around US$1.3 trillion), 5.4% higher than 2006. TheBrazilian Government projects the country's GDP toincrease by 5% in 2008, and 4% in 2009.Notwithstanding this progress, Brazil continues tobe one of the 11 most unequal countries in the worldaccording to the Gini coefficient of inequality onwealth distribution, occupying the 92nd place inworld ranking.

Despite being an important player in Latin Americaand in the world, Brazil faces the challenge of largeinternal inequalities. According to the 2007 data, 60million people in the country live in poverty, whichincludes almost 30 million children. The impact ofpoverty on early childhood years is higher than thaton other age groups, with nearly 53.2% of childrenbetween 0-6 years of age living in poverty.

The consequences of social disparity within societyhave a special impact upon children in Brazil. Forinstance, with reference to infant mortality, the IMRrates for afro-descendant children are 40% higherthan that for white children, and the IMR rates forindigenous children are 138% higher than that forwhite children. In the case of maternal mortality,afro-descendant women are three times more likelyto have inadequate ante-natal care than whitewomen; and on education, nearly 40% of children inthe impoverished Semi-Arid region do not completetheir primary education. Children living below thepoverty line are 3 times more likely to die beforecompleting five years, when compared to children ofmore affluent families; they are 8 times more likelynot to attend school (7-14 year olds), 21 times morelikely to be illiterate (12-17), 2 times more likely tobe drawn to work (10-15), and 30 times more likelyto live in a home without adequate water supply.Afro-descendant children are twice more likely to beout of school than white children; whereasadolescent illiteracy (12-17 year olds) is 2% forwhite adolescents, it is 6% for afro-descendantadolescents, and 15% adolescents with indigenousbackground.

@ United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)November, 2008

Permission to reproduce any part of this publication is required.Please contact:

Fundo das Nações Unidas para a Infância (UNICEF)SEPN 510, Bloco ABrasília (DF), Brasil, CEP 70750-521Brazilbrasí[email protected]: www.unicef.org.br

November, 2008

Márcio Carvalho - BrasíliaLúcio Gonçalves - BrasíliaConceição Cardozo - RecifeBoris Diechtiareff - FortalezaJucilene Rocha - São PauloAndreia Oliveira - Rio de JaneiroClaudia Fernandes - BahiaRoshni Basu - Brasília

Alexandre Magno de A. Amorim – Communication, Brasília.

Manuel Rojas Buvinich, Deputy Representative, Brasília

ilMarie-Pierre Poirier

Situation of Brazilian Children and Adolescents:Quantitative Overview

Produced, translated and distributed by UNICEF Brazil

Content:

Support:

General Coordination:

UNICEF Representative in Braz

Technical Team, UNICEF Brazil:

It is within this perspective that the quantitativeoverview presented in this document demonstratesthe main trends and progress achieved by thecountry on child rights through the last decade,pointing out the striking disparities that exist at thegeographical, gender, racial and socio-economiclevels. In general, it can be seen that while thecountry as a whole is on track towards reachingmost of the MDGs, there are many states andgroups who continue to be left behind. The factorsbehind these successes and disparities need to bebetter understood, but evidence points to the needfor further improvement in policy effectiveness andequity, coordination and governance among thedifferent layers of government and the increasedaccountability of service providers. Empowerment oflocal actors and the engagement of children andadolescents in the policy development process willalso be crucial towards attainment of sustainableoutcomes and social development.

Given the opportunities and challenges affronted bythe Brazilian government and its people, the role ofUNICEF in Brazil is not to 'deliver services', but toadvocate for effective social policies, developcapacities, encourage social mobilization andstrengthened partnerships between the government,civil society, private sectors, and other stakeholdersto achieve the MDGs for each and every child andadolescent, giving special attention to social actionthat will remove disparities, inequalities, socialexclusion and discrimination.

Finally, Brazil is at a critical juncture on the processof reducing social disparities and inequalities, facingthe challenge of going to scale to ensure the MDGscan be reached for very child and adolescent andthis provides UNICEF with a unique opportunity toparticipate in the process of public policy andgovernance, transforming its engagement within thenew aid environment, up to 2015 and beyond;emerging as a key independent voice forconsolidating this moment of positive change forchildren and adolescents, not only in Brazil, but inother countries through South-South Cooperationand documenting knowledge that can be sharedglobally.

Introduction

Brazil is an immense and diverse country in terms ofculture, ethnicity and socio-economic conditions. Itis the largest and most populous country in SouthAmerica, occupying an area of around 8.6 millionsquare kilometres. It is the fifth largest country inthe world, by geographical area and in terms of itspopulation size with around 190 million people, ofwhich 83% live in urban centres.

A middle income country with the largest nationaleconomy in Latin America, the country is the world'stenth largest economy at the current marketexchange rates and the ninth largest in terms ofpurchasing power parity (PPP), according to theInternational Monetary Fund and the World Bank.According to the Brazilian Government, the GrossDomestic Product for 2007 was R$2.6 trillion(around US$1.3 trillion), 5.4% higher than 2006. TheBrazilian Government projects the country's GDP toincrease by 5% in 2008, and 4% in 2009.Notwithstanding this progress, Brazil continues tobe one of the 11 most unequal countries in the worldaccording to the Gini coefficient of inequality onwealth distribution, occupying the 92nd place inworld ranking.

Despite being an important player in Latin Americaand in the world, Brazil faces the challenge of largeinternal inequalities. According to the 2007 data, 60million people in the country live in poverty, whichincludes almost 30 million children. The impact ofpoverty on early childhood years is higher than thaton other age groups, with nearly 53.2% of childrenbetween 0-6 years of age living in poverty.

The consequences of social disparity within societyhave a special impact upon children in Brazil. Forinstance, with reference to infant mortality, the IMRrates for afro-descendant children are 40% higherthan that for white children, and the IMR rates forindigenous children are 138% higher than that forwhite children. In the case of maternal mortality,afro-descendant women are three times more likelyto have inadequate ante-natal care than whitewomen; and on education, nearly 40% of children inthe impoverished Semi-Arid region do not completetheir primary education. Children living below thepoverty line are 3 times more likely to die beforecompleting five years, when compared to children ofmore affluent families; they are 8 times more likelynot to attend school (7-14 year olds), 21 times morelikely to be illiterate (12-17), 2 times more likely tobe drawn to work (10-15), and 30 times more likelyto live in a home without adequate water supply.Afro-descendant children are twice more likely to beout of school than white children; whereasadolescent illiteracy (12-17 year olds) is 2% forwhite adolescents, it is 6% for afro-descendantadolescents, and 15% adolescents with indigenousbackground.

@ United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)November, 2008

Permission to reproduce any part of this publication is required.Please contact:

Fundo das Nações Unidas para a Infância (UNICEF)SEPN 510, Bloco ABrasília (DF), Brasil, CEP 70750-521Brazilbrasí[email protected]: www.unicef.org.br

November, 2008

Márcio Carvalho - BrasíliaLúcio Gonçalves - BrasíliaConceição Cardozo - RecifeBoris Diechtiareff - FortalezaJucilene Rocha - São PauloAndreia Oliveira - Rio de JaneiroClaudia Fernandes - BahiaRoshni Basu - Brasília

Alexandre Magno de A. Amorim – Communication, Brasília.

Manuel Rojas Buvinich, Deputy Representative, Brasília

ilMarie-Pierre Poirier

Situation of Brazilian Children and Adolescents:Quantitative Overview

Produced, translated and distributed by UNICEF Brazil

Content:

Support:

General Coordination:

UNICEF Representative in Braz

Technical Team, UNICEF Brazil:

It is within this perspective that the quantitativeoverview presented in this document demonstratesthe main trends and progress achieved by thecountry on child rights through the last decade,pointing out the striking disparities that exist at thegeographical, gender, racial and socio-economiclevels. In general, it can be seen that while thecountry as a whole is on track towards reachingmost of the MDGs, there are many states andgroups who continue to be left behind. The factorsbehind these successes and disparities need to bebetter understood, but evidence points to the needfor further improvement in policy effectiveness andequity, coordination and governance among thedifferent layers of government and the increasedaccountability of service providers. Empowerment oflocal actors and the engagement of children andadolescents in the policy development process willalso be crucial towards attainment of sustainableoutcomes and social development.

Given the opportunities and challenges affronted bythe Brazilian government and its people, the role ofUNICEF in Brazil is not to 'deliver services', but toadvocate for effective social policies, developcapacities, encourage social mobilization andstrengthened partnerships between the government,civil society, private sectors, and other stakeholdersto achieve the MDGs for each and every child andadolescent, giving special attention to social actionthat will remove disparities, inequalities, socialexclusion and discrimination.

Finally, Brazil is at a critical juncture on the processof reducing social disparities and inequalities, facingthe challenge of going to scale to ensure the MDGscan be reached for very child and adolescent andthis provides UNICEF with a unique opportunity toparticipate in the process of public policy andgovernance, transforming its engagement within thenew aid environment, up to 2015 and beyond;emerging as a key independent voice forconsolidating this moment of positive change forchildren and adolescents, not only in Brazil, but inother countries through South-South Cooperationand documenting knowledge that can be sharedglobally.

Federal Republic of Brazil( )

Capital:

Regime:

President:

Official Language:

Main Religion:

Political Administrative Division:

República Federativa do Brasil

8,511,965 km²

Brasília

Federative Republic

Luiz Inácio Lula daSilva

Portuguese

RomanCatholics (74%)

5 Regions

26 States and the FederalDistrict

9 Metropolitan Regions

5564 Municipalities (2004)

Total Population:

Children Population:

189.8 million

58.6million children 0 to 17 (31%)

North Region

Northeast Region

Southeast Region

South Region

Center-West Region

Metropolitan Areas

AcreAlagoas

Amazonas

Ceará

Espirito Santo

Goiás

Mato Grosso do Sul

Paraíba

PernambucoPiaui

ParanáRio de Janeiro

Rio Grande do Norte

Roraima

Rio Grande do Sul

Santa Catarina

SergipeTocantins

Amapá

Maranhão

Distrito Federal

Mato Grosso

Rondônia

Minas Gerais

São Paulo

BELÉM

FORTALEZA

RECIFE

SALVADOR

BELO HORIZONTE

SÃO PAULO

PORTO ALEGRE

CURITIBA

RIO DE JANEIRO

GeneralInformationandDemography

Source: IBGE, National Household Survey (PNAD) 2007 and Demographic Census 2000.

1.2. Population according to sex, situation, age group and race, Brazil andRegions, 2007

1.1. Children and Adolescents in UNICEF Priority areas in Brazil

Out of a total of 58.6 millionchildren and adolescents below18 years, 9 million (15%) live in

the Amazon region, 13 million(22%) live in the Semi-Arid region

and 15 million (26%) live in themetropolitan areas. The children

who live in these areas representa little more than a half of all the

children in the country.

Amongst the 18 million of childrenand adolescents who live in theNortheast, 13 million (72%) are

from the municipalities of theSemi-Arid region.

The North (39.1) and theNortheast (34.4%) have the

greatest numbers of children andadolescents in Brazil (average of30.9%), which explains the high

number of children who are bornwhen compared with the rest of

the country.Also in the North and Northeast of

Brazil the largest number ofpeople who define themselves

Afro-brazilian can be found.

For the country programme periodof 2007-20011, UNICEF has aspriority areas of cooperation theAmazon, Semi-Arid region and

popular communities in largeurban centers.

FORTALEZA

RECIFE

SALVADOR

BELO HORIZONTE

SÃO PAULO

PORTO ALEGRE

RIO DE JANEIRO

BELÉM

MANAUS

OFFICIAL AMAZON AREA

BRAZILIANSEMI-ARID

13 million

children

9 million

children

Amazon

Semi-arid

Absolute # % Absolute # % Absolute # % Absolute # % Absolute # % Absolute # %

Population189.820 100,0 15.403 100,0 52.305 100,0 80.845 100,0 27.704 100,0 13.563 100,0

Men 92.625 48,8 7.685 49,9 25.539 48,8 39.118 48,4 13.558 48,9 6.725 49,6

Women 97.195 51,2 7.718 50,1 26.766 51,2 41.728 51,6 14.146 51,1 6.838 50,4

Adults 131.250 69,1 9.382 60,9 34.308 65,6 58.419 72,3 19.835 71,6 9.305 68,6

Children and

Adolescents58.570 30,9 6.021 39,1 17.997 34,4 22.426 27,7 7.869 28,4 4.258 31,4

Urban 158.453 83,5 11.773 76,4 37.535 71,8 74.405 92,0 22.966 82,9 11.774 86,8

Rural 31.368 16,5 3.630 23,6 14.770 28,2 6.440 8,0 4.739 17,1 1.789 13,2

White 93.771 49,4 3.798 24,7 15.410 29,5 47.185 58,4 21.795 78,7 5.575 41,1

Black 14.047 7,4 842 5,5 4.431 8,5 6.783 8,4 1.191 4,3 890 6,6

Yeallow 1.027 0,5 172 1,1 122 0,2 535 0,7 107 0,4 89 0,7

Parda 80.294 42,3 10.518 68,3 32.186 61,5 26.166 32,4 4.522 16,3 6.909 50,9

Indigenous 551 0,3 71 0,5 143 0,3 163 0,2 77 0,3 94 0,7

Not declared 130 0,1 2 0,0 13 0,0 13 0,0 12 0,0 6 0,0

Southeast South Center-WestNorthBrazil Northeast

Federal Republic of Brazil( )

Capital:

Regime:

President:

Official Language:

Main Religion:

Political Administrative Division:

República Federativa do Brasil

8,511,965 km²

Brasília

Federative Republic

Luiz Inácio Lula daSilva

Portuguese

RomanCatholics (74%)

5 Regions

26 States and the FederalDistrict

9 Metropolitan Regions

5564 Municipalities (2004)

Total Population:

Children Population:

189.8 million

58.6million children 0 to 17 (31%)

North Region

Northeast Region

Southeast Region

South Region

Center-West Region

Metropolitan Areas

AcreAlagoas

Amazonas

Ceará

Espirito Santo

Goiás

Mato Grosso do Sul

Paraíba

PernambucoPiaui

ParanáRio de Janeiro

Rio Grande do Norte

Roraima

Rio Grande do Sul

Santa Catarina

SergipeTocantins

Amapá

Maranhão

Distrito Federal

Mato Grosso

Rondônia

Minas Gerais

São Paulo

BELÉM

FORTALEZA

RECIFE

SALVADOR

BELO HORIZONTE

SÃO PAULO

PORTO ALEGRE

CURITIBA

RIO DE JANEIRO

GeneralInformationandDemography

Source: IBGE, National Household Survey (PNAD) 2007 and Demographic Census 2000.

1.2. Population according to sex, situation, age group and race, Brazil andRegions, 2007

1.1. Children and Adolescents in UNICEF Priority areas in Brazil

Out of a total of 58.6 millionchildren and adolescents below18 years, 9 million (15%) live in

the Amazon region, 13 million(22%) live in the Semi-Arid region

and 15 million (26%) live in themetropolitan areas. The children

who live in these areas representa little more than a half of all the

children in the country.

Amongst the 18 million of childrenand adolescents who live in theNortheast, 13 million (72%) are

from the municipalities of theSemi-Arid region.

The North (39.1) and theNortheast (34.4%) have the

greatest numbers of children andadolescents in Brazil (average of30.9%), which explains the high

number of children who are bornwhen compared with the rest of

the country.Also in the North and Northeast of

Brazil the largest number ofpeople who define themselves

Afro-brazilian can be found.

For the country programme periodof 2007-20011, UNICEF has aspriority areas of cooperation theAmazon, Semi-Arid region and

popular communities in largeurban centers.

FORTALEZA

RECIFE

SALVADOR

BELO HORIZONTE

SÃO PAULO

PORTO ALEGRE

RIO DE JANEIRO

BELÉM

MANAUS

OFFICIAL AMAZON AREA

BRAZILIANSEMI-ARID

13 million

children

9 million

children

Amazon

Semi-arid

Absolute # % Absolute # % Absolute # % Absolute # % Absolute # % Absolute # %

Population189.820 100,0 15.403 100,0 52.305 100,0 80.845 100,0 27.704 100,0 13.563 100,0

Men 92.625 48,8 7.685 49,9 25.539 48,8 39.118 48,4 13.558 48,9 6.725 49,6

Women 97.195 51,2 7.718 50,1 26.766 51,2 41.728 51,6 14.146 51,1 6.838 50,4

Adults 131.250 69,1 9.382 60,9 34.308 65,6 58.419 72,3 19.835 71,6 9.305 68,6

Children and

Adolescents58.570 30,9 6.021 39,1 17.997 34,4 22.426 27,7 7.869 28,4 4.258 31,4

Urban 158.453 83,5 11.773 76,4 37.535 71,8 74.405 92,0 22.966 82,9 11.774 86,8

Rural 31.368 16,5 3.630 23,6 14.770 28,2 6.440 8,0 4.739 17,1 1.789 13,2

White 93.771 49,4 3.798 24,7 15.410 29,5 47.185 58,4 21.795 78,7 5.575 41,1

Black 14.047 7,4 842 5,5 4.431 8,5 6.783 8,4 1.191 4,3 890 6,6

Yeallow 1.027 0,5 172 1,1 122 0,2 535 0,7 107 0,4 89 0,7

Parda 80.294 42,3 10.518 68,3 32.186 61,5 26.166 32,4 4.522 16,3 6.909 50,9

Indigenous 551 0,3 71 0,5 143 0,3 163 0,2 77 0,3 94 0,7

Not declared 130 0,1 2 0,0 13 0,0 13 0,0 12 0,0 6 0,0

Southeast South Center-WestNorthBrazil Northeast

General InfoandDemography

1.3. Projection for the Fertility Rate, for Brazil, 1995 - 2025

1.5. Projection pattern on the Demographic Growth Rate, Brazil, 1960 - 2020

1.6. Relationship between Fertility Rate and Life Expectancy at Birth, Brazil,1995 - 2025

1.7. Age structure in Brazil, 1991 e 2010

Source: IBGE/DPE/Coordenação de População e Indicadores Sociais. Gerência de Estudos e Análises da Dinâmica Demográfica. Projeto UNFPA/BRASIL

(BRA/02/P02) – “População e Desenvolvimento – Sistematização das medidas e indicadores sociodemográficos oriundos da projeção (preliminar) da

população por sexo e idade, por método demográfico, das Grandes Regiões e Unidades da Federação para o período 1991/2030.”

1.4. Projection on Life Expectancy for Brazil, 1995 - 2025

The fertility rate , whichrepresents the average numberof children born of womenbetween 15 and 49 years, hasdecreased rapidly in the last 40years in Brazil, from 6 children in1960 to 3 in 1990 and 2 in 2005.For the next years, it is estimatedthat this trend will be lessaccentuated, arriving at 1.6children per woman in 2015.

This downtrend in the fertility rateof Brazilian women brought apartimportant changes in thepopulation pyramid, reducingsteadily the proportion of childrenunder 18 years old, which hasfallen from 42% in the early1990s to around 30% in 2007.

Despite the downward trend ofdecreasing the fertility rate andthe proportion of children in thecountry, the Amazon, Semi-aridand communities living in the

of the large cities are stillareas where expandedinfrastructure to increasecoverage of basic services suchas schools, basic sanitationservices, hospitals, healthcenters, maternal and child careprogrammes, pre-school andearly child education, is urgentlyneeded.

This means that in these areasthe government needs toprioritize the allocation of publicresources for children, belongingto the poor and most vulnerablegroups, including indigenous aswell as afro-Brazilian populationsand groups living in theof the large cities.

favelas

6 4 2 0 2 4 6

10 a 14

15 a 19

20 a 24

25 a 29

30 a 34

35 a 39

40 a 44

45 a 49

50 a 54

55 a 59

60 a 64

65 a 69

70 a 74

75 a 79

MEN WOMEN

6 4 2 0 2 4 6

10 a 14

15 a 19

20 a 24

25 a 29

30 a 34

35 a 39

40 a 44

45 a 49

50 a 54

55 a 59

60 a 64

65 a 69

70 a 74

75 a 79

MEN WOMEN

1960 / 1970 1970 / 1980 1980 / 1990 1990 / 2000 2000 / 2010 2010 / 2020

1.64 1.59

1995 2005 2015 2025

Fecundity Rate Life Expectation

(years

Brazil

1,591,64

1995 2005 2015 2025

Brazil

1995 2005 2015 2025

General InfoandDemography

1.3. Projection for the Fertility Rate, for Brazil, 1995 - 2025

1.5. Projection pattern on the Demographic Growth Rate, Brazil, 1960 - 2020

1.6. Relationship between Fertility Rate and Life Expectancy at Birth, Brazil,1995 - 2025

1.7. Age structure in Brazil, 1991 e 2010

Source: IBGE/DPE/Coordenação de População e Indicadores Sociais. Gerência de Estudos e Análises da Dinâmica Demográfica. Projeto UNFPA/BRASIL

(BRA/02/P02) – “População e Desenvolvimento – Sistematização das medidas e indicadores sociodemográficos oriundos da projeção (preliminar) da

população por sexo e idade, por método demográfico, das Grandes Regiões e Unidades da Federação para o período 1991/2030.”

1.4. Projection on Life Expectancy for Brazil, 1995 - 2025

The fertility rate , whichrepresents the average numberof children born of womenbetween 15 and 49 years, hasdecreased rapidly in the last 40years in Brazil, from 6 children in1960 to 3 in 1990 and 2 in 2005.For the next years, it is estimatedthat this trend will be lessaccentuated, arriving at 1.6children per woman in 2015.

This downtrend in the fertility rateof Brazilian women brought apartimportant changes in thepopulation pyramid, reducingsteadily the proportion of childrenunder 18 years old, which hasfallen from 42% in the early1990s to around 30% in 2007.

Despite the downward trend ofdecreasing the fertility rate andthe proportion of children in thecountry, the Amazon, Semi-aridand communities living in the

of the large cities are stillareas where expandedinfrastructure to increasecoverage of basic services suchas schools, basic sanitationservices, hospitals, healthcenters, maternal and child careprogrammes, pre-school andearly child education, is urgentlyneeded.

This means that in these areasthe government needs toprioritize the allocation of publicresources for children, belongingto the poor and most vulnerablegroups, including indigenous aswell as afro-Brazilian populationsand groups living in theof the large cities.

favelas

6 4 2 0 2 4 6

10 a 14

15 a 19

20 a 24

25 a 29

30 a 34

35 a 39

40 a 44

45 a 49

50 a 54

55 a 59

60 a 64

65 a 69

70 a 74

75 a 79

MEN WOMEN

6 4 2 0 2 4 6

10 a 14

15 a 19

20 a 24

25 a 29

30 a 34

35 a 39

40 a 44

45 a 49

50 a 54

55 a 59

60 a 64

65 a 69

70 a 74

75 a 79

MEN WOMEN

1960 / 1970 1970 / 1980 1980 / 1990 1990 / 2000 2000 / 2010 2010 / 2020

1.64 1.59

1995 2005 2015 2025

Fecundity Rate Life Expectation

(years

Brazil

1,591,64

1995 2005 2015 2025

Brazil

1995 2005 2015 2025

The incidence of income povertyvaries through the life cycle of a

child. Infants between 0-6 years oldare the ones living with the poorestand most vulnerable families. While

income poverty impacts 53.2% of allchildren in this age group, this

proportion falls to 49% for childrenbetween 7-14 years old, and is at24.6% for adults, with an averagefor the whole country estimated at

32.1%. Since a good start in life,especially within the first few

months, is critical to the physical,intellectual and emotional

development of every individual,child poverty in early childhood canprove to be a handicap for life andeventually perpetuates the vicious

circle of poverty to the nextgeneration.

The states in the north andNortheast parts of the country,

where UNICEF focuses itscooperation with the government,

are the ones most severely affectedby poverty. The proportion of

children living in poverty reacheswell above 70% in most states of the

northeast and between 55% and65% in the states of the north,including the Amazon region.

Recognizing the need to interruptthe transmission of generational

poverty, UNICEF is calling on policymakers to prioritize investments on

children and advocating that povertyreduction must begin with children,given that this social investment is

the best guarantee of equitable andsustainable development for the

future of the country.

2.4. Proportion of poor children, 2007 (%)

Although the majority of children donot have an individual income source,they live in households having amonthly income. Children under 18years of age, who live in householdswith a monthly per capita incomecorresponding to half the minimumwage (around US$ 120) of Brazil, areconsidered poor. If this monthly percapita income decreases to theequivalent of a quarter of the minimumwages, they are considered to be livingin absolute poverty.

The concept of poverty is widelyunderstood today as amultidimensional phenomenon, whereincome or even material deprivation isonly one, though clearly a veryimportant dimension. The rise ofhousehold income is an importantfactor towards increasingaccess to different social resourcesand services towards ensuring thesurvival, development and protectionof child rights.

Children in Brazil are the hardest hit bypoverty, especially since the poorfamilies demonstrate a tendency tohave more children than the non-poorfamilies. Despite the important effortsmade by Brazil's - theworld's largest conditional cashtransfer programme (CCT) which hasyielded very positive results in terms oftargeting and its effects on extremepoverty and inequality - the proportionof children living in poor households isstill high, at about 48.8% or 28.1million of children.

Bolsa Família

ChildPoverty

Technical Note: Poverty refers to the proportion of people living in families with per capita income up to ½ minimum salary per month.

Sources: IBGE, PNADs 2001 to 2007. Special tabulation for UNICEF.

2.1. Proportion of population living in poverty by age, 2005 (%)

2.3. Children andAdolescents living inpoverty, Brazil andRegions, 2007 (%)

2.2. Proportion of people living in poverty by age group, Brazil, 2007 (%)

2.5. State Ranking on Child Poverty in Brazil, 2007 (%)

34.631.8

Brazil North Northeast Southeast South Center-East

Refers to the proportion of people in households with a monthly per capita income that is up to half the minimum wages. This graph

intend to demonstrate the vulnerability of children in relation to poverty.

53.20 to 6 years-old

7 to 14 years-old

15 to 17 years-old

Adults (18 +)

Total Population

State% Children on

PovertyState

% Children

on Poverty

ALAGOAS 77,3 AMAPA 55,1

MARANHAO 74,1 RONDONIA 50,3

PIAUI 73,9 MINAS GERAIS 46,4

PARAIBA 73,4 MATO GROSSO 45,6

CEARA 72,0 MATO GROSSO DO SUL 43,7

BAHIA 71,2 ESPIRITO SANTO 43,6

PERNAMBUCO 70,9 GOIAS 41,4

ACRE 66,6 RIO GRANDE DO SUL 36,0

RIO GRANDE DO NORTE 65,4 RIO DE JANEIRO 34,2

AMAZONAS 64,2 PARANA 33,6

PARA 63,3 DISTRITO FEDERAL 30,9

SERGIPE 61,7 SAO PAULO 27,8

RORAIMA 59,9 SANTA CATARINA 20,9

TOCANTINS 59,5 Brazilian Average 48,8

66.6 77.3

30.941.4

70.973.9

0 - 38,0

38 - 50

50 - 60

Above 60

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 e

maisAge

The incidence of income povertyvaries through the life cycle of a

child. Infants between 0-6 years oldare the ones living with the poorestand most vulnerable families. While

income poverty impacts 53.2% of allchildren in this age group, this

proportion falls to 49% for childrenbetween 7-14 years old, and is at24.6% for adults, with an averagefor the whole country estimated at

32.1%. Since a good start in life,especially within the first few

months, is critical to the physical,intellectual and emotional

development of every individual,child poverty in early childhood canprove to be a handicap for life andeventually perpetuates the vicious

circle of poverty to the nextgeneration.

The states in the north andNortheast parts of the country,

where UNICEF focuses itscooperation with the government,

are the ones most severely affectedby poverty. The proportion of

children living in poverty reacheswell above 70% in most states of the

northeast and between 55% and65% in the states of the north,including the Amazon region.

Recognizing the need to interruptthe transmission of generational

poverty, UNICEF is calling on policymakers to prioritize investments on

children and advocating that povertyreduction must begin with children,given that this social investment is

the best guarantee of equitable andsustainable development for the

future of the country.

2.4. Proportion of poor children, 2007 (%)

Although the majority of children donot have an individual income source,they live in households having amonthly income. Children under 18years of age, who live in householdswith a monthly per capita incomecorresponding to half the minimumwage (around US$ 120) of Brazil, areconsidered poor. If this monthly percapita income decreases to theequivalent of a quarter of the minimumwages, they are considered to be livingin absolute poverty.

The concept of poverty is widelyunderstood today as amultidimensional phenomenon, whereincome or even material deprivation isonly one, though clearly a veryimportant dimension. The rise ofhousehold income is an importantfactor towards increasingaccess to different social resourcesand services towards ensuring thesurvival, development and protectionof child rights.

Children in Brazil are the hardest hit bypoverty, especially since the poorfamilies demonstrate a tendency tohave more children than the non-poorfamilies. Despite the important effortsmade by Brazil's - theworld's largest conditional cashtransfer programme (CCT) which hasyielded very positive results in terms oftargeting and its effects on extremepoverty and inequality - the proportionof children living in poor households isstill high, at about 48.8% or 28.1million of children.

Bolsa Família

ChildPoverty

Technical Note: Poverty refers to the proportion of people living in families with per capita income up to ½ minimum salary per month.

Sources: IBGE, PNADs 2001 to 2007. Special tabulation for UNICEF.

2.1. Proportion of population living in poverty by age, 2005 (%)

2.3. Children andAdolescents living inpoverty, Brazil andRegions, 2007 (%)

2.2. Proportion of people living in poverty by age group, Brazil, 2007 (%)

2.5. State Ranking on Child Poverty in Brazil, 2007 (%)

34.631.8

Brazil North Northeast Southeast South Center-East

Refers to the proportion of people in households with a monthly per capita income that is up to half the minimum wages. This graph

intend to demonstrate the vulnerability of children in relation to poverty.

53.20 to 6 years-old

7 to 14 years-old

15 to 17 years-old

Adults (18 +)

Total Population

State% Children on

PovertyState

% Children

on Poverty

ALAGOAS 77,3 AMAPA 55,1

MARANHAO 74,1 RONDONIA 50,3

PIAUI 73,9 MINAS GERAIS 46,4

PARAIBA 73,4 MATO GROSSO 45,6

CEARA 72,0 MATO GROSSO DO SUL 43,7

BAHIA 71,2 ESPIRITO SANTO 43,6

PERNAMBUCO 70,9 GOIAS 41,4

ACRE 66,6 RIO GRANDE DO SUL 36,0

RIO GRANDE DO NORTE 65,4 RIO DE JANEIRO 34,2

AMAZONAS 64,2 PARANA 33,6

PARA 63,3 DISTRITO FEDERAL 30,9

SERGIPE 61,7 SAO PAULO 27,8

RORAIMA 59,9 SANTA CATARINA 20,9

TOCANTINS 59,5 Brazilian Average 48,8

66.6 77.3

30.941.4

70.973.9

0 - 38,0

38 - 50

50 - 60

Above 60

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 e

maisAge

FederalInvestmenton Children

Ensuring children's rights tohealth, education, equalityunder the law, recreation, andall other rights spelled out bythe CRC involves a financialcommitment, as well as legaland moral responsibilities. Onthis perspective, UNICEF inconjunction with several othercivil society organizationsdeveloped a methodologicalapproach to support advocacywork, capacity developmentand social mobilization aroundsocial budgeting andinvestments for children.

The 'investment on children'(IC) methodology focuses onlyon the direct expendituresmade by the centralgovernment towards Brazilianchildren in terms of providingdirect, individual benefits (forexample in the area of accessto health, education, socialwelfare assistance services andin defense of child rights). TheIC encompasses 15programmes and 38 actionsfrom various ministries thathave an impact on child andadolescent rights.

By totalling the spending onsuch actions made by all of theministries involved, UNICEFand its partners arrived at atotal summary on FederalChildren's Investment. This totaldoes not include the spendingof states and municipalities onsocial expenditures for children.

Between 2006 and September2008, there has been a marked

real (adjusted for inflation)increase in Brazilian federal

government spending onprogrammes directed towards

children and adolescents. In2006, federal investment was at

R$36.8 billion, a figure whichincreased to R$37.9 billion in

2007. By September 2008,investment in programmes forchildren increased to R$46.8

billion, representing a 27%increase in two years.

In 2007, the total amount offederal government investment

in programmes and actionsrelated to children and

adolescents was 1.42% ofBrazil's GDP, an increase from

the previous year's investment of1.25% of Brazilian GDP.

If the pace of governmentspending is maintained until the

end of this year, the per capitainvestment for children and

adolescents will reach R$807.72.

In addition to the increase infederal government investment,

social spending also increased to6% between 2006 and 2008. Of

the 88 current socialprogrammes, almost 95% of theproposed total federal budget is

concentrated in 10 actions,representing R$338.2 billion in

absolute terms.

Note: The 2008 figures are calculated up to October 2008. The 2009 figures are the estimates on the Budget Bill that has to be analyzed and voted for by the

Brazilian Congress for the Federal Budget of 2009.

Source: UNICEF online monitoring system (SimIC). SimIC web address: http://www.investimentocrianca.org.br

2.7. Total amount ofInvestments on Children,2006 to 2009 (R$ per billion)

2.6. Per capita Investment on Children, Brazil, 2006 to 2009 (R$)

2.8. Percentage of the Federal Budget allocated for Child Investment,2006 to 2009 (%)

2.9. Planned Child Investment Allocation by Region, 2008 (%)

2.10. Planned Child Investment Allocation ranked by percentage ofallocation, National, Region and States, 2008 (%)

2006 2007 2008 2009

59,3%22,1%

5,4%2,8% 1,8%

National Northeast Southeast North South Center-West

Area% of

allocationArea

allocation

NACIONAL 59,7% RIO GRANDE DO SUL 0,3%

Northeast Region 13,9% PARANÁ 0,3%

Southeast Region 6,4% GOIÁS 0,2%

North Region 2,9% SANTA CATARINA 0,2%

South Region 2,3% AMAZONAS 0,1%

Center-West Region 1,3% RIO GRANDE DO NORTE 0,1%

BAHIA 2,2% DISTRITO FEDERAL 0,1%

MARANHÃO 2,2% MATO GROSSO 0,1%

PARÁ 1,9% SERGIPE 0,1%

CEARÁ 1,3% MATO GROSSO DO SUL 0,1%

PERNAMBUCO 0,7% ESPÍRITO SANTO 0,1%

SAO PAULO 0,7% ACRE 0,1%

RIO DE JANEIRO 0,7% RONDÔNIA 0,1%

MINAS GERAIS 0,6% TOCANTINS 0,1%

PIAUÍ 0,5% AMAPÁ 0,0%

ALAGOAS 0,4% RORAIMA 0,0%

PARAÍBA 0,3% Total 100,0%

The value of the Brazilian currency to the US dollar was US$ 1.00 to R$2.00

3,02 3,06

2006 2007 2008 2009

FederalInvestmenton Children

Ensuring children's rights tohealth, education, equalityunder the law, recreation, andall other rights spelled out bythe CRC involves a financialcommitment, as well as legaland moral responsibilities. Onthis perspective, UNICEF inconjunction with several othercivil society organizationsdeveloped a methodologicalapproach to support advocacywork, capacity developmentand social mobilization aroundsocial budgeting andinvestments for children.

The 'investment on children'(IC) methodology focuses onlyon the direct expendituresmade by the centralgovernment towards Brazilianchildren in terms of providingdirect, individual benefits (forexample in the area of accessto health, education, socialwelfare assistance services andin defense of child rights). TheIC encompasses 15programmes and 38 actionsfrom various ministries thathave an impact on child andadolescent rights.

By totalling the spending onsuch actions made by all of theministries involved, UNICEFand its partners arrived at atotal summary on FederalChildren's Investment. This totaldoes not include the spendingof states and municipalities onsocial expenditures for children.

Between 2006 and September2008, there has been a marked

real (adjusted for inflation)increase in Brazilian federal

government spending onprogrammes directed towards

children and adolescents. In2006, federal investment was at

R$36.8 billion, a figure whichincreased to R$37.9 billion in

2007. By September 2008,investment in programmes forchildren increased to R$46.8

billion, representing a 27%increase in two years.

In 2007, the total amount offederal government investment

in programmes and actionsrelated to children and

adolescents was 1.42% ofBrazil's GDP, an increase from

the previous year's investment of1.25% of Brazilian GDP.

If the pace of governmentspending is maintained until the

end of this year, the per capitainvestment for children and

adolescents will reach R$807.72.

In addition to the increase infederal government investment,

social spending also increased to6% between 2006 and 2008. Of

the 88 current socialprogrammes, almost 95% of theproposed total federal budget is

concentrated in 10 actions,representing R$338.2 billion in

absolute terms.

Note: The 2008 figures are calculated up to October 2008. The 2009 figures are the estimates on the Budget Bill that has to be analyzed and voted for by the

Brazilian Congress for the Federal Budget of 2009.

Source: UNICEF online monitoring system (SimIC). SimIC web address: http://www.investimentocrianca.org.br

2.7. Total amount ofInvestments on Children,2006 to 2009 (R$ per billion)

2.6. Per capita Investment on Children, Brazil, 2006 to 2009 (R$)

2.8. Percentage of the Federal Budget allocated for Child Investment,2006 to 2009 (%)

2.9. Planned Child Investment Allocation by Region, 2008 (%)

2.10. Planned Child Investment Allocation ranked by percentage ofallocation, National, Region and States, 2008 (%)

2006 2007 2008 2009

59,3%22,1%

5,4%2,8% 1,8%

National Northeast Southeast North South Center-West

Area% of

allocationArea

allocation

NACIONAL 59,7% RIO GRANDE DO SUL 0,3%

Northeast Region 13,9% PARANÁ 0,3%

Southeast Region 6,4% GOIÁS 0,2%

North Region 2,9% SANTA CATARINA 0,2%

South Region 2,3% AMAZONAS 0,1%

Center-West Region 1,3% RIO GRANDE DO NORTE 0,1%

BAHIA 2,2% DISTRITO FEDERAL 0,1%

MARANHÃO 2,2% MATO GROSSO 0,1%

PARÁ 1,9% SERGIPE 0,1%

CEARÁ 1,3% MATO GROSSO DO SUL 0,1%

PERNAMBUCO 0,7% ESPÍRITO SANTO 0,1%

SAO PAULO 0,7% ACRE 0,1%

RIO DE JANEIRO 0,7% RONDÔNIA 0,1%

MINAS GERAIS 0,6% TOCANTINS 0,1%

PIAUÍ 0,5% AMAPÁ 0,0%

ALAGOAS 0,4% RORAIMA 0,0%

PARAÍBA 0,3% Total 100,0%

The value of the Brazilian currency to the US dollar was US$ 1.00 to R$2.00

3,02 3,06

2006 2007 2008 2009

There appears to be a significantcorrelation between the incidence

of poverty and infant mortalityrates in Brazil. The mapping of

the infant mortality ratesdisaggregated by states, as

shown on the left, demonstratesthat the state of Alagoas in the

Northeast Region has the highestinfant mortality rate at 41.3; this

means that of every thousandchildren born, 41 of them do notcomplete their first birthday. The

state of Alagoas also has thehighest poverty rate among

children.

It is important to mention thatAlagoas made great

improvements in the last 10years, reducing infant mortalityfrom 69.4 to 41.3 per thousand

live births. However, this figure isstill well over double that of the

national IMR for Brazil which is at19.3 per thousand live births.

The neighbouring states ofPernambuco, Rio Grande doNorte,Sergipe and Maranhao

also reveal relatively high rateson infant mortality when

compared to the nationalaverage. Given that in some of

the areas in the NortheastRegion the proportion of children

living in poverty is above 70%,the poor performing indicators onchild poverty and infant mortalityis a clear reflection of the impactof social disparity and exclusionon child survival and access tosocial services such as primary

health care.

3.4. Infant mortality rate, 2007 (per 1000 live births)

3.5. IMR Brazilian States ranking, 2007

The infant mortality rate inBrazil dropped by almost halfbetween 1990 and 2007,demonstrating a markedprogress towards attaining theMillennium Development Goal4. In the northeast, the drop ininfant mortality was slightlyhigher than for Brazil.

Meanwhile, disparities ininfant mortality rates persist inthe northeast and are almost50% higher than nationalIMR. In the Semi-arid region,this inequality touches almost60%, when compared to thenational figure.

InfantMortality

Note: IBGE publishes the official Brazilian data. During the recent Data Harmonization Meeting held in Brazil, it was agreed that RIPSA data on IMR would be

used instead, due to be more sensitive to impact produced by changes in public policies. However, this document brings both sources for comparison.

3.1. Trends of Infant mortality rate (IMR) IBGE source, Brazil and Northeast, 1990 -2007

3.3. Trends onIMR, Semi-aridStates, 1990 -2005

3.2. Trends on Infant mortality rate RIPSA source, Brazil and Northeast, 1990 - 2007

States 1997 2007Evolution 1997 -

2007 (IMR points)

Pernambuco 57,1 18,6 -38,5

Alagoas 69,4 41,3 -28,1

Rio Grande do Norte 53,3 29,9 -23,5

Paraíba 53,4 30,3 -23,1

Ceará 46,5 24,3 -22,2

Maranhão 50,4 30,1 -20,3

Bahia 44,8 26,3 -18,5

Piauí 44,0 26,2 -17,8

Sergipe 45,0 30,0 -15,0

Minas Gerais 26,0 17,4 -8,6

Espirito Santo 19,3 14,5 -4,8

30,126,6

IMR Brazil

39,545,2

IMR Northeast

1990 1995 2000 2004 2007

IMR Brazil IMR Northeast

IMR Brazil

19,320,2

IMR Northeast

31,627,2

1991 2000 2006 2007

State IMR UF IMR

Alagoas 41,3 Mato Grosso do Sul 19,2

Paraíba 30,3 Pernambuco 18,6

Maranhão 30,1 Mato Grosso 18,1

Sergipe 30,0 Minas Gerais 17,4

Rio Grande do Norte 29,9 Goiás 17,0

Acre 28,0 Roraima 16,6

Bahia 26,3 Rio de Janeiro 14,6

Piauí 26,2 São Paulo 14,6

Ceará 24,3 Espirito Santo 14,5

Pará 23,1 Paraná 13,1

Amazonas 21,5 Rio Grande do Sul 13,0

Tocantins 21,4 Santa Catarina 12,5

Amapá 20,9 Distrito Federal 11,1

Rondônia 19,9 Brazilian average 19,3

28 41.3

11.117

0 - 14,6

14,7 - 19,9

20,0 - 26,3

Above 26,4

Source: RIPSA, 2007. Preliminary data.

There appears to be a significantcorrelation between the incidence

of poverty and infant mortalityrates in Brazil. The mapping of

the infant mortality ratesdisaggregated by states, as

shown on the left, demonstratesthat the state of Alagoas in the

Northeast Region has the highestinfant mortality rate at 41.3; this

means that of every thousandchildren born, 41 of them do notcomplete their first birthday. The

state of Alagoas also has thehighest poverty rate among

children.

It is important to mention thatAlagoas made great

improvements in the last 10years, reducing infant mortalityfrom 69.4 to 41.3 per thousand

live births. However, this figure isstill well over double that of the

national IMR for Brazil which is at19.3 per thousand live births.

The neighbouring states ofPernambuco, Rio Grande doNorte,Sergipe and Maranhao

also reveal relatively high rateson infant mortality when

compared to the nationalaverage. Given that in some of

the areas in the NortheastRegion the proportion of children

living in poverty is above 70%,the poor performing indicators onchild poverty and infant mortalityis a clear reflection of the impactof social disparity and exclusionon child survival and access tosocial services such as primary

health care.

3.4. Infant mortality rate, 2007 (per 1000 live births)

3.5. IMR Brazilian States ranking, 2007

The infant mortality rate inBrazil dropped by almost halfbetween 1990 and 2007,demonstrating a markedprogress towards attaining theMillennium Development Goal4. In the northeast, the drop ininfant mortality was slightlyhigher than for Brazil.

Meanwhile, disparities ininfant mortality rates persist inthe northeast and are almost50% higher than nationalIMR. In the Semi-arid region,this inequality touches almost60%, when compared to thenational figure.

InfantMortality

Note: IBGE publishes the official Brazilian data. During the recent Data Harmonization Meeting held in Brazil, it was agreed that RIPSA data on IMR would be

used instead, due to be more sensitive to impact produced by changes in public policies. However, this document brings both sources for comparison.

3.1. Trends of Infant mortality rate (IMR) IBGE source, Brazil and Northeast, 1990 -2007

3.3. Trends onIMR, Semi-aridStates, 1990 -2005

3.2. Trends on Infant mortality rate RIPSA source, Brazil and Northeast, 1990 - 2007

States 1997 2007Evolution 1997 -

2007 (IMR points)

Pernambuco 57,1 18,6 -38,5

Alagoas 69,4 41,3 -28,1

Paraíba 53,4 30,3 -23,1

Ceará 46,5 24,3 -22,2

Maranhão 50,4 30,1 -20,3

Bahia 44,8 26,3 -18,5

Piauí 44,0 26,2 -17,8

Sergipe 45,0 30,0 -15,0

Espirito Santo 19,3 14,5 -4,8

30,126,6

IMR Brazil

39,545,2

IMR Northeast

1990 1995 2000 2004 2007

IMR Brazil

19,320,2

IMR Northeast

31,627,2

1991 2000 2006 2007

State IMR UF IMR

Paraíba 30,3 Pernambuco 18,6

Sergipe 30,0 Minas Gerais 17,4

Rio Grande do Norte 29,9 Goiás 17,0

Acre 28,0 Roraima 16,6

Bahia 26,3 Rio de Janeiro 14,6

Piauí 26,2 São Paulo 14,6

Ceará 24,3 Espirito Santo 14,5

Pará 23,1 Paraná 13,1

Amazonas 21,5 Rio Grande do Sul 13,0

Tocantins 21,4 Santa Catarina 12,5

Amapá 20,9 Distrito Federal 11,1

Rondônia 19,9 Brazilian average 19,3

28 41.3

11.117

0 - 14,6

14,7 - 19,9

20,0 - 26,3

Above 26,4

Source: RIPSA, 2007. Preliminary data.

Brazil

Northeast

Semi-arid

Center-West

Southeast

4.4. Low weight for age among children under 2 years-old, 2007 (%)

4.5. Low weight for age among children under 2 years-old, Stateranking, 2007 (%)

The disaggregated data for thedifferent Brazilian states as

shown in the map on the leftreveal yet again the disparity

between the indicators forsouthern states such as Rio

Grande do Sul, Santa Catarinaand São Paulo, and those for

Alagoas, Maranhão and Ceara.The latter states present the

greatest challenges to thereduction of malnutrition among

children under 2 years of age.These states also have poor

performing indicators on accessto safe water and child poverty.

In the case of Brazil, the focuson economic redistribution and a

propensity to invest in targetedinterventions towards removing

inequities will prove crucial to theprocess of reducing malnutrition.

Such interventions will not onlyhave to address the issue of

access of poor families todomestic food markets and

reduction of food insecurities butsimultaneously invest in basic

infrastructure and services (suchas access to water, sanitation

facilities, health and educationservices); socio-cultural practices

and behavioural changes.

It is important to mention thatmalnutrition (weight for age)among children under 2 yearsdecreased by 77.9% in Brazil. Inthe northeast, it dropped by73.7%.

Despite the improvements,malnutrition among children under2 years in the Northeast Regioncontinues to be twice as muchhigher when compared to thenational rate. In the Semi-aridzones, it is 2% higher than thefigure for northeast, as shown inthe disaggregated information onthe right (chart 4.2)

This chart reveals how despite thenational initiatives undertaken tofight malnutrition, inequalities inmalnutrition particularly disfavourthe poor. While poverty in the poorperforming regions are a concern,other issues such as the impact ofrising living standards, the lack ofadequate nutrition programmes,access to safe water andsanitation and socialcommunication programmes forfamilies on care practices, heavilyimpact upon the overall nutritionalstatus of children living in poverty.

ChildMalnutrition

Source: MS / SIAB 2000 to 2007.

4.1. Trends on Low weight for age among children under 2 years-old, Brazil andNortheast Region, 2000 - 2007 (%)

4.3. Trends on Low weight for age among children under 2 years-old inthe Semi-Arid States - 2000 - 2007(%) State % State %

Alagoas 5.6 Rondônia 1.9

Maranhão 5.0 Goiás 1.7

Ceará 4.5 Amazonas 1.6

Piauí 4.4 Roraima 1.6

Acre 4.3 Amapá 1.4

Bahia 4.1 Espírito Santo 1.2

Sergipe 3.8 Rio de Janeiro 1.2

Paraíba 3.3 Mato Grosso 1.1

Pará 3.1 Paraná 1.1

Pernambuco 3.0 Rio Grande do Sul 1.0

Tocantins 3.0 São Paulo 0.8

Minas Gerais 2.9 Santa Catarina 0.7

Rio Grande do Norte 2.8 Distrito Federal 0.6

Mato Grosso do Sul 1.9 Brazilian Average 2.8

Brazil

Northeast

2000 2002 2004 2007

Brazil Northeast

4.2. Low weight for age amongchildren under 2 years-old,Brazil, Regions and Semi-arid,2007 (%)

State 2000 20072000-2007 Evolution

(absolute points)

Pernambuco 20,1 3,0 -17,1

Alagoas 20,3 5,6 -14,7

Piauí 17,6 4,4 -13,2

Maranhão 17,4 5,0 -12,4

Bahia 14,7 4,1 -10,6

Paraíba 13,4 3,3 -10,1

Ceará 12,8 4,5 -8,3

Sergipe 10,5 2,8 -7,7

Espírito Santo 5,8 1,2 -4,6

4.3 5.6

0.61.7

0 - 1,5

1,5 - 3,6

3,6 - 5,2

Above 5,2

Brazil

Northeast

Semi-arid

Center-West

Southeast

4.4. Low weight for age among children under 2 years-old, 2007 (%)

4.5. Low weight for age among children under 2 years-old, Stateranking, 2007 (%)

The disaggregated data for thedifferent Brazilian states as

shown in the map on the leftreveal yet again the disparity

between the indicators forsouthern states such as Rio

Grande do Sul, Santa Catarinaand São Paulo, and those for

Alagoas, Maranhão and Ceara.The latter states present the

greatest challenges to thereduction of malnutrition among

children under 2 years of age.These states also have poor

performing indicators on accessto safe water and child poverty.

In the case of Brazil, the focuson economic redistribution and a

propensity to invest in targetedinterventions towards removing

inequities will prove crucial to theprocess of reducing malnutrition.

Such interventions will not onlyhave to address the issue of

access of poor families todomestic food markets and

reduction of food insecurities butsimultaneously invest in basic

infrastructure and services (suchas access to water, sanitation

facilities, health and educationservices); socio-cultural practices

and behavioural changes.

It is important to mention thatmalnutrition (weight for age)among children under 2 yearsdecreased by 77.9% in Brazil. Inthe northeast, it dropped by73.7%.

Despite the improvements,malnutrition among children under2 years in the Northeast Regioncontinues to be twice as muchhigher when compared to thenational rate. In the Semi-aridzones, it is 2% higher than thefigure for northeast, as shown inthe disaggregated information onthe right (chart 4.2)

This chart reveals how despite thenational initiatives undertaken tofight malnutrition, inequalities inmalnutrition particularly disfavourthe poor. While poverty in the poorperforming regions are a concern,other issues such as the impact ofrising living standards, the lack ofadequate nutrition programmes,access to safe water andsanitation and socialcommunication programmes forfamilies on care practices, heavilyimpact upon the overall nutritionalstatus of children living in poverty.

ChildMalnutrition

Source: MS / SIAB 2000 to 2007.

4.1. Trends on Low weight for age among children under 2 years-old, Brazil andNortheast Region, 2000 - 2007 (%)

4.3. Trends on Low weight for age among children under 2 years-old inthe Semi-Arid States - 2000 - 2007(%) State % State %

Alagoas 5.6 Rondônia 1.9

Maranhão 5.0 Goiás 1.7

Ceará 4.5 Amazonas 1.6

Piauí 4.4 Roraima 1.6

Acre 4.3 Amapá 1.4

Bahia 4.1 Espírito Santo 1.2

Sergipe 3.8 Rio de Janeiro 1.2

Paraíba 3.3 Mato Grosso 1.1

Pará 3.1 Paraná 1.1

Pernambuco 3.0 Rio Grande do Sul 1.0

Tocantins 3.0 São Paulo 0.8

Minas Gerais 2.9 Santa Catarina 0.7

Rio Grande do Norte 2.8 Distrito Federal 0.6

Mato Grosso do Sul 1.9 Brazilian Average 2.8

Brazil

Northeast

2000 2002 2004 2007

Brazil Northeast

4.2. Low weight for age amongchildren under 2 years-old,Brazil, Regions and Semi-arid,2007 (%)

State 2000 20072000-2007 Evolution

(absolute points)

Alagoas 20,3 5,6 -14,7

Piauí 17,6 4,4 -13,2

Maranhão 17,4 5,0 -12,4

Bahia 14,7 4,1 -10,6

Paraíba 13,4 3,3 -10,1

Ceará 12,8 4,5 -8,3

Sergipe 10,5 2,8 -7,7

4.3 5.6

0.61.7

0 - 1,5

1,5 - 3,6

3,6 - 5,2

Above 5,2

Brazil

Northeast

Center-West

Southeast

5.4. Estimate Percentage of children without birth registration, Brazil andStates, 2006 (%)

5.5. Estimate Percentage of children without birth registration, Statesranking, 2006 (%)

Due to the complexity in thecalculation of registration rates,and considering implicit factors

such as migration and fertilityrates, birth registration is

classified in three basiccategories: Coverage below

90%, considered as poorregistration and poor data;

coverage between 90% and95% which still represents

some gaps on registration butwith better data; and coverage

above 95%, considered assatisfactory data and likely tobe on track towards universal

registration.

Only 5 out of the 27 Brazilianstates have registration

coverage above 95%, thusbeing considered as having

made considerable progressand closer to achieving

universal registration.

The other 22 states are likely tohave a high proportion of

children who continue to bedenied their right to citizenship.Out of the 10 states that have a

higher sub-registration, all ofthem are either part of the north

or Northeast Regions.

Data shows a significantreduction in the proportion ofBrazilian children who arewithout birth registration,especially in the NorthRegion, where this proportiondropped by two-thirds since1997.

However, there are stillaround 400 thousand childrenunder one year of age withoutbirth registration. Thosechildren live in the rural areasof the north and NortheastRegions.

Birthregistration

Source: IBGE, Estatísticas do Registro Civil 2000 a 2006.

5.1.Trends on estimate percentage of children without birth registration, Brazil andNortheast, 1995 - 2006 (%)

5.3. Trends on estimate percentage of children without birth registration,Semi-Arid States, 1995 - 2006

5.2.Estimate percentage ofchildren without birthregistration, Brazil and Regions,2006 (%)

State % State %

Roraima 42,8 Tocantins 13,9

Piauí 33,7 Paraíba 13,8

Alagoas 31,6 Goiás 12,6

Amapá 29,1 Pernambuco 12,0

Bahia 25,2 Mato Grosso 11,4

Amazonas 24,5 Acre 11,1

Maranhão 22,4 Rio de Janeiro 9,0

Sergipe 21,9 Mato Grosso do Sul 7,4

Ceará 20,7 Rio Grande do Sul 2,6

Rondônia 19,5 Distrito Federal 0,4

Pará 19,2 São Paulo 0,4

Rio Grande do Norte 17,7 Paraná -0,1

Minas Gerais 16,3 Santa Catarina -0,6

Espírito Santo 13,9 Brazilian average 12,7

State 1995 2006Evolution 1995 - 2006

(absolute points)

Maranhão 70,7 22,4 -48,3

Pernambuco 46,6 12,0 -34,6

Ceará 54,1 20,7 -33,4

Paraíba 44,2 13,8 -30,4

Alagoas 61,1 31,6 -29,5

Piauí 59,5 33,7 -25,8

Sergipe 34,4 21,9 -12,5

Bahia 32,8 25,2 -7,6

11.1 31.6

0.412.6

0 - 9,0

9,1 - 13,9

14,0 - 22,4

Above 22,4

Brazil

1997 2002 2006

Brazil North

Brazil

Northeast

Center-West

Southeast

5.4. Estimate Percentage of children without birth registration, Brazil andStates, 2006 (%)

5.5. Estimate Percentage of children without birth registration, Statesranking, 2006 (%)

Due to the complexity in thecalculation of registration rates,and considering implicit factors

such as migration and fertilityrates, birth registration is

classified in three basiccategories: Coverage below

90%, considered as poorregistration and poor data;

coverage between 90% and95% which still represents

some gaps on registration butwith better data; and coverage

above 95%, considered assatisfactory data and likely tobe on track towards universal

registration.

Only 5 out of the 27 Brazilianstates have registration

coverage above 95%, thusbeing considered as having

made considerable progressand closer to achieving

universal registration.

The other 22 states are likely tohave a high proportion of

children who continue to bedenied their right to citizenship.Out of the 10 states that have a

higher sub-registration, all ofthem are either part of the north

or Northeast Regions.

Data shows a significantreduction in the proportion ofBrazilian children who arewithout birth registration,especially in the NorthRegion, where this proportiondropped by two-thirds since1997.

However, there are stillaround 400 thousand childrenunder one year of age withoutbirth registration. Thosechildren live in the rural areasof the north and NortheastRegions.

Birthregistration

Source: IBGE, Estatísticas do Registro Civil 2000 a 2006.

5.1.Trends on estimate percentage of children without birth registration, Brazil andNortheast, 1995 - 2006 (%)

5.3. Trends on estimate percentage of children without birth registration,Semi-Arid States, 1995 - 2006

5.2.Estimate percentage ofchildren without birthregistration, Brazil and Regions,2006 (%)

State % State %

Roraima 42,8 Tocantins 13,9

Piauí 33,7 Paraíba 13,8

Alagoas 31,6 Goiás 12,6

Amapá 29,1 Pernambuco 12,0

Bahia 25,2 Mato Grosso 11,4

Amazonas 24,5 Acre 11,1

Maranhão 22,4 Rio de Janeiro 9,0

Sergipe 21,9 Mato Grosso do Sul 7,4

Rondônia 19,5 Distrito Federal 0,4

Rio Grande do Norte 17,7 Paraná -0,1

Minas Gerais 16,3 Santa Catarina -0,6

State 1995 2006Evolution 1995 - 2006

(absolute points)

Maranhão 70,7 22,4 -48,3

Pernambuco 46,6 12,0 -34,6

Ceará 54,1 20,7 -33,4

Paraíba 44,2 13,8 -30,4

Alagoas 61,1 31,6 -29,5

Piauí 59,5 33,7 -25,8

Sergipe 34,4 21,9 -12,5

Bahia 32,8 25,2 -7,6

11.1 31.6

0.412.6

0 - 9,0

9,1 - 13,9

14,0 - 22,4

Above 22,4

Brazil

1997 2002 2006

Brazil North

Brazil

Northeast

Semi-arid

Center-West

Southeast

6.4. Nursery school attendance (%), children between 0 to 3 years, 2007

6.5 Nursery school attendance (%) children between 0 to 3 years 2007,Ranking of States in Brazil

In terms of geographicaldisparities, the gaps are

enormous when it comes toaccess to nursery school. The

average attendance rate ofchildren between 0 to 3 years

attending nursery school in theNorth Region is nearly two

times lesser than that of theaverage rate for the northeastand almost three times lesserthan the average rates for the

south and southeast.

Only 1 out of the 9 millionchildren (between 0-3 years) in

Brazil who are out of schoollive in the North Region; but

within the region itself, thisfigure represents around 95%of the total number of childrenaged 0-3 years. The last IBGEHousehold survey pointed out

that basically all childrenbetween 0-3 years who are

living with mothers who havenot had access to primary

education are out of school inthe North Region, pointing

towards the strong linkagesbetween children’s educationand the educational levels of

mothers.

Although access to nurseryschool in Brazil has more thandoubled during the last tenyears, it is still limited to 17%of children between 0 to 3years. This means, that out of11 million children between 0to 3 years of age, 9 million areout of school (83%).

Out of these 9 million children,6 million are from the fourthand fifth poorest quintiles.Without access to nurseryschool, children below 4 areoften left alone at home or areunder the supervision of otherchildren in the household whoare older than them.

Access tonurseryschool

66.1. Trends (%) on nursery school attendance, children between 0 to 3years; Brazil and Northeast Region, 1995 - 2007

6.3. Trends (%) on nursery school attendance, children between 0 to3 years; states from the Semi-arid, 2001 – 2007

6.2. Nursery schoolattendance (%), childrenbetween 0 to 3 years; Brazil,Regions and Semi-arid,2007

Source: IBGE, PNAD 1995 to 2007. Special tabulation for UNICEF.

State % State %

Santa Catarina 27,5 Paraíba 12,8

São Paulo 25,0 Maranhão 12,5

Espírito Santo 24,0 Mato Grosso 12,3

Rio de Janeiro 22,7 Roraima 11,9

Mato Grosso do Sul 21,0 Bahia 11,7

Paraná 20,6 Alagoas 11,0

Rio Grande do Norte 18,6 Tocantins 10,2

Rio Grande do Sul 18,6 Amapá 9,4

Ceará 17,6 Goiás 9,2

Distrito Federal 17,2 Pará 8,3

Pernambuco 15,8 Acre 6,6

Minas Gerais 15,7 Rondônia 6,0

Piauí 14,8 Amazonas 5,1

Sergipe 13,7 Brazilian average 17,1

Brazil

11,711,0

Northeast

1995 2001 2003 2005 2007

Brazil Northeast

State 2001 2007Evolution 2001-2007

(absolute points)

Espírito Santo 13,5 24,0 10,5

Minas Gerais 8,8 15,7 6,9

Maranhão 7,2 12,5 5,3

Piauí 10,1 14,8 4,7

Pernambuco 11,5 15,8 4,3

Bahia 7,8 11,7 3,9

Rio Grande do Norte 14,8 18,6 3,8

Paraíba 9,4 12,8 3,4

Alagoas 8,1 11,0 2,9

Sergipe 11,4 13,7 2,3

Ceará 16,6 17,6 1,0

6.6 11

17.29.2

15.814.8

0 - 6,5

6,5 - 11,5

11,5 - 16,2

Above 16,2

Brazil

Northeast

Semi-arid

Center-West

Southeast

6.4. Nursery school attendance (%), children between 0 to 3 years, 2007

6.5 Nursery school attendance (%) children between 0 to 3 years 2007,Ranking of States in Brazil

In terms of geographicaldisparities, the gaps are

enormous when it comes toaccess to nursery school. The

average attendance rate ofchildren between 0 to 3 years

attending nursery school in theNorth Region is nearly two

times lesser than that of theaverage rate for the northeastand almost three times lesserthan the average rates for the

south and southeast.

Only 1 out of the 9 millionchildren (between 0-3 years) in

Brazil who are out of schoollive in the North Region; but

within the region itself, thisfigure represents around 95%of the total number of childrenaged 0-3 years. The last IBGEHousehold survey pointed out

that basically all childrenbetween 0-3 years who are

living with mothers who havenot had access to primary

education are out of school inthe North Region, pointing

towards the strong linkagesbetween children’s educationand the educational levels of

mothers.

Although access to nurseryschool in Brazil has more thandoubled during the last tenyears, it is still limited to 17%of children between 0 to 3years. This means, that out of11 million children between 0to 3 years of age, 9 million areout of school (83%).

Out of these 9 million children,6 million are from the fourthand fifth poorest quintiles.Without access to nurseryschool, children below 4 areoften left alone at home or areunder the supervision of otherchildren in the household whoare older than them.

Access tonurseryschool

66.1. Trends (%) on nursery school attendance, children between 0 to 3years; Brazil and Northeast Region, 1995 - 2007

6.3. Trends (%) on nursery school attendance, children between 0 to3 years; states from the Semi-arid, 2001 – 2007

6.2. Nursery schoolattendance (%), childrenbetween 0 to 3 years; Brazil,Regions and Semi-arid,2007

Source: IBGE, PNAD 1995 to 2007. Special tabulation for UNICEF.

State % State %

Santa Catarina 27,5 Paraíba 12,8

São Paulo 25,0 Maranhão 12,5

Espírito Santo 24,0 Mato Grosso 12,3

Rio de Janeiro 22,7 Roraima 11,9

Mato Grosso do Sul 21,0 Bahia 11,7

Paraná 20,6 Alagoas 11,0

Rio Grande do Norte 18,6 Tocantins 10,2

Rio Grande do Sul 18,6 Amapá 9,4

Distrito Federal 17,2 Pará 8,3

Pernambuco 15,8 Acre 6,6

Minas Gerais 15,7 Rondônia 6,0

Piauí 14,8 Amazonas 5,1

Sergipe 13,7 Brazilian average 17,1

Brazil

11,711,0

Northeast

1995 2001 2003 2005 2007

Brazil Northeast

(absolute points)

Maranhão 7,2 12,5 5,3

Piauí 10,1 14,8 4,7

Bahia 7,8 11,7 3,9

Paraíba 9,4 12,8 3,4

Alagoas 8,1 11,0 2,9

Sergipe 11,4 13,7 2,3

Ceará 16,6 17,6 1,0

6.6 11

17.29.2

15.814.8

0 - 6,5

6,5 - 11,5

11,5 - 16,2

Above 16,2

Brazil

Northeast

Semi-arid

Center-West

Southeast

7.4. School attendance rate for children between 4 to 6 years. 2007 (%)

7.5. Ranking of school attendance's rate for children between 4 to 6years in Brazil by State, 2005 (%)

The states in the Semi-aridregion rated the most

successful in Brazil in relationto school attendance rates for

children aged between 4-6years, led by Ceará, which

emerged as the best rankingstate.

The greatest challenges are forthe states of the North, whereon an average only 68.2% of

children aged between 4-6years attend school.

Access to pre-schooleducation among childrengrew by 45% in Brazil duringthe last 12 years. TheNortheast Region and theSemi-arid progressed evenfurther, with pre-schoolattendance rates being higherthan that of the nationalaverage. In Brazil, 22.4% ofchildren aged between 4-6years are still out of school,which represents 2 millionchildren. In rural areas, withproblems of access, due tolittle or no transportationfacilities, access to pre-schoolis nearly half that of theestimate for urban areas.

Access toPre-school

Source: IBGE, PNAD 1995 to 2007. Special tabulation for UNICEF. * For the Semi-arid, the Rate was estimated based on data in INEP / School Census and

population estimates from IBGE's.

7.1. Trends on school attendance rate for children between 4 to 6 years; Brazil andNortheast. 1995 - 2007 (%)

7.3. Trends on the school attendance rate for children between 4 to 6years; States of the Semi-arid. 2001 - 2007

7.2. School attendance rateamong children aged 4 to 6years; Brazil, Regions andSemi-arid, 2007 (%)

State % State %

Rondônia 53,5 Santa Catarina 77,9

Rio Grande do Sul 56,8 Piauí 78,9

Amapá 56,9 Bahia 79,9

Mato Grosso 59,8 Espírito Santo 80,2

Acre 60,8 Rio de Janeiro 80,6

Goiás 64,1 Pernambuco 80,7

Mato Grosso do Sul 67,6 Roraima 82,3

Tocantins 68,1 Maranhão 83,1

Amazonas 70,6 Sergipe 84,4

Paraná 72,8 Paraíba 86,2

Alagoas 73,7 Rio Grande do Norte 86,9

Minas Gerais 76,0 Ceará 90,2

Distrito Federal 77,1 Brazilian average 77,6

(absolute points)

Paraíba 69,7 86,2 16,5

Maranhão 68,5 83,1 14,6

Bahia 66,7 79,9 13,2

Ceará 79,5 90,2 10,7

Sergipe 75,1 84,4 9,3

Alagoas 66,3 73,7 7,4

Piauí 71,7 78,9 7,2

68,472,0

Brazil

Northeast

1995 2001 2003 2005 2007

Brazil Northeast

60.8 73.7

77.164.1

80.778.9

0 - 60,5

60,5 - 71,7

71,7 - 77,9

Above 70,9

Brazil

Northeast

Semi-arid

Center-West

Southeast

7.4. School attendance rate for children between 4 to 6 years. 2007 (%)

7.5. Ranking of school attendance's rate for children between 4 to 6years in Brazil by State, 2005 (%)

The states in the Semi-aridregion rated the most

successful in Brazil in relationto school attendance rates for

children aged between 4-6years, led by Ceará, which

emerged as the best rankingstate.

The greatest challenges are forthe states of the North, whereon an average only 68.2% of

children aged between 4-6years attend school.

Access to pre-schooleducation among childrengrew by 45% in Brazil duringthe last 12 years. TheNortheast Region and theSemi-arid progressed evenfurther, with pre-schoolattendance rates being higherthan that of the nationalaverage. In Brazil, 22.4% ofchildren aged between 4-6years are still out of school,which represents 2 millionchildren. In rural areas, withproblems of access, due tolittle or no transportationfacilities, access to pre-schoolis nearly half that of theestimate for urban areas.

Access toPre-school

Source: IBGE, PNAD 1995 to 2007. Special tabulation for UNICEF. * For the Semi-arid, the Rate was estimated based on data in INEP / School Census and

population estimates from IBGE's.

7.1. Trends on school attendance rate for children between 4 to 6 years; Brazil andNortheast. 1995 - 2007 (%)

7.3. Trends on the school attendance rate for children between 4 to 6years; States of the Semi-arid. 2001 - 2007

7.2. School attendance rateamong children aged 4 to 6years; Brazil, Regions andSemi-arid, 2007 (%)

State % State %

Rio Grande do Sul 56,8 Piauí 78,9

Amapá 56,9 Bahia 79,9

Mato Grosso 59,8 Espírito Santo 80,2

Acre 60,8 Rio de Janeiro 80,6

Goiás 64,1 Pernambuco 80,7

Mato Grosso do Sul 67,6 Roraima 82,3

Tocantins 68,1 Maranhão 83,1

Amazonas 70,6 Sergipe 84,4

Paraná 72,8 Paraíba 86,2

Alagoas 73,7 Rio Grande do Norte 86,9

Minas Gerais 76,0 Ceará 90,2

Distrito Federal 77,1 Brazilian average 77,6

(absolute points)

Paraíba 69,7 86,2 16,5

Maranhão 68,5 83,1 14,6

Bahia 66,7 79,9 13,2

Ceará 79,5 90,2 10,7

Sergipe 75,1 84,4 9,3

Alagoas 66,3 73,7 7,4

Piauí 71,7 78,9 7,2

68,472,0

Brazil

Northeast

1995 2001 2003 2005 2007

Brazil Northeast

60.8 73.7

77.164.1

80.778.9

0 - 60,5

60,5 - 71,7

71,7 - 77,9

Above 70,9

Brazil

Northeast

Semi-arid

Center-West

Southeast

8.4.Illiterate children 7 - 14 year old children and adolescents, 2007 (%)

8.5. Percentage of illiterate children 7 - 14 year old children andadolescents, State ranking, 2007 (%)

Of the 10 states with the highestIlliteracy rates among 7 to 14

year old population, 8 are fromthe Semi-arid region and 2

belong to the North Region.

Factors such as geographiclocation, race, and household

income still define issues relatedto access to quality of education

and learning opportunities formany children. Around 1 out ofevery 3 children aged between7-14 years who live in the rural

areas of Maranhão cannot reador write. On the other hand, only1 out of 63 children of the same

age group living in the ruralareas of Santa Catarina areunable to read or write, thus

reflecting the gross disparities inaccess to education.

Afro-descendant brazilianchildren are twice more likely to

be illiterate than white children inthe country, and children from

the poorest quintile are 18 timesmore illiterate than those

belonging to the richest quintileof the population.

Primary school education haspractically been universalizedin Brazil. However, qualitylearning continues to be animportant challenge for thecountry.

Among school aged children,illiteracy rates have fallen by1.6 percentage points from2001 to 2007. But there arestill around 2.3 million childrenin this age group who do notknow how to read or write.

In the Northeast, it isestimated that the proportionis nearly double that of thenational average.

Literacy andBasicEducation

88.1. Trends on 7 - 14 year old children and adolescents who are illiterate, Braziland Northeast, 2001 - 2007 (%)

8.3. Trends on 7 - 14 year old children and adolescents who are illiterate,States of the Semi-arid, 2001 - 2007

8.2. 7 - 14 year old childrenand adolescents who areilliterate, Brazil, Regions andSemi-arid, 2007 (%)

Source: IBGE, PNAD 1995 a 2007. Tabulated specially for UNICEF. * For the Semi-arid region the illiteracy rate was estimated based on comparative

disparity figures for the Semi-arid region, the north east region, as per the data from the Demographic Census of 2000 series of PNADs between 2001 and

2007. It is an approximated figure that is possible for the Semi-arid region, based on the assumption that the disparity between the Semi-arid region and the

North east, is proportionate to that of the disparity between the Northeast and Brazil.

9,5 8,9 8,4Brazil

Northeast

19,518,1

16,815,3

2001 2003 2005 2007

Brazil Northeast

(absolute points)

Piauí 26,7 17,8 -8,9

Sergipe 16,4 8,0 -8,4

Alagoas 23,3 17,6 -5,7

Ceará 17,8 13,7 -4,1

Bahia 16,7 13,0 -3,7

Paraíba 17,5 15,1 -2,4

Maranhão 22,8 24,1 1,3

State % State %

Maranhão 24,1 Amapá 7,1

Piauí 17,8 Goiás 5,8

Alagoas 17,6 Espírito Santo 5,6

Acre 16,3 Mato Grosso do Sul 5,5

Pará 15,8 Mato Grosso 5,1

Rio Grande do Norte 15,7 Rio Grande do Sul 5,0

Paraíba 15,1 Rondônia 4,7

Ceará 13,7 Minas Gerais 4,6

Pernambuco 13,3 Rio de Janeiro 4,2

Bahia 13,0 Distrito Federal 4,0

Roraima 9,8 São Paulo 3,8

Amazonas 9,6 Paraná 3,0

Sergipe 8,0 Santa Catarina 2,3

Tocantins 7,2 Brazilian average 8,4

16.3 17.6

13.317.8

0 - 4,2

4,2 - 7,0

7,0 - 17,1

Above 17,1

Brazil

Northeast

Semi-arid

Center-West

Southeast

8.4.Illiterate children 7 - 14 year old children and adolescents, 2007 (%)

8.5. Percentage of illiterate children 7 - 14 year old children andadolescents, State ranking, 2007 (%)

Of the 10 states with the highestIlliteracy rates among 7 to 14

year old population, 8 are fromthe Semi-arid region and 2

belong to the North Region.

Factors such as geographiclocation, race, and household

income still define issues relatedto access to quality of education

and learning opportunities formany children. Around 1 out ofevery 3 children aged between7-14 years who live in the rural

areas of Maranhão cannot reador write. On the other hand, only1 out of 63 children of the same

age group living in the ruralareas of Santa Catarina areunable to read or write, thus

reflecting the gross disparities inaccess to education.

Afro-descendant brazilianchildren are twice more likely to

be illiterate than white children inthe country, and children from

the poorest quintile are 18 timesmore illiterate than those

belonging to the richest quintileof the population.

Primary school education haspractically been universalizedin Brazil. However, qualitylearning continues to be animportant challenge for thecountry.

Among school aged children,illiteracy rates have fallen by1.6 percentage points from2001 to 2007. But there arestill around 2.3 million childrenin this age group who do notknow how to read or write.

In the Northeast, it isestimated that the proportionis nearly double that of thenational average.

Literacy andBasicEducation

88.1. Trends on 7 - 14 year old children and adolescents who are illiterate, Braziland Northeast, 2001 - 2007 (%)

8.3. Trends on 7 - 14 year old children and adolescents who are illiterate,States of the Semi-arid, 2001 - 2007

8.2. 7 - 14 year old childrenand adolescents who areilliterate, Brazil, Regions andSemi-arid, 2007 (%)

Source: IBGE, PNAD 1995 a 2007. Tabulated specially for UNICEF. * For the Semi-arid region the illiteracy rate was estimated based on comparative

disparity figures for the Semi-arid region, the north east region, as per the data from the Demographic Census of 2000 series of PNADs between 2001 and

2007. It is an approximated figure that is possible for the Semi-arid region, based on the assumption that the disparity between the Semi-arid region and the

North east, is proportionate to that of the disparity between the Northeast and Brazil.

9,5 8,9 8,4Brazil

Northeast

19,518,1

16,815,3

2001 2003 2005 2007

Brazil Northeast

(absolute points)

Piauí 26,7 17,8 -8,9

Sergipe 16,4 8,0 -8,4

Alagoas 23,3 17,6 -5,7

Ceará 17,8 13,7 -4,1

Bahia 16,7 13,0 -3,7

Paraíba 17,5 15,1 -2,4

Maranhão 22,8 24,1 1,3

State % State %

Maranhão 24,1 Amapá 7,1

Alagoas 17,6 Espírito Santo 5,6

Acre 16,3 Mato Grosso do Sul 5,5

Paraíba 15,1 Rondônia 4,7

Ceará 13,7 Minas Gerais 4,6

Pernambuco 13,3 Rio de Janeiro 4,2

Bahia 13,0 Distrito Federal 4,0

Roraima 9,8 São Paulo 3,8

Amazonas 9,6 Paraná 3,0

Tocantins 7,2 Brazilian average 8,4

16.3 17.6

13.317.8

0 - 4,2

4,2 - 7,0

7,0 - 17,1

Above 17,1

Brazil

Northeast

Center-West

Southeast

9.4. Illiteracy rate among adolescents between 12 and 17 years, 2007 (%)

9.5. Ranking on Illiteracy rate among adolescents between 12 and 17years, States ranking, 2007 (%)

Even though significantimprovements have been

made, the states in the Semi-arid region of Brazil still

continue to present the highestilliteracy rates for the entire

country.

Among the states there hasbeen seen to be disparities ofup to 17 times, as in the case

of Amapá and Maranhão.

Among adolescents, theproblem of illiteracy is achallenge yet to be overcomewith nearly 400 thousandadolescents who do notknow how to read or write.There is an important needfor disparity reductionbetween the rates in theNorth and Northeast Regionsand Brazil.

99.1. % Trends on Illiteracy rate among adolescents between 12 and 17 years, forBrasil and the Northeast, 2001 - 2007

9.3. % Trends on Illiteracy rate among adolescents between 12 and 17 years,states in the Semi-Arid region, 2001 - 2007

9.2. % of Adolescentsbetween 12 and 17 yearswho are illiterate, Brasiland Regions,2007 (%)

Illiteracyamongadolescents

Source: IBGE, PNAD 1995 and 2007.

2,4 2,1 1,9

Brazil

Northeast

2001 2003 2005 2007

Brazil Northeast

(absolute points)

Piauí 10,5 4,0 -6,5

Sergipe 6,0 1,6 -4,4

Alagoas 10,0 6,0 -4,0

Bahia 4,6 2,4 -2,2

Paraíba 7,2 5,2 -2,0

Ceará 5,4 3,4 -2,0

Maranhão 7,0 6,9 -0,1

State % State %

Maranhão 6,9 Roraima 1,0

Paraíba 5,2 Rio Grande do Sul 0,9

Acre 4,9 Minas Gerais 0,9

Piauí 4,0 Rio de Janeiro 0,9

Pernambuco 3,7 Paraná 0,8

Rio Grande do Norte 3,5 Mato Grosso 0,8

Bahia 2,4 Rondônia 0,6

Amazonas 1,7 Distrito Federal 0,5

Tocantins 1,5 Amapá 0,4

0.50.7

0 - 0,9

0,9 -1,2

1,2 - 4,6

Above 4,6

Brazil

Northeast

Center-West

Southeast

9.4. Illiteracy rate among adolescents between 12 and 17 years, 2007 (%)

9.5. Ranking on Illiteracy rate among adolescents between 12 and 17years, States ranking, 2007 (%)

Even though significantimprovements have been

made, the states in the Semi-arid region of Brazil still

continue to present the highestilliteracy rates for the entire

country.

Among the states there hasbeen seen to be disparities ofup to 17 times, as in the case

of Amapá and Maranhão.

Among adolescents, theproblem of illiteracy is achallenge yet to be overcomewith nearly 400 thousandadolescents who do notknow how to read or write.There is an important needfor disparity reductionbetween the rates in theNorth and Northeast Regionsand Brazil.

99.1. % Trends on Illiteracy rate among adolescents between 12 and 17 years, forBrasil and the Northeast, 2001 - 2007

9.3. % Trends on Illiteracy rate among adolescents between 12 and 17 years,states in the Semi-Arid region, 2001 - 2007

9.2. % of Adolescentsbetween 12 and 17 yearswho are illiterate, Brasiland Regions,2007 (%)

Illiteracyamongadolescents

Source: IBGE, PNAD 1995 and 2007.

2,4 2,1 1,9

Brazil

Northeast

2001 2003 2005 2007

Brazil Northeast

(absolute points)

Piauí 10,5 4,0 -6,5

Sergipe 6,0 1,6 -4,4

Alagoas 10,0 6,0 -4,0

Bahia 4,6 2,4 -2,2

Paraíba 7,2 5,2 -2,0

Ceará 5,4 3,4 -2,0

Maranhão 7,0 6,9 -0,1

State % State %

Maranhão 6,9 Roraima 1,0

Paraíba 5,2 Rio Grande do Sul 0,9

Piauí 4,0 Rio de Janeiro 0,9

Pernambuco 3,7 Paraná 0,8

Rio Grande do Norte 3,5 Mato Grosso 0,8

Bahia 2,4 Rondônia 0,6

Amazonas 1,7 Distrito Federal 0,5

Tocantins 1,5 Amapá 0,4

0.50.7

0 - 0,9

0,9 -1,2

1,2 - 4,6

Above 4,6

Brazil

Northeast

Semi-arid

Center-West

Southeast

10.4. Ante-natal care (more than 6 visits), 2006 (%)

10.5. Ante-natal care (more than 6 visits), States ranking, 2006 (%)

In the context of access to anti-natal care for women, it is

important to point out that in thearea of reproductive health,

women's access to qualityservices has often remainedunequal, but is worsened in

situations where acute socialand economic inequities exist as

gender discrimination iscompounded by racial,

generational and geographicfactors.

The mapping of thedisaggregated coverage rates

on anti-natal care in Brazilreveals that some of the

estimates for the Semi-arid arehigher than those of the North

Region. In some of these areas,the expansion of quality health

care services including those foradolescents, strengthening of

the existing Maternal DeathStudy and Prevention

Committees and promoting theirestablishment in each of themunicipalities, encouraging

women to seek anti-natal andpost natal care services are

some of the critical actions thatwould lead to more equitable

coverage.

Today about 50% of pregnantwomen in Brazil alreadycomply with the minimumrecommendation on anti-natalcare (ANC) visits. Despite thefact that the Northeast Regionhas improved ANC accessover time, the gap betweennational figures and thisRegion has increased (chart10.1) from 1998 tp 2006. TheFigure 10.1 on the Trends onAnti-natal care rates alsodemonstrates the significantdifference between thenational estimate which is at54.4% and that of thenortheast, lagging behind at35.7%.

Access toAnti-natalCare

Source: MS/SINASC 1998 to 2006.

10.1. Trends on Ante-natal care rates (more than 6 visits), Brazil and Northeast,1998 - 2006 (%)

10.3. Trends on Ante-natal care (more than 6 visits), States of the Semi-arid, 1998 - 2006

10.2.Ante-natal care (morethan 6 visits), Brazil,Rigions and Semi-arid,2006 (%)

State 1998 2006Evolution 1995 - 2006

(absolute points)

Sergipe 26,5 45,7 19,2

Ceará 29,7 42,5 12,8

Piauí 30,7 43,1 12,4

Alagoas 32,9 44,1 11,2

Paraíba 41,4 47,2 5,8

Bahia 30,9 34,0 3,1

Maranhão 24,2 25,1 0,9

State % State %

Amapa 23,6 Sergipe 45,7

Maranhão 25,1 Paraíba 47,2

Amazonas 28,1 DF 54,6

Rondonia 31,9 Goiás 60,6

Bahia 34,0 Espírito Santo 61,0

Roraima 35,3 Rio de Janeiro 62,4

Tocantins 39,4 Mato Grosso do Sul 62,6

Pernambuco 42,5 Santa Catarina 65,3

Rio Grande do Norte 43,1 São Paulo 74,3

Piauí 43,1 Paraná 74,8

Alagoas 44,1 Brazilian average 54,4

29.7 44.1

54.660.6

42.543.1

0 - 31,5

31,5 - 42,1

42,1 - 58,4

Above 58,4

Brazil

Northeast

1998 2001 2006

Brazil Northeast

Brazil

Northeast

Semi-arid

Center-West

Southeast

10.4. Ante-natal care (more than 6 visits), 2006 (%)

10.5. Ante-natal care (more than 6 visits), States ranking, 2006 (%)

In the context of access to anti-natal care for women, it is

important to point out that in thearea of reproductive health,

women's access to qualityservices has often remainedunequal, but is worsened in

situations where acute socialand economic inequities exist as

gender discrimination iscompounded by racial,

generational and geographicfactors.

The mapping of thedisaggregated coverage rates

on anti-natal care in Brazilreveals that some of the

estimates for the Semi-arid arehigher than those of the North

Region. In some of these areas,the expansion of quality health

care services including those foradolescents, strengthening of

the existing Maternal DeathStudy and Prevention

Committees and promoting theirestablishment in each of themunicipalities, encouraging

women to seek anti-natal andpost natal care services are

some of the critical actions thatwould lead to more equitable

coverage.

Today about 50% of pregnantwomen in Brazil alreadycomply with the minimumrecommendation on anti-natalcare (ANC) visits. Despite thefact that the Northeast Regionhas improved ANC accessover time, the gap betweennational figures and thisRegion has increased (chart10.1) from 1998 tp 2006. TheFigure 10.1 on the Trends onAnti-natal care rates alsodemonstrates the significantdifference between thenational estimate which is at54.4% and that of thenortheast, lagging behind at35.7%.

Access toAnti-natalCare

Source: MS/SINASC 1998 to 2006.

10.1. Trends on Ante-natal care rates (more than 6 visits), Brazil and Northeast,1998 - 2006 (%)

10.3. Trends on Ante-natal care (more than 6 visits), States of the Semi-arid, 1998 - 2006

10.2.Ante-natal care (morethan 6 visits), Brazil,Rigions and Semi-arid,2006 (%)

State 1998 2006Evolution 1995 - 2006

(absolute points)

Sergipe 26,5 45,7 19,2

Ceará 29,7 42,5 12,8

Piauí 30,7 43,1 12,4

Alagoas 32,9 44,1 11,2

Paraíba 41,4 47,2 5,8

Bahia 30,9 34,0 3,1

Maranhão 24,2 25,1 0,9

State % State %

Amapa 23,6 Sergipe 45,7

Maranhão 25,1 Paraíba 47,2

Amazonas 28,1 DF 54,6

Rondonia 31,9 Goiás 60,6

Roraima 35,3 Rio de Janeiro 62,4

Pernambuco 42,5 Santa Catarina 65,3

Rio Grande do Norte 43,1 São Paulo 74,3

Piauí 43,1 Paraná 74,8

Alagoas 44,1 Brazilian average 54,4

29.7 44.1

54.660.6

42.543.1

0 - 31,5

31,5 - 42,1

42,1 - 58,4

Above 58,4

Brazil

Northeast

1998 2001 2006

Brazil Northeast

Brazil

Northeast

Center-West

Southeast

11.4. Homicide rate among 10 to 19 years-olds, Brazil and Northeast, 2005 (per100 thousand pop)

11.5. Homicide rate among 10 to 19 years-olds, State ranking, 2005(per 100 thousand pop)

Most of the homicides usuallyoccur in the states located in

the centre south regions of thecountry, specifically in the

southeast. However, somecities of the Semi-arid states

are of special concern, such asPernambuco and Alagoas,

which are among those stateswhere homicide cases have

increased in the last 8 years.

Over the years, the killingshave increased in Brazil,affecting more and morechildren and adolescents.Between 1996 and 2005,there has been a 23% growthin homicide rates in Brazil. Inthe northeast, although thehomicidal rate among the 10-19 year olds is 12% lowerthan that of the average forBrazil, overall this rateincreased by more than 60%.

More than 8,000 children andadolescents aged 10-19years died due to violenceand assault in 2005, themajority of them being youngafro-brazilian boys. On anaverage, 22 adolescents diedeach day, of whom 14 wereof afro-brazilians. In somestates such as Rio de Janeiroand São Paulo, boys in thisage group are about fivetimes more likely to die thangirls.

ViolenceagainstAdolescents

Source: MS/SIM and IBGE, PNAD 2004, Censo Demográfico 2000 and Contagem Populacional 1996.

11.1. Trends on Homicide rate among 10 to 19 years-olds, Brazil and NortheastRegion, 1996 - 2005 (per 100 thousand pop)

11.3. Trends on Homicide rate among 10 to 19 years-olds, States of theSemi-arid, 1996 - 2005 (per 100 thousand pop)

11.2. Homicide rate among10 to 19 years-olds, Braziland Regions, 2005 (per 100thousand pop)

State 1996 2005Evolution 1996 - 2005

(absolute points)

Alagoas 13,2 33,4 20,2

Ceará 8,0 14,9 6,9

Maranhão 3,5 8,7 5,1

Piauí 2,8 7,9 5,1

Bahia 10,4 13,1 2,8

Paraíba 14,0 16,5 2,5

Sergipe 9,5 10,9 1,4

State State

Rio de Janeiro 47,1 Paraíba 16,5

Pernambuco 43,9 Rio Grande do Sul 15,1

Espírito Santo 40,7 Ceará 14,9

Amapá 34,5 Acre 14,2

Alagoas 33,4 Amazonas 13,7

Paraná 30,4 Bahia 13,1

Distrito Federal 29,6 Roraima 11,9

Mato Grosso do Sul 23,0 Sergipe 10,9

Goiás 21,0 Rio Grande do Norte 9,5

Minas Gerais 20,1 Maranhão 8,7

Mato Grosso 20,0 Piauí 7,9

Pará 19,5 Tocantins 6,5

São Paulo 16,8 Brazilian average 20,5

0 - 11,6

11,6 - 15,5

15,5 - 23,5

Above 23,5

14.2 33.4

29.621

43.97.9

Brazil

Northeast

1996 2004 2005

Brazil Northeast

Brazil

Northeast

Center-West

Southeast

11.4. Homicide rate among 10 to 19 years-olds, Brazil and Northeast, 2005 (per100 thousand pop)

11.5. Homicide rate among 10 to 19 years-olds, State ranking, 2005(per 100 thousand pop)

Most of the homicides usuallyoccur in the states located in

the centre south regions of thecountry, specifically in the

southeast. However, somecities of the Semi-arid states

are of special concern, such asPernambuco and Alagoas,

which are among those stateswhere homicide cases have

increased in the last 8 years.

Over the years, the killingshave increased in Brazil,affecting more and morechildren and adolescents.Between 1996 and 2005,there has been a 23% growthin homicide rates in Brazil. Inthe northeast, although thehomicidal rate among the 10-19 year olds is 12% lowerthan that of the average forBrazil, overall this rateincreased by more than 60%.

More than 8,000 children andadolescents aged 10-19years died due to violenceand assault in 2005, themajority of them being youngafro-brazilian boys. On anaverage, 22 adolescents diedeach day, of whom 14 wereof afro-brazilians. In somestates such as Rio de Janeiroand São Paulo, boys in thisage group are about fivetimes more likely to die thangirls.

ViolenceagainstAdolescents

Source: MS/SIM and IBGE, PNAD 2004, Censo Demográfico 2000 and Contagem Populacional 1996.

11.1. Trends on Homicide rate among 10 to 19 years-olds, Brazil and NortheastRegion, 1996 - 2005 (per 100 thousand pop)

11.3. Trends on Homicide rate among 10 to 19 years-olds, States of theSemi-arid, 1996 - 2005 (per 100 thousand pop)

11.2. Homicide rate among10 to 19 years-olds, Braziland Regions, 2005 (per 100thousand pop)

State 1996 2005Evolution 1996 - 2005

(absolute points)

Alagoas 13,2 33,4 20,2

Ceará 8,0 14,9 6,9

Maranhão 3,5 8,7 5,1

Piauí 2,8 7,9 5,1

Bahia 10,4 13,1 2,8

Paraíba 14,0 16,5 2,5

Sergipe 9,5 10,9 1,4

State State

Rio de Janeiro 47,1 Paraíba 16,5

Pernambuco 43,9 Rio Grande do Sul 15,1

Espírito Santo 40,7 Ceará 14,9

Amapá 34,5 Acre 14,2

Alagoas 33,4 Amazonas 13,7

Paraná 30,4 Bahia 13,1

Distrito Federal 29,6 Roraima 11,9

Mato Grosso do Sul 23,0 Sergipe 10,9

Goiás 21,0 Rio Grande do Norte 9,5

Minas Gerais 20,1 Maranhão 8,7

Mato Grosso 20,0 Piauí 7,9

Pará 19,5 Tocantins 6,5

São Paulo 16,8 Brazilian average 20,5

0 - 11,6

11,6 - 15,5

15,5 - 23,5

Above 23,5

14.2 33.4

29.621

43.97.9

Brazil

Northeast

1996 2004 2005

Brazil Northeast

12.4. Children and adolescents 10 to 15 years-old working, 2007 (%)

12.5. Ranking of Brazilian States by percentage of children andadolescents 10 to 15 years-old working, 2007 (%)

Most of the child labour islocated in the Semi-arid region,where a child aged 10-15 years

is 70% more likely to work ifcompared with the remaining of

Brazil. The Amazon area alsofaces challenges on the issue of

child labour. It is the secondworst region in terms of the

proportion of 10-15 year oldswho are part of the workforce,

and this proportion is the worstfor children who are full time

labourers, at 4.1% or 87thousand children who are either

fully occupied with householdduties or are working outside ofthe home to earn an income for

the family.

Child labour has beendropping steadily over the lastyears, with a small fluctuationin 2005. At the sub-nationallevel, rates for child labouralso dropped in the otherstates. However, disparitiesremain and, in some cases,have even showed anincrease such as the case ofRio Grande do Norte, wherechild labour (10-15yrs)increased by 1.8%.

Among 5-15 year old children,2.5 million are working inBrazil (2007), although thefigure has decreased by 500thousand since 2002.However it is still an alarmingfigure, especially consideringthat in 15% of these cases,the child contributes to morethan 30% of the householdincome.

1212.1. Children and Adolescents between 10 and 15 years-old working, Brazil andNortheast Region, 2001 - 2007 (%)

ChildLabour

Source: IBGE, PNAD 1995 to 2007. Special tabulation for UNICEF. Population 10 to 15 years-old occupied (all types of work) during the week the survey was

* For the Semi-Arid, the number was calculated based on the disparity rate between the Semi-Arid, the Northeast and Brazil, taking as reference the Brazilian

2000 Census and the PNADs from 2001 to 2007. This number is a proxy for the Semi-Arid region taking into the consideration the hypothesis that the disparities

between the region and the Northeast, and between the Northeast and Brazil remained similar.

States 2001 2007

Evolution 2001 to

2007 (Absolute

Numbers)

Alagoas 20,4 12,9 -7,5

Maranhão 28,9 21,5 -7,5

Bahia 20,6 15,0 -5,5

Ceará 20,2 15,4 -4,8

Piauí 22,2 17,7 -4,5

Sergipe 14,3 10,3 -4,0

Paraíba 15,6 13,8 -1,8

12.3. Trends on % of children and adolescents 10 to 15 years-old working,Semi-Arid States, 2001-2007

State % State %

Maranhão 21,5 Alagoas 12,9

Acre 20,1 Mato Grosso 12,4

Piauí 17,7 Minas Gerais 10,7

Rondônia 16,1 Roraima 10,5

Ceará 15,4 Sergipe 10,3

Bahia 15,0 Amazonas 10,1

Rio Grande do Norte 14,9 Espírito Santo 9,6

Pernambuco 13,8 Goiás 8,9

Paraíba 13,8 Amapá 6,5

Santa Catarina 13,6 São Paulo 4,7

Pará 13,2 Rio de Janeiro 3,1

Rio Grande do Sul 13,1 Distrito Federal 2,8

Paraná 13,0 Average for Brazil 10,9

Brazil

Northeast

Semi-Arid

Brazil

13,9 10,9

12,712,6

19,018,7

Northeast

2001 2003 2005 2007

Brazil Northeast

20.1 12.9

2.88.9

0 - 10,1

10,2 - 13,0

13,1 - 15,0

Above 15,0

12.2. Children andAdolescents working,Brazil, Northeast andSemi-Arid, 2007 (%)

12.4. Children and adolescents 10 to 15 years-old working, 2007 (%)

12.5. Ranking of Brazilian States by percentage of children andadolescents 10 to 15 years-old working, 2007 (%)

Most of the child labour islocated in the Semi-arid region,where a child aged 10-15 years

is 70% more likely to work ifcompared with the remaining of

Brazil. The Amazon area alsofaces challenges on the issue of

child labour. It is the secondworst region in terms of the

proportion of 10-15 year oldswho are part of the workforce,

and this proportion is the worstfor children who are full time

labourers, at 4.1% or 87thousand children who are either

fully occupied with householdduties or are working outside ofthe home to earn an income for

the family.

Child labour has beendropping steadily over the lastyears, with a small fluctuationin 2005. At the sub-nationallevel, rates for child labouralso dropped in the otherstates. However, disparitiesremain and, in some cases,have even showed anincrease such as the case ofRio Grande do Norte, wherechild labour (10-15yrs)increased by 1.8%.

Among 5-15 year old children,2.5 million are working inBrazil (2007), although thefigure has decreased by 500thousand since 2002.However it is still an alarmingfigure, especially consideringthat in 15% of these cases,the child contributes to morethan 30% of the householdincome.

1212.1. Children and Adolescents between 10 and 15 years-old working, Brazil andNortheast Region, 2001 - 2007 (%)

ChildLabour

Source: IBGE, PNAD 1995 to 2007. Special tabulation for UNICEF. Population 10 to 15 years-old occupied (all types of work) during the week the survey was

* For the Semi-Arid, the number was calculated based on the disparity rate between the Semi-Arid, the Northeast and Brazil, taking as reference the Brazilian

2000 Census and the PNADs from 2001 to 2007. This number is a proxy for the Semi-Arid region taking into the consideration the hypothesis that the disparities

between the region and the Northeast, and between the Northeast and Brazil remained similar.

States 2001 2007

Evolution 2001 to

2007 (Absolute

Numbers)

Alagoas 20,4 12,9 -7,5

Maranhão 28,9 21,5 -7,5

Bahia 20,6 15,0 -5,5

Ceará 20,2 15,4 -4,8

Piauí 22,2 17,7 -4,5

Sergipe 14,3 10,3 -4,0

Paraíba 15,6 13,8 -1,8

12.3. Trends on % of children and adolescents 10 to 15 years-old working,Semi-Arid States, 2001-2007

State % State %

Maranhão 21,5 Alagoas 12,9

Acre 20,1 Mato Grosso 12,4

Piauí 17,7 Minas Gerais 10,7

Rondônia 16,1 Roraima 10,5

Ceará 15,4 Sergipe 10,3

Bahia 15,0 Amazonas 10,1

Rio Grande do Norte 14,9 Espírito Santo 9,6

Pernambuco 13,8 Goiás 8,9

Paraíba 13,8 Amapá 6,5

Santa Catarina 13,6 São Paulo 4,7

Pará 13,2 Rio de Janeiro 3,1

Rio Grande do Sul 13,1 Distrito Federal 2,8

Paraná 13,0 Average for Brazil 10,9

Brazil

Northeast

Semi-Arid

Brazil

13,9 10,9

12,712,6

19,018,7

Northeast

2001 2003 2005 2007

Brazil Northeast

20.1 12.9

2.88.9

0 - 10,1

10,2 - 13,0

13,1 - 15,0

Above 15,0

12.2. Children andAdolescents working,Brazil, Northeast andSemi-Arid, 2007 (%)

Brazil

Northeast

Center-West

Southeast

Access to safe, potable wateris crucial to the health andhygiene of the population, andhas a great impact on thelives of children.

Since 2001, the proportion ofchildren living without accessto safe drinking water droppedby 38% in Brazil. In theNortheast Region it fell by40%, but when compared tothe rate for Brazil which is at4.1% (2007) the figure of10.3% for the Region is stillover twice the nationalaverage. Out of the 2.4 millionBrazilian children living inhouseholds without safedrinking water, 1.8 million livein the Northeast.

In the year 2000, theproportion for the Semi-aridzone was more than doublethat of the average of Brazil,clearly pointing towards amajor problem in the Region.

1313.1. Trends on % children living in households without access to improved watersources, Brazil and Northeast, 2001 - 2007 (%)

13.3. Trends on % children living in households without access to improved watersources, States of the Semi-arid, 2001 - 2007

13.2. % children living inhouseholds withoutaccess to improved watersources, Brazil andRegions, 2007 (%)

Access tosafe drinkingwater

Source: IBGE, PNAD 1995 - 2005. Special tabulation.

5,74,1

Brazil

Northeast

2001 2003 2007

Brazil Northeast

State 2001 2007Evolution 2001 - 2007

(absolute points)

Piauí 27,6 13,6 -14,0

Ceará 19,5 7,7 -11,8

Paraíba 16,5 7,7 -8,8

Bahia 17,6 9,4 -8,1

Maranhão 14,2 6,3 -7,8

Sergipe 6,8 5,5 -1,3

Alagoas 14,5 16,9 2,4

13.4. % children living in households without access to improved watersources, 2007 (%)

13.5. % children living in households without access to improved watersources,States ranking, 2007 (%)

Nearly every state in the Semi-arid showed improvements on

the issue of access to safewater for children and

adolescents. However, itcontinues to be a characteristic

challenge for the Region, withdisparities of up to 173 times

when compared with otherBrazilian states, such as Santa

Catarina and Pernambuco.

Other important disparities inthis area also present

challenges to the issue of equityand access to basic services:

The proportion of childrenwithout access to safe water is20 times higher for the poorest

quintile compared to the richestone; 11 times higher amongst

the rural population whencompared to their urban

counterparts and almost 3 timeshigher for afro-brazilian in

comparison with white children.

State % State %

Pernambuco 17,3 Rondônia 1,4

Alagoas 16,9 Tocantins 1,1

Amazonas 9,0 Roraima 0,7

Paraíba 7,7 Mato Grosso do Sul 0,6

Ceará 7,7 Rio de Janeiro 0,6

Sergipe 5,5 São Paulo 0,4

Acre 5,2 Paraná 0,3

Pará 4,6 Distrito Federal 0,2

Amapá 2,9 Santa Catarina 0,1Minas Gerais 1,6 Brazilian average 4,1

5.2 16.9

0.20.8

0,1 - 0,6

0,7 - 2,9

3,0 - 7,7

7,8 - 17,3

Brazil

Northeast

Center-West

Southeast

Access to safe, potable wateris crucial to the health andhygiene of the population, andhas a great impact on thelives of children.

Since 2001, the proportion ofchildren living without accessto safe drinking water droppedby 38% in Brazil. In theNortheast Region it fell by40%, but when compared tothe rate for Brazil which is at4.1% (2007) the figure of10.3% for the Region is stillover twice the nationalaverage. Out of the 2.4 millionBrazilian children living inhouseholds without safedrinking water, 1.8 million livein the Northeast.

In the year 2000, theproportion for the Semi-aridzone was more than doublethat of the average of Brazil,clearly pointing towards amajor problem in the Region.

1313.1. Trends on % children living in households without access to improved watersources, Brazil and Northeast, 2001 - 2007 (%)

13.3. Trends on % children living in households without access to improved watersources, States of the Semi-arid, 2001 - 2007

13.2. % children living inhouseholds withoutaccess to improved watersources, Brazil andRegions, 2007 (%)

Access tosafe drinkingwater

Source: IBGE, PNAD 1995 - 2005. Special tabulation.

5,74,1

Brazil

Northeast

2001 2003 2007

Brazil Northeast

State 2001 2007Evolution 2001 - 2007

(absolute points)

Piauí 27,6 13,6 -14,0

Ceará 19,5 7,7 -11,8

Paraíba 16,5 7,7 -8,8

Bahia 17,6 9,4 -8,1

Maranhão 14,2 6,3 -7,8

Sergipe 6,8 5,5 -1,3

Alagoas 14,5 16,9 2,4

13.4. % children living in households without access to improved watersources, 2007 (%)

13.5. % children living in households without access to improved watersources,States ranking, 2007 (%)

Nearly every state in the Semi-arid showed improvements on

the issue of access to safewater for children and

adolescents. However, itcontinues to be a characteristic

challenge for the Region, withdisparities of up to 173 times

when compared with otherBrazilian states, such as Santa

Catarina and Pernambuco.

Other important disparities inthis area also present

challenges to the issue of equityand access to basic services:

The proportion of childrenwithout access to safe water is20 times higher for the poorest

quintile compared to the richestone; 11 times higher amongst

the rural population whencompared to their urban

counterparts and almost 3 timeshigher for afro-brazilian in

comparison with white children.

State % State %

Pernambuco 17,3 Rondônia 1,4

Alagoas 16,9 Tocantins 1,1

Amazonas 9,0 Roraima 0,7

Paraíba 7,7 Mato Grosso do Sul 0,6

Ceará 7,7 Rio de Janeiro 0,6

Sergipe 5,5 São Paulo 0,4

Acre 5,2 Paraná 0,3

Pará 4,6 Distrito Federal 0,2

Amapá 2,9 Santa Catarina 0,1Minas Gerais 1,6 Brazilian average 4,1

5.2 16.9

0.20.8

0,1 - 0,6

0,7 - 2,9

3,0 - 7,7

7,8 - 17,3

situation of brazilian children and adolescents ... world, by geographical area and in terms of its...

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