situational awareness / photo and video flights why discuss? scratch mitchell – cjaa 2015
TRANSCRIPT
Situational Awareness /Photo and Video Flights
WHY DISCUSS?
Scratch Mitchell – CJAA 2015
• RCAF 1989 – 2010 (CF 5 / CF18)• CF-18 demo pilot – 1999• Snowbird 7 – 2000 – 2002• Snowbird Lead – 2007 – 2008• Hawk One F-86 demo pilot – 2011• Patriots Jet Team – 2011 –• ICAS ACE Committee – 2012 -
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Outline
• Situational Awareness;• Levels of Situational Awareness;• Causes of Lost Situational Awareness;• Building / Regaining Situational Awareness;
and• SA and Photo / Video Shoots
43 Jul 03
53 Jul 03
Situational Awareness
• “The perception of the elements in the environment within a volume of time and space, the comprehension of their meaning and the projection of their status in the near future.”
Knowing what’s going on around you!Or…
Your mental picture (model)of the current state.
63 Jul 03
Situational Awareness
What ishappening
What hashappened
What mighthappen
SA
73 Jul 03
Situational Awareness Pre-Requisites
• In order to have “S.A.”, you must know…• Your own abilities and limitations;• Your team’s abilities and limitations;• Your equipment/resources;• Your rules and procedures;• Your environment; and• Your mission!
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Total SA Requirements
• Geographical SA;– Location of self, other aircraft, terrain, etc.
• Spatial/Temporal SA;– Heading, altitude, speed, etc.
• System SA;– System status, settings of radio, altimeter, etc.
• Environmental SA; and– Weather formations, areas to avoid, etc.
• Mission SA. – Critical phases– Mission status, capabilities, threats, timings, etc.
93 Jul 03
Levels of Situation Awareness
Perception
Comprehension
Projection
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3
2
10
Levels of Situation Awareness
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Situational Awareness
1 2Levels and =
3Level =
Perception
Comprehension
Projection
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3
2
123 Jul 03
Factors Affecting SA
• SA is challenged by limits caused by:• Human attention; and• Working memory.
• Experience and training are the primary mechanisms for overcoming these limitations.
143 Jul 03
Causes of Loss of SA
• Time pressure;• Misdirected attention;• Lack of knowledge regarding situation;• Self-imposed pressure;• Distraction by irrelevant stimuli;• Low workload – complacency; and• High workload - task saturation.
163 Jul 03
Symptoms of Lost S.A. (Aircrew)
1. Ambiguity;2. Fixation or Preoccupation;3. Confusion or an Empty Feeling;4. No One Flying the Aircraft;5. No One Looking Out the Window;6. Use of an Undocumented Procedure;7. Violating Limitations;8. Departure From SOP;9. Unresolved Discrepancies;10. Failure to Meet Targets (show performance); and11. Reduced or Poor Communications.
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Recovering from Lost SA (Aircrew)
• Admit and verbalize the loss of SA;• Revert back to basics;• Communicate• Create some space; Climb to cope• Make some time;• Seek information – OODA Process; and
• Observe• Orient• Decide • Act
• Obtain feedback.
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213 Jul 03
Your SA Flashlight
223 Jul 03
Your SA Flashlight
233 Jul 03
Your SA Flashlight
243 Jul 03
Your SA Flashlight
253 Jul 03
Your SA Flashlight
263 Jul 03
Your SA Flashlight
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S.A. “Prescription”
• Keep your “SA flashlight” moving;• Update your SA whenever the situation changes;• Update SA after completion of each task and sub-
task;• Return to the “big picture” whenever there is time;• Whenever possible, stay task-driven; and• Watch for signs of degraded SA.
283 Jul 03
SA and Media Shoots
293 Jul 03
The Highest Risk Flying We Do!
• WHY– Often Ad Hoc – “Can I join in” “Why don’t we
just…”– People not knowing the risks / variables– Assuming it’s just formation flying– Seldom a solid brief / debrief cycle
303 Jul 03
Brief and Debrief
• Brief – Who’s lead?• Execute• Debrief
313 Jul 03
Know the Mission
• The shot list• Who, What, Where, When
323 Jul 03
Knowing the Players
• Backgrounds– Pilots (camera ship / subject a/c)– Camera crew
333 Jul 03
Know the Aircraft
• Particularly for dissimilar a/c– Airspeeds
• Slow speed handling qualities
– Helo / Cineflex shooting– Drones?
343 Jul 03
Know the Profiles
• Aerobatic maneuvering• Airspace – most people
underestimate requirements• Rejoins…• Terra Firma – land features
for shoots– low level + greater risk
LLAT MANOEUVRES ~ PHYSICS
STRAIGHT AND LEVELWINGS LEVEL BUNT
• Time to impact
TTI = AGL = AGL
1/2 x [(32.2 - ('G' x 32.2)] 4.01
AGL DEPENDENT AGL (ft) TTI100 2.5250 3.0500 5.5
LLAT MANOEUVRES~TURNSLet's use 10 deg deviation from level turn to calculate TTI
AGL (ft) Str+lvl Level turn(1 deg pitch angle deviation) (10 deg
deviation)
100 7 / 5.5 2.6 / 1.3
300 21 / 19.5 4.4 / 2.3
500 35 / 33.5 5.8 / 2.9
(time to impact / last recovery point)
373 Jul 03
Set Boundries
• ‘No closer’ than distances• ‘No lower’ than alts
383 Jul 03
Know the Escape Manoeuvres
• Emergency Ops– Dissimilar a/c
• Aborts• Blind calls / protocols
393 Jul 03
Questions