skeletal system. a little history first… this is a baculum. – what is it? 2
TRANSCRIPT
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Skeletal System
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A little history first…
• This is a Baculum.– What is it?
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To explain, let us go back…
• Roman law: “No cutting up humans Yo!!!” – What animals have
skeletons?– Used nonhumans
instead.
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Then comes this guy
Andries Van Wesel (1514)•Aka: Andreas Vesalius•“De humani corporis fabrica”
– (On the fabric of the human body)
Proved the world wrong.Osteology: study of bonesIntroduced Human Dissection.
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Back to the Baculum
• It’s a penis bone found in most Placental mammals.
• But not humans… thanks to evolution
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Lesson 8-1 Objectives
• List the functions of the skeletal system.• Describe the structure of a long bone.• Compare compact and spongy bone.• Describe how bones grow.• Describe the roles of osteoblasts and
osteoclasts.
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Skeletal System Overview
ENDOskeleton•The skeletal system is composed of
– Bones– Joints– Cartilage– Ligaments
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Functions of the Skeletal System
• Supports body weight• Supports and protects soft organs• With muscles, enables body movement• Stores important minerals, including calcium
and phosphorus• Contains bone marrow, which produces blood
cells
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Sizes and Shapes of Bones
• Long• Short• Flat• Irregular
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Two Types of Bone
• Compact or hard– Osteons– Shafts: Long bones
• Spongy or soft– Trabecular plates– Swiss cheese– Bone marrow
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Parts of Long Bone • Diaphysis• Epiphysis• Epiphyseal disc• Medullary cavity• Endosteum• Periosteum• Articular cartilage• Marrow
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Two Types of Ossification
• Intramembranous ossification– Replacement of thin connective tissue membrane
with bone– In flat bones
• Endochondral ossification– Replacement of fetal cartilage skeleton with bone– In long, irregular, and short bones
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Ossification in the Fetus
• Intramembranous ossification– In flat bones of skull
• Endochondral ossification– In all other bones
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Bones Growing Taller
• Occurs at the epiphyseal disc– Osteoblasts invade cartilage in disc.– They mature into osteocytes (bone).
• Affected by hormones– Growth hormone– Estrogen– Testosterone
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Bones Remodeling
• Osteoclastic activity is called resorption.
• Sculptor (osteoclasts) hollows bone.
• Builder (osteoblasts) deposits bone on outer surface.
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Bone FracturesBone FracturesA break in a bone
Types of bone fractures
Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin
Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin
Greenstick- break in one side of bone
Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization
Realignment of the bone
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Types of Fractures
• Simple• Compound• Greenstick
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Common Types of FracturesCommon Types of Fractures
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What type is this?Greenstick Compound
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What about this
Simple
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Bone Markings: Projections (Processes)• Condyle: Large knob (form joints)• Epicondyle: Enlargement near a condyle (muscle
attachment)• Head: Enlarged, rounded end (epiphysis)• Facet: Small flattened surface (flat bone)• Crest: Ridge (muscle attachment)• Spine: Sharp projection (vertebrae, muscle
attachment) • Tuberosity: Knoblike projection (muscle
attachment)• Trochanter: Large tuberosity only on femur
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Bone Markings: Depressions and Openings
• Foramen: Opening, usually passage for nerves, blood vessels, ligaments
• Fossa: Groove (joints)• Meatus: Tunnel or tubelike passageway• Sinus: Cavity or hollow space within bone
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Lesson 8-2 Objectives
• List the bones of the axial skeleton.• List the bones of the appendicular skeleton.• Label important landmarks for selected bones
on the skeleton.
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Types of Bones
• Axial skeleton– 80 bones of the head and trunk
• Appendicular skeleton – 126 bones of the pelvis, shoulders,
arms, and legs
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Bones of the Axial Skeleton
• Skull: Cranium, facial, middle ear bones
• Hyoid• Vertebral column• Thoracic cage: Ribs,
sternum, thoracic vertebrae
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Bones of the Skull• Cranial
– Held together by sutures
– Little movement
• Facial– Mandible contains
only movable joint
• Middle ear bones
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Special Markings • Temporal bone
– External auditory meatus
– Zygomatic process– Styloid process – Mastoid process
• Occipital bone– Foramen magnum– Occipital condyles
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The SkullThe Skull
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Bones of the SkullBones of the Skull
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Human Skull, Inferior ViewHuman Skull, Inferior View
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Paranasal Sinuses
• Frontal• Ethmoidal• Sphenoidal• Maxillary
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Paranasal SinusesParanasal Sinuses
Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity
Figure 5.10
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Paranasal SinusesParanasal Sinuses Functions of paranasal sinuses
Lighten the skull
Give resonance and amplification to voice
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The Hyoid BoneThe Hyoid Bone The only bone that
does not articulate with another bone
Serves as a moveable base for the tongue
Figure 5.12
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Fetal Skull and Fontanels• Fontanels are
soft spots– Not yet
converted to bone
– Covered with fibrous tissue
– Allow for cranial growth
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Vertebral Column• Sections
– Cervical (C1-C7)– Thoracic (T1-T12)– Lumbar (L1-L5)– Sacrum and coccyx
• Curves– Cervical– Thoracic– Lumbar– Sacral
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Vertebrae • Atlas (C1): Nods “yes”• Axis (C2): Rotates
“no”• Other vertebral parts
– Vertebral foramen– Body– Lamina– Spinous process– Padded by
intervertebral discs
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Cervical Vertebrae
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Disorders of the Vertebral Column
• Scoliosis: Lateral curve
• Kyphosis: Hunchback
• Lordosis: Swayback
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Thoracic Cage• Sternum
– Manubrium (Upper part)– Body– Xiphoid process (lower part)
• Ribs (12 pairs)– Seven pairs of true ribs– 3 pairs of false ribs– 2 pairs of floating ribs
• Thoracic vertebrae
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Sternum
True Ribs (7)
False Ribs (3)
Floating Ribs (2)
Sternum
True Ribs (7)
False Ribs (3)
Floating Ribs (2)
The Thoracic CageThe Thoracic Cage
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Sacrum & CoccyxSacrum & Coccyx
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Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton
• Pectoral girdle
• Upper limbs• Pelvic girdle
–Coxal bones• Lower limbs
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Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb• Pectoral girdle
– Clavicle (collarbone)– Scapula (shoulder
blade/wing bone)
• Upper limb– Humerus – Radius and ulna – Carpals – Metacarpals – Phalanges
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Important Landmarks of Upper Limbs
• Acromion: tip of shoulder(scapula), articulates with clavicle
• Olecranon process: elbow• Glenoid Cavity: Arm socket/shoulder socket
– Where humerus fits into shoulder joint
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Pelvic Girdle: Coxal Bones• Functions
– Weight bearing– Attachment for lower
limbs– Protection of organs
• Coxal bone – Ilium– Ischium– Pubis
• Acetabulum (hip socket)
• Symphysis pubis
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Lower Limb• Thigh
– Femur ( with trochanters)
• Leg bones– Patella– Tibia (with medial
malleolus)– Fibula (with lateral
malleolus)
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Lower Limb: Ankle and Foot
• Foot bones– Tarsals – Metatarsals – Phalanges
• Arches– Form instep
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Lesson 8-3 Objectives
• List the main types and functions of joints.• Describe the types of joint movement.
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Types of Joints
Articulation: point of contact between bones
–Synarthroses: Immovable–Amphiarthroses: Slightly movable–Diarthroses: Freely movable
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Types of Synarthroses
• Sutures: found in skull
• Gomphoses: between root of tooth and process in mandible/maxilla (GUMphoses)
• Syndesmoses: ligaments connecting 2 bones
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Amphiarthroses
Cartilaginous joints: joined by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
–Synchondroses: between articulating bones (sternum to ribs)
–Symphyses- pad or disk of cartilage between 2 bones (between vertebrae)
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Diarthroses• Synovial joints: Freely moving joints
–Lots of moving parts• Joint Capsule: casing around ends of
bones that binds them together• Synovial Membrane: lines joint capsule
and secretes synovial fluid• Articular cartilage: cartilage covering
articular surfaces of bone
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Parts continued…• Joint cavity: space between two bones
• Menisci (Articular disks): pads of fibrocartilage between articulating bones
• Ligaments: strong cords that hold bones of synovial joint
• Bursae: synovial membrane filled with synovial fluid, cushions joints
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Structure of Freely Movable Joints
• Articular cartilage• Joint capsule• Synovial membrane• Synovial fluid• Cartilage• Some joints also have
– Bursae– Ligaments
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Types of Freely Movable Joints• Hinge: Elbows, knees• Ball-and-socket:
Shoulders, hips• Pivot: Atlas-axis joint• Saddle: Carpometacarpal• Gliding: Wrist• Condyloid: Knuckles
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Joint Names: Articulating Bones• Tibiofemoral
– Tibia and femur• Humeroulnar
– Humerus and ulna• Metacarpophalangeal
– Metacarpal bone and phalange
• Glenohumeral– Glenoid cavity and
humerus
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Types of Joint Movement• Flexion-extension• Inversion-eversion• Supination-pronation• Abduction-adduction• Dorsiflexion-plantar
flexion• Hyperextension• Circumduction