skeleton sp14 student
TRANSCRIPT
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SKELETAL SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND
FUNCTIONS
What does the skeletal system consist of? Bone tissue or material Cartilage tissue or material
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COMMON FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL
SYSTEM
Support Posture stability ____________
skull over brain rib cage over heart and lungs
Movement Red Blood Cell Formation
Red blood cells are produced in bonemarrow.
Breathe O2and molecules bonds withhemoglobin (red cells) in blood
O2is transported to _____________ Muscles consume O2 Blue blood (oxygen deplete) returns to
lungs
Calcium Storage Bones are a storagedepot for calcium.
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GROSS SKELETAL STRUCTURE
What are the major parts of thehuman skeleton?
Axial skeleton: Skull _____________ Vertebral column Ribs Sternum and Hyoid bone
Note: Anterior view of
hyoid bone.
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MAJOR PARTS OF SKELETON
Appendicular skeleton - Bones and joints of the upper and lowerextremities (includes pectoral and pelvic girdles).
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THE HAND AS PART OF THE
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
Bones at ______ ofcarpal tunnel (from
Hall (1999)).
Nerves and arteries ofhand (from Tichauer
(1978)).
Cubital
Bones
Cubital Muscles
Radial Artery
Ulnar Nerve
Carpal Ligament
Flexor Muscles
Palmar Muscles
Tendons
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HUMAN BONE STRUCTURE
Main components: Living cells ___________ - Non-living
intercellular substance.
Different types of bones (dependingon constituents of matrix): Compact (dense) bone.
Intercellular spaces are filled withmatrix (calcified material) organized
in lamellae.
Example: Shaft of long bone(humerus, femur).
__________ (cancellous) bone. Found in the enlarged ends of long
bones (epiphyses).
Many open spaces exist betweenbone material (trabeculae structure).
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ARRANGEMENT OF COMPACT AND
SPONGY BONE TISSUE
Spongy bone: Pattern of bone (trabeculae) resists tensile,
compressive, and lateral deformation.
Compact bone: Lamellae are positioned at 90 degrees toeach other. Lamellae align themselves over time to
lines of stress that develop at bone.
Pattern of lamellae (or trabeculaestructure) develops to best meet loadsimposed on them over time.
__________________ is bone diseasecausing breakdown of bone structure.
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MORE BONE TYPES
What are the different types ofbone?
Long bones: ___________ (shaft) Epiphysis (enlarged ends) Articular cartilage (see next slide) Medullary cavity (see next slide.)
Different types of bone (cont.): Short bones hands, feet Flat bones - skull Irregular bones - __________(All have spongy core encased in
compact bone.)
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CARTILAGE AND BONE CAVITY
Description of location ofarticular cartilage and
ligaments in knee.
Micrographs of ____________cavity and cross-section of
dried bone revealing marrow.
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PROJECTIONS AND PROCESSES
Fit into joints _______ projection entering into formation of joint Head rounded projection beyond neck-like portion
Muscle attaches to Tuberosity small rounded projection
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MORE PROJECTIONS
Trochanter very large process Crest a ridge of bone Spinous _______ sharp bone segment
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SPINE STRUCTURE
Spine is one of most complexstructures in body, including:
Bone (vertebrae), intervertebral discs,spinal ligaments and tendons, spinal cord
and branching nerves.
33-34 vertebrae 7 cervical, 12 thoracic,___ lumbar, 5 sacral, 4-5 coccygeal.
Double S shape in natural position includes kyphosis (curve of thorax) and
_________ (curve of lumbar region).
Spinal cord passes between discs andspinous processes.
Lower-back is most common site forinjury to workers.
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CARTILAGE: THE OTHER BODY TISSUE
Characteristics of cartilage? Similar to bone - Made-up of cells and intercellular substance. Contains collagenic fibers (reinforce structure of tissue). Differs from bone in that cartilage has flexibility, bone is rigid.
(Why?) Fibers are embedded in gel instead of calcified material.
Three types of cartilage tissue: _________ (articular) cartilage most common
Looks like a milky glass. Part of respiratory track Covers joint surfaces and cushions against shock
Image: Fibers of hyaline
cartilage transitioning into
other connective tissue.
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MORE TYPES OF CARTILAGE
________ cartilage Very strong and rigid cartilage. Made-up of mostly collagenic fibers.
_________ cartilage Elastic but firm. Contains both collagenic and elastic fibers.
Image: Intervertebral disc
cartilage. You can see bandsof collagen fibers.
Image: Large red bands are
collagen fibers and very
small lines are elastic fibers.
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JOINTS OF THE SKELETON
Junctions between two ormore bones.
Three main types of joints: Immovable joints
(syntharthrosis), e.g., skullsutures, pubis symphysis.
Slightly movable joints(amphiarthrosis), e.g., rib
and vertebral joints.
Freely movable joints(diarthrosis) also called
synovial or limb type joints.
Joints having cavities, suchas the knee or knuckles.
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PUBIC JOINT
Synarthosis (immovable joint). Symphysis (joint) that unites two bony surfaces with pad
of fibrous cartilage.
Pubic symphysis is located at front of pelvis.(Pubis is lower portion of Ilium or hip bone.)
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RIB JOINTS
Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable) joints unite two boneseither by hyaline cartilage (synchondroses) or by fibrous
cartilage (symphyses).
Rib cage contains both types: Synchondoses intersection of hyaline costal cartilages (of first rib)
with sternum
Symphyses intersection of fibrous costal cartilages (of other ribs)with sternum
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VERTEBRAL JOINTS
Also amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable). Fibrous cartilage of discs create symphyses between vertebrae.
Discs in cervical region of spine are _________. Discs in thoracic region have more ______________ than those in
cervical region.
Lumbar symphyses are large, thick and resilient because they mustwithstand greatest ____________ force.
Movement is greatest in cervical and lumbar regions. Neck can be moved about ___________________. Lumbar regions primarily
permits __________________.
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SYNOVIAL JOINTS
Diarthrosis joints. Synovia fluid - transparent viscid lubricating fluid from a
membrane in the joint, e.g., bursa or tendon sheath.
Joint surface is covered by articular or hyaline cartilage. Joint is encapsulated outer _________ capsule; inner
_________ capsule.
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Synovial (freely moveable joints)provide for several types of motion:
Flexion Decrease angle at joint Extension Increase angle at joint
___________ Move segment away fromcenterline of body
___________ Move segment towardscenterline of body
TYPES OF MOVEMENTS AT JOINTS
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OTHER TYPES OF
MOVEMENTS AT JOINTS
Circumduction describe surface ofcone at joint (includes flexion,
extension, abduction and adduction).
Rotation Movement of bone aroundlong axis.
_________ Inward (medial) rotationof forearm. _________ Outward (lateral) rotation
of forearm
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TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
Plane joints - opposed bony surfaces areapproximately flat, e.g., carpal joints.
Uniaxial joints - hinge joints; one surfaceis concave, other is convex, e.g., elbow .
_________ joints - circumduction ispermitted but rotation is not conspicuousfeature, e.g., metacarpophalangeal joints
(__________), radio-carpal joints (wrist).
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MULTI-AXIAL JOINTS
Multi-axial joints
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JOINT DISORDERS
Most common form of joint disease Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD), which isaging process.
(Also known as osteoarthritis.)
____________ arthritis - occurs from infectionand can be transferred from joint to joint.
Tuberculous arthritis due to pulmonarytuberculosis.
Rheumatoid arthritis: General connective tissue disorder. Destroys small joints in feet and hands. Initial cause unknown. Patients produce blood protein called
rheumatoid factor creating condition.