Skills Section

1. OS Maps2. Aerial Photographs3. Graphs

This appears throughout all sections of theexam paper but particular emphasis on settlement (human environment)

Ordance Survey Maps

1. Scale – small and large scale2. Legend3. Direction4. Grid References – 4 and 6 figure5. Distance – Straight line and curved line 6. Height – colour layering, contour lines, spot

heights and triangulation stations7. Slope8. Area – Rectangular and irregular9. Sketch maps10. Settlements11. Cross sections

Scale

• Map scale is the relationship between a unit of length on a map and its corresponding length over the ground.

3 types of scale1. Statement of scale – 2 cm to 1 km2. Linear – shown on the bar at the end of the

map3. Representative Fraction – ususally written as

1:5000

Small Scale Maps

• Show large areas with little detail e.g map of the world, weather mapp

• Have large second numbers

World map = 1: 100,000,000

Large Scale Maps

• Show small areas in greater detail e.g town plans, streets

• Have smaller numbers

• E.g. street plan = 1:1,000

• Os map of a city (like exam papers) 1:50,000

Legend

• Found at the back of your map. Shows all the symbols and what they stand for.

Direction

You have to know all directions!

Grid References

• The national grid – Ireland is divided into 25 squares or subzones and each is given a letter (a – z but no I)

• Each subzone is divided into 100 equal parts. Vertical lines are called eastings ‘They go east!’

• Horizontal lines are called northings ‘They go north!’

Grid Reference

• LEN – Letter Easting Northing

• Four Figure – less detailed location.

• Six Figure – more exact location.

• Six figure – divide the box into ten horizontal lines and ten vertical lines. This will add two extra numbers.

Distance

measuring a straight line 1. Fold a piece of paper2. Mark the paper where it reaches the two

points3. Place the marked paper along the linear

scale bar and read the distance4. Place any remaining measurement to the

left of the 0 mark to get the tenths of the kilometre for an exact distance.

Distance

Curved line distance e.g. road, railway.1. Piece of paper folded over. Find your starting

and finishing point. 2. Line the edge of the paper with the road or rail

line3. Follow the line along with the paper. Mark the

paper any time you have to move it to follow along the route

4. Find the distance by measuring it along the linear scale.

Height

Colour layering – dark green lowest – dark

brown heighest.

Contour lines – show hight and shape of

Land.

Spot heights – black spot with a number

beside it.

Triangulation Stations – works the same

as spot heights but are marked with a

triangle

Settlement

• Linear – Black boxes along a line

• Clustered- Black boxes all surrounding each other

• Dispersed – Black boxes scattered all around

• Absence of Settlement – Lack of boxes

Aerial Photographs

1. Vertical – camera points directly down over.

Can not see sides of buildings only roofs.

Use compass points to find the location.

2. Oblique – Camera is pointing at an angle to

the ground. Gives a side view of

buildings.Can be low oblique (no horizon)

or high oblique (can see horizon)

Drawing a sketch map

• Draw to half scale. • Measure across and up. Divide by 2. • Draw 9 boxes in a grid. • Title• Fill in what is required. No cartoons just shapes. • Use colour • Use a key• Use graph paper.

How to use an aerial photograph

• Describe land use and functions

• Street patterns

• House types

• Traffic management

• Historic developments

• Time of year

Traffic Management

• Traffic Congestion – Junctions, schools, shopping centres, narrow streets, streets with parking, churches, traffic lights

• Solving – roundabouts, yellow boxes, double yellow lines, off street parking, car parks, park and ride centres, one way streets, bus lanes, bypasses, traffic lights.

Photos for new developments

• Choosing a suitable site. • Greenfield site – found on the edge of town.

Larger and cheaper to buy and redevelop. Usually farmland that has been rezoned.

• Brownfield – have some buildings on them. Found in towns. Cost more to buy and redevelop. Do not have as much space but are in profitable accessible locations.

Possible new developements

• Swimming pools• Computer factory• Leisure centre• School• Shopping centre• Industrial estate• Hospital• Car park.

GraphsGraphs• Use in the human elective, regional and

also in your investigation.1. Pie charts/ doughnut chart2. Bar charts/graphs3. Horizontal bar chart4. Stacked bar chart5. Trend Graph6. Triangle Graphs7. Scatter Plot

Pie ChartMust use a compass, protractor and graphpaper.Draw the chart just like in maths class.

Difficult and time consuming to draw.

e.g. 15 stones. 360/15 = 24 degrees2 angular = 24 x 2 = 48 degrees. 3 rounded = 24 x3 – 72 degrees

Bar charts

• Horizontally or vertically

• Useful when comparing two or more similar items.

Trend Graph:

Show trends in a set of data over time.

Triangular Graphs

• Used in relation to soil, water content and mass movement.

Scatter Plots

• Show clusters of data and the relationships.

Drawing Graphs

• Title

• Use graph paper

• Draw axes with a ruler and label it

• Include scale

• Accuratley show information

• Marks for overall presentation – neat and tidy. Use colour wisely. Do not scribble with biro.