skin appendages ► ► cutaneous glands sebaceous glands sweat glands ► ► hair ► ► hair...
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Skin AppendagesSkin Appendages
►Cutaneous glands Sebaceous glands Sweat glands
►Hair►Hair follicles►Nails
These appendages come from the epidermis and help maintain the body’s homeostasis.
Appendages Appendages of the Skinof the Skin
►Sebaceous glands Produces oil
► Lubricant for skin which keeps skin soft and moist
► Prevents brittle hair► Kills bacteria (slightly acidic)
Most have ducts that empty into hair follicles; others open directly onto skin surface
Glands are activated at puberty and this is what causes teenage acne
Sebaceous GlandsSebaceous Glands
Facial BlemishesFacial Blemishes►WhiteheadWhitehead – –
sebaceous gland is sebaceous gland is blocked usually from blocked usually from the oily substance the oily substance made by the gland.made by the gland.
► BlackheadBlackhead – when – when whitehead dries, it whitehead dries, it darkens forming darkens forming blackheadblackhead
► AcneAcne – an active – an active infection of the infection of the sebaceous glands sebaceous glands caused by bacteriacaused by bacteria
►Sweat glands Produce sweat widely Produce sweat widely
distributed in skin distributed in skin (2.5 million per person)(2.5 million per person)
helps cool the bodyhelps cool the body Two typesTwo types
► Eccrine Opens up to skin through a Opens up to skin through a
duct (pore) on skin surfaceduct (pore) on skin surface Most numerous on the bodyMost numerous on the body
► Apocrine Ducts empty into hair folliclesDucts empty into hair follicles Found mostly in armpits and genital areasFound mostly in armpits and genital areas Precise function is unknown but are they Precise function is unknown but are they
are activated during pain, stress and are activated during pain, stress and during sexual foreplay.during sexual foreplay.
Sweat’s Sweat’s FunctionFunction
►CompositionComposition Mostly waterMostly water Salts and excess vitamin CSalts and excess vitamin C Some metabolic waste (urea and uric acid)Some metabolic waste (urea and uric acid) Fatty acids and proteins (apocrine only)Fatty acids and proteins (apocrine only)
►FunctionFunction Helps rid body of excess heatHelps rid body of excess heat Excretes waste productsExcretes waste products Acidic nature inhibits bacteria growthAcidic nature inhibits bacteria growth
►Odor is from associated bacteriaOdor is from associated bacteria
Appendages of the Appendages of the SkinSkin
►HairHair Produced by hair follicles Produced by hair follicles
which are made of hard which are made of hard keratin made by keratin made by keratinocyteskeratinocytes
MelanocytesMelanocytes provide provide pigment for hair colorpigment for hair color
Structure of Hair FollicleStructure of Hair Follicle
Keratin produced by cells that surround papilla (hair bulb)
A Muscle for each HairA Muscle for each Hair Arrector pili muscle
►Smooth muscle►Pulls hairs upright when cold or
frightened When contracted, bulging of muscle
creates goosebump – releases heat for warmth
NailsNails►NailsNails Heavily Heavily keratinizedkeratinized Keratinocytes Keratinocytes in the Stratum basalein the Stratum basale
extends beneath the nail bed – extends beneath the nail bed – Responsible for growthResponsible for growth
Lack of pigment makes them colorlessLack of pigment makes them colorless
Severity of BurnsSeverity of Burns
►First-degree burnsFirst-degree burns Only epidermis is damagedOnly epidermis is damaged Skin is red and swollenSkin is red and swollen
►Second-degree burnsSecond-degree burns Epidermis and upper Epidermis and upper
dermis are damageddermis are damaged Skin is red with blistersSkin is red with blisters
►Third-degree burnsThird-degree burns (worst)(worst) Destroys entire skin layerDestroys entire skin layer Burn is gray-white or blackBurn is gray-white or black