skull, brain and cranial nerves. 4 parts cerebrum diencephalon brain stem pons medulla midbrain...
TRANSCRIPT
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Skull, Brain and Cranial Nerves
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4 Parts Cerebrum Diencephalon Brain Stem
Pons Medulla Midbrain
Cerebellum
Gray matter surrounded by White matter
The Brain
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Meninges: 3 membranes around brain and spinal cord
Made of Connective tissue
Functions Cover, Protect CNS Enclose, protect blood
vessels supplying CNS Contain CSF
3 Layers Dura Mater (external) Arachnoid Mater (middle) Pia Mater (internal)
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Meninges (continued)
Dura mater Strongest, 2 Layers, Fibrous Connective Tissue
Periosteal layer (Periosteum): External/superficial layer Meningeal layer: Internal/deep layer
Layers fused except around dural sinuses (venous blood filled internal jugular vein)
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Partitions: limit movement of brain
Falx Cerebri –vertical, between cerebral hemispheres
Falx Cerebelli -vertical, between cerebellar hemispheres
Tentorium Cerebelli –horizontal, between cerebrum and cerebellum
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Meninges
Arachnoid Mater Middle layer Subarachnoid Space-between arachnoid mater and
pia mater (contains most of CSF, blood vessels) Arachnoid Villi- projections of arachnoid mater
through dura into superior sagittal sinus, act as valves to help CSF pass into dural sinuses
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Meninges (continued)
Pia Mater Innermost layer Delicate, highly vascular Clings directly to brain tissue, dips into
convolutions
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Quiz……
1 2
3
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Quiz……
1 – Dura Mater
2 – Arachnoid Mater
3 – Pia Mater
1 2
3
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Ventricles
Expansions of brain’s central cavityLined with Ependymal CellsFilled with CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)Ventricles continuous w/each other + central canal of spinal cord
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Ventricles (continued)
Lateral Ventricles (#1+2) Cerebral Hemisphere Separated by Septum Pellucidum
Third Ventricle Diencephalon Interventricular Foramen: connects to
lateral ventricle
Fourth Ventricle Hindbrain Cerebral Aqueduct: connects 3rd and 4th
ventricles Connects to central canal of spinal cord
& medulla 3 openings connect 4th to subarachnoid
space 2 lateral apertures 1 median aperture
4
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Cerebrospinal FluidLiquid cushion for brain and spinal cordNourishes brainRemoves wasteConducts chemical signals between parts of CNS (e.g. hormones)Forms as a filtrate of blood in choroid plexuses
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Choroid Plexuses
Choroid Plexuses: groups of capillaries surrounded by ependymal cellsMade of sodium, chloride ions, proteins, glucose, O2
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Flow of CSF
Formed in Choroid plexusesThrough VentriclesInto Subarachnoid space & central canal from 4th ventricleThrough Arachnoid Villi into Superior Sagittal Sinus Into Internal Jugular Vein
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Organization of the BrainComposed of gray and white matterDifferent organization than in the spinal cord Cortex: external sheets of gray
matter in cerebrum & cerebellum
Nuclei: deep masses of gray matter surrounded by white matter
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Cerebrum
“Executive Suite” of nervous system Self-awareness, initiate + control voluntary movements,
communicate, remember, understand
Made of Gray matter, White matter, Basal gangli (nuclei)Most superior region Covers diencephalon + top of brain stem like mushroom capMany small grooves + deep fissures Transverse-separates cerebral hemisphere + cerebellum Longitudinal-separates right + left cerebral hemispheres
Sulci – grooves on surfaceGyri-ridges of brain tissue between sulci
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Cerebral Hemispheres
Fissures and Grooves Fissures – deepest
Transverse cerebral fissure Separates cerebral hemisphere
from cerebellum Longitudinal fissure
Separates R and L cerebral hemispheres
Sulci Grooves on surface
Gyri Ridges of brain tissue between the
sulci
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Cerebral Hemispheres:
Each hemisphere divided into 5 lobes Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal Insula
Created by deep sulciFunctional areas: motor, sensoryAssociative areas: integrate
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DiencephalonSurrounded by cerebral hemispheres
Made of 3 Paired Structures Thalamus
Communicates sensory info of cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus Regulates many body activities Emotion, sleep, memory, etc. Pituitary Gland-hormones
Epithalamus Pineal Gland-hormone
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Brainstem:
Medulla Oblongata, Pons, Midbrain
Passage of all signals between spinal cord and brain
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
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Brainstem: Medulla Oblongata
Regulates several basic physiological functions Heartbeat (rate and force) Blood pressure (vasoconstriction/dilation of
arteries) Breathing (rate and depth) Others: speech, coughing, sneezing, salivation,
swallowing, gagging, vomiting, sweating
Attachment of CN IX, X, XI, XII
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Brainstem: The Pons
Contains many tracts carrying signals: from cerebrum to cerebellum & medulla up to thalamus between right and left hemispheres of cerebellum from brainstem to cerebellum
Attachment of CN V, VI, VII, VIII
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Brainstem: Midbrain
Carries signals Between higher and lower brain centers From cerebellum to cerebral cortex
Visual and Auditory reflex centers
Somatic motor
Attachment for CN III, IV
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Smooths + coordinates body movements directed by other parts of brain
2 Cerebellar Hemispheres
Functions Information on equilibrium Movement of neck, trunk, limbs Information from Cerebral cortex
Cerebellum
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Blood Brain Barrier
Protects brain from blood-borne toxins (e.g. urea, food toxins, bacteria)
Endothelium of brain capillaries are loaded with tight junction to decrease permeability
Not complete protection, some things still have to get through (e.g. fat-soluble molecules can pass through)
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Blood Supply to Brain
Arteries External carotid arteries and
branches Tissues of head & face, skin,
muscles Middle meningeal a. = brain
Boxers!
Internal carotid arteries and branches Opthalmic a. = Eye & Orbits Ant & Middle Cerebral arts =
Cerebrum Vertebral arteries
Posterior brain Vertebrae & Cervical Spinal Cord Branches form Cerebral Arterial
Circle = Anastomosis
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Blood Supply to the BrainVeins Dural sinuses
Intracranial-receive blood from veins in brain, bring to Internal Jugular
Internal jugular Drains brain
External jugular Drains scalp and face
(superficial) Vertebral
Drains cervical vertebrae, cervical spinal cord, small neck muscles
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Cranial Nerves
12 Pairs: I-XII
Numbered Anterior to Posterior
Attach to inferior surface of brain
Exit brain through foramina in skull
I + II attach to Forebrain (cerebrum + diencephalon)
III-XII attach to Brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla)
Only X goes beyond the head-neck
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The Cranial Nerves
Number Name Exit Function
I Olfactory Cribiform Plate SENSORY: smell
II Optic Optic Foramen SENSORY: vision
III Oculomotor Sup. Orbital Fissure MOTOR: external muscles of the eye except lateral rectus and superior oblique: levator palpebrae superioris. PARASYMPATHETIC: sphincter of pupil and ciliary muscle of lens.
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Number Name Exit Function
IV Trochlear Sup. Orbital Fissure MOTOR: superior oblique muscle of the eye
V Trigeminal
V1 Ophthalmic Branch Sup. Orb. Fissure SENSORY: cornea, nasal mucosa, skin of face
V2 Maxillary Branch Foramen rotundum SENSORY: skin of face, oral cavity, anterior two-thirds of tongue, teeth
V3 Mandibular Branch Foramen ovale MOTOR: muscles of mastication: SENSORY: Skin of face
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Number Name Exit Function
VI Abducens Sup. Orb. Fissure MOTOR: lateral rectus muscle of the eye.
VII Facial Stylomastoid Foramen PARASYMPATHETIC: lacrimal, submandibular, and sublingual glands; MOTOR: muscles of facial expression; SENSORY: taste, anterior two-thirds of tongue
VIII Vestibulocochlear
VIII 1 Vestibular Int. auditory meatus SENSORY: equilibrium
VIII 2 Cochlear Int. auditory meatus SENSORY: hearing
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Number Name Exit Function
IX Glossopharyngeal Jugular foramen MOTOR: stylopharyngeus muscle; SENSORY: posterior one-third of tongue, taste, pharynx, branch to the carotid sinus; PARASYMPATHETIC: parotid glandX Vagus Jugular Foramen SENSORY: external meatus, pharynx, and larynx; MOTOR: pharynx, and larynx; PARASYMPATHETIC: thoracic and abdominal viscera
XI Spinal Accessory Jug. Foramen MOTOR: trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscle
XII Hypoglossal Hypoglossal Canal MOTOR: Muscles of the tongue
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Foramina of the Cranial Bones
Olfactory Foramen Olfactory N. (I)
Optic Foramen Optic N. (II)
Superior Orbital Fissure Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV), Ophthalmic N. (V1), Abducens N. (VI)
Foramen Rotundum Maxillary N. (V2)
Foramen Ovale Mandibular N. (V3)
Internal Acoustic Meatus Facial N. (VII), Acoustic N. (VIII)
Jugular Foramen Glossopharyngeal N. (IX), Vagus N. (X), Accessory (XI)
Hypoglossal Canal Hypoglossal N. (XII)
Stylomastoid Foramen Facial N. (VII)
Foramen Magnum Medulla Oblongata, Accessory N. (XI)
Foramina Associated Nerve
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Foramina of Facial Bones
Supraorbital Foramen Ophthalmic N. (V1)
Infraorbital Foramen Maxillary N. (V2)
Mental Foramen Mandibular N. (V3)
Mandibular Foramen Mandibular N. (V3)
Foramina Associated Nerve
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How to Remember CN I-XII
Oh! Oh! Oh! To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet! Ah Heaven!
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I Olfactory (oh)
II Optic (oh)
III Oculomotor (oh)
IV Trochlear (to)
V Trigeminal (1-3) (touch)
VI Abducens (and)
VII Facial (feel)
VIII Vestibulocochlear (very)
IX Glossopharyngeal (good)
X Vagus (velvet)
XI Accessory (ah)
XII Hypoglossal (heaven)
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Motor vs. Sensory Nerves
Sensory = Afferent Send nervous impulse from sensory receptors to
brain to bring in information e.g. pressure, temperature, pain
Motor = Efferent Send nervous impulses from brain to body to
accomplish an action e.g. movement of a muscle, activation of a gland
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Sensory Nerves
Sensory = Afferent Visceral Sensory (sensory innervation of viscera)
stretch, pain, temp., chemical changes, irritation in viscera Special: taste
Somatic Sensory (sensory innervation of outer part body) touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temp. in skin, body wall, limbs Special: hearing, equilibrium, vision, smell
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Motor Nerves
Motor Nerves Visceral Motor (motor innervation muscle in viscera + glands)
innervation smooth + cardiac muscle, glands Branchial Motor (motor innervation of pharyngeal arch m.)
facial expression, pharyngeal constrictors, suprahyoid, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius
Somatic Motor (motor innervation of skeletal muscle) innervation of skeletal muscles (except pharyngeal arch m.)
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Mnemonic for CN FunctionSome (CN I)Say (CN II)Marry (CN III)Money (CN IV)But (CN V)My (CN VI)Brother (CN VII)Says (CN VIII)Big (CN IX) Brains (CN X)Matter (CN XI)Most! (CN XII)
S = Sensory function M = Motor functionB = BOTH (Sensory and Motor function)
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I Olfactory--------Sensory--smell
II Optic-------------Sensory--vision
III Oculomotor----Motor----extrinsic eye muscles
IV Trochlear-------Motor----extrinsic eye muscles
V Trigeminal
V1 Opthalmic-----Sensory-cornea, nasal mucosa, face skin
V2 Maxillary------Sensory-skin of face, oral cavity, teeth
V3 Mandibular---Motor-muscles of mastication
---Sensory-face skin, teeth, tongue (general)
Cranial Nerve Function
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Distribution of sensory innervation to skin of face from CN V
CN V = Trigeminal
V1 = Opthalmic
V2 = Maxillary
V3 = Mandibular
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VI Abducens--------------Motor-----eye abduction muscles
VII Facial-------------------Sensory---part of tongue (taste)
-------------------Motor------muscles of facial expression
VIII Vestibulocochlear---Sensory----hearing, equilibrium
IX Glossopharyngeal----Motor------stylopharyngeus muscle
----Sensory----tongue (gen & taste), pharynx
X Vagus------------------Motor-------pharynx, larynx
-------------------Sensory----pharynx, larynx, abd. organs
XI Accessory-------------Motor------trapezius, sternocleidomastoid
XII Hypoglossal----------Motor-------tongue muscles
Cranial Nerves (continued)
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Summary of Functional Groups
Purely Sensory = I, II, VIII
Primarily Motor = III, IV, VI, XI, XII
Mixed = V, VII, IX, X
Parasympathetic Fibers = III, VII, IX, X(Division of Autonomic NS = Visceral Motor)
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Parasympathetic FibersCN III = Oculomotor Contracts Iris (controls pupil) Contracts Ciliary Muscle (controls lens)
CN VII = Facial Innervates Salivary glands (mandibular & sublingual) Innervates Lacrimal gland
CN IX = Glossopharyngeal Innervates Parotid Salivary gland
CN X = Vagus Innervates thoracic & abdominal viscera
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The Autonomic Nervous System