SLEEPING&

DREAMING

Unit 2C:States of Consciousness

Brain States and Consciousness

1. Consciousness Awareness of self & environment

Sleeping, daydreaming, hypnosis, drug induced hallucinating, mediation

2. Selective attention Focusing conscious awareness on a

particular stimulus We are NOT good multi-taskers Attend well to 1 thing at a time

3. Inattentional blindness Failure to see visible objects when

our attention is directed elsewhere This happens when we are

selectively attending to something in our environment (basketball/gorilla)

ALTERED STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS

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Clowning Around

HARD TO MISS? Would you notice a clown unicyclingpast you on campus? In this study, most students on cell phones did

notnotice the clown; students who were off the phone generally did

notice.

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CHANGE BLINDNESSWhile a man (white hair) provides directions to a construction worker, two experimenters rudely pass between them carrying a door.

During this interruption, the original worker switches places with another person wearing different colored clothing. Most people, focused on their direction giving, do not notice the switch.

4. Change Blindness: While focusing your attention on something else you do not notice unimportant changes in stimuli.

READ PAGES 51-52 AND DEFINE TERMS

5. CIRCADIAN RHYTHM6. REM

7. REM REBOUND8. CHART ON PAGE 52 (2.31)

HOMEWORK

DIRECTIONS

Dream Analysis Report

Explain three attentional principles that magicians may use to fool us.

• Our selective attention allows us to focus on only a limited portion of our surroundings.

• Inattentional blindness explains why we don’t perceive some things when we are distracted by others.

• And change blindness happens when we fail to notice a relatively unimportant change in our environment.

• All these principles help magicians fool us, as they direct our attention elsewhere to perform their tricks.

Sleep and Dreams

5. Circadian rhythm Internal biological clock of 24-hour cycle of day and

night Altered by age and experience

6. REM (rapid eye movement) Recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams

commonly occur Paradoxical sleep

7. REM rebound Tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM

sleep deprivation

Sleep

Brain waves and sleep stages The beta waves of an

alert, waking state and the regular alpha waves of an awake, relaxed state differ from the slower, larger delta waves of deep Stage 3&4 sleep

Although the rapid REM sleep waves resemble the near-waking NREM-1 sleep waves, the body is more aroused during REM sleep than during NREM sleep

8.

MEASURING SLEEP ACTIVITY

As this man sleeps, attached electrodes are picking upweak electrical signals from his brain, eyes, and facial muscles. (From Dement, 1978.)

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9. Sleep Periodic, natural loss of consciousness—as distinct

from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation

10. Sleep Stages (chart)Typical Nights Sleep

Typical Nights Sleep

Typical Nights Sleep

Typical Nights Sleep

Typical Nights Sleep

What are the five sleep stages, and in what order do we normally travel through those stages?

Can you match the cognitive experience with the sleep stage?1. Stage 1 a. story-like dreams2. Stage 3&4 b. fleeing images3. REM c. minimal awareness

11. Sleep Theories

Possible reasons why sleep evolved Sleep protects Sleep helps us recover Sleep helps us remember Sleep feeds creative thinking Sleep supports growth

What five theories explain our need for sleep?

Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders

12. Effects of sleep loss

Slows reactions Increases errors on

visual attention tasks Reduced concentration

that may lead to “cyber-loafing”

Immune system depression

Risk of depression

SLEEPLESS AND SUFFERING These fatigued, sleep-deprived earthquake rescue workers in Chinamay experience a depressed immune system, impaired concentration, and greater vulnerability to accidents.

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HOW SLEEP DEPRIVATION AFFECTS US

TRAFFIC ACCIDENTSOn the Monday after the spring time change, when people lose one hour of sleep, accidents increased, as compared with the Monday before. In the fall, traffic accidents normally increase because of greater snow, ice, and darkness, but they diminished after the time change.

Sleep: Major Disorders

13. Insomnia Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

14. Narcolepsy Sleep disorder in which a person has uncontrollable

sleep attacks, sometimes lapsing directly into REM sleep

15. Sleep apnea Sleep disorder in which a sleeping person

repeatedly stops breathing until blood oxygen is so low it awakens the person just long enough to draw a breath

16. Better Night’s Sleep?

Dreams

17. Dream Sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing

through a sleeping person’s mind

18. Manifest content According to Freud, the remembered story line of a

dream

19. Latent content According to Freud, the underlying meaning of a

dream

Dreams

20. Why we

dream

To satisfy our own wishes

To file away

memories

To develop and

preserve neural

pathwaysTo make sense of neural static

To reflect cognitive

development

2-18 What do we dream about, and what are five theories of why we dream?

What five theories explain why we dream?