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DeathsCause of Death

Tobacco use442,000

Excess weight

Accidents

Alcohol use

Infectious disease

Pollutants/toxins

Suicides

Homocides

400,000

101,500 (43,450 auto)

85,000

75,000 (14,200 from AIDS)

55,000

30,600

20,622

Figure 19-1Page 409Illegal drug use

17,000

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© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning

Hazard identificationWhat is the hazard?

Probability of riskHow likely is the event?

Consequences of riskWhat is the likelydamage?

Risk Assessment Risk Management

Comparative risk analysisHow does it comparewith other risks?

Risk reductionHow much shouldit be reduced?

Risk reduction strategyHow will the riskbe reduced?

Financial commitmentHow much moneyshould be spent?

Figure 19-2Page 410

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© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning

Verysensitive

Majorityof population

Veryinsensitive

0 20 40 60 80

Dose (hypothetical units)

Nu

mb

er o

f in

div

idu

als

affe

cted

Figure 19-3Page 411

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DDT in fish-eatingbirds (ospreys)

25 ppm

DDT in largefish (needle fish)2 ppm

DDT in smallfish (minnows)0.5 ppm

DDT inzooplankton0.04 ppm

DDT in water0.000003 ppm,Or 3 ppt

Figure 19-4Page 411

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LD50

0 4 8 12 16

Dose (hypothetical units)

Per

cen

tag

e o

f p

op

ula

tio

n k

illed

by

a g

iven

do

se

Figure 19-5Page 413

141062

25

50

75

100

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Table 9-1 Toxicity Ratings and Average Lethal Doses for Humans

Toxicity Rating

Supertoxic

Extremely toxic

Very toxic

Toxic

Moderately toxic

Slightly toxic

Essentially nontoxic

LD50 (milligrams perkg of body weight)*

Less than 0.01

Less than 5

5–50

50–500

500–5,000

5,000–15,000

15,000 or greater

Examples

Nerve gases, botulism toxin,

mushroom toxins, dioxin (TCDD)

Potassium cyanide, heroin, atropine,

parathion, nicotine

Mercury salts, morphine, codeine

Lead salts, DDT, sodium hydroxide,

sodium fluoride, sulfuric acid, caffeine,

carbon tetrachloride

Methyl (wood) alcohol, ether,

phenobarbital, amphetamines (speed),

kerosene, aspirin

Ethyl alcohol, Lysol, soaps

Water, glycerin, table sugar

Average Lethal Dose†

Less than 1 drop

Less than 7 drops

7 drops to 1 teaspoon

1 teaspoon to 1 ounce

1 ounce to 1 pint

1 pint to 1 quart

More than 1 quart

Table 19-1Page 413

*Dosage that kills 50% of individuals exposed†Amounts of substances in liquid form at room temperature that are lethal when given to a 70.4-kg (155-pound) human

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© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson LearningE

ffec

t

Dose

Nonlineardose-response

Lineardose-response

No thresholdE

ffec

tThreshold

Thresholdlevel

Dose

Figure 19-6Page 414

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Hormone

Receptor

Cell

Normal Hormone Process Hormone Mimic Hormone Blocker

Estrogen-like chemical Antiandrogen chemical

Figure 19-7Page 417

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Figure 19-8Page 419

Viruses HIV(AIDS)

Hepatitis B

Smallpox

Ebola

On this scale, a human hair would be 6 meters (20 feet) wide

1 micrometer

Bacteria Vibrio cholerae(cholera)

Myobacteriumtuberculosis

(tuberculosis)

Treponema pallidum (syphilis)

6 micrometers

Protozoa

Plasmodium(malaria)

10 micrometers

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Figure 19-9aPage 420

Painful and sometimes fatal.Carried by four related viruses and strikes during rainy season. 2.5 million people at risk;50 million new cases a year.Dengue Fever

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Figure 19-9bPage 420

Endemic in more than 100 countries.Caused by four protozoa species.270–500 million new cases and1 million deaths per year.Malaria

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Figure 19-9cPage 420

Dreaded far more than 400 years.Viral disease that causes symptoms frommild to severe illness and death. 200,000 new cases and 30,000 deaths a year.Yellow Fever

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Figure 19-10aPage 421

Genetic material

Surface proteins

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Figure 19-10bPage 421

The viral geneticmaterial uses thehost cell's DNA toreplicate againand again.

Each new copy ofthe virus directs thecell to make it aprotein shell.

The new viruses emerge fromthe host cell capable of infectingother cells. This process oftendestroys the first cell.

The virus attaches to thehost cell. The entire virusmay enter or it may injectits genetic material,or genome.

Virus

Cell membrane

Host cell

New viruses

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Figure 19-11Page 421

Disease(type of agent)

3.2 millionPneumonia and flu

(bacteria and viruses)

HIV/AIDS(virus)

Diarrheal diseases(bacteria and viruses)

Tuberculosis(bacteria)

Malaria(protozoa)

Hepatitis B(virus)

Measles(virus)

Deaths per year

3.0 million

1.9 million

1.7 million

1 million

1 million

800,000

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Deaths per100,000 people

<2.5

2.5-10

10-35

35-70

70-100

100+

Figure 19-12Page 422

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Figure 19-13Page 424

120 40 20 0

100+

95-99

90-94

85-89

80-84

75-79

70-74

65-69

60-64

55-59

50-54

45-49

40-44

35-39

30-34

25-29

20-24

15-19

10-14

5-9

0-4

Male Female

Population (thousands)

Ag

eWith AIDS

608010 20 100 120806040

Without AIDS

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Figure 19-14Page 425

Anopheles mosquito (vector)in aquatic breeding area

1. Femalemosquito bitesinfected human,ingesting bloodthat containsPlasmodiumgametocytes

4. Parasite invadesblood cells, causingmalaria and makinginfected persona new reservoir

3. Mosquito injects Plasmodiumsporozoites into human host

2. Plasmodiumdevelops inmosquito

eggs

larvapupa

adult

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Solutions

Infectious Diseases

Increase research on tropicaldiseases and vaccines

Reduce poverty

Decrease malnutrition

Improve drinking water quality

Reduce unnecessary use of antibiotics

Educate people to take all of anantibiotic prescription

Reduce antibiotic use to promotelivestock growth

Careful hand washing by allmedical personnel

Immunize children against major viral diseases

Oral rehydration for diarrhea victims

Global campain to reduce HIV/AIDS Figure 19-15Page 426

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Agent

Smallpox(virus)

Hemorrhagicfever (viruses)

Inhalationanthrax(bacterium)

Botulism(bacterium)

Pneumonicplague(bacterium)

Tularemia(bacterium)

Contagious

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

Figure 19-16Page 427

Symptoms

Fever, aches, headache, red spots on face and torso

Vary but include fever,bleeding, shock, and coma

Fever, chest pain, difficultybreathing, respiratory failure

Blurred vision, progressiveparalysis, death within 24 hours if not treated

High fever, chills, headache,coughing blood, difficultybreathing, respiratory failure

Fever, sore throat, weakness,respiratory stress, pneumonia

Mortality(if untreated)

30%

Varies

90–100%

60–100%

90–100%

30–60%

Existenceof vaccine

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes(in testing)

Treatment

Vaccination within 4 days afterexposure, IV hydration

Ebola has no cure, antiviralriboflavin and some antibioticsmay help

Early treatment with Cipro andother antibiotics

Equine antitoxin given early.Intensive care, respirator

Antibiotics

Antibiotics

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Figure 19-17Page 428

Comparative Risk Analysis

Most Serious EcologicalAnd Health Problems

High-Risk Health Problems•Indoor air pollution•Outdoor air pollution•Worker exposure to industrialor farm chemicals•Pollutants in drinking water•Pesticide residues on food•Toxic chemicals in consumer products

High-Risk Ecological Problems•Global climate change•Stratospheric ozone depletion•Wildlife habitat alteration and destruction•Species extinction and loss of biodiversity

Medium-Risk Ecological Problems•Add deposition•Pesticides•Airborne toxic chemicals•Toxic chemicals, nutrients, and sediment in surface waters

Low-Risk Ecological Problems•Oil spills•Groundwater pollution•Radioactive isotopes•Acid runoff to surface waters•Thermal pollution

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Figure 19-18Page 429

Cause of Death Annual Deaths

11 million (75)Poverty/malnutrition/disease cycle

Tobacco

Pneumonia and flu

Air pollution

HIV/AIDS

Diarrhea

TB

Auto accidents

Work-related injuryand disease

Malaria

Hepatitis B

Measles

5 million (34)

3.2 million (22)

3 million (21)

3 million (21)

1.9 million (13)

1.7 million (12)

1.2 million (8)

1.1 million (8)

1 million (7)

1 million (7)

800,000 (75)

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Figure 19-19Page 430

© 2

004

Bro

oks

/Co

le –

Th

om

son

Lea

rnin

g

7-10 yearsPoverty

Born male

Smoking

Overweight (35%)

Unmarried

Overweight (15%)

Spouse smoking

Driving

Air pollution

Alcohol

Drug abuse

AIDS

Drowning

Pesticides

Fire

Natural radiation

Medical X rays

Oral contraceptives

Toxic waste

Flying

Hurricanes, tornadoes

Living lifetime near nuclear plant

6-10 years

5 years

2 years

1 year

7 months

5 months

4 months

4 months

3 months

2 months

1 month

1 month

8 days

5 days

5 days

4 days

1 day

1 day

10 hours

Flu

Air Pollution

6 years

5 months

1 month

7.5 years

Hazard Shortens average life span in the United States by

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Click to view animation.

Animation

HIV replication animation.