slide 1 figure 18-2 page 380 solutions reducing energy waste prolongs fossil fuel supplies reduces...
TRANSCRIPT
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Figure 18-2Page 380
Solutions
Reducing Energy Waste
Prolongs fossil fuel supplies
Reduces oil imports
Very high net energy
Low cost
Reduces pollution and environmentaldegradation
Buys time to phase in renewable energy
Less need for military protection of Middle East oil resources
Improves local economy by reducing flow of money out to pay for energy
Creates local jobs
Solutions
Reducing Energy Waste
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Energy Inputs System Outputs
U.S.economy
andlifestyles
86%
8%
3%3%
9%
7%
41%
43%
Nonrenewable fossil fuels
Nonrenewable nuclear
Hydropower, geothermal,wind, solar
Biomass
Useful energy
Petrochemicals
Unavoidable energy wasteUnnecessary energy waste
Figure 18-3Page 381
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Year1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Ind
ex o
f en
erg
y u
se p
er c
apit
a an
dp
er d
olla
r o
f G
DP
(In
dex
: 19
70=
1)
Figure 18-4Page 381
2020
1.4
Energy useper dollar of GDP
Energy useper capita
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KOH
45-65%Fuel cell
H2O
H2 O2
Figure 18-5aPage 381
Slide 5Slide 5Slide 5Slide 5Slide 5Slide 5Slide 5Slide 5Slide 5Slide 5Slide 5Slide 5Slide 5Slide 5Slide 5Slide 545%Steam turbine Figure 18-5b
Page 381
Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Slide 620–25%Human body Figure 18-5c
Page 381
Slide 7Slide 7Slide 7Slide 7Slide 7Slide 7Slide 7Slide 7Slide 7Slide 7Slide 7Slide 7Slide 7Slide 7Slide 7Slide 722%Fluorescent light Figure 18-5d
Page 381
Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8(gasoline) 20-25%
Internal combustionengine Figure 18-5e
Page 381
Slide 9Slide 9Slide 9Slide 9Slide 9Slide 9Slide 9Slide 9Slide 9Slide 9Slide 9Slide 9Slide 9Slide 9Slide 9Slide 95%Incandescent light Figure 18-5f
Page 381
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Uranium100%
Electricity from Nuclear Power Plant
14%
Resistanceheating(100%)
Stepped Art
Figure 18-6Page 382
90%
Wasteheat
Passive Solar
Sunlight100%
Wasteheat
14%
Transmissionof electricity
(85%)
17%
Wasteheat
Power plant(31%)
54%
Wasteheat
Uranium processingand transportation
(57%)
95%
Wasteheat
Uraniummining(95%)
Window transmission
(90%)
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Figure 18-7Page 383
30
25
20
15
10
1970 1975 1980 1990 2000 2005
Model Year
Av
era
ge
fu
el e
co
no
my
(mile
s p
er
ga
llon
, or
mp
g)
Cars
Both
Pickups, vans, andsport utility vehicles
1985 1995
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1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 20100.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
Do
llars
per
gal
lon
(in
199
3 d
olla
rs)
Figure 18-8Page 383
Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13ElectricityFuel
Combustion engineSmall, efficient internalcombustion engine powersvehicle with low emissions.
A
Fuel tankLiquid fuel such as gasoline, diesel, or ethanol runs small combustion engine.
B
Electric motorTraction drive provides additional power, recoversbreaking energy to recharge battery.
C
Battery bankHigh-density batteries power electricMotor for increased power.
D
RegulatorControls flow of power between electricMotor and battery pack.
E
TransmissionEfficient 5-speed automatic transmission.
F
A
B
C
D
EF
Figure 18-9Page 385
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1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
H2
O2
H2O
Hydrogen gas
Emits water (H2O) vapor.
Produce electrical energy (flow of electrons) to power car.
React with oxygen (O2).
Cell splits H2 into protonsand electrons. Protons flowacross catalyst membrane.
Figure 18-10aPage 385
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A
C
E
D
B
ElectricityFuel
A Fuel cell stackHydrogen and oxygen combinechemically to produce electricity.
B Fuel tankHydrogen gas or liquid or solid metalhydride stored on board or made fromgasoline or methanol.
C Turbo compressorSends pressurized air to fuel cell.
D Traction inverterModule converts DC electricity from fuelcell to AC for use in electric motors.
E Electric motor/transaxleConverts electrical energy to mechanical energy to turn wheels.
Figure 18-10bPage 385
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Figure 18-11aPage 386
Fuel-cell stackConverts hydrogenfuel into electricity
Front crush zoneAbsorbs crash energy
Electric wheel motorsProvide four-wheel driveHave built-in brakes
Hydrogenfuel tanks
Air systemmanagement
Body attachmentsMechanical locksthat secure thebody to the chassis
Universal docking connectionConnects the chassis with the Drive-by-wire system in the body
Rear crush zoneabsorbs crash energy
Drive-by-wiresystem controls
Side mounted radiatorsRelease heat generatedby the fuel cell, vehicleelectronics, and wheelmotors
Cabin heating unit
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Figure 18-11bPage 386
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R-30 toR-43 insulation
Insulated glass,triple-paned orsuperwindows(passive solar gain)
R-30 to R-43insulation
Air-to-airheat exchanger
House nearly airtight
R-30 toR-43 insulation
Small or no north-facingwindows or superwindows
R-60 or higher insulation
Figure 18-12Page 387
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Figure 18-13Page 387
DO NOT POST TO INTERNET
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Figure 18-14Page 388
DO NOT POST TO INTERNET
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Net Energy Efficiency
98%
96%
90%
87%
82%
70%
65%
53%
50%
39%
35%
30%
26%
25%
14%
Superinsulated house(100% of heat R-43)
Passive solar (100% of heat)
Passive solar (50% of heat) plus high-efficiency natural gas furnace(50% of heat)
Natural gas with high-efficiency furnace
Electric resistance heating (electricity from hydroelectric power plant)
Natural gas with typical furnace
Passive solar (50% of heat) plus high-efficiency wood stove (50% of heat)
Oil furnace
Electric heat pump (electricity from coal-fired power plant)
High-efficiency wood stove
Active solar
Electric heat pump (electricity from nuclear plant)
Typical wood stove
Electric resistance heating (electricity from coal-fired power plant)
Electric resistance heating (electricity from nuclear plant)
Geothermal heat pumps (100% of heating and cooling))
Figure 18-15Page 389
84%
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PASSIVE
Stone floor and wallfor heat storage
Superwindow
Wintersun
Summersun
Superwindow
Heavyinsulation
Figure 18-16aPage 389
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Hotwatertank
Pump
Heatexchanger
Super-window
Heat to house(radiators orforced air duct)
ACTIVE
Heavyinsulation
Figure 18-16bPage 389
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Direct GainCeiling and north wall heavily insulated
Hot air
Super insulated windows
Cool air
Warmair
Summersun
Wintersun
Earth tubes
Figure 18-17aPage 392
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Greenhouse, Sunspace, orAttached Solarium
Summer cooling vent
Warm air
Cool air
Insulatedwindows
Figure 18-17bPage 392
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Earth Sheltered
Earth Triple-paned or superwindows
Flagstone floorfor heat storage
Reinforced concrete,carefully waterproofedwalls and roof
Figure 18-17cPage 392
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Energy is free Net energy is moderate (active) to high (passive) Quick installation No CO2 emissions
Very low air and water pollution Very low land disturbance (built into roof or window) Moderate cost (passive)
Need access to sun 60% of time Blockage of sun access byother structures Need heat storage system High cost (active) Active system needs maintenance and repair Active collectors unattractive
Figure 18-18Page 392
Advantages Disadvantages
Trade-offs
Passive or Active Solar Heating
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Moderate net energy
Moderate environmentalImpact
No CO2 emissions
Fast construction (1-2 years)
Costs reduced with natural gasturbine backup
Low efficiency
High costs
Needs backup or storage system
Need access to sunmost of the time
High land use
May disturb desert areas
Advantages Disadvantages
Trade-Offs
Solar Energy for High-TemperatureHeat and Electricity
Figure 18-19Page 393
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Single Solar Cell
Boron-enrichedsilicon
Junction
Sunlight
Cell
Phosphorus-enriched silicon
DC electricity Figure 18-20aPage 394
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Roof Options
Solar CellsPanels of Solar Cells
Figure 18-20bPage 394
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Solar Cell Roof
Figure 18-20cPage 394
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Fairly high net energy Work on cloudy days Quick installation Easily expanded or moved No CO2 emissions Low environmental impact Last 20-40 years Low land use (if on roof or built into walls or windows)
Reduce dependence on fossil fuels
Need access to sun Low efficiency Need electricity storage system or backup
High land use (solar cell power plants) could disrupt desert areas High costs (but should becompetitive in 5-15 years) DC current must be converted to AC
Figure 18-21Page 395
Advantages Disadvantages
Trade-Offs
Solar Cells
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Moderate to high net energy High efficiency (80%)
Large untapped potential
Low-cost electricity
Long life span
No CO2 emissions during operation May provide flood control below dam
Provides water for year-roundirrigation of crop land
Reservoir is useful for fishing and recreation
High construction costs
High environmental impact from flooding land to form a reservoir
High CO2 emissions from biomass decay in shallow tropical reservoirs
Floods natural areas behind dam
Converts land habitat to lake habitat
Danger of collapse
Uproots people
Decreases fish harvest below dam
Decreases flow of natural fertilizer (silt) to land below dam
Advantages Disadvantages
Trade-Offs
Large-Scale Hydropower
Figure 18-22Page 396
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Power cable
Electricalgenerator
Gearbox
Figure 18-23aPage 396
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Figure 18-23bPage 396
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Moderate to highnet energy High efficiency
Moderate capital cost
Low electricity cost(and falling)
Very low environmentalimpact
No CO2 emissions Quick construction Easily expanded
Land below turbinescan be used to growcrops or graze livestock
Steady winds needed
Backup systems whenneeded winds are low
High land use for wind farm
Visual pollution
Noise when locatednear populated areas
May interfere in flights of migratory birds and killbirds of prey
Figure 18-24Page 397
Advantages Disadvantages
Trade-Offs
Wind Power
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Gaseous Biofuels
Synthetic natural gas(biogas)
Wood gas
LiquidBiofuelsEthanol
MethanolGasohol
Direct burning
Conversion to gaseous and liquid biofuels
Figure 18-25Page 398
Solid Biomass FuelsWood logs and pellets
CharcoalAgricultural waste (stalks and other
plant debris)Timbering wastes (branches, treetops,
and wood chips)Animal wastes (dung)
Aquatic plants (kelp and water hyacinths)
Urban wastes (paper, cardboard, and other combustible materials)
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Large potential supply in some areas
Moderate costs
No net CO2 increase if harvested and burnedsustainably
Plantation can be located on semiarid land not needed for crops
Plantation can help restoredegraded lands
Can make use of agricultural,timber, and urban wastes
Nonrenewable if harvested unsustainably Moderate to high environmental impact CO2 emissions if harvested and burned unsustainably Low photosynthetic efficiency Soil erosion, water pollution, and loss of wildlife habitat Plantations could compete withcropland Often burned in inefficientand polluting open fires and stoves
Figure 18-26Page 399
Advantages Disadvantages
Trade-Offs
Solid Biomass
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High octane
Some reduction in CO2 emission
Reduced CO emissions
Can be sold as gasohol
Potentially renewable
Large fuel tank needed
Lower driving range
Net energy loss
Much higher cost
Corn supply limited
May compete with growingfood on cropland
Higher NO emission
Corrosive
Hard to start incolder weather
Figure 18-27Page 399
Advantages Disadvantages
Trade-Offs
Ethanol Fuel
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High octane
Some reduction in CO2 emissions
Lower total airPollution (30-40%)
Can be made from natural gas, agriculturalwastes, sewage sludge, and garbage
Can be used to produceH2 for fuel cells
Large fuel tank needed
Half the driving range
Corrodes metal, rubber, plastic
High CO2 emissions if madefrom coal
Expensive to produce
Hard to start in cold weather
Figure 18-28Page 400
Advantages Disadvantages
Trade-Offs
Methanol Fuel
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Very high efficiency
Moderate net energy at accessible sites
Lower CO2 emissions than fossil fuels
Low cost at favorable sites
Low land use
Low land disturbance
Moderate environmental impact
Scarcity of suitable sites
Depleted if used too rapidly
CO2 emissions
Moderate to high local air pollution
Noise and odor (H2S)
Cost too high except at the most concentrated and accessible source
Figure 18-29Page 401
Advantages Disadvantages
Trade-Offs
Geothermal Fuel
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Figure 18-30Page 401
Can be produced from plentiful water
Low environmental impact
Renewable if producedFrom renewable energyresources
No CO2 emissions if produced from water Good substitute for oil Competitive price if environmental and social costs are included incost comparisons Easier to store than electricity Safer than gasoline and natural gas
Nontoxic
High efficiency (65-95%) in fuel cells
Not found in nature
Energy is needed to produce fuel
Negative net energy
CO2 emissions if produced fromcarbon-containing compounds
Nonrenewable if generated byfossil fuels or nuclear power
High costs (but expected to come down)
Will take 25 to 50 years to phase in
Short driving range for current fuel cell cars
No distribution system in place
Excessive H2 leaks may deplete ozone
Advantages Disadvantages
Trade-Offs
Hydrogen
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Figure 18-31Page 403
Utilization
Electric utility
Transportation
Commercial/Residential
Industrial
Storage
Gas and solids
Transport
Vehicles and pipeline
Photo-conversion
Electrolysis
Reforming
Hydrogen Production
Ele
ctri
city
G
ener
atio
n
Primary Energy Sources
Sunlight
Fossil fuels
Biomass
Wind
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BioenergyPowerplants
Wind farm Small solar cellpower plants
Fuel cells
Solar cellrooftop systems
Commercial
MicroturbinesIndustrial
Transmissionand distributionsystem
Residential
Smallwindturbine
Rooftop solarcell arrays
Figure 18-32Page 405
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Small modular units
Fast factory production
Fast installation (hours to days)
Can add or remove modules as needed
High energy efficiency (60–80%)
Low or no CO2 emissions
Low air pollution emissions
Reliable
Easy to repair
Much less vulnerable to power outages
Increase national security by dispersal of targets
Useful anywhere
Especially useful in rural areas in developing countries with no power
Can use locally available renewable energy resources
Easily financed (costs included in mortgage and commercial loan)
Figure 18-33Page 406
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Figure 18-34Page 407
Nuclear energy (fission and fusion)
Fossil fuels
Renewable energy
Energy efficiency (conservation)
$15 billion
$19 billion
$32 billion
$73 billion
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Improve Energy Efficiency
Increase fuel-efficiencystandards for vehicles,buildings, and appliances
Mandate governmentpurchases of efficient vehicles and other devices
Provide large tax credits for buying efficient cars, houses, and appliances
Offer large tax credits for investments in efficiency
Reward utilities forreducing demand
Encourage independentpower producers
Greatly increase efficiencyresearch and development
More Renewable Energy
Increase renewable energy to 20% by 2020 and 50% by 2050
Provide large subsidies and tax credits for renewable energy
Use full-cost accounting and life cycle cost for comparing all energy alternatives
Encourage government purchase of renewable energy devices
Greatly increase renewableenergy research and development
Reduce Pollution andHealth Risk
Cut coal use 50% by 2020
Phase out coal subsidies
Levy taxes on coal and oil use
Phase out nuclear power or put it on hold until 2020
Phase out nuclear power subsidies
Figure 18-35Page 407
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Figure 18-36Page 408
• Drive a car that gets at least 15 kilometers per liter (35 miles per gallon) and join a carpool.
• Use mass transit, walking, and bicycling.
• Superinsulate your house and plug all air leaks.
• Turn off lights, TV sets, computers, and other electronic equipment when they are not in use.
• Wash laundry in warm or cold water.
• Use passive solar heating.
• For cooling, open windows and use ceiling fans or whole-house attic or window fans.
• Turn thermostats down in winter and up in summer.
• Buy the most energy-efficient homes, lights, cars, and appliances available.
• Turn down the thermostat on water heaters to 43-49ºC (110-120ºF) and insulate hot water heaters and pipes.
What Can You Do?
Energy Use ad Waste