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37-3 The Respiratory System
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What Is Respiration?
1. What Is Respiration?
(In biology, respiration means two different things).
a. Cellular respiration: release of energy from
breakdown of food in the presence of oxygen.
b. organism level, respiration: process of gas
exchange—(the release of carbon dioxide and the
uptake of oxygen between the lungs and the
environment.)
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The Human Respiratory System
The Human Respiratory System
What is the function of the respiratory
system?
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The Human Respiratory System
2. function of respiratory system:
exchange of O and CO2 between the
blood, the air, and tissues.
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The Human Respiratory System
3. The respiratory system consists of the:
• nose
• pharynx
• larynx
• trachea
• bronchi
• lungs
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The Human Respiratory System
4. Air entering must be:
a. warmed, moistened, and filtered.
b. Mucus moistens air and traps particles of dust or
smoke.
c. Cilia sweep particles and mucus to the throat.
d. Mucus and particles are either swallowed or spit
out.
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The Human Respiratory System
Epiglottis
Trachea
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Lungs
Bronchus
Mouth
Diaphragm
Bronchioles
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The Human Respiratory System
(Air enters the nose or
mouth and moves to the
pharynx, or throat.)
5. The pharynx:
passageway for both air
and food.
Nose
Pharynx
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The Human Respiratory System
(Air moves from the
pharynx into the)
6. trachea, or windpipe.
a. epiglottis:
flap, covers the
trachea when you
swallow.
Epiglottis
Trachea
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The Human Respiratory System
(At the top of the
trachea is)
7. larynx, which
contains vocal cords
(two elastic folds of
tissue)
Larynx
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The Human Respiratory System
(Air then passes
through the trachea
into)
8. bronchi:
two large
passageways lead
into one of the lungs.
Lungs
Bronchus
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The Human Respiratory System
(In each lung, the)
a. bronchus subdivides
into smaller bronchi,
then into bronchioles.
Bronchioles
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The Human Respiratory System
9. Alveoli:
millions of tiny air sacs.
Alveoli
Bronchiole
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The Human Respiratory System
(Alveoli are grouped in
clusters.
A network of capillaries
surrounds each
alveolus.)
Pulmonary
vein
Capillaries
Pulmonary
artery
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Gas Exchange
(Gas Exchange
Gas exchange takes
place in the alveoli.
Oxygen diffuses into the
blood.
Capillary
O2
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Gas Exchange
Carbon dioxide in the
blood diffuses into the
alveolus.)
Capillary
O2
CO2
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Breathing
9. Breathing
a. movement of air into and out of the lungs.
b. force that drives air into the lungs comes from
air pressure.
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Breathing
a. Chest cavity
lined with
pleural
membranes
10. diaphragm:
large, flat muscle
at bottom of chest
cavity
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Breathing
a. During inhalation,
diaphragm contracts
and rib cage rises up.
*expanding the volume
of the chest cavity.
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Breathing
(The chest cavity is sealed, so this creates a
partial vacuum inside the cavity.
Atmospheric pressure fills the lungs as air
rushes into the breathing passages.)
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Breathing
b. exhaling is a passive
event.
*rib cage lowers
*diaphragm relaxes,
*pressure in the chest
cavity is greater than
atmospheric pressure.
*Air is pushed out of the
lungs.
Exhalation
Rib cage
lowers
Air Exhaled
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How Breathing Is Controlled
12. How Breathing Is Controlled
a. by medulla oblongata.
b. monitors carbon dioxide in the blood.
(As carbon dioxide increases, nerve impulses
make the diaphragm contract, bringing air into the
lungs.
The higher the carbon dioxide level, the stronger
the impulses. )
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Tobacco and the Respiratory System
13. Tobacco and the Respiratory System
Tobacco smoke contains 3 dangerous substances
that affect the body:
• nicotine
• carbon monoxide
• tar
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Tobacco and the Respiratory System
14. Effects on Respiratory System
a. Nicotine: stimulant that increases heart rate and blood pressure.
b. Carbon monoxide: poisonous gas blocks transport of oxygen by hemoglobin
c. Nicotine & carbon monoxide paralyze cilia.
d. Tar contains compounds that can cause cancer.
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Tobacco and the Respiratory System
Diseases Caused by Smoking
How does smoking affect the respiratory
system?
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Tobacco and the Respiratory System
15. Smoking reduces life expectancy by
causing:.
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Tobacco and the Respiratory System
a. chronic bronchitis:
bronchi become swollen and clogged
with mucus.
b. Emphysema: loss of elasticity in lung
tissues.
(People with emphysema cannot get enough oxygen
to the body tissues or rid the body of excess carbon
dioxide.)
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Tobacco and the Respiratory System
c. Lung cancer: deadly, cells can spread to
other locations.
( Smoking is a preventable cause of lung cancer.)
d. also a major cause of heart disease.
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Tobacco and the Respiratory System
(Smoking and the Nonsmoker
Passive smoking is damaging to young children
because their lungs are still developing.
Studies show that children of smokers are twice as
likely as children of nonsmokers to develop
respiratory problems.
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Tobacco and the Respiratory System
Dealing With Tobacco
The best way to avoid tobacco-related illness is not
to smoke.
If a smoker quits, his or her health can be
improved, and some of the damage can be
reversed. )
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37-3
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Air passes through the trachea into two large
passageways in the chest cavity known as the
a. bronchi.
b. alveoli.
c. epiglottis.
d. bronchioles.
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37-3
The function of the cilia lining the respiratory surfaces is
to
a. improve the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide
exchanged in the lungs.
b. cover the opening of the trachea when you swallow.
c. move air in and out of the lungs.
d. sweep trapped particles and mucus away from the
lungs.
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Oxygen diffuses from the alveolus into the blood
because
a. blood entering the capillaries of the lungs is
oxygen-poor.
b. blood entering the capillaries of the lungs is
oxygen-rich.
c. air entering the lungs has more carbon
dioxide than oxygen.
d. air entering the lungs has less oxygen than
is found in the blood.
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37-3
A stimulant drug found in tobacco that increases
the heart rate and blood pressure is
a. tar.
b. carbon monoxide.
c. nicotine.
d. carbon dioxide.
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A respiratory disease that results in the loss of
elasticity in the tissues of the lung is
a. chronic bronchitis.
b. lung cancer.
c. emphysema.
d. pneumonia.