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SLOVENIA

The Report referred to in Article 5 of Directive 92/117/EEC

TRENDS AND SOURCES OF ZOONOSES ANDZOONOTIC AGENTS IN HUMANS, FOODSTUFFS, ANIMALS ANDFEEDINGSTUFFS

including information on foodborne outbreaks andantimicrobial resistance in zoonotic agents

IN 2004

INFORMATION ON THE REPORTING AND MONITORING SYSTEM

Country: Slovenia

Reporting Year: 2004

Institutions and laboratories involved in monitoring:

Laboratoryname

Description Contribution

VeterinaryAdministration ofthe Republic ofSlovenia

Competent authority Reporting authority

Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses

Slovenia 2004

PREFACE

This report is submitted to the European Commission in accordance with Article 5 of CouncilDirective 92/117/EEC1. The information has also been forwarded to the European Food SafetyAuthority (EFSA).

The report contains information on trends and sources of zoonoses and zoonotic agents inSlovenia during the year 2004. The information covers the occurrence of these diseases and agentsin humans, animals, foodstuffs and in some cases also in feedingstuffs. In addition the reportincludes data on antimicrobial resistance in some zoonotic agents and commensal bacteria as wellas information on epidemiological investigations of foodborne outbreaks. Complementary data onsusceptible animal populations in the country is also given.

The information given covers both zoonoses that are important for the public health in the wholeEuropean Community as well as zoonoses, which are relevant on the basis of the nationalepidemiological situation.

The report describes the monitoring systems in place and the prevention and control strategiesapplied in the country. For some zoonoses this monitoring is based on legal requirements laiddown by the Community Legislation, while for the other zoonoses national approaches areapplied.

The report presents the results of the examinations carried out in the reporting year. A nationalevaluation of the epidemiological situation, with special reference to trends and sources ofzoonotic infections, is given. Whenever possible, the relevance of findings in foodstuffs andanimals to zoonoses cases in humans is evaluated.

The information covered by this report is used in the annual Community Summary Report onzoonoses that is published each year by EFSA.

-1 Council Directive 92/117/ECC of 17 December 1992 concerning measures for protection against specified zoonosesand specified zoonotic agents in animals and products of animal origin in order to prevent outbreaks of foodborneinfections and intoxications, OJ L 62, 15.3.1993, p. 38


Slovenia 2004

LIST OF CONTENTS

1. ANIMAL POPULATIONS 12. INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC ZOONOSES AND ZOONOTIC AGENTS 42.1. SALMONELLOSIS 52.1.1. General evaluation of the national situation 52.1.2. Salmonellosis in humans 72.1.3. Salmonella in foodstuffs 122.1.4. Salmonella in animals 232.1.5. Salmonella in feedstuffs 432.1.6. Salmonella serovars and phagetype distribution 462.1.7. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella isolates 50

2.2. CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS 1332.2.1. General evaluation of the national situation 1332.2.2. Campylobacteriosis in humans 1342.2.3. Campylobacter in foodstuffs 1382.2.4. Campylobacter in animals 1422.2.5. Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter isolates 142

2.3. LISTERIOSIS 1432.3.1. General evaluation of the national situation 1432.3.2. Listeriosis in humans 1442.3.3. Listeria in foodstuffs 147

2.4. VEROCYTOTOXIC ESCHERICHIA COLI 1512.4.1. General evaluation of the national situation 1512.4.2. Verocytotoxic Escherichia coli in humans 1522.4.3. Pathogenic Escherichia coli in foodstuffs 1562.4.4. Pathogenic Escherichia coli in animals 159

2.5. TUBERCULOSIS 1602.5.1. General evaluation of the national situation 1602.5.2. Tuberculosis in humans 1612.5.3. Mycobacterium in animals 165

2.6. BRUCELLOSIS 1712.6.1. General evaluation of the national situation 1712.6.2. Brucellosis in humans 1722.6.3. Brucella in foodstuffs 1752.6.4. Brucella in animals 175

2.7. YERSINIOSIS 1822.7.1. General evaluation of the national situation 1822.7.2. Yersiniosis in humans 1832.7.3. Yersinia in foodstuffs 1872.7.4. Yersinia in animals 190

2.8. TRICHINELLOSIS 1912.8.1. General evaluation of the national situation 1912.8.2. Trichinellosis in humans 1922.8.3. Trichinella in animals 195

2.9. ECHINOCOCCOSIS 203


Slovenia 2004

2.9.1. General evaluation of the national situation 2032.9.2. Echinococcosis in humans 2042.9.3. Echinococcus in animals 207

2.10. TOXOPLASMOSIS 2112.10.1. General evaluation of the national situation 2112.10.2. Toxoplasmosis in humans 2122.10.3. Toxoplasma in animals 215

2.11. RABIES 2162.11.1. General evaluation of the national situation 2162.11.2. Rabies in humans 2182.11.3. Lyssavirus (rabies) in animals 219

3. INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC INDICATORS OF ANTIMICROBIALRESISTANCE

220

3.1. E. COLI INDICATORS 2213.1.1. General evaluation of the national situation 2213.1.2. Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolates 221

4. FOODBORNE OUTBREAKS 222


Slovenia 2004

1. ANIMAL POPULATIONS

The relevance of the findings on zoonoses and zoonotic agents has to be related to the size andnature of the animal population in the country.

A. Information on susceptible animal population

Sources of information:

Source:Livestock numbers and number of holdings: Statistical office of the Republic of SloveniaNumber of slaughtered animals: Veterinary Administration of the Republic of Slovenia

Dates the figures relate to and the content of the figures:

Reference dateLivestock numbers and number of holdings: Reference date is the date the obtained data referto. The reference date of this survey was 1 June 2003.Number of slaughtered animals: The number of slaughtered animals in 2004

Definitions used for different types of animals, herds, flocks and holdings as well asthe types covered by the information:

Definitions and other explanationsAgricultural holding is a single unit, both organisational and operating, of agricultural areautilised, forests, buildings, equipment and labour force, which has a single management andwhich is engaged in agricultural production.

Additional information

METHODOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONSThe purpose of the surveyThe Farm Structure Survey (FSS) is one of the basic statistical surveys in the field ofagriculture. In accordance with EU regulation it is conducted as a census every 10 years.Between censuses it can be conducted as a sample survey.Within the framework of FSS 2003 regular annual survey on Areas Sown and Number ofLivestock was carried out.Observation unitsObservation units are agricultural holdings satisfying the criteria of EU comparable thresholdand all agricultural enterprises and co-operatives.Data on agricultural enterprises and co-operatives were collected by questionnaire by post.


Slovenia 2004 1

Table 14.1 Susceptible animal populations: number of herds and holdings rearinganimals

* Only if different than current reporting yearAnimal species Category of animals Number of herds or flocks Number of holdings Year* Year*Cattle (bovine animals) calves (under 1 year) 34699 2003

young cattle (1-2 years) 31635 2003cattle over 2 years 41038 2003in total 46736 2003

Ducks in total 2373 2003

Gallus gallus broilers 4894 2003

laying hens 47888 2003

Geese in total 713 2003

Goats in total 3974 2003

Pigs fattening pigs 33008 2003

breeding animals 8477 2003in total 39484 2003

Sheep in total 5281 2003

Solipeds horses - in total 4728 2003

Turkeys in total 1365 2003

Ostriches in total 74 2003

Guinea fowl in total 241 2003

Footnote

Source: Statistical office of the Republic of Slovenia


Slovenia 2004 2

Table 14.2 Susceptible animal populations: number of animals

* Only if different than current reporting yearAnimal species Category of animals Livestock numbers (live

animals)Number of slaughteredanimals

Year* Year*Cattle (bovine animals) calves (under 1 year) 139962 2003

young cattle (1-2 years) 116691 2003cattle over 2 years 221677 2003in total 478331 2003 144884

Ducks in total 20304 2003

Gallus gallus broilers 2604304 2003

laying hens 1387408 2003

Geese in total 3862 2003

Goats in total 28690 2003

Pigs breeding animals 68566 2003

fattening pigs 228456 2003in total 607881 2003 443513

Sheep in total 119631 2003

Solipeds horses - in total 16879 2003 857

Turkeys in total 310285 2003

Gallus gallus andturkeys

in total 27256871

Rabbits in total 138953 2003 51672

Sheep and goats in total 7183

Ostriches in total 320 2003 163

Guinea fowl in total 1037 2003

Footnote

Source:Livestock numbers: Statistical office of the Republic of SloveniaNumber of slaughtered animals: Veterinary Administration of the Republic of Slovenia


Slovenia 2004 3

2. INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC ZOONOSES AND ZOONOTICAGENTS

Zoonoses are diseases or infections, which are naturally transmissible directly or indirectlybetween animals and humans. Foodstuffs serve often as vehicles of zoonotic infections. Zoonoticagents cover viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites or other biological entities that are likely to causezoonoses.


Slovenia 2004 4

2.1. SALMONELLOSIS

2.1.1. General evaluation of the national situation

A. General evaluation

History of the disease and/or infection in the country

HumansSalmonella Typhi, S.Paratyphi are notified only as imported infections.In the year 2002 Institute of Public Health of the R. Slovenia received 2725 notifications and inyear 2003 4005 (in year 2004 3277).Zoonotic agent in feed (2004)Some compound feedstuffs were contaminated with Salmonella. Of a total of 183 samples (batches) examined, the presence of Salmonella was detected in 4 samples (2,2%). 77 samples offeed material of animal origin and 36 samples of feed of vegetable origin were taken.Salmonella was not isolated from any sample.Zoonotic agent in animals (2004)129 breeding flocks of Gallus gallus in total were examined (day old chicks, flocks duringrearing and production). Salmonella was isolated in 3 flocks (2,3 %), and S. Enteritidis wasconfirmed in 2 adult flocks (1,5%).164 laying hen flocks in total (rearing and production period) were examined. Salmonella wasisolated in 4 flocks (2,1 %), and S. Enteritidis was confirmed in 1 adult flock.1146 broiler flocks were examined. S. Enteritidis was isolated three times (30 % of all positiveflocks) and S. Infantis, S. Saintpaul and S. Heidelberg once each. In 2004, salmonellosis in pigs and cattle was not reported.Zoonotic agent in food (2004)191 samples of fresh poultry meat, and 44 samples of mechanically recovered meat were takenat slaughterhouses and retail. Salmonella was isolated from 8 samples of fresh meat-all of themare broiler meat (4,2 %), and from 1 sample of mechanically recovered meat (2,3 %). S.Enteritidis was isolated in 7 cases.402 samples of fresh and minced red meat were taken at the registered slaughterhouses andretail. Salmonella was isolated from 1 sample (S.Typhimurium).Altogether 149 samples of table eggs and egg products were taken. Salmonella was not isolatedfrom any sample.188 milk samples at processing plant, 70 samples of cheeses and 170 samples of ice- cream atretail were taken and examined. Salmonella was not isolated from any sample.

National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection

HumansSalmonella infections remain public health problem. The burden of disease is higher in last threeyears.In last years Salmonella Enteritidis encounters more than 90% of Salmonella isolates inSlovenia.FeedAs compared to the preceding year, the state in 2004 was more favourable.Animals


Slovenia 2004 5

In 2004, the breeding flock status was identical to that of the preceding year, where Salmonellawas not detected in the flocks intended for egg production, and 1 non-specified flock was foundpositive in 2003 as well as in 2004. As compared to the preceding year, the number of positivebreading flocks for meat production line in which S. enteritridis was isolated, remainedunchanged (1 flock).In 2003 Salmonella was detected in 7 laying flocks during rearing period (23 % of rearingflocks examined, or 8 % of all flocks examined), where S. Enteritidis was identified five times,and once S. Typhimurium. As compared to the preceding year, the state in 2004 regarding the prevalence was morefavourable. As compared to 2003 where Salmonella had been isolated in 39 broiler flocks from a total ofmore than 673 examined, the state in 2004 was more favourable.FoodAs compared to the preceding year, the state in 2004 was more favourable as the percentage ofpositive samples of mechanically recovered meat and the percentage of positive samples offresh broiler meat halved.State regarding the occurrence of Salmonella in turkey meat in 2004 was identical to that in thepreceding year as in 2003 as well there were no positive samples detected. In general favourable situation in food continued in 2004.


Slovenia 2004 6

2.1.2. Salmonellosis in humans

A. Salmonellosis in humans

Reporting system in place for the human cases

Salmonella cases are notifiable by national law on infectious diseases. Medical doctors notifycases on daily basis to local institutes of public health. (Also laboratories are obliged to notify).Local institutes of public health notify disease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia.Notification since second World War.

Case definition

According to definition of commission of the EU communities.

Diagnostic/analytical methods used

Serologic and biochemical identification: SS agar and selen medium.

Notification system in place

Salmonella cases are notifiable by national law on infectious diseases. Medical doctors notifycases on daily basis to local institutes of public health. Local institutes of public health notifydisease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia. Medical doctors also report outbreaks ofsalmonella infections. Notification since second World War.


After the second World War only Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphy were notified. In 1950-sSalmonella Typhi and Paratyphi infections were more and more rare, other salmonella serotypeswere more and more frequent. From 1946 to 1953 3414 cases of Salmonella Typhi and 3415 cases of Salmonella Paratyphiwere notified. Among them 180 patients with Salmonella Typhi and 41 patients with SalmonellaParatyphi died. After year 1953 epidemiological situation changed. More other Salmonella serotypes(Salmonella Typhimurium, Choleraesuis, Enteritidis etc.) were identified and less SalmonellaTyphi and Paratyphi.From the year 1954 to 2000 188 serotypes of Salmonella were identified and 82 742notifications of Salmonella gastroenteritis in Slovenia. In last years Salmonella Enteritidis encounters more than 90% of Salmonella isolates inSlovenia.Salmonella Typhi, S.Paratyphi are notified only as imported infections.

Results of the investigation

After 1997, number of notifications of Salmonella gastroenteritis increased. In the year 2002Institute of Public Health of the R. Slovenia received 2725 notifications and in year 2003 4005(in year 2004 3277). Incidence of Salmonella gastroenteritis in the year 2003 reached 201 / 100 000 inhabitants, theburden of disease is quite high. Important fact is also that the real number of Salmonella


Slovenia 2004 7

infections is not known; incidence is estimated from the data on Salmonella notifications.(Further studies are needed to estimate the burden of disease).


Salmonella infections remain public health problem. The burden of disease is higher in last threeyears.

Relevance as zoonotic disease

Poultry and eggs remain source of infection.


Slovenia 2004 8

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Slovenia 2004 9

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Slovenia 2004 10

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Slovenia 2004 11

2.1.3. Salmonella in foodstuffs

A. Salmonella spp in eggs and egg products

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

Monitoring at retailAnnual monitoring programme was prepared with respect to the results ofprogramme/controls carried out in the previous year, epidemiological situation,Commission Recommendation concerning a coordinated programme for the officialcontrol of foodstuffs.The majority of samples were taken in cities with 10000 inhabitants or more and numberof samples taken was proportional with the population in the region. There were taken at the retail level where sampling could give an overview over thesituation.Sampling carried out by health inspectors.Programme: 50 samples of table eggs and 99 samples of egg products per annum

Frequency of the sampling

Eggs at retail

Sampling takes place during the months April - May

Egg products (at production plant and at retail)

Sampling takes place during the months March - May

Type of specimen taken

Eggs at egg packing centres (foodstuff based approach)

Mixture of yolk and white


Mixture of yolk and white

Definition of positive finding

Eggs at retail

A sample from which Salmonella has been isolated.




Eggs at retail


Slovenia 2004 12

Bacteriological method: ISO 6579:2002



Preventive measures in place

GMP, GHP, HACCP

Measures in case of the positive findings

Additional sampling was carried out and other necessary enforcement actions.


Whenever zoonotic agent-Salmonella is detected in samples taken, relevant authorities must beinformed.


Within the monitoring programme 50 samples of table eggs and 99 samples of egg productswere taken. Salmonella was not isolated from any sample.

B. Salmonella spp. in broiler meat and products thereof

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

At slaughterhouse and cutting plant

Monitoring is carried out in accordance with the Compulsory instructions on thetaking of official samples for zoonoses.Official veterinarians carry out the sampling of meat and mechanically recoveredmeat at all the registered poultry slaughterhouses.

At retail

Annual monitoring programme was prepared with respect to the results ofprogramme/controls carried out in the previous year, epidemiological situation,Commission Recommendation concerning a coordinated programme for theofficial control of foodstuffs.The majority of samples were taken in cities with 10000 inhabitants or more andnumber of samples taken was proportional with the population in the region. There were taken at the retail level where sampling could give an overview overthe situation.Sampling carried out by health inspectors.Programme: 100 samples of fresh poultry meat per annum.



Slovenia 2004 13


Other: Sampling of meat in the high-capacity establishments (establishmentsapproved for the intra-Community trade) /1 sample of meat per month. Samplingof meat in the low-capacity establishments (establishments approved for placingof meat on the internal market of the Republic of Slovenia only)/ 1 sample ofmeat per month.Sampling of mechanically recovered meat: 1 sample of MRMper month.

At retail

Sampling takes place during the months February-June



Other: Fresh meat, mechanically separated meat

At retail

Fresh meat



Meat: sample shall be considered positive where the causative agent has beenisolated from the sample.

At retail





At retail



GMP, GHP, HACCPAt the moment food business operators introduce the system of additional labelling of poultrymeat which includes special warning to the customers to treat poultry meat at requestedtemperature before any use.

Measures in case of the positive findings or single cases

Monitoring at reatail:


Slovenia 2004 14

Additional sampling was carried out and other necessary enforcement actions.Since product was no longer on the market at the time of receiving analytical results of samplestaken at the retail level in all cases in house control was required.




Monitoring at slaughterhouse and cutting plant:79 samples of fresh meat, and 30 samples of mechanically recovered meat were taken atslaughterhouses. Salmonella was isolated from 1 sample of fresh meat (1,3 %), and from 1sample of mechanically recovered meat (3,3 %). S. Enteritidis was isolated in both the cases.Monitoring at retail:Out of 95 samples of meat taken, 7,4% were positive on presence of Salmonella spp. Detailedevaluation of data shows that 5,3% of fowl/chicken were positive on presence of SalmonellaEnteritidis and 2,1% were positive on presense of Salmonella Infantis.


Monitoring at slaughterhouse and cutting plant:In 2003, Salmonella was isolated from 2 samples (3.1 %) of fresh meat, and from 2 samples (10%) of mechanically recovered meat. As compared to the preceding year, the state in 2004 wasmore favourable as the percentage of positive samples of mechanically recovered meatdecreased by almost 7 %, and the percentage of positive samples of fresh meat halved.

C. Salmonella spp. in turkey meat and products thereof

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy



At retail

Annual monitoring programme was prepared with respect to the results ofprogramme/controls carried out in the previous year, epidemiological situation,Commission Recommendation concerning a coordinated programme for theofficial control of foodstuffs.The majority of samples were taken in cities with 10000 inhabitants or more andnumber of samples taken was proportional with the population in the region. There were taken at the retail level where sampling could give an overview over


Slovenia 2004 15

the situation.Sampling carried out by health inspectors.Programme: 100 samples of fresh poultry meat pre annum.



Other: Sampling of meat in the high-capacity establishments (establishmentsapproved for the intra-Community trade) /1 sample of meat per month.

At retail

Sampling takes place during the months February - June



Other: Fresh meat and mechanically separated meat

At retail

Fresh meat



Meat - sample shall be considered positive where the causative agent has beenisolated from the sample.

At retail





At retail






Slovenia 2004 16





Monitoring at slaughterhouse and cutting plantIn one (1) registered high-capacity slaughterhouse intended for turkey slaughter, 12 samples offresh meat and 14 samples of mechanically recovered meat were taken. Salmonella was notisolated from any sample.Monitoring at retailOnly 5 samples of turkey meat were analysed and all samples were negative.


Monitoring at slaughterhouse and cutting plantState regarding the occurrence of Salmonella in turkey meat in 2004 was identical to that in thepreceding year as in 2003 as well there were no positive samples detected.

D. Salmonella spp. in pig meat and products thereof

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy


Sampling is carried out regularly throughout the year at all the registeredslaughterhouses for porcine animals. Sampling includes 1 sample of meat per 2000 porcine animals slaughtered.Slaughterhouse official veterinarians carry out the sampling.

At retail

Annual monitoring programme was prepared with respect to the results ofprogramme/controls carried out in the previous year, epidemiological situation,Commission Recommendation concerning a coordinated programme for theofficial control of foodstuffs.The majority of samples were taken in cities with 10000 inhabitants or more andnumber of samples taken was proportional with the population in the region. There were taken at the retail level where sampling could give an overview overthe situation.Sampling carried out by health inspectors.Programme: 100 samples of fresh red meat ( pig meat or bovine meat or meatfrom sheep or goat meat or soliped meat) per annum.


Slovenia 2004 17



Other: 1 sample of meat per 2000 porcine animals slaughtered

At retail

Sampling takes place during the months May - August



Fresh meat

At retail

Fresh meat




At retail





At retail



GMP, GHP, HACCP


Monitoiring at retailAdditional sampling was carried out and other necessary enforcement actions.




Slovenia 2004 18


Monitoring at slaughterhouse 188 samples of fresh meat of porcine animals were taken at the registered slaughterhouses.Salmonella was not isolated from any sample.Monitoring at retailResults show that all samples of fresh red meat (n=100) taken at the retail level were classifiedas satisfactory for Salmonella spp. Salmonella was not isolated.


Monitoring at slaughterhouse In 2003, 112 samples were taken. Salmonella was not isolated. Favourable situation continuedin 2004.

E. Salmonella spp. in food

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

Monitoring at processing plants Sampling of milk products is carried out at all the registered dairy establishments.Sampling of wild boar meat is carried out in the registered establishments. Officialveterinarians carry out sampling throughout the year.Monitoring at retailAnnual monitoring programme was prepared with respect to the results ofprogramme/controls carried out in the previous year, epidemiological situation,Commission Recommendation concerning a coordinated programme for the officialcontrol of foodstuffs.The majority of samples were taken in cities with 10000 inhabitants or more and numberof samples taken was proportional with the population in the region. There were taken at the retail level where sampling could give an overview over thesituation.Sampling carried out by health inspectors.Programme: prepared dishes - 230 samples, cheeses - 70 samples, minced meat - 114samples, vegetables and fruits -100 samples, fishery products - 50 samples, juice - 18samples, spices and herbs - 50 samples, ice- cream - 170 samples, sandwiches - 40samples


Monitoring at processing plants Sampling of milk products in high-capacity establishments / 2 samples per monthSampling of milk products in low-capacity establishments (limited capacityestablishments) / 1 sample per month.Sampling of wild boar meat in high-capacity establishments (establishments approved forthe intra-Community trade) /1 sample of meat per 3 monthsSampling of wild boar meat in low-capacity establishments (establishments approved for


Slovenia 2004 19

placing of meat on the internal market of the Republic of Slovenia only) / 2 samples ofmeat per year at a 3-month interval.Monitoring at retailSampling takes place during the months.Prepared dishes: February - July Cheeses: March - June Minced meat, vegetables and fruits: May - AugustFishery products: July - AugustJuice: OctoberSpices and herbs, ice- cream: June - SeptemberSandwich: November


Sample shall be considered positive where the causative agent has been isolated from thesample.


Bacteriological method: ISO 6579:2002; Cor.2004


GMP, GHP, HACCP






Monitoring at processing plants188 samples of milk products and 9 samples of fresh meat of wild boars were taken andexamined. Salmonella was not isolated from any sample.Monitoring at retailA total of 842 samples were taken at restaurants, retail and catering. Salmonella was detected inone sample of minced meat.


Monitoring at processing plantsState regarding the detection of causative agent in milk products and in the fresh meat of wildboars is very favourable as the results of all samples examined in 2003 and 2004 were negative.


Slovenia 2004 20

Table 3.3.1 Salmonella sp. in meat and meat products

- -

So

urc

e o

f in

form

atio

n

Rem

arks

Ep

idem

iolo

gic

al u

nit

Sam

ple

wei

gh

t

Un

its

test

ed

Un

its

po

siti

ve

S. E

nte

riti

dis

S. T

yph

imu

riu

m

S. I

nfa

nti

s

Pig meat - - -fresh - - -

- at slaughter - sample 25g 188 0

Broiler meat - - -fresh - - -

- at slaughter - sample 25g 79 1 1

- at retail (1) - sample 25g/25ml 95 7 5 2

mechanically separatedmeat

- sample 25g 30 1 1

Turkey meat - - -fresh - - -

- at slaughter - sample 25g 12 0

- at retail (2) - sample 25g/25ml 5 0


- sample 25g 14 0

Mixed meat - - -minced meat - - -

- at retail - sample 25g 114 1 1

Wild game meat - landmammals

- - -

fresh (3) - sample 25g 9 0

red meat -

fresh -

- at retail - sample 25g 100 0

(1) : Sample weight: 25ml-rinse(2) : Sample weight: 25ml-rinse(3) : Wild boar


Slovenia 2004 21

Table 3.3.2 Salmonella sp. in other food

- -

So

urc

e o

f in

form

atio

n

Rem

arks

Ep

idem

iolo

gic

al u

nit

Sam

ple

wei

gh

t

Un

its

test

ed

Un

its

po

siti

ve

S. E

nte

riti

dis

S. T

yph

imu

riu

m

Dairy products - - -

ready-to-eat -

- at processing plant - batch 25g 188 0

ice-cream - sample 25g 170 0

Table eggs - - -


Egg products - sample 25g 99 0

Fishery products - - -


Cheeses - - -soft and semi soft - - -


Other processed foodproducts

- - -

sandwich - - -- at retail - sample 25g 40 0

prepared dishes - - -- at retail - sample 25g 230 0

Juice - sample 25g 18 0

Fruits - - -

pre-cut - sample 25g 73 0

Vegetables - sample 25g 27 0

Spices and herbs - sample 25g 50 0


Slovenia 2004 22

2.1.4. Salmonella in animals

A. Salmonella spp. in Gallus gallus - breeding flocks for egg production andflocks of laying hens

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary)

Sampling shall be carried out in all breeding flocks including at least 250 birds.Animal owner or holder of activity of the hatchery shall at his own expense takesamples for analysis in order to detect the presence of Salmonella. Samplingshall be carried out at poultry breeding holdings or in hatcheries. Every eightweeks the sampling carried out by the holder of activity in the adult breedingflocks shall be substituted by the official sampling, carried out by the officialveterinarians.

Laying hens flocks

Sampling shall be carried out in all the flocks at holdings keeping laying hens,which include more than 200 birds. Sampling shall be carried out by theauthorised veterinary organisations within the scope of the prescribed regularmonitoring.


Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Day-old chicks

Every flock is sampled

Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Rearing period

Other: At four weeks of age and two weeks prior to entering the laying phase.

Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Production period

Every two weeks

Laying hens: Day-old chicks

Other: Sample of chicks found dead in a single day or of the bedding or faeces incase of the increased mortality (more than 0,5 % per day) upon arrival (on theintroduction of birds into the accommodation facilities).

Laying hens: Rearing period


Slovenia 2004 23

Other: Sample of chicks found dead in a single day or of the bedding or faeces incase of the increased mortality (more than 0,5 % per day) during the breedingperiod. Sample of chicks found dead in a single day or of the bedding or faecesin week 8 and 16 of age of the birds.

Laying hens: Production period

Other: Sample of hens found dead in a single day or of the bedding or faeces incase of the increased mortality (more than 0,5 % per day) during the layingperiod; sample of the bedding or faeces and a sample of table eggs (5 % or up toa maximum of 60 eggs) every 3 months in the laying phase.



Other: Sampling from the internal linings of the boxes in which the chicks havebeen delivered to the holding, and from the carcasses of chicks found dead onarrival.


Other: Pooled faeces samples made up of separate samples of fresh faeces eachweighing not less than 1 g taken at random from a number of sites in the buildingin which the birds are kept, or, where the birds have free access to more than onebuilding on a particular holding, from each group of buildings on the holding inwhich the birds are kept.


Other: Sample shall be taken in accordance with the prescribed scheme(Directive 92/117/EEC).


Other: Dead chicks or of the bedding or faeces.


Other: Dead chicks or of the bedding or faeces.


Other: Dead chicks or of the bedding or faeces and a sample of table eggs.

Methods of sampling (description of sampling techniques)



Slovenia 2004 24

In accordance with Council Directive 92/117/EEC.



Breeding flocks: Production period



See Frequency of the sampling





Case definition


Flock shall be considered positive where the causative agent has been identifiedin the confirmatory sample of the official sampling.


See Breeding flocks: Day-old chicks




The disease shall be considered officially confirmed where the bacteriologicalinvestigation results, upon the examination of the dead bird carcasses and/orbedding and feed after the reported suspicion of disease on the basis of clinicalsigns, or the bacteriological investigation results of the monitoring for thesalmonelloses in poultry have been positive; in the opposite case it shall beconsidered that the disease has officially been ruled out.


See Laying hens: Day-old chicks


Slovenia 2004 25


See Laying hens: Day-old chicks



Bacteriological method: Method in accordance with the OIE Manual, 5th ed.,2004











Other preventive measures than vaccination in place


Persons, who in carrying out a registered activity of breeding or production come intodirect contact with animals, foodstuffs, raw materials, products or waste, must havethorough knowledge in contagious animal diseases, the prevention thereof andtransmissibility to man, and in the regulations governing the protection against contagiousdiseases.Animal holders must carry out preventive measures as for instance: providing potablewater and feed that are fit for consumption; providing and maintaining the requiredconditions of hygiene in the animal breeding and auxiliary facilities; preventing the


Slovenia 2004 26

introduction into the breeding facilities of disease agents; implementing veterinarymeasures in the intensive animal rearing technology; handling as prescribed the animalcarcasses and other waste, waste waters, faeces and urine; providing for the preventivedisinfection, disinsectisation and deratisation (DDD) in the facilities, on public surfacesand in the means of transport.

Laying hens flocks

See Breeding flocks

Control program/mechanisms

The control program/strategies in place


National control programme is carried out in accordance with the nationallegislation, on the basis of the Rules on the monitoring of zoonoses and zoonoticagents in poultry breeding flocks (transposing Council Directive 92/117/EEC),and the Instructions on measures for the detection, prevention and suppression ofsalmonellosis. The control programme envisages inter alia as follows:Immediately upon the reported suspicion of disease at the suspect holding, thefollowing shall be instituted on the basis of an expert instruction:banning the movements and alienation of animals susceptible to the disease;banning the issuing of health certificates for animals susceptible to the disease;banning the trade in eggs for consumption;banning the slaughter of animals susceptible to the disease;restricting the movements of persons coming into contact with the infectedanimal or animal suspected of being infected, and providing for and maintainingthe appropriate conditions of hygiene in the facilities.Measures shall be instituted as long as the suspicion of disease has not officiallybeen ruled out.

Laying hens flocks

National control programme is carried out in accordance with the nationallegislation, on the basis of the Instructions on measures for the detection,prevention and suppression of salmonellosis. The control programme envisagesinter alia as follows:Implementation of monitoring and immediate confirmation of the disease in caseof the suspected presence on the basis of clinical signs or detection of the diseasein other animals at the same holding, by taking samples for the diagnosticpurposes, epizootiological investigation, and instituting appropriate measuresimmediately upon suspecting the presence of disease at the suspect holding.Measures shall be instituted as long as the suspicion of disease has not officiallybeen ruled out.Instituting of supplementary measures in the infected holding.



Slovenia 2004 27


On the official confirmation of disease, the following measures shall be instituted at theholding in addition to those instituted at the suspected presence of disease:- incoming raw materials to constitute poultry feed shall be decontaminated by theappropriate procedure;- premises, instruments and tools in the places of poultry feed production and storageshall be disinfected by the appropriate disinfectant;- premises, installations, packaging and equipment in hatcheries and vehicles intended forthe transport of poultry and eggs shall be disinfected by the appropriate procedure anddisinfectant;- hatching eggs shall be disinfected by the bactericidal gas immediately upon collection,as well as the hatchers;- eggs placed in the hatcher on the same day shall be disinfected by the bactericidal gason day 18 or 19;- hatched poultry shall be disinfected by the bactericidal gas as long as it is still moist andin the hatcher;- unhatched eggs, deformed hatchlings and other hatching waste shall be harmlesslydisposed of;- DDD measures shall be carried out in the infected poultry breeding facilities and in thefacilities for the production of eggs and poultrymeat, and no later than the second dayafter disinfection, the bacteriological control of its efficiency shall be carried out;- manure shall be removed from the perimeter of the holding, packed and not used forthree months upon packing;- poultry shall be treated by an appropriate antibiotic or chemotherapeutic agent on thebasis of antibiogram, and - other measures for sanitising the infected holding shall be implemented.Measures instituted at the infected holding shall be lifted:Where the results of bacteriological investigations, carried out on days 5 and 10 afterimplementation of measures and completion of treatment, are negative.

Laying hens flocks

On the official confirmation of disease, the following measures shall be instituted at theholding in addition to those instituted at the suspected presence of disease:- incoming raw materials to constitute poultry feed shall be decontaminated by theappropriate procedure;- premises, instruments and tools in the places of poultry feed production and storageshall be disinfected by the appropriate disinfectant;- vehicles intended for the transport of poultry and eggs shall be disinfected by theappropriate procedure and disinfectant;- DDD measures shall be carried out in the infected poultry breeding facilities and in thefacilities for the production of eggs and poultrymeat, and no later than the second dayafter disinfection, the bacteriological control of its efficiency shall be carried out;- manure shall be removed from the perimeter of the holding, packed and not used forthree months upon packing;- poultry shall be treated by an appropriate antibiotic or chemotherapeutic agent on the


Slovenia 2004 28

basis of antibiogram, and - other measures for sanitising the infected holding shall be implemented.Measures instituted at the infected holding shall be lifted:Where the results of bacteriological investigations, carried out on days 7 and 14 afterimplementation of measures and completion of treatment, are negative.


Breeding flock: In case that by monitoring the presence of Salmonella in a breeding flock isdetected, the holder of the flock must officially notify VARS of the results. The laboratory mustsubmit the diagnostic test results to the Main Office of VARS. This method of reporting must becarried out in accordance with the provisions of the Rules on the monitoring of zoonoses andzoonotic agents in poultry breeding flocks (transposing Council Directive 92/117/EEC) since2004, and prior to that date, the method of reporting diseases was used as prescribed in theRules on contagious animal diseases.Laying hens: In case of disease, the veterinary organisation must notify the relevant RegionalOffice of VARS, where the disease has been confirmed by the diagnostic test result. The reporton the occurrence of disease is to be submitted on a monthly basis by the tenth day in a monthfor the previous month.The authorised laboratory submits the diagnostic test results to the relevant Regional Office ofVARS, and to the consigner of samples.Once a month and no later than the 20th day in the month, the authorised laboratories andRegional Offices of VARS must report on the diagnostic test results to the Office forContagious Animal Diseases within VARS. This method of reporting is carried out in accordance with the provisions of the Rules oncontagious animal diseases (applicable since 2002), and the reporting as such has beencompulsory since 1996.


52 breeding flocks intended for egg production have been examined. All the flocks examinedwere negative: Salmonella was not isolated. In addition, 42 flocks of non-specified line wereexamined for the presence of Salmonella, which was confirmed in 1 adult breeding flock and S.Enteritidis was isolated.164 laying hen flocks in total were examined, where most flocks were examined in the layingphase, i.e. 112. Examined were also the following flock quantities: 3 flocks of day-old chicks,36 flocks immediately upon introduction into the production phase, and 16 flocks ofnon-specified phase. Salmonella was isolated in 4 flocks (2,4 %), and S. Enteritidis wasconfirmed in 1 adult flock.


In 2004, the breeding flock status was identical to that of the preceding year, where Salmonellawas not detected in the flocks intended for egg production, and 1 non-specified flock was foundpositive in 2003 as well as in 2004.In 2003, a total of 88 laying hen flocks were examined, and thereof 4 flocks of day-old chicks,30 breeding flocks, 39 adult flocks, and 15 flocks without age category indication. Salmonellawas detected in 7 rearing flocks (23 % of rearing flocks examined, or 8 % of all flocksexamined), where S. Enteritidis was identified five times, and once S. Typhimurium.


Slovenia 2004 29

As compared to the preceding year, the state in 2004 regarding the prevalence was morefavourable. Nevertheless, some difference was observed in the occurrence of Salmonella at thedifferent stages of rearing, as in 2003 it was detected in rearing flocks only, whilst in 2004 itwas detected also in adult laying hen flocks.

B. Salmonella spp. in Gallus gallus - breeding flocks for meat productionand broiler flocks

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy


In accordance with Annex III of Council Directive 92/117/EEC.

Broiler flocks

Twice a year, sampling shall be carried out in all the holdings rearing poultry forproduction-broilers. Sampling shall be carried out by the authorised veterinaryorganisations within the prescribed regular monitoring.



Every flock is sampled


Other: Transposing Council Directive 92/117/EEC (Annex III).



Broiler flocks: Before slaughter at farm

Other: Sample of bedding of the flocks, twice a year and at least 3 weeks prior toslaughter.





Slovenia 2004 30






Other: See frequency.






Breeding flocks: Production period



See frequency.

Case definition


Flock shall be considered positive where the causative agent has been identifiedin the confirmatory sample of the official sampling.





Broiler flocks: Day-old chicks


Slovenia 2004 31


Broiler flocks: Rearing period






Bacteriological method: Method in accordance with the OIE Manual, 5th ed.,2004.







Vaccination policy


Slovenia 2004 32


See Breeding flocks for egg production.


Broiler flocks

See flocks of laying hens.





Broiler flocks

See laying hens.









On the official confirmation of disease, the following measures shall be instituted at theholding in addition to those instituted at the suspected presence of disease:- incoming raw materials to constitute poultry feed shall be decontaminated by theappropriate procedure;- premises, instruments and tools in the places of poultry feed production and storageshall be disinfected by the appropriate disinfectant;- vehicles intended for the transport of poultry and eggs shall be disinfected by theappropriate procedure and disinfectant;- DDD measures shall be carried out in the infected poultry breeding facilities and in thefacilities for the production of eggs and poultrymeat, and no later than the second day


Slovenia 2004 33

after disinfection, the bacteriological control of its efficiency shall be carried out;- manure shall be removed from the perimeter of the holding, packed and not used forthree months upon packing;- poultry shall be treated by an appropriate antibiotic or chemotherapeutic agent on thebasis of antibiogram, and - other measures for sanitising the infected holding shall be implemented.Measures instituted at the infected holding shall be lifted:Where the results of bacteriological investigations, carried out on days 7 and 14 afterimplementation of measures and completion of treatment, are negative.


See Breeding flocks for egg production and flocks of laying hens.


Of a total of 35 flocks examined, the presence of Salmonella was detected in 2 adult flocks,where S. Enteritidis was isolated once. 20 adult breeding flocks of non-specified line wereexamined: one flock was found positive and S. Enteritridis was isolated.1146 broiler flocks were examined, and thereof 48 flocks of day-old chicks (1 flock was foundpositive), 868 flocks in production (6 positive flocks), and 230 flocks of non-specified phase (4flocks were found positive). S. Enteritidis was isolated three times (27 %), and S. Infantis, S.Saintpaul and S. Heidelberg once each.


As compared to the preceding year, the number of positive breeding flocks in which S.Enteritridis was isolated, remained unchanged (1 flock). Taking into account the difference inthe number of adult flocks examined between 2003 and 2004, a single positive flock in 2004where 19 adult breeding flocks were examined, represents an increased percentage of positiveresults in comparison to the preceding year where 33 adult breeding flocks had been examined.As compared to 2003 where Salmonella had been isolated in 39 broiler flocks from a total ofmore than 673 examined, the state in 2004 was more favourable.

C. Salmonella spp in pigs

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

Breeding herds

Disease is monitored on the basis of clinical signs and/or detection ofsalmonellosis in other animals in the same holding.

Multiplying herds

See Breeding herds

Fattening herds


Slovenia 2004 34

See Breeding herds


Breeding herds

Other: See Methods of sampling

Multiplying herds


Fattening herds at farm



Breeding herds

Immediately upon suspicion of disease on the basis of clinical signs and/ordetection of salmonellosis in other animals in the same holding, the authorisedveterinary organisation must submit for investigation the dead animal carcasses,rectal swabs of suspect animals, samples of litter and feed.

Multiplying herds

See Breeding herds


See Breeding herds

Case definition

Breeding herds

The disease shall be considered officially confirmed on the basis of the clinical signsand/or positive bacteriological test results; in the opposite case it shall be considered thatthe disease has been ruled out.

Multiplying herds

See Breeding herds


See Breeding herds


Breeding herds

Bacteriological method:


Slovenia 2004 35

Multiplying herds





Breeding herds

Persons, who in carrying out a registered activity of breeding or production come intodirect contact with animals, foodstuffs, raw materials, products or waste, must havethorough knowledge in contagious animal diseases, the prevention thereof andtransmissibility to man, and in the regulations governing the protection against contagiousdiseases. Animal holders must carry out preventive measures as for instance: providingpotable water and feed that are fit for consumption; providing and maintaining therequired conditions of hygiene in the animal breeding and auxiliary facilities; preventingthe introduction into the breeding facilities of disease agents; implementing veterinarymeasures in the intensive animal rearing technology; handling as prescribed the animalcarcasses and other waste, waste waters, faeces and urine; providing for the preventivedisinfection, disinsectisation and deratisation (DDD) in the facilities, on public surfacesand in the means of transport.

Multiplying herds

See Breeding herds

Fattening herds

See Breeding herds



Breeding herds

National control programme is carried out in accordance with the nationallegislation, on the basis of the Instructions on measures for the detection,prevention and suppression of salmonellosis. The control programme envisagesinter alia as follows: Immediate confirmation of the disease in case of suspected presence by takingsamples for the diagnostic purposes, epizootiological investigation, andinstituting appropriate measures immediately upon suspecting the presence ofdisease at the suspect holding. Measures shall be instituted as long as thesuspicion of disease has not officially been ruled out.Instituting of supplementary measures in the infected holding.

Multiplying herds


Slovenia 2004 36

See Breeding herds

Fattening herds

See Breeding herds


On the official confirmation of disease, the following measures shall be instituted at the holdingin addition to those instituted at the suspected presence of disease:- disinfection of incoming raw materials to constitute animal feed;- treatment of infected animals with an appropriate antibiotic or chemotherapeutic agent on thebasis of antibiogram; - DDD measures;- other measures for sanitising the infected holding


In case of disease, the veterinary organisation must notify the relevant Regional Office ofVARS, where the disease has been confirmed by the diagnostic test result. The report on theoccurrence of disease is to be submitted on a monthly basis by the tenth day in a month for theprevious month.The authorised laboratory submits the diagnostic test results to the relevant Regional Office ofVARS, and to the consigner of samples.Once a month and no later than the 20th day in the month, the authorised laboratories andRegional Offices of VARS must report on the diagnostic test results to the Office forContagious Animal Diseases within VARS. This method of reporting is carried out in accordance with the provisions of the Rules oncontagious animal diseases (applicable since 2002), and the reporting as such has beencompulsory since 1996.


In 2004, salmonellosis was not reported.

D. Salmonella spp. in bovine animals

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

CALVESDisease is monitored on the basis of clinical signs and/or detection of salmonellosis inother animals in the same holding.


Animals at farm

Immediately upon suspicion of disease on the basis of clinical signs and/ordetection of salmonellosis in other animals in the same holding, the authorised


Slovenia 2004 37

veterinary organisation must submit for investigation the dead animal carcasses,rectal swabs of suspect animals, samples of litter and feed.

Case definition

Animals at farm

The disease shall be considered officially confirmed on the basis of the clinicalsigns and/or positive bacteriological test results; in the opposite case it shall beconsidered that the disease has been ruled out.


Persons, who in carrying out a registered activity of breeding or production come into directcontact with animals, foodstuffs, raw materials, products or waste, must have thoroughknowledge in contagious animal diseases, the prevention thereof and transmissibility to man,and in the regulations governing the protection against contagious diseases. Animal holdersmust carry out preventive measures as for instance: providing potable water and feed that are fitfor consumption; providing and maintaining the required conditions of hygiene in the animalbreeding and auxiliary facilities; preventing the introduction into the breeding facilities ofdisease agents; implementing veterinary measures in the intensive animal rearing technology;handling as prescribed the animal carcasses and other waste, waste waters, faeces and urine;providing for the preventive disinfection, disinsectisation and deratisation (DDD) in thefacilities, on public surfaces and in the means of transport.



National control programme is carried out in accordance with the national legislation, onthe basis of the Instructions on measures for the detection, prevention and suppression ofsalmonellosis. The control programme envisages inter alia as follows: Immediate confirmation of the disease in case of suspected presence by taking samplesfor the diagnostic purposes, epizootiological investigation, and instituting appropriatemeasures immediately upon suspecting the presence of disease at the suspect holding.Measures shall be instituted as long as the suspicion of disease has not officially beenruled out.Instituting of supplementary measures in the infected holding.


Measures in case of the positive findings or single cases:On the official confirmation of disease, the following measures shall be instituted at the holdingin addition to those instituted at the suspected presence of disease:- disinfection of incoming raw materials to constitute animal feed;- treatment of infected animals with an appropriate antibiotic or chemotherapeutic agent on thebasis of antibiogram; - DDD measures;- other measures for sanitising the infected holding


Slovenia 2004 38


In case of disease, the veterinary organisation must notify the relevant Regional Office ofVARS, where the disease has been confirmed by the diagnostic test result. The report on theoccurrence of disease is to be submitted on a monthly basis by the tenth day in a month for theprevious month.The authorised laboratory submits the diagnostic test results to the relevant Regional Office ofVARS, and to the consigner of samples.Once a month and no later than the 20th day in the month, the authorised laboratories andRegional Offices of VARS must report on the diagnostic test results to the Office forContagious Animal Diseases within VARS. This method of reporting is carried out in accordance with the provisions of the Rules oncontagious animal diseases (applicable since 2002), and the reporting as such has beencompulsory since 1996.


In 2004, salmonellosis was not reported.


Slovenia 2004 39

Table 3.2.1 Salmonella sp. in Poultry breeding flocks (Gallus gallus)

- -

So

urc

e o

f in

form

atio

n

Rem

arks

Ep

idem

iolo

gic

al u

nit

Flo

cks

test

ed

Flo

cks

po

siti

ve

S. E

nte

riti

dis

S. T

yph

imu

riu

m

S. B

red

eney

Gallus gallus - - -

parent breeding flocks foregg production line

-

day-old chicks - flock 14 0

- during production period - flock 17 0

- during rearing period - flock 21 0

parent breeding flocks formeat production line

-



- during production period - flock 19 2 1 1

parent breeding flocks,unspecified

-


- during production period - flock 20 1 1



Slovenia 2004 40

Table 3.2.2 Salmonella sp. in other commercial poultry

- -

So

urc

e o

f in

form

atio

n

Rem

arks

Ep

idem

iolo

gic

al u

nit

Flo

cks

test

ed

Flo

cks

po

siti

ve

S. E

nte

riti

dis

S. T

yph

imu

riu

m

S. I

nfa

nti

s

S. S

ain

tpau

l

S. H

eid

elb

erg

Sal

mo

nel

la s

pp

.

Gallus gallus - - -laying hens - - -



- during production period - flock 112 2 1 1

unspecified - flock 16 2 2

broilers - - -day-old chicks - flock 48 1 1

- during rearing period - flock 868 6 2 1 1 2

unspecified - flock 230 4 1 1 2


Slovenia 2004 41

Table 3.2.4 Salmonella sp. in animals ( non poultry)

- -

So

urc

e o

f in

form

atio

n

Rem

arks

Ep

idem

iolo

gic

al u

nit

Un

its

test

ed

Un

its

po

siti

ve

S. E

nte

riti

dis

S. T

yph

imu

riu

m

Solipeds -

horses - 1

Pet animals - - -

dogs - 1

Wildlife - - -

deer - 1

Zoo animals - - -

snakes - 2

Footnote

Units tested: not known


Slovenia 2004 42

2.1.5. Salmonella in feedstuffs

A. Salmonella spp. in feed

Recent actions taken to control the zoonoses

FeedinstuffsMonitoring system:- sampling strategy: target sampling (in accordance with the Programme of feed control in 2004)- frequency of the sampling: domestic feed material of plant and animal origin, imported feedmaterial of plant and animal origin, process control in feed mills - preventative measures: own controls by holders of activity (HACCP)- control programme: Program of feed control in 2004, in accordance with Article 34 of AnimalFeed Act (UL RS 97/04)- measures in case of positive findings: in accordance with Article 6 of the Rules on conditionsfor the health suitability of straight feedingstuffs, compound feedingstuffs, premixes and feedadditves (UL RS 18/04 as amended)- notification system in place: RASFF system and mutual notification between the competentauthorities in the sector of food safety, in accordance with Decree coordinating the operation ofministries and agencies within them that are competent for food safety at inclusion into the riskanalysis process (UL RS 56/03).


Feedinstuffs- frequency of the sampling: domestic feed material of plant and animal origin (90 samples),imported feed material of plant and animal origin (50 samples), process control in feed mills(160 samples)- description of sampling techniques: in accordance with the Rules of the official methods ofsampling for the monitoring and inspection and control of animal feed, additives and premixes(UL RS 41/03)- definition of positive finding: analysis result (1 = positive, 0 = negative)- analytical methods used: ISO/FDIS 6579:2002 SOP 221


Slovenia 2004 43

Table 3.1.1 Salmonella sp. in feed material of animal origin

- -

So

urc

e o

f in

form

atio

n

Rem

arks

Ep

idem

iolo

gic

al u

nit

Sam

ple

wei

gh

t

Un

its

test

ed

Un

its

po

siti

ve

S. E

nte

riti

dis

S. T

yph

imu

riu

m

Feed material of marineanimal origin

- - -

Fish meal - officalcontrol

production batch 125g 77 0


Slovenia 2004 44

Table 3.1.2 Salmonella sp. in feed of vegetable origin

- -

So

urc

e o

f in

form

atio

n

Rem

arks

Ep

idem

iolo

gic

al u

nit

Sam

ple

wei

gh

t

Un

its

test

ed

Un

its

po

siti

ve

S. E

nte

riti

dis

S. T

yph

imu

riu

m

Feed material of cerealgrain origin

- - -

other cereal grain derived - officalcontrol

25g 3 0

Feed material of oil seed orfruit origin

- - -

Soya (bean) derived - officalcontrol

25g 1 0

other feed material - officalcontrol

25g 31 0

Premixtures - officalcontrol

25g 1 0


Slovenia 2004 45

Table 3.1.3 Salmonella sp. in compound feedingstuff

- -

So

urc

e o

f in

form

atio

n

Rem

arks

Ep

idem

iolo

gic

al u

nit

Sam

ple

wei

gh

t

Un

its

test

ed

Un

its

po

siti

ve

S. E

nte

riti

dis

S. T

yph

imu

riu

m

S. L

on

do

n

S. C

arra

u

S. S

enft

enb

erg

Compound feedingstuffsfor cattle

- - -

Process control - productionbatch

25g 29 2 1 1

Compound feedingstuffsfor pigs

- - -

Final product - productionbatch

25g 53 1 1

Compound feedingstuffsfor poultry (non specified)

- - -

Process control - productionbatch

25g 82 0

Pet food - - -

Final product - productionbatch

25g 8 1 1

Compound feedingstuffsfor horses

- productionbatch

25g 2 0

Compound feedingstuffsfor fish

- productionbatch

25g 6 0

Compound feedingstuffsfor rabbits

- productionbatch

25g 3 0

Footnote

Official control


Slovenia 2004 46

2.1.6. Salmonella serovars and phagetype distribution

The methods of collecting, isolating and testing of the Salmonella isolates are described in thechapters above respectively for each animal species, foodstuffs and humans. The serotype andphagetype distributions can be used to investigate the sources of the Salmonella infections inhumans. Findings of same serovars and phagetypes in human cases and in foodstuffs or animalsmay indicate that the food category or animal species in question serves as a source of humaninfections. However as information is not available from all potential sources of infections,conclusions have to be drawn with caution.


Slovenia 2004 47

Tab

le 3

.3.3

Sal

mo

nel

la s

ero

vars

in a

nim

als

Ser

ova

rs

Cattle (bovine animals)

Pigs

Gallus gallus

Other poultry

Other animals

So

urc

es o

f is

ola

tes

M(*

)C

(*)

M(*

)C

(*)

M(*

)C

(*)

M(*

)C

(*)

M(*

)C

(*)

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

in t

he

lab

ora

tory

N

=

00

00

031

023

014

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

sero

typ

edN

=

00

00

031

023

014

- Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

per

typ

e

S. A

natu

m

1

14

S. A

rapa

hoe

1

S. B

rede

ney

1

S. D

unkw

a

2

S. E

nter

itidi

s

262

3

S. H

eide

lber

g

12

S. I

nfan

tis

1

S. K

aaps

tad

2

S. S

aint

paul

1

S. S

tanl

eyvi

lle

1

1

S. T

enne

ssee

1

S. T

yphi

mur

ium

14

S. e

nter

ica

subs

p. a

rizon

ae

2

othe

r se

rova

rs (

1)

1

To

tal o

f ty

ped

Sal

mo

nel

lais

ola

tes


Slovenia 2004 48

(1)

: S.e

nter

ica

non

type

able

(w

ith s

era

avai

labl

e)

Foo

tnot

e

(*)

M :

Mon

itor,

C :

Clin

ical

Sour

ce o

f in

form

atio

n N

atio

nal V

eter

inar

y In

stitu

te


Slovenia 2004 49

Tab

le 3

.3.4

Sal

mo

nel

la s

ero

vars

in f

oo

d

Ser

ova

rs

Bovine meat

Pig meat

Broiler meat

Other poultry

Other products of animal origin

So

urc

es o

f is

ola

tes

M(*

)C

(*)

M(*

)C

(*)

M(*

)C

(*)

M(*

)C

(*)

M(*

)C

(*)

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

in t

he

lab

ora

tory

N

=

00

00

019

03

04

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

sero

typ

edN

=

00

00

019

03

04

- Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

per

typ

e

S. D

erby

13

S. E

nter

itidi

s

9

S. I

nfan

tis

10

S. R

isse

n

1

S. S

aint

paul

1

S. W

elte

vred

en

1

To

tal o

f ty

ped

Sal

mo

nel

lais

ola

tes

Foo

tnot

e

(*)

M :

Mon

itor,

C :

Clin

ical

Sour

ce o

f in

form

atio

n N

atio

nal V

eter

inar

y In

stitu

te


Slovenia 2004 50

2.1.7. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella isolates

Antimicrobial resistance is the ability of certain microorganisms to survive or grow in thepresence of a given concentration of antimicrobial agent that usually would kill or inhibit themicroorganism species in question. Antimicrobial resistant Salmonella strains may be transferredfrom animals or foodstuffs to humans.

A. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella in cattle

Sampling strategy used in monitoring


No monitoring.Research project: National Veterinary Institute.

Procedures for the selection of isolates for antimicrobial testing

Isolates were selected out of those available at the National Veterinary Institute, at leastone isolate from each epidemiological unit (no isolates in 2004).

Laboratory methodology used for identification of the microbial isolates

Commercial biochemical kits:API 20E or API RAPID BIO MERIEU or CRYSTAL BBLSerotyping: Kaufmann White scheme

Laboratory used for detection for resistance

Antimicrobials included in monitoring

Disk diffusion method in accordance with NCCLS.Set of 14 antimicrobials tested in 2000-2003, with which the stains isolated in 2004 werecompare with:TetracyclinChloramphenicolFlorfenicolAmpicillinCefotaximCiprofloxacinEnrofloxacinNalidixic acidTrimethoprim + SulfamethoxazolTrimethoprimSulfonamide (3S)StreptomycinGentamicinKanamycin



Slovenia 2004 51


Introduced monitoring of Salmonella including antimicrobial resistance sponsored byVeterinary Administration of the Republic of Slovenia in 2005.

B. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella in pigs





Isolates were selected out of those available at the National Veterinary Institute, at leastone isolate from each epidemiological unit.





Set of 14 antimicrobials tested in 2000-2003, with which the stains isolated in 2004 werecompare with:TetracyclinChloramphenicolFlorfenicolAmpicillinCefotaximCiprofloxacinEnrofloxacinNalidixic acidTrimethoprim + SulfamethoxazolTrimethoprimSulfonamide (3S)StreptomycinGentamicinKanamycin



Introduced monitoring of Salmonella including antimicrobial resistance sponsored by


Slovenia 2004 52

Veterinary Administration of the Republic of Slovenia in 2005.


Using a set of 14 antimicrobials we found the most multiresistant stains in pigs, namely S.Typhimurium, while S. Helerberg and S. Enteritidis, found in previous years not isolated in2004 any more.

Relevance of the findings in animals to findings in foodstuffs and to human cases (asa source of infection)

Pigs might be a source of highly multiresistant stains, but since such stains have not beenisolated from foodstuffs yet, it seems that for now the preventive measures against theirintroduction in the food chain are effective.

C. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella in poultry










Set of 14 antimicrobials tested in 2000-2003, with which the stains isolated in 2004 werecompare with:TetracyclinChloramphenicolFlorfenicolAmpicillinCefotaximCiprofloxacinEnrofloxacinNalidixic acidTrimethoprim + SulfamethoxazolTrimethoprim


Slovenia 2004 53

Sulfonamide (3S)StreptomycinGentamicinKanamycin





Using a set of 14 antimicrobials the multiresistant stains in 2004 (maximum to 5 antimicrobialsin fowl or 4 in turkey) were less resistant than in years 2000-2003 (maximum to 9antimicrobials in 2001 or 8 in 2002).


Poultry might be a source of multiresistant stains, but since such stains have not been isolatedfrom foodstuff yet (just 1 stain resistant to 3 antimicrobials, 1 to 2 and 5 to 1 out of 26 stains in2004), it seems that for now the preventive measures against their introduction in the food chainare effective.

D. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella in foodstuff derived from cattle










Tests are performed using a disk diffusion method in accordance with NCCLS.Set of 14 antimicrobials tested in 2000-2003, with which the stains isolated in 2004 were


Slovenia 2004 54

compare with:TetracyclinChloramphenicolFlorfenicolAmpicillinCefotaximCiprofloxacinEnrofloxacinNalidixic acidTrimethoprim + SulfamethoxazolTrimethoprimSulfonamide (3S)StreptomycinGentamicinKanamycin





Cattle currently are not considered to be an important source of multiresistant stains for humans.

E. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella in foodstuff derived from pigs











Slovenia 2004 55






Currently pigs are not considered to be an important source of multiresistant stains for humans,but since highly multiresistant stains were found the potential danger should not be neglected.

F. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella in foodstuff derived from poultry










Slovenia 2004 56







Some multiresistant stains of S. Typhimurium (to 7 antimicrobials) were isolated in 2002 and2003), which most probably spread from same primary source, but not in 2004. So poultryshould be considered as a possibly important source of multiresistant stains for humans. Itseems that in 2004 we managed to eliminate the source of poultry stains is needed.


Slovenia 2004 57

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. A

nat

um

in G

allu

s g

allu

s -

qu

anti

tati

ve d

ata

[Dif

fusi

on

met

ho

d]

Per

cen

tag

e o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (R

%)

and

per

cen

tag

e o

f is

ola

tes

wit

h t

he

con

cen

trat

ion

(µ

l/ml)

or

zon

e (m

m)

of

inh

ibit

ion

eq

ual

to

-S

. Ana

tum

-G

allu

s ga

llus

Iso

late

s o

ut

of

a m

on

ito

rin

gp

rog

ram

no

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

1

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

N%

R

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

Tet

racy

clin

e 1

100%

100

Am

ph

enic

ols

Chl

oram

phen

icol

1

010

0

Flo

rfen

icol

1

010

0

Cep

hal

osp

ori

n3r

d ge

nera

tion

ceph

alos

porin

s(1)

10

100

Flu

oro

qu

ino

lon

esC

ipro

floxa

cin

10

100

Enr

oflo

xaci

n 1

010

0

Qu

ino

lon

esN

alid

ixic

aci

d 1

010

0

Tri

met

ho

pri

m

10%

100

Su

lfo

nam

ides

Sul

fona

mid

e 1

010

0

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Str

epto

myc

in

110

010

0

Gen

tam

icin

1

010

0

Kan

amyc

in

110

010

0

Tri

met

ho

pri

m +

sulf

on

amid

es

10%

100

Pen

icill

ins

Am

pici

llin

10

100

(1)

: 100

% >

35


Slovenia 2004 58

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Anatum - qualitative data

S. Anatum Turkeys

Isolates out of amonitoring program

no

Number of isolatesavailable in thelaboratory

15

-Antimicrobials: N %R

Tetracycline 15 100%

AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 15 0%

Florfenicol 15 0%

Cephalosporin3rd generationcephalosporins

15 0%

FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 15 0%

Enrofloxacin 15 0%

QuinolonesNalidixic acid 15 6,67%

Trimethoprim 15 0%

SulfonamidesSulfonamide 15 6,67%

AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 15 46,67%

Gentamicin 15 0%

Kanamycin 15 100%

Trimethoprim +sulfonamides

15 0%

PenicillinsAmpicillin 15 0%

-Number of multiresistant isolates

resistant to 3antimicrobials

15 86,67%

resistant to >4antimicrobials

15 13,33%


Slovenia 2004 59

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. A

nat

um

in T

urk

eys

- q

uan

tita

tive

dat

a [D

iffu

sio

n m

eth

od

]

Per

cen

tag

e o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (R

%)

and

per

cen

tag

e o

f is

ola

tes

wit

h t

he

con

cen

trat

ion

(µ

l/ml)

or

zon

e (m

m)

of

inh

ibit

ion

eq

ual

to

-S

. Ana

tum

-T

urke

ysIs

ola

tes

ou

t o

f a

mo

nit

ori

ng

pro

gra

m

no

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

14

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

N%

R

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

Tet

racy

clin

e 14

100%

867

7

Am

ph

enic

ols

Chl

oram

phen

icol

14

07

217

147

2114

7

Flo

rfen

icol

14

07

1421

1421

77

7

Cep

hal

osp

ori

n3r

d ge

nera

tion

ceph

alos

porin

s 14

014

147

77

1436

Flu

oro

qu

ino

lon

esC

ipro

floxa

cin

140

1414

714

714

29

Enr

oflo

xaci

n 14

07

217

77

147

217

Qu

ino

lon

esN

alid

ixic

aci

d 14

77

77

721

2114

77

Tri

met

ho

pri

m

140%

77

77

1421

77

21

Su

lfo

nam

ides

Sul

fona

mid

e 14

77

77

147

77

1429

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Str

epto

myc

in

1443

2914

2114

147

Gen

tam

icin

14

07

1414

1421

217

7

Kan

amyc

in

1410

010

0

Tri

met

ho

pri

m +

sulf

on

amid

es

140%

2114

1436

77

Pen

icill

ins

Am

pici

llin

140

721

2114

1414

7


Slovenia 2004 60

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Apeyeme - qualitative data

S. Apeyeme all feedingstuffs


no


1


Tetracycline 1 0%


Florfenicol 1 0%


1 0%


Enrofloxacin 1 0%

QuinolonesNalidixic acid 1 0%

Trimethoprim 1 0%

SulfonamidesSulfonamide 1 0%

AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 1 0%

Gentamicin 1 0%

Kanamycin 1 0%


1 0%



fully sensitives 1 100%


Slovenia 2004 61

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Arapahoe - qualitative data

S. Arapahoe Reptiles


no


1


Tetracycline 1 0%


Florfenicol 1 0%


1 0%


Enrofloxacin 1 0%


Trimethoprim 1 0%



Gentamicin 1 0%

Kanamycin 1 0%


1 0%



resistant to 1antimicrobial

1 100%


Slovenia 2004 62

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. B

red

eney

in T

urk

eys

- q

uan

tita

tive

dat

a [D

iffu

sio

n m

eth

od

]

Per

cen

tag

e o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (R

%)

and

per

cen

tag

e o

f is

ola

tes

wit

h t

he

con

cen

trat

ion

(µ

l/ml)

or

zon

e (m

m)

of

inh

ibit

ion

eq

ual

to

-S

. Bre

dene

y-

Tur

keys

Iso

late

s o

ut

of

a m

on

ito

rin

gp

rog

ram

no

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

1

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

N%

R

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

Tet

racy

clin

e 1

0%10

0

Am

ph

enic

ols

Flo

rfen

icol

1

010

0

Cep

hal

osp

ori

n3r

d ge

nera

tion

ceph

alos

porin

s 1

010

0

Flu

oro

qu

ino

lon

esC

ipro

floxa

cin

10

100

Enr

oflo

xaci

n 1

010

0

Qu

ino

lon

esN

alid

ixic

aci

d 1

100

100

Tri

met

ho

pri

m

10%

100

Su

lfo

nam

ides

Sul

fona

mid

e 1

010

0

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Str

epto

myc

in

10

100

Gen

tam

icin

1

010

0

Kan

amyc

in

10

100

Tri

met

ho

pri

m +

sulf

on

amid

es

10%

100

Pen

icill

ins

Am

pici

llin

10

100


Slovenia 2004 63

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Bredeney - qualitative data

S. Bredeney Turkeys


no


1


Tetracycline 1 0%


Florfenicol 1 0%


1 0%


Enrofloxacin 1 0%


Trimethoprim 1 0%



Gentamicin 1 0%

Kanamycin 1 0%


1 0%




1 100%


Slovenia 2004 64

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Carrau - qualitative data

S. Carrau all feedingstuffs


no


1


Tetracycline 1 0%


Florfenicol 1 0%


1 0%


Enrofloxacin 1 0%


Trimethoprim 1 0%



Gentamicin 1 0%

Kanamycin 1 0%


1 0%




1 100%


Slovenia 2004 65

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. D

erb

y in

Mix

ed m

eat

- q

uan

tita

tive

dat

a [D

iffu

sio

n m

eth

od

]

Per

cen

tag

e o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (R

%)

and

per

cen

tag

e o

f is

ola

tes

wit

h t

he

con

cen

trat

ion

(µ

l/ml)

or

zon

e (m

m)

of

inh

ibit

ion

eq

ual

to

-S

. Der

by-

Mix

ed m

eat

Iso

late

s o

ut

of

a m

on

ito

rin

gp

rog

ram

no

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

3

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

N%

R

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

Tet

racy

clin

e 3

0%33

,366

,3

Am

ph

enic

ols

Chl

oram

phen

icol

3

033

,333

,333

,3

Flo

rfen

icol

3

033

,366

,6

Cep

hal

osp

ori

n3r

d ge

nera

tion

ceph

alos

porin

s 3

033

,366

,6

Flu

oro

qu

ino

lon

esC

ipro

floxa

cin(

1)

30

100

Enr

oflo

xaci

n 3

033

,366

,6

Qu

ino

lon

esN

alid

ixic

aci

d 3

033

,333

,333

,3

Tri

met

ho

pri

m

30%

66,6

33,3

Su

lfo

nam

ides

Sul

fona

mid

e 3

066

,633

,3

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Str

epto

myc

in

333

,333

,333

,333

,3

Gen

tam

icin

3

033

,333

,333

,3

Kan

amyc

in

30

33,3

33,3

33,3

Tri

met

ho

pri

m +

sulf

on

amid

es(2

)

30%

33,3

33,3

33,3

Pen

icill

ins

Am

pici

llin

30

33,3

33,3

33,3

(1)

: 33,

3% =

35, 6

6,6%

>35

(2

) : 3

3,3

>35


Slovenia 2004 66

Foo

tnot

e

Mix

ed m

eat:

pork

and

bee

f


Slovenia 2004 67

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Derby - qualitative data

S. Derby all foodstuffs


no


4


Tetracycline 4 25%


Florfenicol 4 0%


4 0%


Enrofloxacin 4 0%


Trimethoprim 4 0%



Gentamicin 4 0%

Kanamycin 4 0%


4 0%





4 25%


4 0%


4 25%


Slovenia 2004 68

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. D

erb

y in

Tu

rkey

mea

t -

qu

anti

tati

ve d

ata

[Dif

fusi

on

met

ho

d]

Per

cen

tag

e o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (R

%)

and

per

cen

tag

e o

f is

ola

tes

wit

h t

he

con

cen

trat

ion

(µ

l/ml)

or

zon

e (m

m)

of

inh

ibit

ion

eq

ual

to

-S

. Der

by-

Tur

key

mea

t Is

ola

tes

ou

t o

f a

mo

nit

ori

ng

pro

gra

m

no

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

1

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

N%

R

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

Tet

racy

clin

e 1

100%

100

Am

ph

enic

ols

Chl

oram

phen

icol

1

010

0

Flo

rfen

icol

1

010

0

Cep

hal

osp

ori

n3r

d ge

nera

tion

ceph

alos

porin

s 1

010

0

Flu

oro

qu

ino

lon

esC

ipro

floxa

cin(

1)

10

100

Enr

oflo

xaci

n 1

010

0

Qu

ino

lon

esN

alid

ixic

aci

d 1

100

Tri

met

ho

pri

m

10%

100

Su

lfo

nam

ides

Sul

fona

mid

e 1

100

100

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Str

epto

myc

in

110

010

0

Gen

tam

icin

1

010

0

Kan

amyc

in

10

100

Tri

met

ho

pri

m +

sulf

on

amid

es

10%

100

Pen

icill

ins

Am

pici

llin

10

100

(1)

: 100

% >

35


Slovenia 2004 69

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. D

un

kwa

in R

epti

les

- q

uan

tita

tive

dat

a [D

iffu

sio

n m

eth

od

]

Per

cen

tag

e o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (R

%)

and

per

cen

tag

e o

f is

ola

tes

wit

h t

he

con

cen

trat

ion

(µ

l/ml)

or

zon

e (m

m)

of

inh

ibit

ion

eq

ual

to

-S

. Dun

kwa

-R

eptil

esIs

ola

tes

ou

t o

f a

mo

nit

ori

ng

pro

gra

m

no

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

2

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

N%

R

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

Tet

racy

clin

e 2

0%10

0

Am

ph

enic

ols

Chl

oram

phen

icol

2

050

50

Flo

rfen

icol

2

010

0

Cep

hal

osp

ori

n3r

d ge

nera

tion

ceph

alos

porin

s(1)

20

5050

Flu

oro

qu

ino

lon

esC

ipro

floxa

cin

20

100

Enr

oflo

xaci

n 2

050

50

Qu

ino

lon

esN

alid

ixic

aci

d 2

050

50

Tri

met

ho

pri

m

20%

5050

Su

lfo

nam

ides

Sul

fona

mid

e(2)

2

050

50

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Str

epto

myc

in

20

5050

Gen

tam

icin

2

5050

Kan

amyc

in

20

5050

Tri

met

ho

pri

m +

sulf

on

amid

es

20%

5050

Pen

icill

ins

Am

pici

llin

20

5050

(1)

: 50%

>35

(2

) : 5

0% >

35


Slovenia 2004 70

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Dunkwa - qualitative data

S. Dunkwa Reptiles


no


2


Tetracycline 2 0%


Florfenicol 2 0%


2 0%


Enrofloxacin 2 0%


Trimethoprim 2 0%



Gentamicin 2 0%

Kanamycin 2 0%


2 0%





Slovenia 2004 71

Table 3.2.5.2 Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S.Enteritidis in animals

S. Enteritidis Cattle (bovine

animals) Pigs Gallus gallus Turkeys Wildlife - wild

birds - falcon Zoo animals -swan


no no no no no no


0 0 27 2 2 1

-Antimicrobials: N %R N %R N %R N %R N %R N %R

Tetracycline 27 0% 2 0% 2 0% 1 0%

AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 27 0% 2 0% 2 0% 1 0%

Florfenicol 27 0% 2 0% 2 0% 1 0%


27 0% 2 0% 2 0% 1 0%

FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 27 0% 2 0% 2 0% 1 0%

Enrofloxacin 27 7,41% 2 0% 2 0% 1 0%

QuinolonesNalidixic acid 27 62,96% 2 0% 2 100% 1 0%

Trimethoprim 27 0% 2 0% 2 0% 1 0%

SulfonamidesSulfonamide 27 0% 2 0% 2 0% 1 0%

AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 27 0% 2 0% 2 0% 1 0%

Gentamicin 27 0% 2 0% 2 0% 1 0%

Neomycin 0% 0%

Kanamycin 27 7,41% 1 0% 2 0% 1 0%


27 0% 2 0% 2 0% 1 0%

PenicillinsAmpicillin 27 7,41% 2 0% 2 0% 1 0%


fully sensitives 27 37,04% 2 100% 2 0% 1 100%


27 48,15% 2 0% 2 100% 1 0%


27 7,41% 2 0% 2 0% 1 0%


27 7,41% 2 0% 2 0% 1 0%


27 0% 2 0% 2 0% 1 0%


27 0% 2 0% 2 0% 1 0%


Slovenia 2004 72

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. E

nte

riti

dis

in Z

oo

an

imal

s -

swan

- q

uan

tita

tive

dat

a [D

iffu

sio

n m

eth

od

]

Per

cen

tag

e o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (R

%)

and

per

cen

tag

e o

f is

ola

tes

wit

h t

he

con

cen

trat

ion

(µ

l/ml)

or

zon

e (m

m)

of

inh

ibit

ion

eq

ual

to

-S

. Ent

eriti

dis

-Z

oo a

nim

als

- sw

anIs

ola

tes

ou

t o

f a

mo

nit

ori

ng

pro

gra

m

no

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

1

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

N%

R

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

Tet

racy

clin

e 1

0%10

0

Am

ph

enic

ols

Chl

oram

phen

icol

1

010

0

Flo

rfen

icol

1

010

0

Cep

hal

osp

ori

n3r

d ge

nera

tion

ceph

alos

porin

s 1

010

0

Flu

oro

qu

ino

lon

esC

ipro

floxa

cin

10

100

Enr

oflo

xaci

n 1

010

0

Qu

ino

lon

esN

alid

ixic

aci

d 1

010

0

Tri

met

ho

pri

m

10%

100

Su

lfo

nam

ides

Sul

fona

mid

e 1

010

0

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Str

epto

myc

in

10

100

Gen

tam

icin

1

010

0

Kan

amyc

in

10

100

Tri

met

ho

pri

m +

sulf

on

amid

es

10%

100

Pen

icill

ins

Am

pici

llin

10

100


Slovenia 2004 73

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. E

nte

riti

dis

in W

ildlif

e -

wild

bir

ds

- q

uan

tita

tive

dat

a [D

iffu

sio

n m

eth

od

]

Per

cen

tag

e o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (R

%)

and

per

cen

tag

e o

f is

ola

tes

wit

h t

he

con

cen

trat

ion

(µ

l/ml)

or

zon

e (m

m)

of

inh

ibit

ion

eq

ual

to

-S

. Ent

eriti

dis

-W

ildlif

e -

wild

bird

sIs

ola

tes

ou

t o

f a

mo

nit

ori

ng

pro

gra

m

no

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

2

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

N%

R

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

Tet

racy

clin

e 2

0%50

50

Am

ph

enic

ols

Chl

oram

phen

icol

2

010

0

Flo

rfen

icol

2

050

50

Cep

hal

osp

ori

n3r

d ge

nera

tion

ceph

alos

porin

s(1)

20

5050

Flu

oro

qu

ino

lon

esC

ipro

floxa

cin

20

5050

Enr

oflo

xaci

n 2

050

50

Qu

ino

lon

esN

alid

ixic

aci

d 2

100

100

Tri

met

ho

pri

m

20%

5050

Su

lfo

nam

ides

Sul

fona

mid

e 2

050

50

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Str

epto

myc

in

20

100

Gen

tam

icin

2

050

50

Kan

amyc

in

20

5050

Tri

met

ho

pri

m +

sulf

on

amid

es

20%

5050

Pen

icill

ins

Am

pici

llin

20

5050

(1)

: 50%

>35


Slovenia 2004 74

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. E

nte

riti

dis

in T

urk

eys

- q

uan

tita

tive

dat

a [D

iffu

sio

n m

eth

od

]

Per

cen

tag

e o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (R

%)

and

per

cen

tag

e o

f is

ola

tes

wit

h t

he

con

cen

trat

ion

(µ

l/ml)

or

zon

e (m

m)

of

inh

ibit

ion

eq

ual

to

-S

. Ent

eriti

dis

-T

urke

ysIs

ola

tes

ou

t o

f a

mo

nit

ori

ng

pro

gra

m

no

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

2

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

N%

R

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

Tet

racy

clin

e 2

0%50

50

Am

ph

enic

ols

Chl

oram

phen

icol

2

010

0

Flo

rfen

icol

2

050

50

Cep

hal

osp

ori

n3r

d ge

nera

tion

ceph

alos

porin

s 2

050

50

Flu

oro

qu

ino

lon

esC

ipro

floxa

cin

20

5050

Enr

oflo

xaci

n 2

050

50

Qu

ino

lon

esN

alid

ixic

aci

d 2

050

50

Tri

met

ho

pri

m

20%

5050

Su

lfo

nam

ides

Sul

fona

mid

e 2

050

50

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Str

epto

myc

in

20

5050

Gen

tam

icin

2

050

50

Kan

amyc

in

10

100

Tri

met

ho

pri

m +

sulf

on

amid

es

20%

5050

Pen

icill

ins

Am

pici

llin

20

5050


Slovenia 2004 75

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. E

nte

riti

dis

in G

allu

s g

allu

s -

qu

anti

tati

ve d

ata

[Dif

fusi

on

met

ho

d]

Per

cen

tag

e o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (R

%)

and

per

cen

tag

e o

f is

ola

tes

wit

h t

he

con

cen

trat

ion

(µ

l/ml)

or

zon

e (m

m)

of

inh

ibit

ion

eq

ual

to

-S

. Ent

eriti

dis

-G

allu

s ga

llus

Iso

late

s o

ut

of

a m

on

ito

rin

gp

rog

ram

no

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

26

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

N%

R

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

Tet

racy

clin

e 26

0%3,

87,

73,

87,

711

,526

,919

,27,

73,

87,

7

Am

ph

enic

ols

Chl

oram

phen

icol

26

03,

87,

73,

83,

83,

815

,415

,415

,411

,511

,53,

83,

8

Flo

rfen

icol

25

08

424

124

812

128

4

Cep

hal

osp

ori

n3r

d ge

nera

tion

ceph

alos

porin

s(1)

260

3,8

7,7

3,8

7,7

11,5

3,8

26,9

34,6

Flu

oro

qu

ino

lon

esC

ipro

floxa

cin(

2)

260

3,8

3,8

3,8

3,8

11,5

7,7

11,5

7,7

3,8

3,8

11,5

11.5

15,3

Enr

oflo

xaci

n 26

7,7

3,8

3,8

3,8

3,8

11,5

7,7

15,4

7,7

3,8

3,8

7,7

7,7

7,7

7,7

3,8

Qu

ino

lon

esN

alid

ixic

aci

d 26

65,4

65,4

11,5

7,7

7,7

7,7

Tri

met

ho

pri

m

260%

3,8

7,7

11,5

3,8

7,7

7,7

26,9

7,7

15,4

7,7

Su

lfo

nam

ides

Sul

fona

mid

e(3)

26

03,

819

,211

,53,

87,

73,

811

,53,

815

,411

,53,

83,

8

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Str

epto

myc

in

260

3,8

7,7

53,8

26,9

3,8

3,8

Gen

tam

icin

26

03,

83,

83,

83,

87,

734

,626

,911

,53,

8

Kan

amyc

in

267,

77,

73,

83,

83,

819

,230

,815

,411

,53,

8

Tri

met

ho

pri

m +

sulf

on

amid

es(4

)

260%

3,8

7,7

3,8

3,8

3,8

11,5

3,8

23,1

7,7

7,7

23,1

Pen

icill

ins

Am

pici

llin

267,

77,

77,

73,

87,

711

,57,

715

,47,

723

,13,

83,

84,

0

(1)

: 34,

6% >

35

(2)

: 15,

3: 3

,8%

=35

, 11,

5% >

35

(3)

: 3,8

>35


Slovenia 2004 76

(4)

: 23,

1%: 7

,7%

=35

, 15,

4% >

35


Slovenia 2004 77

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. E

nte

riti

dis

in P

ou

ltry

mea

t -

qu

anti

tati

ve d

ata

[Dif

fusi

on

met

ho

d]

Per

cen

tag

e o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (R

%)

and

per

cen

tag

e o

f is

ola

tes

wit

h t

he

con

cen

trat

ion

(µ

l/ml)

or

zon

e (m

m)

of

inh

ibit

ion

eq

ual

to

-S

. Ent

eriti

dis

-P

oultr

y m

eat

Iso

late

s o

ut

of

a m

on

ito

rin

gp

rog

ram

no

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

9

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

N%

R

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

Tet

racy

clin

e 9

0%11

,111

,122

,233

,322

,2

Am

ph

enic

ols

Chl

oram

phen

icol

9

022

,211

,111

,144

,411

,1

Flo

rfen

icol

9

011

,122

,211

,111

,122

,222

,2

Cep

hal

osp

ori

n3r

d ge

nera

tion

ceph

alos

porin

s(1)

90

11,1

11,1

88,8

Flu

oro

qu

ino

lon

esC

ipro

floxa

cin(

2)

90

11,1

11,1

88,8

Enr

oflo

xaci

n(3)

9

011

,122

,211

,133

,322

,2

Qu

ino

lon

esN

alid

ixic

aci

d 9

11,1

11,1

11,1

22,2

22,2

22,2

11,1

Tri

met

ho

pri

m

90%

22,2

44,4

22,2

11,1

Su

lfo

nam

ides

Sul

fona

mid

e 9

011

,133

,311

,133

,311

,1

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Str

epto

myc

in

90

11,1

33,3

33,3

22,2

Gen

tam

icin

9

055

,522

,222

,2

Kan

amyc

in

90

33,3

22,2

11,1

11,1

11,1

11,1

Tri

met

ho

pri

m +

sulf

on

amid

es(4

)

90%

11,1

11,1

22,2

33,3

22,2

Pen

icill

ins

Am

pici

llin

911

,111

,111

,122

,233

,322

,2

(1)

: 88,

8% >

35

(2)

: 88,

8% >

35

(3)

: 22,

2% >

35


Slovenia 2004 78

(4)

: 22,

2% >

35

Foo

tnot

e

Poul

try

mea

t and

live

r


Slovenia 2004 79

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Havana - qualitative data

S. Havana all feedingstuffs


no


5


Tetracycline 5 0%


Florfenicol 5 0%


5 0%


Enrofloxacin 5 0%


Trimethoprim 5 0%



Gentamicin 5 0%

Kanamycin 5 0%


5 0%





Slovenia 2004 80

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. H

eid

elb

erg

in T

urk

eys

- q

uan

tita

tive

dat

a [D

iffu

sio

n m

eth

od

]

Per

cen

tag

e o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (R

%)

and

per

cen

tag

e o

f is

ola

tes

wit

h t

he

con

cen

trat

ion

(µ

l/ml)

or

zon

e (m

m)

of

inh

ibit

ion

eq

ual

to

-S

. Hei

delb

erg

-T

urke

ysIs

ola

tes

ou

t o

f a

mo

nit

ori

ng

pro

gra

m

no

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

2

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

N%

R

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

Tet

racy

clin

e 2

100%

100

Am

ph

enic

ols

Chl

oram

phen

icol

2

050

50

Flo

rfen

icol

2

010

0

Cep

hal

osp

ori

n3r

d ge

nera

tion

ceph

alos

porin

s 2

050

50

Flu

oro

qu

ino

lon

esC

ipro

floxa

cin

20

5050

Enr

oflo

xaci

n 2

050

50

Qu

ino

lon

esN

alid

ixic

aci

d 2

100

100

Tri

met

ho

pri

m

20%

5050

Su

lfo

nam

ides

Sul

fona

mid

e 2

050

50

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Str

epto

myc

in

210

010

0

Gen

tam

icin

2

050

50

Kan

amyc

in

20

5050

Tri

met

ho

pri

m +

sulf

on

amid

es

20%

5050

Pen

icill

ins

Am

pici

llin

210

010

0


Slovenia 2004 81

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Heidelberg - qualitative data

S. Heidelberg Turkeys


no


3


Tetracycline 3 100%


Florfenicol 2 50%


3 0%


Enrofloxacin 3 0%


Trimethoprim 3 0%



Gentamicin 3 0%

Kanamycin 3 0%


3 0%




3 66,67%


3 33,33%


Slovenia 2004 82

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. H

eid

elb

erg

in G

allu

s g

allu

s -

qu

anti

tati

ve d

ata

[Dif

fusi

on

met

ho

d]

Per

cen

tag

e o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (R

%)

and

per

cen

tag

e o

f is

ola

tes

wit

h t

he

con

cen

trat

ion

(µ

l/ml)

or

zon

e (m

m)

of

inh

ibit

ion

eq

ual

to

-S

. Hei

delb

erg

-G

allu

s ga

llus

Iso

late

s o

ut

of

a m

on

ito

rin

gp

rog

ram

no

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

1

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

N%

R

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

Tet

racy

clin

e 1

100%

100

Am

ph

enic

ols

Chl

oram

phen

icol

1

010

0

Flo

rfen

icol

1

100

100

Cep

hal

osp

ori

n3r

d ge

nera

tion

ceph

alos

porin

s 1

010

0

Flu

oro

qu

ino

lon

esC

ipro

floxa

cin

10

100

Enr

oflo

xaci

n 1

010

0

Qu

ino

lon

esN

alid

ixic

aci

d 1

100

100

Tri

met

ho

pri

m

10%

100

Su

lfo

nam

ides

Sul

fona

mid

e 1

010

0

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Str

epto

myc

in

110

010

0

Gen

tam

icin

1

010

0

Kan

amyc

in

10

100

Tri

met

ho

pri

m +

sulf

on

amid

es

10%

100

Pen

icill

ins

Am

pici

llin

110

010

0


Slovenia 2004 83

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. I

nfa

nti

s in

Tu

rkey

s -

qu

anti

tati

ve d

ata

[Dif

fusi

on

met

ho

d]

Per

cen

tag

e o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (R

%)

and

per

cen

tag

e o

f is

ola

tes

wit

h t

he

con

cen

trat

ion

(µ

l/ml)

or

zon

e (m

m)

of

inh

ibit

ion

eq

ual

to

-S

. Inf

antis

-T

urke

ysIs

ola

tes

ou

t o

f a

mo

nit

ori

ng

pro

gra

m

no

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

1

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

N%

R

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

Tet

racy

clin

e 1

0%10

0

Am

ph

enic

ols

Chl

oram

phen

icol

1

010

0

Flo

rfen

icol

1

010

0

Cep

hal

osp

ori

n3r

d ge

nera

tion

ceph

alos

porin

s 1

010

0

Flu

oro

qu

ino

lon

esC

ipro

floxa

cin

10

100

Enr

oflo

xaci

n 1

010

0

Qu

ino

lon

esN

alid

ixic

aci

d 1

010

0

Tri

met

ho

pri

m

10%

100

Su

lfo

nam

ides

Sul

fona

mid

e 1

010

0

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Str

epto

myc

in

10

100

Gen

tam

icin

1

010

0

Kan

amyc

in

10

100

Tri

met

ho

pri

m +

sulf

on

amid

es

10%

100

Pen

icill

ins

Am

pici

llin

10

100


Slovenia 2004 84

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Infantis - qualitative data

S. Infantis Turkeys


no


1


Tetracycline 1 0%


Florfenicol 1 0%


1 0%


Enrofloxacin 1 0%


Trimethoprim 1 0%



Gentamicin 1 0%

Kanamycin 1 0%


1 0%





Slovenia 2004 85

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. I

nfa

nti

s in

Po

ult

ry m

eat

- q

uan

tita

tive

dat

a [D

iffu

sio

n m

eth

od

]

Per

cen

tag

e o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (R

%)

and

per

cen

tag

e o

f is

ola

tes

wit

h t

he

con

cen

trat

ion

(µ

l/ml)

or

zon

e (m

m)

of

inh

ibit

ion

eq

ual

to

-S

. Inf

antis

-P

oultr

y m

eat

Iso

late

s o

ut

of

a m

on

ito

rin

gp

rog

ram

no

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

10

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

N%

R

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

Tet

racy

clin

e 10

0%10

2010

2020

1010

Am

ph

enic

ols

Chl

oram

phen

icol

10

010

6010

20

Flo

rfen

icol

10

010

3030

2010

Cep

hal

osp

ori

n3r

d ge

nera

tion

ceph

alos

porin

s(1)

100

1090

Flu

oro

qu

ino

lon

esC

ipro

floxa

cin

100

2010

70

Enr

oflo

xaci

n(2)

10

020

1010

60

Qu

ino

lon

esN

alid

ixic

aci

d 10

010

1010

2040

10

Tri

met

ho

pri

m

100%

1040

1010

1020

Su

lfo

nam

ides

Sul

fona

mid

e 10

010

3020

3010

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Str

epto

myc

in

100

1010

3040

10

Gen

tam

icin

10

010

7010

10

Kan

amyc

in

100

2040

3020

Tri

met

ho

pri

m +

sulf

on

amid

es(3

)

100%

1020

4030

Pen

icill

ins

Am

pici

llin

1010

1020

1040

20

(1)

: 90%

>35

(2

) : 6

0% >

35

(3)

: 10%

= 3

5, 2

0% >

35


Slovenia 2004 86

Foo

tnot

e

Poul

try

mea

t and

live

r


Slovenia 2004 87

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Infantis - qualitative data

S. Infantis all foodstuffs


no


10


Tetracycline 10 0%


Florfenicol 10 0%


10 0%


Enrofloxacin 10 0%


Trimethoprim 10 0%



Gentamicin 10 0%

Kanamycin 10 0%


10 0%





10 10%


Slovenia 2004 88

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. K

aap

stad

in T

urk

eys

- q

uan

tita

tive

dat

a [D

iffu

sio

n m

eth

od

]

Per

cen

tag

e o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (R

%)

and

per

cen

tag

e o

f is

ola

tes

wit

h t

he

con

cen

trat

ion

(µ

l/ml)

or

zon

e (m

m)

of

inh

ibit

ion

eq

ual

to

-S

. Kaa

psta

d-

Tur

keys

Iso

late

s o

ut

of

a m

on

ito

rin

gp

rog

ram

no

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

2

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

N%

R

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

Tet

racy

clin

e 2

50%

5050

Am

ph

enic

ols

Chl

oram

phen

icol

2

050

50

Flo

rfen

icol

2

050

50

Cep

hal

osp

ori

n3r

d ge

nera

tion

ceph

alos

porin

s 2

050

50

Flu

oro

qu

ino

lon

esC

ipro

floxa

cin

20

5050

Enr

oflo

xaci

n 2

050

50

Qu

ino

lon

esN

alid

ixic

aci

d 2

050

50

Tri

met

ho

pri

m

20%

5050

Su

lfo

nam

ides

Sul

fona

mid

e 2

050

50

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Str

epto

myc

in

250

5050

Gen

tam

icin

2

050

50

Kan

amyc

in

250

5050

Tri

met

ho

pri

m +

sulf

on

amid

es

20%

5050

Pen

icill

ins

Am

pici

llin

20

100


Slovenia 2004 89

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Kingston - qualitative data

S. Kingston Turkeys


no


2


Tetracycline 2 0%


Florfenicol 2 50%


2 0%


Enrofloxacin 2 0%


Trimethoprim 2 0%



Gentamicin 2 0%

Kanamycin 2 0%


2 0%





2 50%


Slovenia 2004 90

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Livingstone - qualitative data

S. Livingstone all feedingstuffs


no


2


Tetracycline 2 0%


Florfenicol 2 0%


2 0%


Enrofloxacin 2 0%


Trimethoprim 2 0%



Gentamicin 2 0%

Kanamycin 2 0%


2 0%





Slovenia 2004 91

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. London - qualitative data

S. London all feedingstuffs


no


1


Tetracycline 1 0%


Florfenicol 1 0%


1 0%


Enrofloxacin 1 0%


Trimethoprim 1 0%



Gentamicin 1 0%

Kanamycin 1 0%


1 0%





Slovenia 2004 92

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. R

isse

n in

Tu

rkey

mea

t -

qu

anti

tati

ve d

ata

[Dif

fusi

on

met

ho

d]

Per

cen

tag

e o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (R

%)

and

per

cen

tag

e o

f is

ola

tes

wit

h t

he

con

cen

trat

ion

(µ

l/ml)

or

zon

e (m

m)

of

inh

ibit

ion

eq

ual

to

-S

. Ris

sen

-T

urke

y m

eat

Iso

late

s o

ut

of

a m

on

ito

rin

gp

rog

ram

no

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

1

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

N%

R

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

Tet

racy

clin

e 1

0%10

0

Am

ph

enic

ols

Chl

oram

phen

icol

1

010

0

Flo

rfen

icol

1

010

0

Cep

hal

osp

ori

n3r

d ge

nera

tion

ceph

alos

porin

s(1)

10

100

Flu

oro

qu

ino

lon

esC

ipro

floxa

cin(

2)

10

100

Enr

oflo

xaci

n 1

010

0

Qu

ino

lon

esN

alid

ixic

aci

d 1

010

0

Tri

met

ho

pri

m

10%

100

Su

lfo

nam

ides

Sul

fona

mid

e 1

100

100

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Str

epto

myc

in

110

010

0

Gen

tam

icin

1

010

0

Kan

amyc

in

10

100

Tri

met

ho

pri

m +

sulf

on

amid

es

10%

100

Pen

icill

ins

Am

pici

llin

10

100

(1)

: 100

% >

35

(2)

: 100

% >

35


Slovenia 2004 93

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Rissen - qualitative data

S. Rissen Turkey meat


no


1


Tetracycline 1 0%


Florfenicol 1 0%


1 0%


Enrofloxacin 1 0%


Trimethoprim 1 0%



Gentamicin 1 0%

Kanamycin 1 0%


1 0%




1 100%


Slovenia 2004 94

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. S

ain

tpau

l in

Gal

lus

gal

lus

- q

uan

tita

tive

dat

a [D

iffu

sio

n m

eth

od

]

Per

cen

tag

e o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (R

%)

and

per

cen

tag

e o

f is

ola

tes

wit

h t

he

con

cen

trat

ion

(µ

l/ml)

or

zon

e (m

m)

of

inh

ibit

ion

eq

ual

to

-S

. Sai

ntpa

ul-

Gal

lus

gallu

sIs

ola

tes

ou

t o

f a

mo

nit

ori

ng

pro

gra

m

no

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

1

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

N%

R

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

Tet

racy

clin

e 1

100%

100

Am

ph

enic

ols

Chl

oram

phen

icol

1

010

0

Cep

hal

osp

ori

n3r

d ge

nera

tion

ceph

alos

porin

s 1

010

0

Flu

oro

qu

ino

lon

esC

ipro

floxa

cin

10

100

Enr

oflo

xaci

n 1

010

0

Qu

ino

lon

esN

alid

ixic

aci

d 1

100

100

Tri

met

ho

pri

m

10%

100

Su

lfo

nam

ides

Sul

fona

mid

e 1

010

0

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Str

epto

myc

in

10

100

Gen

tam

icin

1

010

0

Kan

amyc

in

10

100

Tri

met

ho

pri

m +

sulf

on

amid

es

10%

100

Pen

icill

ins

Am

pici

llin

10

100


Slovenia 2004 95

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Saintpaul - qualitative data

S. Saintpaul Gallus gallus


no


1


Tetracycline 1 0%


Florfenicol 1 0%


1 0%


Enrofloxacin 1 0%


Trimethoprim 1 0%



Gentamicin 1 0%

Kanamycin 1 0%


1 0%




1 100%


Slovenia 2004 96

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. S

ain

tpau

l in

Tu

rkey

mea

t -

qu

anti

tati

ve d

ata

[Dif

fusi

on

met

ho

d]

Per

cen

tag

e o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (R

%)

and

per

cen

tag

e o

f is

ola

tes

wit

h t

he

con

cen

trat

ion

(µ

l/ml)

or

zon

e (m

m)

of

inh

ibit

ion

eq

ual

to

-S

. Sai

ntpa

ul-

Tur

key

mea

t Is

ola

tes

ou

t o

f a

mo

nit

ori

ng

pro

gra

m

no

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

1

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

N%

R

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

Tet

racy

clin

e 1

0%10

0

Am

ph

enic

ols

Chl

oram

phen

icol

1

010

0

Flo

rfen

icol

1

010

0

Cep

hal

osp

ori

n3r

d ge

nera

tion

ceph

alos

porin

s 1

010

0

Flu

oro

qu

ino

lon

esC

ipro

floxa

cin

10

100

Enr

oflo

xaci

n 1

010

0

Qu

ino

lon

esN

alid

ixic

aci

d 1

100

100

Tri

met

ho

pri

m

10%

100

Su

lfo

nam

ides

Sul

fona

mid

e 1

010

0

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Str

epto

myc

in

10

100

Gen

tam

icin

1

010

0

Kan

amyc

in

10

100

Tri

met

ho

pri

m +

sulf

on

amid

es

10%

100

Pen

icill

ins

Am

pici

llin

10

100

Foo

tnot

e


Slovenia 2004 97

turk

ey m

eat=

turk

ey li

ver


Slovenia 2004 98

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Saintpaul - qualitative data

S. Saintpaul Turkey meat - fresh


no


1


Tetracycline 1 0%



1 0%


Enrofloxacin 1 0%


Trimethoprim 1 0%



Gentamicin 1 0%

Kanamycin 1 0%


1 0%




1 100%


Slovenia 2004 99

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Schwarzengrund - qualitative data

S. Schwarzengrund all feedingstuffs


no


6


Tetracycline 6 0%


Florfenicol 5 0%


6 0%


Enrofloxacin 6 0%


Trimethoprim 6 0%



Gentamicin 6 0%

Kanamycin 6 0%


6 0%



fully sensitives 6 83,34%


6 16,65%


Slovenia 2004 100

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Senftenberg - qualitative data

S. Senftenberg all feedingstuffs


no


5


Tetracycline 5 0%


Florfenicol 5 0%


5 0%


Enrofloxacin 5 0%


Trimethoprim 5 0%



Gentamicin 5 0%

Kanamycin 5 0%


5 0%





Slovenia 2004 101

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. S

tan

leyv

ille

in G

allu

s g

allu

s -

qu

anti

tati

ve d

ata

[Dif

fusi

on

met

ho

d]

Per

cen

tag

e o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (R

%)

and

per

cen

tag

e o

f is

ola

tes

wit

h t

he

con

cen

trat

ion

(µ

l/ml)

or

zon

e (m

m)

of

inh

ibit

ion

eq

ual

to

-S

. Sta

nley

ville

-G

allu

s ga

llus

Iso

late

s o

ut

of

a m

on

ito

rin

gp

rog

ram

no

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

1

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

N%

R

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

Tet

racy

clin

e 1

0%10

0

Am

ph

enic

ols

Chl

oram

phen

icol

1

010

0

Flo

rfen

icol

1

010

0

Cep

hal

osp

ori

n3r

d ge

nera

tion

ceph

alos

porin

s 1

010

0

Flu

oro

qu

ino

lon

esC

ipro

floxa

cin(

1)

10

100

Enr

oflo

xaci

n 1

010

0

Qu

ino

lon

esN

alid

ixic

aci

d 1

010

0

Tri

met

ho

pri

m

10%

100

Su

lfo

nam

ides

Sul

fona

mid

e 1

010

0

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Str

epto

myc

in

10

100

Gen

tam

icin

1

010

0

Kan

amyc

in

10

100

Tri

met

ho

pri

m +

sulf

on

amid

es

10%

100

Pen

icill

ins

Am

pici

llin

10

100

(1)

: 100

% >

35


Slovenia 2004 102

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. S

tan

leyv

ille

in Z

oo

an

imal

s -

ante

lop

e -

qu

anti

tati

ve d

ata

[Dif

fusi

on

met

ho

d]

Per

cen

tag

e o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (R

%)

and

per

cen

tag

e o

f is

ola

tes

wit

h t

he

con

cen

trat

ion

(µ

l/ml)

or

zon

e (m

m)

of

inh

ibit

ion

eq

ual

to

-S

. Sta

nley

ville

-Z

oo a

nim

als

- an

telo

peIs

ola

tes

ou

t o

f a

mo

nit

ori

ng

pro

gra

m

no

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

1

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

N%

R

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

Tet

racy

clin

e 1

0%10

0

Am

ph

enic

ols

Chl

oram

phen

icol

1

010

0

Flo

rfen

icol

1

010

0

Cep

hal

osp

ori

n3r

d ge

nera

tion

ceph

alos

porin

s 1

010

0

Flu

oro

qu

ino

lon

esC

ipro

floxa

cin

10

100

Enr

oflo

xaci

n 1

010

0

Qu

ino

lon

esN

alid

ixic

aci

d 1

010

0

Tri

met

ho

pri

m

10%

100

Su

lfo

nam

ides

Sul

fona

mid

e 1

010

0

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Str

epto

myc

in

10

100

Gen

tam

icin

1

010

0

Kan

amyc

in

10

100

Tri

met

ho

pri

m +

sulf

on

amid

es

10%

100

Pen

icill

ins

Am

pici

llin

10

100


Slovenia 2004 103

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Stanleyville - qualitative data

S. Stanleyville Gallus gallus Zoo animals - antelope


no no


1 1

-Antimicrobials: N %R N %R

Tetracycline 1 0% 1 0%

AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 1 0% 1 0%

Florfenicol 1 0% 1 0%


1 0% 1 0%

FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 1 0% 1 0%

Enrofloxacin 1 0% 1 0%

QuinolonesNalidixic acid 1 0% 1 0%

Trimethoprim 1 0% 1 0%

SulfonamidesSulfonamide 1 0% 1 0%

AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 1 0% 1 0%

Gentamicin 1 0% 1 0%

Kanamycin 1 0% 1 0%


1 0% 1 0%

PenicillinsAmpicillin 1 0% 1 0%


fully sensitives 1 100% 1 100%


Slovenia 2004 104

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. T

enn

esse

e in

Gal

lus

gal

lus

- q

uan

tita

tive

dat

a [D

iffu

sio

n m

eth

od

]

Per

cen

tag

e o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (R

%)

and

per

cen

tag

e o

f is

ola

tes

wit

h t

he

con

cen

trat

ion

(µ

l/ml)

or

zon

e (m

m)

of

inh

ibit

ion

eq

ual

to

-S

. Ten

ness

ee-

Gal

lus

gallu

sIs

ola

tes

ou

t o

f a

mo

nit

ori

ng

pro

gra

m

no

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

1

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

N%

R

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

Tet

racy

clin

e 1

0%10

0

Am

ph

enic

ols

Chl

oram

phen

icol

1

010

0

Cep

hal

osp

ori

n3r

d ge

nera

tion

ceph

alos

porin

s 1

010

0

Flu

oro

qu

ino

lon

esC

ipro

floxa

cin

10

100

Enr

oflo

xaci

n 1

010

0

Qu

ino

lon

esN

alid

ixic

aci

d 1

010

0

Tri

met

ho

pri

m

10%

100

Su

lfo

nam

ides

Sul

fona

mid

e 1

010

0

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Str

epto

myc

in

10

100

Gen

tam

icin

1

010

0

Kan

amyc

in

10

100

Tri

met

ho

pri

m +

sulf

on

amid

es

10%

100

Pen

icill

ins

Am

pici

llin

10

100


Slovenia 2004 105

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Tennessee - qualitative data

S. Tennessee Gallus gallus


no


1


Tetracycline 1 0%



1 0%


Enrofloxacin 1 0%


Trimethoprim 1 0%



Gentamicin 1 0%

Kanamycin 1 0%


1 0%





Slovenia 2004 106

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Tennessee - qualitative data

S. Tennessee all feedingstuffs


no


5


Tetracycline 5 0%


Florfenicol 5 0%


5 0%


Enrofloxacin 5 0%


Trimethoprim 5 0%



Gentamicin 5 0%

Kanamycin 5 0%


5 0%





Slovenia 2004 107

Table 3.2.5.3 Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S.Typhimurium in animals

S. Typhimurium Cattle

(bovineanimals)

Pigs Gallusgallus

Turkeys Fur animals- chinchilla

Pigeons -feral

Wildlife -wild birds -night heron


no no no no no no no


0 1 0 1 2 1 1

-Antimicrobials: N %R N %R N %R N %R N %R N %R N %R

Tetracycline 1 100% 1 0% 2 0% 1 0% 1 0%

AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 1 100% 1 0% 2 0% 1 0% 1 0%

Florfenicol 1 100% 1 0% 2 0% 1 0% 1 0%


1 100% 1 0% 2 0% 1 0% 1 0%

FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 1 0% 1 0% 2 0% 1 0% 1 0%

Enrofloxacin 1 0% 1 0% 2 0% 1 0% 1 0%

QuinolonesNalidixic acid 1 100% 1 0% 2 0% 1 0% 1 0%

Trimethoprim 1 0% 1 0% 2 0% 1 0% 1 0%

SulfonamidesSulfonamide 1 100% 1 0% 2 0% 1 0% 1 0%

AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 1 100% 1 0% 2 0% 1 100% 1 0%

Gentamicin 1 100% 1 0% 2 0% 1 0% 1 0%

Kanamycin 1 100% 1 0% 2 0% 1 0% 1 0%


1 0% 1 0% 2 0% 1 0% 1 0%

PenicillinsAmpicillin 1 100% 1 0% 2 0% 1 0% 1 0%


fully sensitives 1 0% 1 100% 2 100% 1 0% 1 100%


1 0% 1 0% 2 0% 1 100% 1 0%


1 0% 1 0% 2 0% 1 0% 1 0%


1 0% 1 0% 2 0% 1 0% 1 0%


1 0% 1 0% 2 0% 1 0% 1 0%


1 100% 1 0% 2 0% 1 0% 1 0%


Slovenia 2004 108

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. T

yph

imu

riu

m in

wild

bir

ds

- W

ildlif

e -

nig

ht

her

on

- q

uan

tita

tive

dat

a[D

iffu

sio

n m

eth

od

]

Per

cen

tag

e o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (R

%)

and

per

cen

tag

e o

f is

ola

tes

wit

h t

he

con

cen

trat

ion

(µ

l/ml)

or

zon

e (m

m)

of

inh

ibit

ion

eq

ual

to

-S

. Typ

him

uriu

m-

Wild

life

- w

ild b

irds

- ni

ght h

eron

Iso

late

s o

ut

of

a m

on

ito

rin

gp

rog

ram

no

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

1

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

N%

R

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

Tet

racy

clin

e 1

0%10

0

Am

ph

enic

ols

Chl

oram

phen

icol

1

010

0

Flo

rfen

icol

1

010

0

Cep

hal

osp

ori

n3r

d ge

nera

tion

ceph

alos

porin

s 1

010

0

Flu

oro

qu

ino

lon

esC

ipro

floxa

cin

10

100

Enr

oflo

xaci

n 1

010

0

Qu

ino

lon

esN

alid

ixic

aci

d 1

010

0

Tri

met

ho

pri

m

10%

100

Su

lfo

nam

ides

Sul

fona

mid

e 1

010

0

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Str

epto

myc

in

10

100

Gen

tam

icin

1

010

0

Kan

amyc

in

10

100

Tri

met

ho

pri

m +

sulf

on

amid

es

10%

100

Pen

icill

ins

Am

pici

llin

10

100


Slovenia 2004 109

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. T

yph

imu

riu

m in

Pig

s -

qu

anti

tati

ve d

ata

[Dif

fusi

on

met

ho

d]

Per

cen

tag

e o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (R

%)

and

per

cen

tag

e o

f is

ola

tes

wit

h t

he

con

cen

trat

ion

(µ

l/ml)

or

zon

e (m

m)

of

inh

ibit

ion

eq

ual

to

-S

. Typ

him

uriu

m-

Pig

sIs

ola

tes

ou

t o

f a

mo

nit

ori

ng

pro

gra

m

no

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

1

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

N%

R

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

Tet

racy

clin

e 1

100%

100

Am

ph

enic

ols

Chl

oram

phen

icol

1

100

100

Flo

rfen

icol

1

100

Cep

hal

osp

ori

n3r

d ge

nera

tion

ceph

alos

porin

s 1

010

0

Flu

oro

qu

ino

lon

esC

ipro

floxa

cin

10

100

Enr

oflo

xaci

n 1

010

0

Qu

ino

lon

esN

alid

ixic

aci

d 1

100

100

Tri

met

ho

pri

m

10%

100

Su

lfo

nam

ides

Sul

fona

mid

e 1

100

100

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Str

epto

myc

in

110

010

0

Gen

tam

icin

1

010

0

Kan

amyc

in

10

100

Tri

met

ho

pri

m +

sulf

on

amid

es

10%

100

Pen

icill

ins

Am

pici

llin

110

010

0


Slovenia 2004 110

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. T

yph

imu

riu

m in

Tu

rkey

s -

qu

anti

tati

ve d

ata

[Dif

fusi

on

met

ho

d]

Per

cen

tag

e o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (R

%)

and

per

cen

tag

e o

f is

ola

tes

wit

h t

he

con

cen

trat

ion

(µ

l/ml)

or

zon

e (m

m)

of

inh

ibit

ion

eq

ual

to

-S

. Typ

him

uriu

m-

Tur

keys

Iso

late

s o

ut

of

a m

on

ito

rin

gp

rog

ram

no

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

1

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

N%

R

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

Tet

racy

clin

e 1

0%10

0

Am

ph

enic

ols

Chl

oram

phen

icol

1

010

0

Flo

rfen

icol

1

010

0

Cep

hal

osp

ori

n3r

d ge

nera

tion

ceph

alos

porin

s 1

010

0

Flu

oro

qu

ino

lon

esC

ipro

floxa

cin

10

100

Enr

oflo

xaci

n 1

010

0

Qu

ino

lon

esN

alid

ixic

aci

d 1

010

0

Tri

met

ho

pri

m

10%

100

Su

lfo

nam

ides

Sul

fona

mid

e 1

010

0

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Str

epto

myc

in

10

100

Gen

tam

icin

1

010

0

Kan

amyc

in

10

100

Tri

met

ho

pri

m +

sulf

on

amid

es

10%

100

Pen

icill

ins

Am

pici

llin

10

100


Slovenia 2004 111

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. T

yph

imu

riu

m in

Pig

eon

s -

qu

anti

tati

ve d

ata

[Dif

fusi

on

met

ho

d]

Per

cen

tag

e o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (R

%)

and

per

cen

tag

e o

f is

ola

tes

wit

h t

he

con

cen

trat

ion

(µ

l/ml)

or

zon

e (m

m)

of

inh

ibit

ion

eq

ual

to

-S

. Typ

him

uriu

m-

Pig

eons

Iso

late

s o

ut

of

a m

on

ito

rin

gp

rog

ram

no

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

1

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

N%

R

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

Tet

racy

clin

e 1

0%10

0

Am

ph

enic

ols

Chl

oram

phen

icol

1

010

0

Flo

rfen

icol

1

010

0

Cep

hal

osp

ori

n3r

d ge

nera

tion

ceph

alos

porin

s 1

010

0

Flu

oro

qu

ino

lon

esC

ipro

floxa

cin(

1)

10

100

Enr

oflo

xaci

n 1

010

0

Qu

ino

lon

esN

alid

ixic

aci

d 1

010

0

Tri

met

ho

pri

m(2

) 1

0%10

0

Su

lfo

nam

ides

Sul

fona

mid

e 1

010

0

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Str

epto

myc

in

110

010

0

Gen

tam

icin

1

010

0

Kan

amyc

in

10

100

Tri

met

ho

pri

m +

sulf

on

amid

es(3

)

10%

100

Pen

icill

ins

Am

pici

llin

10

100

(1)

: 100

% >

35

(2)

: 100

% >

35

(3)

: 100

% >

35


Slovenia 2004 112

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. T

yph

imu

riu

m in

Fu

r an

imal

s -

chin

chill

a -

qu

anti

tati

ve d

ata

[Dif

fusi

on

met

ho

d]

Per

cen

tag

e o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (R

%)

and

per

cen

tag

e o

f is

ola

tes

wit

h t

he

con

cen

trat

ion

(µ

l/ml)

or

zon

e (m

m)

of

inh

ibit

ion

eq

ual

to

-S

. Typ

him

uriu

m-

Fur

ani

mal

s -

chin

chill

aIs

ola

tes

ou

t o

f a

mo

nit

ori

ng

pro

gra

m

no

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

2

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

N%

R

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

Tet

racy

clin

e 2

0%50

50

Am

ph

enic

ols

Chl

oram

phen

icol

2

050

50

Flo

rfen

icol

2

050

50

Cep

hal

osp

ori

n3r

d ge

nera

tion

ceph

alos

porin

s 2

050

50

Flu

oro

qu

ino

lon

esC

ipro

floxa

cin(

1)

250

50

Enr

oflo

xaci

n 2

050

50

Qu

ino

lon

esN

alid

ixic

aci

d 2

050

50

Tri

met

ho

pri

m

20%

5050

Su

lfo

nam

ides

Sul

fona

mid

e 2

050

50

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Str

epto

myc

in

20

5050

Gen

tam

icin

2

010

0

Kan

amyc

in

20

5050

Tri

met

ho

pri

m +

sulf

on

amid

es

20%

5050

Pen

icill

ins

Am

pici

llin

20

5050

(1)

: 50%

>35


Slovenia 2004 113

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. W

elte

vred

en in

Mix

ed m

eat

- q

uan

tita

tive

dat

a [D

iffu

sio

n m

eth

od

]

Per

cen

tag

e o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (R

%)

and

per

cen

tag

e o

f is

ola

tes

wit

h t

he

con

cen

trat

ion

(µ

l/ml)

or

zon

e (m

m)

of

inh

ibit

ion

eq

ual

to

-S

. Wel

tevr

eden

-M

ixed

mea

tIs

ola

tes

ou

t o

f a

mo

nit

ori

ng

pro

gra

m

no

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

1

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

N%

R

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

Tet

racy

clin

e 1

0%10

0

Am

ph

enic

ols

Chl

oram

phen

icol

1

010

0

Flo

rfen

icol

1

010

0

Cep

hal

osp

ori

n3r

d ge

nera

tion

ceph

alos

porin

s(1)

10

100

Flu

oro

qu

ino

lon

esC

ipro

floxa

cin(

2)

10

100

Enr

oflo

xaci

n 1

010

0

Qu

ino

lon

esN

alid

ixic

aci

d 1

010

0

Tri

met

ho

pri

m

10%

100

Su

lfo

nam

ides

Sul

fona

mid

e 1

010

0

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Str

epto

myc

in

110

0

Gen

tam

icin

1

100

Kan

amyc

in

10

100

Tri

met

ho

pri

m +

sulf

on

amid

es

10%

100

Pen

icill

ins

Am

pici

llin

10

100

(1)

: 100

% >

35

(2)

: 100

% >

35


Slovenia 2004 114

Foo

tnot

e

Mix

ed m

eat:

pork

and

bee

f


Slovenia 2004 115

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Weltevreden - qualitative data

S. Weltevreden Mixed meat


no


1


Tetracycline 1 0%


Florfenicol 1 0%


1 0%


Enrofloxacin 1 0%


Trimethoprim 1 0%



Gentamicin 1 0%

Kanamycin 1 0%


1 0%





Slovenia 2004 116

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Westhampton - qualitative data

S. Westhampton all feedingstuffs


no


1


Tetracycline 1 0%


Florfenicol 1 0%


1 0%


Enrofloxacin 1 0%


Trimethoprim 1 0%



Gentamicin 1 0%

Kanamycin 1 0%


1 0%





Slovenia 2004 117

Tab

le 3

.2.5

.1 A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

Sal

mo

nel

la s

pp

. in

an

imal

s (P

art

A)

S

alm

onel

la s

pp.

C

attl

e(b

ovi

ne

anim

als)

Pig

s G

allu

sg

allu

s T

urk

eys

Rep

tile

s P

et a

nim

als

- tu

rtle

s F

ur

anim

als

- ch

inch

illa

Zo

o a

nim

als

- an

telo

pe

Wild

life

-w

ild b

ird

s -

falc

on

Pig

eon

s -

fera

l

Isol

ates

out

of a

mon

itorin

g pr

ogra

m

nono

nono

nono

nono

nono

Num

ber

of is

olat

esav

aila

ble

in th

ela

bora

tory

01

3123

31

21

21

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

N%

RN

%R

N%

RN

%R

N%

RN

%R

N%

RN

%R

N%

RN

%R

Tet

racy

clin

e 1

100%

316,

45%

2373

,91%

30%

10%

20%

110

0%2

0%1

0%

Am

ph

enic

ols

Chl

oram

phen

icol

1

100%

310%

230%

30%

10%

20%

10%

20%

10%

Flo

rfen

icol

1

100%

283,

57%

220%

30%

10%

20%

10%

20%

10%

Cep

hal

osp

ori

n3r

d ge

nera

tion

ceph

alos

porin

s 0

0%31

0%23

0%3

0%1

0%2

0%1

0%2

0%1

0%

Flu

oro

qu

ino

lon

esC

ipro

floxa

cin

00%

310%

230%

30%

10%

20%

10%

20%

10%

Enr

oflo

xaci

n 0

0%31

6,45

%23

0%3

0%1

0%2

0%1

0%2

0%1

0%

Qu

ino

lon

esN

alid

ixic

aci

d 1

100%

3161

,29%

2317

,39%

30%

10%

20%

110

0%2

100%

10%

Trim

etho

prim

0

0%31

0%23

0%3

0%1

0%2

0%1

0%2

0%1

0%

Su

lfo

nam

ides

Sul

fona

mid

e 1

100%

310%

234,

35%

30%

10%

20%

10%

20%

10%

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Str

epto

myc

in

110

0%31

6,45

%23

34,7

8%3

33.3

3%1

0%2

0%1

0%2

0%1

100%

Gen

tam

icin

0

0%31

0%23

0%3

0%1

0%2

0%1

0%2

0%1

0%

Kan

amyc

in

00%

319,

68%

2268

,18%

30%

10%

20%

10%

20%

10%

Trim

etho

prim

+su

lfona

mid

es

00%

310%

230%

30%

10%

20%

10%

20%

10%

Pen

icill

ins

Am

pici

llin

110

0%31

9,68

%23

8,70

%3

0%1

0%2

0%1

0%2

0%1

0%

-


Slovenia 2004 118

Nu

mb

er o

f m

ult

ires

ista

nt

iso

late

sfu

lly s

ensi

tives

0

0%31

35,4

8%23

21,7

4%3

66,6

6%1

100%

210

0%1

0%2

0%1

0%

resi

stan

t to

1an

timic

robi

al

00%

3145

,16%

234,

35%

333

,33%

10%

20%

10%

210

0%1

100%

resi

stan

t to

2an

timic

robi

als

00%

316,

45%

2334

,78%

30%

10%

20%

110

0%2

0%1

0%

resi

stan

t to

3an

timic

robi

als

00%

319,

68%

2326

,09%

30%

10%

20%

10%

20%

10%

resi

stan

t to

4an

timic

robi

als

00%

310%

2313

,04%

30%

10%

20%

10%

20%

10%

resi

stan

t to

>4

antim

icro

bial

s 1

100%

313,

23%

230%

30%

10%

20%

10%

20%

10%


Slovenia 2004 119

Tab

le 3

.2.5

.1 A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

Sal

mo

nel

la s

pp

. in

an

imal

s (P

art

B)

S

alm

onel

la s

pp.

Z

oo

an

imal

s -

snak

es

Zo

o a

nim

als

- sw

an

Wild

life

- w

ild b

ird

s -

nig

ht

her

on

Isol

ates

out

of a

mon

itorin

g pr

ogra

m

nono

no

Num

ber

of is

olat

esav

aila

ble

in th

ela

bora

tory

21

1

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

N%

RN

%R

N%

R

Tet

racy

clin

e 2

0%1

0%1

0%

Am

ph

enic

ols

Chl

oram

phen

icol

2

0%1

0%1

0%

Flo

rfen

icol

2

0%1

0%1

0%

Cep

hal

osp

ori

n3r

d ge

nera

tion

ceph

alos

porin

s 2

0%1

0%1

0%

Flu

oro

qu

ino

lon

esC

ipro

floxa

cin

20%

10%

10%

Enr

oflo

xaci

n 2

0%1

0%1

0%

Qu

ino

lon

esN

alid

ixic

aci

d 2

0%1

0%1

0%

Trim

etho

prim

2

0%1

0%1

0%

Su

lfo

nam

ides

Sul

fona

mid

e 2

0%1

0%1

0%

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Str

epto

myc

in

20%

10%

10%

Gen

tam

icin

2

0%1

10%

Kan

amyc

in

20%

10%

10%

Trim

etho

prim

+su

lfona

mid

es

20%

10%

10%

Pen

icill

ins

Am

pici

llin

20%

10%

10%

- Nu

mb

er o

f m

ult

ires

ista

nt

iso

late

sfu

lly s

ensi

tives

2

100%

110

0%1

100%


Slovenia 2004 120

resi

stan

t to

1an

timic

robi

al

20%

10%

10%

resi

stan

t to

2an

timic

robi

als

20%

10%

10%

resi

stan

t to

3an

timic

robi

als

20%

10%

10%

resi

stan

t to

4an

timic

robi

als

20%

10%

10%

resi

stan

t to

>4

antim

icro

bial

s 2

0%1

0%1

0%


Slovenia 2004 121

Table 3.2.5.5 Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Salmonella spp. in food

Salmonella spp. Broiler meat Turkey meat Other poultry

meat Pig meat Bovine meat Mixed meat


no no no no no no


19 3 0 0 0 4

-Antimicrobials: N %R N %R N %R N %R N %R N %R

Tetracycline 19 0% 3 33,33% 4 0%

AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 19 0% 3 0% 4 0%

Florfenicol 19 0% 3 0% 4 0%


19 0% 3 0% 4 0%

FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 19 0% 3 0% 4 0%

Enrofloxacin 19 0% 3 0% 4 0%

QuinolonesNalidixic acid 19 5,26% 3 33,33% 4 0%

Trimethoprim 19 0% 3 0% 4 0%

SulfonamidesSulfonamide 19 0% 3 66,67% 4 0%

AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 19 0% 3 66,67% 4 25%

Gentamicin 19 0% 3 0% 4 0%

Kanamycin 19 0% 3 0% 4 0%


19 0% 3 0% 4 0%

PenicillinsAmpicillin 19 10,53% 3 0% 4 0%


fully sensitives 19 84,21% 3 33,33% 4 75%


19 15,79% 3 33,33% 4 25%


19 0% 3 33,33% 4 0%


19 0% 3 0% 4 0%


19 0% 3 0% 4 0%


19 0% 3 0% 4 0%


Slovenia 2004 122

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Salmonella spp. - qualitative data

Salmonella spp. all feedingstuffs


no


28


Tetracycline 28 0%


Florfenicol 27 0%


28 0%


Enrofloxacin 28 0%


Trimethoprim 28 0%

SulfonamidesSulfonamide 28 3,57%


Gentamicin 28 0%

Kanamycin 28 0%


28 0%



fully sensitives 28 92,86%


28 7,41%


Slovenia 2004 123

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

S. e

nte

rica

su

bsp

. ari

zon

ae in

Zo

o a

nim

als

- q

uan

tita

tive

dat

a [D

iffu

sio

nm

eth

od

]

Per

cen

tag

e o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (R

%)

and

per

cen

tag

e o

f is

ola

tes

wit

h t

he

con

cen

trat

ion

(µ

l/ml)

or

zon

e (m

m)

of

inh

ibit

ion

eq

ual

to

-S

. ent

eric

a su

bsp.

ariz

onae

-Z

oo a

nim

als

Iso

late

s o

ut

of

a m

on

ito

rin

gp

rog

ram

no

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

2

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

N%

R

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

Tet

racy

clin

e 2

0%50

50

Am

ph

enic

ols

Chl

oram

phen

icol

2

050

50

Flo

rfen

icol

2

050

50

Cep

hal

osp

ori

n3r

d ge

nera

tion

ceph

alos

porin

s(1)

20

5050

Flu

oro

qu

ino

lon

esC

ipro

floxa

cin(

2)

20

5050

Enr

oflo

xaci

n(3)

2

050

50

Qu

ino

lon

esN

alid

ixic

aci

d 2

050

50

Tri

met

ho

pri

m(4

) 2

0%50

50

Su

lfo

nam

ides

Sul

fona

mid

e 2

050

50

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Str

epto

myc

in

20

5050

Gen

tam

icin

2

050

50

Kan

amyc

in

20

100

Tri

met

ho

pri

m +

sulf

on

amid

es(5

)

20%

5050

Pen

icill

ins

Am

pici

llin

20

5050

(1)

: 50%

>35

(2

) : 5

0% >

35


Slovenia 2004 124

(3)

: 50%

>35

(4

) : 5

0% >

35

(5)

: 50%

>35


Slovenia 2004 125

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. enterica subsp. arizonae - qualitativedata

S. enterica subsp. arizonae Zoo animals - snakes


no


2


Tetracycline 2 0%


Florfenicol 2 0%


2 0%


Enrofloxacin 2 0%


Trimethoprim 2 0%



Gentamicin 2 0%

Kanamycin 2 0%


2 0%





Slovenia 2004 126

Tab

le A

nti

mic

rob

ial s

usc

epti

bili

ty t

esti

ng

of

No

t ty

pea

ble

in Z

oo

an

imal

s -

qu

anti

tati

ve d

ata

[Dif

fusi

on

met

ho

d]

Per

cen

tag

e o

f re

sist

ant

iso

late

s (R

%)

and

per

cen

tag

e o

f is

ola

tes

wit

h t

he

con

cen

trat

ion

(µ

l/ml)

or

zon

e (m

m)

of

inh

ibit

ion

eq

ual

to

-N

ot ty

peab

le-

Zoo

ani

mal

sIs

ola

tes

ou

t o

f a

mo

nit

ori

ng

pro

gra

m

no

Nu

mb

er o

f is

ola

tes

avai

lab

lein

th

e la

bo

rato

ry

1

- An

tim

icro

bia

ls:

N%

R

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

Tet

racy

clin

e 1

0%10

0

Am

ph

enic

ols

Chl

oram

phen

icol

1

010

0

Flo

rfen

icol

1

010

0

Cep

hal

osp

ori

n3r

d ge

nera

tion

ceph

alos

porin

s 1

010

0

Flu

oro

qu

ino

lon

esC

ipro

floxa

cin(

1)

10

100

Enr

oflo

xaci

n 1

010

0

Qu

ino

lon

esN

alid

ixic

aci

d 1

010

0

Tri

met

ho

pri

m

10%

100

Su

lfo

nam

ides

Sul

fona

mid

e 1

010

0

Am

ino

gly

cosi

des

Str

epto

myc

in

10

100

Gen

tam

icin

1

010

0

Kan

amyc

in

110

0

Tri

met

ho

pri

m +

sulf

on

amid

es

10%

100

Pen

icill

ins

Am

pici

llin

10

100

(1)

: 100

% >

35

Foo

tnot

e


Slovenia 2004 127

S. e

nter

ica

non

typa

ble

(with

ser

a av

aila

ble)


Slovenia 2004 128

Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Not typeable - qualitative data

Not typeable Zoo animals


no


1


Tetracycline 1 0%


Florfenicol 1 0%


1 0%


Enrofloxacin 1 0%


Trimethoprim 1 0%



Gentamicin 1 0%

Kanamycin 1 0%


1 0%




Footnote

S.enterica non typable (with sera available)


Slovenia 2004 129

Table 3.2.6 Breakpoints for antibiotic resistance of Salmonella in Animals

Test Method Used

- Disc diffusion

- Agar dilution

- Broth dilution

- E-test

Standards used for testing

- NCCLS

- CASFM

Subject to quality control

-Salmonella Standard for

breakpointBreakpoint concentration (microg/ml) Range tested

concentration (microg/ml)disk content breakpoint Zone diameter (mm)

Susceptible<=

Intermediate Resistant>

lowest highest microg Susceptible>=

Intermediate Resistant<=

Tetracycline 30 19 14

AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 30 18 12

Florfenicol 30 20 16Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin 5 21 15

Enrofloxacin 5 20 16Quinolones

Nalidixic acid 30 19 13

Trimethoprim 5 16 10

SulfonamidesSulfonamide(1) 250 17 12

AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 10 15 11

Gentamicin 10 15 12

Neomycin

Kanamycin 30 18 13

Trimethoprim +sulfonamides(2)

1,25 16 10


30 23 14

PenicillinsAmpicillin 10 17 13

(1) : Dics content 250-300(2) : Disc content 1,25 and 23,75

Footnote

Breakpoint: Intermediate is the zone diameter between zone diameter susceptible and resistant.E.g. zone diameter susceptible >= 19, intermediate 15-18, resistant <=14


Slovenia 2004 130

Table 3.2.6 Breakpoints for antibiotic resistance of Salmonella in Food

Test Method Used

- Disc diffusion

- Agar dilution

- Broth dilution

- E-test


- NCCLS

- CASFM





Susceptible<=













Gentamicin 10 15 12

Neomycin

Kanamycin 30 18 13


1,25 16 10


30 23 14


(1) : Disc content 250-300(2) : Disc content 1,25 and 23,75

Footnote



Slovenia 2004 131

Table 3.2.6 Breakpoints for antibiotic resistance of Salmonella in Feedingstuff

Test Method Used

- Disc diffusion

- Agar dilution

- Broth dilution

- E-test


- NCCLS

- CASFM





Susceptible<=













Gentamicin 10 15 12

Neomycin

Kanamycin 30 18 13


1,25 16 10


30 23 14


(1) : Disk content 250-300(2) : Disk content 1,25 and 23,75

Footnote



Slovenia 2004 132

2.2. CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS


A. Thermophilic Campylobacter General evaluation


HumansNumber of notifications decreases. The incidence is estimated from data on notifications.


HumansDecreasing number of sporadic and outbreak cases.Campylobacter infections according to number of notifications decrease. The real burden ofdisese shall be estimated in study.Zoonotic agent in foodMonitoring at slaughterhousesIn 2003, C. jejuni was isolated from 1 sample (2 %) of fresh meat, whilst no positive cases weredetected in the mechanically recovered meat - Campylobacter was not isolated. In comparisonto the preceding year, the situation in 2004 got worse as the percentage of positive samples ofmechanically recovered meat increased to 20 %, and the same percentage of positive cases wasdetected in the fresh meat.At retaliIn 2004, 39% samples of fresh poultry meat were positive on presence of thermophylicCampylobacter. Detailed evaluation of data shows that 34% (87% of all positive samples) ofthem were positive on presence of Campylobacter jejuni.Results show that all samples of cheese (n=70) taken at the retail level were classified assatisfactory for thermophilic Campylobacter. Campylobacter was not isolated from any sample.


Slovenia 2004 133

2.2.2. Campylobacteriosis in humans

A. Thermophilic Campylobacter in humans


Campylobacter cases are notifiable by national law on infectious diseases. Medical doctorsnotify cases on daily basis to local institutes of public health. Local institutes of public healthnotify disease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia. Notification since 1977.

Case definition



Serologic and biochemical identification on CCDA medium, Hyppurat test, Cephalotin andnalidixic acid resistance test.


Campylobacter cases are notifiable by national law on infectious diseases. Medical doctorsnotify cases on daily basis to local institutes of public health. (Also laboratories are obliged tonotify). Local institutes of public health notify disease to Institute of Public Health of R.Slovenia. Medical doctors also report outbreaks of campylobacter infections. Notification since1977.


The number of notified cases was decreasing in years 1997 to 2003. In 2004 number ofnotifications increased for 19,4% (compared to 2003). No outbreaks were registered. The realburden of disease is not known. (The incidence is estimated from data on notifications).


Decreasing number of sporadic and outbreak cases.


In 2004 number of notifications increased for 19,4% (compared to 2003). No outbreaks wereregistered. (The real burden of disese shall be estimated in study).


Poulty and eggs remain source of infection.


Slovenia 2004 134

Tab

le 6

.3.A

Cam

pyl

ob

acte

rio

sis

in m

an -

sp

ecie

s/se

roty

pe

dis

trib

uti

on

Cas

esC

ases

Inc

Au

toch

ton

e ca

ses

Au

toch

ton

e In

cIm

po

rted

cas

esIm

po

rted

Inc

un

kno

wn

sta

tus

Cam

pyl

ob

acte

r10

3751

00

00

1037

C. c

oli

C. j

ejun

i10

3751

,910

37

C. u

psal

iens

is


Slovenia 2004 135

Tab

le 6

.3.B

Cam

pyl

ob

acte

rio

sis

in m

an -

ag

e d

istr

ibu

tio

n

C. c

oli

C. j

eju

ni

Cam

pyl

ob

acte

r sp

p.

Ag

e D

istr

ibu

tio

nA

llM

FA

llM

FA

llM

F

<1

year

72

4032

1 to

4 y

ears

25

613

911

7

5 to

14

year

s 18

711

671

15 to

24

year

s 14

069

71

25 to

44

year

s 17

388

85

45 to

64

year

s 12

767

60

65 y

ears

and

old

er

8240

42

Age

unk

now

n 0

00

To

tal :

0

0 0

1037

55

9 47

8 0

0 0


Slovenia 2004 136

Tab

le 6

.3.C

Cam

pyl

ob

acte

rio

sis

in m

an -

sea

son

al d

istr

ibu

tio

n

C. c

oli

C. j

eju

ni

C. u

psa

lien

sis

Cam

pyl

ob

acte

r sp

p.

Mo

nth

Cas

esC

ases

Cas

esC

ases

Janu

ary

40

Feb

ruar

y 23

Mar

ch

41

Apr

il 55

May

81

June

13

8

July

11

7

Aug

ust

161

Sep

tem

ber

124

Oct

ober

11

5

Nov

embe

r 85

Dec

embe

r 57

not k

now

n 0

To

tal :

0

1037

0

0


Slovenia 2004 137

2.2.3. Campylobacter in foodstuffs

A. Thermophilic Campylobacter in Broiler meat and products thereof

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy



At retail

Annual monitoring programme was prepared with respect to the results ofprogramme/controls carried out in the previous year, epidemiological situation,Commission Recommendation concerning a coordinated programme for theofficial control of foodstuffs.The majority of samples were taken in cities with 10000 inhabitants or more andnumber of samples taken was proportional with the population in the region. There were taken at the retail level where sampling could give an overview overthe situation.Sampling carried out by health inspectors.Programme: 100 samples of fresh poultry meat per annum (Broiler meat: n=95,Turkey meat: n=5)



Other: Sampling of meat in the high-capacity establishments (establishmentsapproved for the intra-Community trade) /1 sample of meat per month

At retail

Sampling takes place during the months February - June



Other: Fresh meat and mechanically separated meat

At retail

Fresh meat



Slovenia 2004 138



At retail

A sample from which Campylobacter has been isolated.




At retail







Whenever zoonotic agent-Campylobacter is detected in samples taken, relevant authorities mustbe informed.


Monitoring at slaughterhouses81 samples of fresh meat and 30 samples of mechanically recovered meat were taken atslaughterhouses. Presence of Campylobacter was detected in 16 samples of fresh meat (20 %)and in 6 samples of mechanically recovered meat (20 %). C. jejuni was isolated in all thepositive cases.Monitoring at retailOut of 100 samples of poultry meat taken (Broiler meat 95 and Turkey meat 5), 39% werepositive on presence of thermophylic Campylobacter. Positive samples: 1x Turkey meat and 38xBroiler meat. Detailed evaluation of data shows that 34% (87% of all positive samples) of themwere positive on presence of Campylobacter jejuni.



Slovenia 2004 139

Monitoring at slaughterhousesIn 2003, C. jejuni was isolated from 1 sample (2 %) of fresh meat, whilst no positive cases weredetected in the mechanically recovered meat - Campylobacter was not isolated. In comparisonto the preceding year, the situation in 2004 got worse as the percentage of positive samples ofmechanically recovered meat increased to 20 %, and the same percentage of positive cases wasdetected in the fresh meat.


Slovenia 2004 140

Table 6.2 Thermophilic Campylobacter spp. in food

- -

So

urc

e o

f in

form

atio

n

Rem

arks

Ep

idem

iolo

gic

al u

nit

Sam

ple

wei

gh

t

Un

its

test

ed

C. c

oli

C. l

ari

C. u

psa

lien

sis

C. j

eju

ni

Cam

pyl

ob

acte

r sp

p.

Broiler meat - - -fresh - - -

- at slaughter (2) - sample 25 81 16 16

- at retail - sample 25 95 5 33 38


- sample 25 30 6 6

Turkey meat - - -fresh - - -

- at slaughter (3) - sample 25 12 1 1

- at retail - sample 25 5 1 1


- sample 25 14 1 1

Cheeses - - -soft and semi soft - - -

- at retail - sample 25 70 0

(1) : Sample weight: 25g or 25ml-rinse(2) : Sample weight: 25g or 20cm2 -surface(3) : Sample weight: 25g or 20cm2 -surface

Footnote

Sample weigh in g


Slovenia 2004 141

2.2.4. Campylobacter in animals

2.2.5. Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter isolates


Slovenia 2004 142

2.3. LISTERIOSIS


A. Listeriosis general evaluation


HumansIn last 5 years 0 to 7 cases annually were notified.


HumansMost patients had meningitis.

Relevance of the findings in animals, feedingstuffs and foodstuffs to human cases (asa source of infection)

Milk and milk products are mostly pasteurised in Slovenia.


epidemiological surveillance

Suggestions to the Community for the actions to be taken

no suggestions


Slovenia 2004 143

2.3.2. Listeriosis in humans

A. Listeriosis in humans


Listeriosis cases are notifiable by national law on infectious diseases. Medical doctors notifycases on daily basis to local institutes of public health. (Also laboratories are obliged to notify).Local institutes of public health notify disease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia.Notification since 1977.

Case definition



Human cases are notifiable by national law on infectious diseases. Medical doctors are obligedto notify cases on daily basis to local institutes of public health. Local institutes of public healthnotify disease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia. Notification since 1977.


Rare diseases (according to notifications). Among years 1999 - 2004 were registered from 1 to 7cases annualy.


Slovenia 2004 144

Tab

le 7

.2.A

Lis

teri

osi

s in

man

- s

pec

ies/

sero

typ

e d

istr

ibu

tio

n

Cas

esC

ases

Inc

Lis

teri

a1

0

List

eria

spp

.1

0,05

cong

enita

l cas

es

deat

hs


Slovenia 2004 145

Tab

le 7

.2.B

Lis

teri

osi

s in

man

- a

ge

dis

trib

uti

on

L. m

on

ocy

tog

enes

Lis

teri

a sp

p.

Ag

e D

istr

ibu

tio

nA

llM

FA

llM

F

<1

year

1 to

4 y

ears

5 to

14

year

s

15 to

24

year

s

25 to

44

year

s

45 to

64

year

s 1

1

65 y

ears

and

old

er

Age

unk

now

n

To

tal :

0

0 0

1 0

1


Slovenia 2004 146

2.3.3. Listeria in foodstuffs

A. Listeria spp. in food

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

At the production plantMonitoring is carried out in accordance with the Compulsory instructions on the taking ofofficial samples for zoonoses.Official veterinarians carry out the sampling of mechanically recovered meat at all theregistered poultry slaughterhouses. Sampling of milk products is carried out at all theregistered dairy establishments. Official veterinarians carry out sampling throughout theyear. At retailAnnual monitoring programme was prepared with respect to the results ofprogramme/controls carried out in the previous year, epidemiological situation,Commission Recommendation concerning a coordinated programme for the officialcontrol of foodstuffs.The majority of samples were taken in cities with 10000 inhabitants or more and numberof samples taken was proportional with the population in the region. There were taken at the retail level where sampling could give an overview over thesituation. Sampling carried out by health inspectors.Programme:Delicatessen 240 samples /yearSweets 150 samples /yearCheeses 70 samples /yearProcessed food - ready to eat: 30 samples /yearVegetables: 127 samples /yearSmoked fish: 40 samples /yearMeat products: 100 samples /yearMinced meat: 114 samples /yearFruits: 73 samples /yearIce-cream : 170 samples /year


At the production plant

Other: Sampling of mechanically recovered meat: 1 sample of MRM per month.Sampling of milk products in high-capacity establishments / 2 samples permonth. Sampling of milk products in low-capacity establishments (limitedcapacity establishments) / 1 sample per month.

At retail

Sampling takes place during the months Delicatessen: April - November,Sweets: February - September, Cheeses: March - June, Processed food - ready to


Slovenia 2004 147

eat: October - November, Vegetables: March - August, Smoked fish: July -October, Meat products: April - October, Minced meat: May - August, Fruits:May - August, Ice-cream: June - September




At retail

A sample from which Listeria monocytogenes has been isolated.



Bacteriological method: ISO 11290- 1:1996 (E):1996, 1998

At retail

Bacteriological method: ISO 11290- 1:1996 :1996, 1998


GMP, GHP, HACCP

Measures in case of the positive findings

At retailAdditional sampling was carried out and other necessary enforcement actions.


Whenever zoonotic agent-Listeria monocytogenes is detected in samples taken, relevantauthorities must be informed.


At the production plantA total of 44 samples of mechanically recovered poultrymeat were taken and tested atslaughterhouses. Listeria monocytogenes was detected in 9 samples (20,5 %). The causativeagent was detected in the samples of poultrymeat only, whilst all the samples of turkey meatwere negative. 188 samples of dairy products were taken and examined. Listeria monocytogeneswas not isolated from any sample.At retailA total of 1114 samples were taken at restaurants, retail and catering. Among all samples taken 1 sample of ice - cream (n=170), 2 samples of smoked fish (n=40) andmeat products (n =100), 5 samples of vegetables (n= 127) and 9 samples of sweets (n=150)were unsuitable due to presence of L. monocytogenes.


Slovenia 2004 148

Out of 240 samples of delicatessen taken, 9,2% were positive on presence of L. monocytogenes.In year 2004, the highest prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes was in samples of minced meat36,8%.All samples of cheeses, fruit and ready to eat food were negative.


At the production plantIn 2003 there were 8,3 % of positive cases - Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from thesamples of mechanically recovered poultrymeat. In comparison to the preceding year, thesituation in 2004 was less favourable as the percentage of positive samples was higher. Stateregarding the detection of causative agent in milk products is very favourable as the results ofall samples examined in 2003 and 2004 were negative.


Slovenia 2004 149

Table 7.1 Listeria monocytogenes in food

- -

So

urc

e o

f in

form

atio

n

Rem

arks

Ep

idem

iolo

gic

al u

nit

Sam

ple

wei

gh

t

Def

init

ion

use

d

Un

its

test

ed

<100

cfu

/g

>100

cfu

/g

L. m

on

ocy

tog

enes

Cheeses - - -

- at retail - sample 25g Absence in 25g 70 0

Dairy products - - -other products - - -

ready-to-eat - - -- at processing plant - batch 25g/1g Absence in

25g/1g188 0

ice-cream - sample 25g Absence in 25g 170 1

Fishery products - - -fish - - -

smoked - - -- at retail - sample 25g Absence in 25g 40 2

Broiler meat - - -mechanically separatedmeat

- - -

- at processing plant - sample 25g Absence in 25g 30 9

Turkey meat - - -mechanically separatedmeat

- - -

- at processing plant - sample 25g Absence in 25g 14 0

Other processed foodproducts

- - -

ready-to-eat - sample 25g Absence in 25g 30 0

Fruits - - -

pre-cut - sample 25g Absence in 25g 73 0

Mixed meat - - -meat products - - -

- at retail - sample 25g Absence in 25g 100 2

minced meat - - -- at retail - sample 25g CFU 114 42

Vegetables - sample 25g Absence in25g/CFU

127 5

Delicatessen - sample 25g Absence in 25g 240 22

Sweets - sample 25g Absence in 25g 150 9


Slovenia 2004 150

2.4. VEROCYTOTOXIC ESCHERICHIA COLI


A. Verotoxigenic Escherichia coli infections general evaluation


HumansVery rare infection in R. Slovenia.


Slovenia 2004 151

2.4.2. Verocytotoxic Escherichia coli in humans

A. Verotoxigenic Escherichia coli infections in humans


E.coli cases are notifiable by national law on infectious diseases. Medical doctors notify caseson daily basis to local institutes of public health. Local institutes of public health notify diseaseto Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia. Notification since 1977.

Case definition



Serologic and biochemical identification.


E.coli cases are notifiable by national law on infectious diseases. Medical doctors notify caseson daily basis to local institutes of public health. (Also laboratories are obliged to notify). Localinstitutes of public health notify disease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia. Medicaldoctors also report outbreaks of E.coli infections. Notification since 1977.


Number of notifications decreases. The incidence is estimated from data on notifications.


Decreasing number of sporadic and outbreak cases.


Slovenia 2004 152

Tab

le 1

1.3.

A V

ero

cyto

toxi

c E

sch

eric

hia

co

li in

fect

ion

s in

man

- s

pec

ies/

sero

typ

e d

istr

ibu

tio

n

Cas

esC

ases

Inc

Au

toch

ton

e ca

ses

Au

toch

ton

e In

cIm

po

rted

cas

esIm

po

rted

Inc

Pat

ho

gen

icE

sch

eric

hia

co

li

HU

S

- cl

inic

al c

ases

- la

b. c

onfir

med

case

s

- ca

used

by

O15

7(V

T+

)

- ca

used

by

othe

rV

TE

C

E.c

oli i

nfec

t.(e

xcep

t HU

S)

149

7,4

- la

bora

tory

conf

irmed

149

7,4

- ca

used

by

0157

(VT

+)

- ca

used

by

othe

rV

TE

C


Slovenia 2004 153

Tab

le 1

1.3.

B V

ero

cyto

toxi

c E

sch

eric

hia

co

li in

fect

ion

s in

man

- a

ge

dis

trib

uti

on

(P

art

A)

Ver

oto

xig

enic

E. c

oli

(VT

EC

)E

nte

rop

ath

og

enic

E.

coli

(EP

EC

)E

nte

roto

xig

enic

E.

coli

(ET

EC

)E

nte

roin

vasi

ve E

. co

li(E

IEC

)E

sch

eric

hia

sp

p.

VT

EC

O 1

57:H

7

Ag

e D

istr

ibu

tio

nA

llM

FA

llM

FA

llM

FA

llM

FA

llM

FA

llM

F

<1

year

5

23

22

00

00

84

4

1 to

4 y

ears

5

32

76

10

00

2514

11

5 to

14

year

s 6

24

11

00

00

84

4

15 to

24

year

s 1

01

31

21

01

85

3

25 to

44

year

s 5

41

62

42

11

148

6

45 to

64

year

s 2

11

11

01

10

63

3

65 y

ears

and

old

er

73

47

34

10

117

413

Age

unk

now

n 0

00

00

00

00

00

0

To

tal :

0

0 0

31

15

16

27

16

11

5 2

3 86

42

44

0

0 0


Slovenia 2004 154

Tab

le 1

1.3.

B V

ero

cyto

toxi

c E

sch

eric

hia

co

li in

fect

ion

s in

man

- a

ge

dis

trib

uti

on

(P

art

B)

VT

EC

no

n-O

157

Ag

e D

istr

ibu

tio

nA

llM

F

<1

year

1 to

4 y

ears

5 to

14

year

s

15 to

24

year

s

25 to

44

year

s

45 to

64

year

s

65 y

ears

and

old

er

Age

unk

now

n

To

tal :

0

0 0


Slovenia 2004 155

2.4.3. Pathogenic Escherichia coli in foodstuffs

A. Verotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC) in food

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

At retailAnnual monitoring programme was prepared with respect to the results ofprogramme/controls carried out in the previous year, epidemiological situation,Commission Recommendation concerning a coordinated programme for the officialcontrol of foodstuffs. The majority of samples were taken in cities with 10000 inhabitants or more and numberof samples taken was proportional with the population in the region. There were taken at the retail level where sampling could give an overview over thesituation.Sampling carried out by health inspectors.Programme:Red meat: 100 samples /yearMinced meat: 140 samples /year Vegetables and fruits: 100 samples /yearJuice: 18 samples /year


Sampling takes place during the months:Red meat: May - AugustMinced meat: May - AugustVegetables and fruits: May - AugustJuice: October


A sample from which VTEC O157: H7 has been isolated.


Bacteriological method: ISO 16654: 2001


GMP, GHP, HACCP




Whenever zoonotic agent-VTEC is detected in samples taken, relevant authorities must be


Slovenia 2004 156

informed.


A total 332 samples were taken at restaurants, retail and catering. VTEC was not detected fromany sample.


Slovenia 2004 157

Table 11.2 Verocytotoxic Escherchia coli in food

- -

So

urc

e o

f in

form

atio

n

Rem

arks

Ep

idem

iolo

gic

al u

nit

Sam

ple

wei

gh

t

Un

its

test

ed

Un

its

po

siti

ve

VT

EC

O 1

57

VT

EC

O 1

57:H

7

Juice - sample 25g 18 0

Fruit & Vegetables - sample 25g 100 0

red meat - - -fresh - - -


Mixed meat - - -minced meat - - -



Slovenia 2004 158

2.4.4. Pathogenic Escherichia coli in animals


Slovenia 2004 159

2.5. TUBERCULOSIS


A. Tuberculosis General evaluation


HumansRegistry of TBC cases of Slovenia was founded in 1954 and has been functioning since then inHospital in Golnik.It is updated regularly. In 1995 it was updated -reorganized according to demands of WHO andEuro TB.In Slovenia there are no human cases of M. bovis.


Since year 2000 the annual incidence of TBC in Slovenia was lower than 20/100 000inhabitants.


In Slovenia there are no human cases of M. bovis.


Slovenia 2004 160

2.5.2. Tuberculosis in humans

A. Tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis in humans


1. Registry of TBC cases of Slovenia was founded in 1954 and has been functioning since thenin Hospital in Golnik.It is updated regularly. In 1995 it was updated -reorganized according to demands of WHO andEuro TB.2. Registry on TBC encounters: personnal data of TBC cases,clinical data of TBC cases, data on diagnostic procedures, therapy, data on antimicrobial resistence;data on diagnostics of TBC contacts, HIV patients..;data on BCG vaccination from 2005 on.3. Data on suspected (laboratory unconfirmed) TBC cases are also collated and sent to tbcregistry.Further diagnostic procedures are done to confirm new cases.Epidemiological investigations of contacts of suspected cases are also performed. 4. Data on TBC cases in Slovenia are sent to WHO and Euro TB.

Case definition

Tbc case is defined as a person with laboratory confirmed TBC in lungs or other organs.


Laboratory confirmation of TBC in Slovenia. Mycobacteria are mostly isolated from: (induced)sputum, bronchoscop.,gastric lavage, gastric juice.Rarely bacteria are confirmed in exudates, liquor, biopsy specimen, blood, bone marrow..Ziehl-Neelson and (auramin dyes in autofluorescent microscope) are used. Lowenstein-Jensen solid medium and MGIT Bactec liquid medium are used.Antimicrobial activity is tested on same media. Identification of types is done with combination of microbiological, molecular and biochemicalmethods.


Reporting system: medical doctors and laboratories are obliged by law to notify the confirmedTBC cases within one week.




In Slovenia there are no human cases of M. bovis.


Slovenia 2004 161




Registry on tbc encounters: personnal data of tbc cases,clinical data of tbc cases, data on diagnostic procedures, therapy, data on antimicrobial resistence;data on diagnostics of tbc contacts, HIV patients..;data on BCG vaccination from 2005 on.


Slovenia 2004 162

Tab

le 1

.2.A

Tu

ber

culo

sis

in m

an -

sp

ecie

s/se

roty

pe

dis

trib

uti

on

Cas

esC

ases

Inc

Au

toch

ton

e ca

ses

Au

toch

ton

e In

cIm

po

rted

cas

esIm

po

rted

Inc

Myc

ob

acte

riu

m26

513

265

130

0

M. b

ovis

00

00

00

M. t

uber

culo

sis

265

13,3

265

13,3

00

reac

tivat

ion

ofpr

evio

us c

ases

391,

9339

1,93

00

Foo

tnot

e

In S

love

nia

ther

e ar

e no

hum

an c

ases

of

M.b

ovis

.


Slovenia 2004 163

Tab

le 1

.2.B

Tu

ber

culo

sis

in m

an -

ag

e d

istr

ibu

tio

n

M. b

ovi

s

Ag

e D

istr

ibu

tio

nA

llM

F

<1

year

0

00

1 to

4 y

ears

2

11

5 to

14

year

s 3

21

15 to

24

year

s 16

115

25 to

44

year

s 66

4026

45 to

64

year

s 71

5318

65 y

ears

and

old

er

107

4463

Age

unk

now

n 0

00

To

tal :

26

5 15

1 11

4


Slovenia 2004 164

2.5.3. Mycobacterium in animals

A. Mycobacterium bovis in Bovine Animals

Status as officially free of bovine tuberculosis during the reporting year

The entire country free

The request for the recognition of status of the entire country was submitted on October22nd 2004.

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

All animals over 6 weeks of age, compulsory post- mortem examination of all bovines atslaughter.


Two- year interval


Intradermal TB testing accordance with Council Directive 64/432/EEC.


Diagnostic proceduresMycobacterium bovis shall be confirmed by:1. direct microscopic examination of smears of suspect tissues (Ziehl-Neelsen staining,auramine-rodamine staining),2. detecting the characteristic pathohistological changes in the modified tissues (caseousnecroses, epitheloid macrophagues, giant cells),3. immunoperoxidase technique, 4. investigation on cell culture:a. homogenisation, decontamination and concentration of material under examination,cultivation, and selective cell cultures (Lowenstein/Jensen, Stonebrink, Middlebrook7H10 or 11, MGIT or Middlebrook 7H12),b. cell cultures must be incubated for a minimum of 8 weeks (in the interim, the sedimentshall be kept at -20°C),c. isolate determination is carried out on the basis of the physical and biochemicalcharacteristics, and on the basis of the characteristics of the nucleic acids,d. strain typing is possible by the method of spoligotyping or by the RFLP method,5. detection of the presence of characteristic nucleic acids:a. by the PCR method (AMPLICOR, detection IS6110 or 16s rRNA)b. by the TMA method (GEN-PROBE).TB diagnostics in live animals is based on tuberculin tests.Tuberculin tests must be carried out in accordance with the Regulation No.1226/2002/EC, which is in compliance with the OIE "Manual of standards for diagnostic


Slovenia 2004 165

tests and vaccines, 4th edition, 2000".Under Regulation No. 1226/2002/EC, the maximum number of contaminated animalsmay also be determined on the basis of the gamma interferon test, as detailed in the OIE"Manual of standards for diagnostic tests and vaccines, 4th edition, 2000".In the NVI Laboratory of Bacteriology and Mycology, the methods are used that areindicated under items 1, 4a, b, c and 5 above. NVI Lab. is planning to introduce thetyping of the M. bovis strains, or to cooperate with the reference laboratories that arecarrying it out. At the same time, NVI Lab. intends to follow the new methods in thediagnostics, in particular in the field of confirmation of nucleic acids, and tosimultaneously develop new methods on the basis of the quantitative PCR technique. In 2005, NVI Lab. intends to apply for accreditation.


Measures at suspected presence of TBWhen upon a sensitisation test with the bovine tuberculin TB is suspected in animals, thefollowing measures shall apply:- prohibiting the issuing of animal health certificates,- listing all suspect animals,- isolating animals,- restricting the procreation of animals,- banning the trade in milk and milk products,- prohibiting the removal of animal feed,- prohibiting the removal of manure,- ordering the compulsory packaging of manure for at least 21 days,- prohibiting the use of common watering points,- carrying out tests with the bovine and avian tuberculins at the holding, and repeating the testsupon 6 weeks .In case of a positive reaction to the repeated test, the animal shall be intended for slaughter, theviscera thereof shall be removed and submitted for investigation to the authorised laboratory. When at slaughter the presence of TB is suspected in the bovine animals, the modified viscerashall be submitted for investigation to the authorised laboratory. The meat of slaughteredanimals shall be assessed by the official veterinarian as unfit for human consumption, whenchanges are identified on several organs or parts of carcass, when increased temperature hasbeen established in the animal prior to slaughter, and when upon slaughter TB-characteristicchanges have been established. When TB-characteristic changes are localised on some organs orparts of carcass and pertaining lymph nodes, only the affected parts of carcass or organs with thepertaining lymph nodes shall be considered unfit for human consumption.Measures at confirmed presence of TB:Epizootiological investigation shall be carried out.The following measures shall apply at the holding, where TB has been detected:- slaughter of contaminated bovine animals at least within 30 days upon detection,- cleaning and disinfection of stables, farmyard, watering points and other places, where thesuspect or diseased animals have been kept, as well as of items and installations that have beenin contact with such animals,- other measures to sanitise the holding.The official veterinarian at the slaughterhouse shall enter the data on the slaughtered animal inthe CRBA, cancelling it from the register.


Slovenia 2004 166

Cessation of disease:It shall be considered that the disease has ceased, when all the measures required have beencarried out, and when the next simultaneous tuberculin test upon at least 6 weeks has shownnegative results in all animals at the holding.The expenses for diagnostic testing are covered from the budget as well as compensation forculled animals (Rules on the compensations in the veterinary field - Ur. l. RS. st. 37/02). Otherexpenses for the sanitation of the herd are on the owner of the animals.


Veterinary Practice Act (Ur. l. RS, st. 33/01, 45/04) provides a general classification of thecontagious animal diseases, in relation to which the general and specific preventive measuresneed to be implemented, and other measures prescribed in the Act, into the Groups A, B and C,in accordance with the OIE International Animal Health Code, and in accordance with therelevant epizootiological situation. The classification is detailed in the Rules on the contagious animal diseases (Ur. l. RS, st. 54/02,63/03 in 28/04), where TB is classified among the compulsorily notifiable animal diseases. In the case of an outbreak of contagious animal disease or when signs of disease have beenestablished, constituting reasonable doubt that an animal has taken ill with or died of acontagious disease, the holder of the animal in question must immediately and in the prescribedway notify thereof the veterinary organisation (Veterinary Practice Act, Article 12, point 1).In the case of a suspected presence of TB, the relevant veterinary organisation shall notifythereof the Regional Office of the VARS, which shall perform all the necessary measures toprevent the possible spread of the disease. A report on the outbreak of disease shall be prepared once a month by the tenth day in themonth, for the past month and sent to the VARS HQ.In the case of a zoonosis, the official veterinarian shall notify of the suspected presence ofdisease also the competent public health services.


Slovenia 2004 167

Table 1.1.3 Tuberculosis in animals

- -

So

urc

e o

f in

form

atio

n

Rem

arks

Ep

idem

iolo

gic

al u

nit

Un

its

test

ed

Un

its

po

siti

ve

M. b

ovi

s

M. t

ub

ercu

losi

s

Pigs - animal 7 0 0 0

Zoo animals - animal 8 1 1 0

Sheep - animal 1 0 0 0


Slovenia 2004 168

1.1.1 Bovine tuberculosis

MANDATORY CATTLENumber of herds under officialcontrol:

46.041 Number of animals underofficial control:

470.807

OTF bovine herds OTF bovine herds with statussuspended

Bovine herds infected withtuberculosis

Status of herds at year end (a): 47.525 8 0

New cases notified during the year (b):

0 0

Units tested Units suspected Units positiveRoutine tuberculin test (c) -data concerning herds:

47.053 0

Routine tuberculin test (c) -data concerning animals:

402.514 38 0

Animals slaughtered Animals suspected Animals positiveRoutine post-mortemexamination (d):

155.780 2 0

Herds suspected Herds confirmedFollow up of suspected cases in post-mortem examination (e): 0

Follow-up investigation of suspected cases: trace, contacts (f): 0

Animals tested Animals suspected Animals positiveOther routine investigations:exports (g): Other routine investigations:tests at AI stations (h):

All animals Positives ContactsAnimals destroyed (i): Animals slaughtered (j):

VOLUNTARY CATTLE

Animals tested Animals suspected Animals positiveOther investigations:imports (k):

Herds tested Herds suspected Herds positiveOther investigations:farms at risk (l):

Samples tested M. bovisisolatedBacteriologicalexamination (m):

0


Slovenia 2004 169

1.1.2 Tuberculosis in farmed deer

MANDATORY FARMED DEERNumber of herds under officialcontrol:

- Number of animals underofficial control:

-

"OTF" herds "OTF" herds with statussuspended

Herds infected withtuberculosis

Status of herds at year end (a):

New cases notified during theyear (b):

Units tested Units suspected Units positiveRoutine tuberculin test (c) -data concerning herds: Routine tuberculin test (c) -data concerning animals:

Animals slaughtered Animals suspected Animals positiveRoutine post-mortemexamination (d):

Herds suspected Herds confirmedFollow up of suspected cases in post-mortem examination (e): Follow-up investigation of suspected cases: trace, contacts (f):

Herds tested Herds suspected Herds positiveOther routine investigations:exports (g): Other routine investigations:tests at AI stations (h):

All animals Positives ContactsAnimals destroyed (i): Animals slaughtered (j):

VOLUNTARY FARMED DEER



Samples tested M. bovisisolatedBacteriologicalexamination (m):


Slovenia 2004 170

2.6. BRUCELLOSIS


A. Brucellosis General evaluation


HumansBrucellosis is not endemic in our country.AnimalsBrucelosis in bovine animals was eradicated in 1961. The disease in goat has been eradicatedalready in 1955.


HumansAll cases in last 5 years were imported.


Source of infection was in most cases milk, cheese, and milk products.


Epidemiological and laboratory investigation of all cases.

Suggestions to the Community for the actions to be taken

Epidemiological surveillance.


Slovenia 2004 171

2.6.2. Brucellosis in humans

A. Brucellosis in humans


Brucellosis is notifiable by national law on infectious diseases.

Case definition

The same definition as of EU comunities.


Laboratory of Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia does not analyse specimen for brucella.(Methods are described in brucella in animals).


Brucellosis is notifiable by national law on infectious diseases. The last law was issued in 1995,but brucellosis has been notifiable for more than 50 years. Medical practitioners/laboratoriesnotify infectious diseases on daily basis to local Institutes of Public Health. Institutes of PublicHealth notify infectious diseases to Institute of Public Health of R Slovenia.


Brucellosis is not endemic in our country.


All cases of brucellosis are imported.


Human brucellosis is not considered as epidemiological problem for a long time (more than 20years).


Slovenia 2004 172

Tab

le 2

.3.A

Bru

cello

sis

in m

an -

sp

ecie

s/se

roty

pe

dis

trib

uti

on

Cas

esC

ases

Inc

Au

toch

ton

e ca

ses

Au

toch

ton

e In

cIm

po

rted

cas

esIm

po

rted

Inc

Bru

cella

00

00

00

B. a

bort

us0

0

B. m

elite

nsis

00

B. s

uis

00

occu

patio

nal c

ases

Foo

tnot

e

In S

love

nia

ther

e ar

e no

hum

an c

ases

of

Bru

cella

.


Slovenia 2004 173

Tab

le 2

.3.B

Bru

cello

sis

in m

an -

ag

e d

istr

ibu

tio

n

B. a

bo

rtu

sB

. mel

iten

sis

Bru

cella

sp

p.

Ag

e D

istr

ibu

tio

nA

llM

FA

llM

FA

llM

F

<1

year

0

00

00

00

00

1 to

4 y

ears

0

00

00

00

00

5 to

14

year

s 0

00

00

00

00

15 to

24

year

s 0

00

00

00

00

25 to

44

year

s 0

00

00

00

00

45 to

64

year

s 0

00

00

00

00

65 y

ears

and

old

er

00

00

00

00

0

Age

unk

now

n 0

00

00

00

00

To

tal :

0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

Foo

tnot

e

In S

love

nia

ther

e ar

e no

hum

an c

ases

of

Bru

cella

.


Slovenia 2004 174

2.6.3. Brucella in foodstuffs

2.6.4. Brucella in animals

A. Brucella abortus in Bovine Animals

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

All animals over 12 months of age.


Yearly


Blood

Vaccination policy

Vaccination prohibited


Instructions on the detection, prevention and eradication of brucellosis (Ur. l. RS, st. 30/99)Measures at suspected presence of brucellosisAt suspected presence of brucellosis, the authorised veterinary organisation shall immediatelyconfirm or reverse the suspicion, and immediately notify thereof the relevant Regional Office ofthe VARS, and the NVI. Measures to be implemented at suspect holding include:- laboratory examination of carcasses and blood samples;- epidemilogical investigation;- harmless diaposal of dead animals - quarantine of the infected holding- census of all animals on the holding, susceptible for the disease, affected, suspected to beinfected and dead; census shall be up to date, all newborn animals, and animals died during theinfection have to be registered;- isolation of animals susceptible for the disease,- ban on movement of susuceptible animals inside the holding, taking into account possiblevectors of the disease;- ban on movement on and from the holding;- ban on movement of all animals and stuff by which the disease can be transmitted; The same measures can be introduced also for the holdings, which are suspected to be infected.Measures at confirmed presence of brucellosisOnce brucellosis is officially confirmed the following measures are introduced (beside theabove mentioned):- ban on trade with animals, animal products, b-products, waste, feeding stuff and all other stuffby which the disease can be transmitted;- slaughter of infected acattle;


Slovenia 2004 175

- harmless disposal of dead and culled animals, aborted foetuses, placentas and ovarial fluids;- hrmless disposal of waste, manure, litter, by which the disease can be transmitted; - testing of all susceptible animals on the holding;- ban on use of milk from the infected holding;- ban on use of animals from the infected holding in breeding purposes;- DDD; The same measures can be introduced also for the holdings, which are suspected to be infected.Cessation of diseaseIt shall be considered that the disease has ceased, when the serological investigation of animalsupon three examinations in an interval of 3 months has shown negative results, and when all theprescribed measures have been implemented.Procedures applicable to the fresh meat and visceraThe meat and viscera of seropositive or suspect animals shall not be fit for human consumption,when pathoanatomical changes have established and the agent of disease has been confirmed.When pathoanatomical changes have not been established and the agent of disease has not beenconfirmed, the udder, blood and genital organs shall not be fit for human consumption.


In 1995, bovine brucellosis was classified among the contagious diseases under the thenapplicable Veterinary Practice Act, prescribing the implementation of the general and specificmeasures. These measures included also the compulsory notification in case of a suspectedpresence of brucellosis.The new Veterinary Practice Act (Ur. l. RS, st. 33/01, 45/04) provides a general classification ofthe contagious animal diseases, in relation to which the general and specific preventivemeasures need to be implemented, and other measures prescribed in the Act, into the Groups A,B and C, in accordance with the OIE International Animal Health Code, and in accordance withthe relevant epizootiological situation.The classification is detailed in the Rules on the contagious animal diseases (Ur. l. RS, st. 54/02,63/03 in 28/04), where bovine brucellosis is classified among the compulsorily notifiablecontagious animal diseases. In case of an outbreak of contagious animal disease or when signsof disease have been established, constituting reasonable doubt that an animal has taken ill withor died of a contagious disease, the holder of the animal in question must immediately and in theprescribed way notify thereof the veterinary organisation (Veterinary Practice Act, Article 12,point 1).In case of a suspected presence of bovine brucellosis, the relevant veterinary organisation shallnotify thereof the Regional Office of the VARS only when the disease has been confirmed bythe result of diagnostic investigation. A report on the outbreak of disease shall be prepared oncea month by the tenth day in the month, for the past month.


Brucelosis was eradicated in 1961.

B. Brucella melitensis in Goat

Status as officially free of caprine brucellosis during the reporting year

The entire country free


Slovenia 2004 176

Commission decision 2005/179/EC

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

All holdings with more than 10 animals, animals older than 6 months, random sampling;the sampling plan is a part of a regular monitoring system.


Blood



- Rose Bengal test- Complement fixation test- Elisa

Vaccination policy

Vaccination forbidden


Measures at suspected presence of brucellosisAt suspected presence of brucellosis, the authorised veterinary organisation shall immediatelyconfirm or reverse the suspicion, and immediately notify thereof the relevant Regional Office ofthe VARS, and the NVI. Measures to be implemented at suspect holding include:- laboratory examination of carcasses and blood samples;- epidemilogical investigation;- harmless diaposal of dead animals; - quarantine of the infected holding- census of all animals on the holding, susceptible for the disease, affected, suspected to beinfected and dead; census shall be up to date, all newborn animals, and animals died during theinfection have to be registered;- isolation of animals susceptible for the disease,- ban on movement of susuceptible animals inside the holding, taking into account possiblevectors of the disease;- ban on movement on and from the holding;- ban on movement of all animals and stuff by which the disease can be transmitted; The same measures can be introduced also for the holdings, which are suspected to be infected.Measures at confirmed presence of brucellosisOnce brucellosis is officially confirmed the following measures are introduced (beside theabove mentioned):- ban on trade with animals, animal products, b-products, waste, feeding stuff and all other stuffby which the disease can be transmitted;- slaughter of infected acattle;


Slovenia 2004 177

- harmless disposal of dead and culled animals, aborted foetuses, placentas and ovarial fluids;- hrmless disposal of waste, manure, litter, by which the disease can be transmitted; - testing of all susceptible animals on the holding;- ban on use of milk from the infected holding;- ban on use of animals from the infected holding in breeding purposes;- DDD; The same measures can be introduced also for the holdings, which are suspected to be infected.Cessation of diseaseIt shall be considered that the disease has ceased, when the serological investigation of animalsupon three examinations in an interval of 3 months has shown negative results, and when all theprescribed measures have been implemented.Procedures applicable to the fresh meat and visceraThe meat and viscera of seropositive or suspect animals shall not be fit for human consumption,when pathoanatomical changes have established and the agent of disease has been confirmed.When pathoanatomical changes have not been established and the agent of disease has not beenconfirmed, the udder, blood and genital organs shall not be fit for human consumption.


The Veterinary Practice Act (UL RS 33/01 and 45/04) provides a general classification of thecontagious animal diseases, in relation to which the general and specific preventive measuresneed to be implemented, and other measures prescribed in the Act, into the Groups A, B and C,in accordance with the OIE International Animal Health Code, and in accordance with therelevant epizootiological situation. The classification is detailed in the Rules on the contagious animal diseases (UL RS 54/02,63/03 and 28/04), where brucellosis in ovine and caprine animals is classified among thecompulsorily notifiable contagious animal diseases. In the case of an outbreak of contagiousanimal disease or when signs of disease have been established, constituting reasonable doubtthat an animal has taken ill with or died of a contagious disease, the holder of the animal inquestion must immediately and in the prescribed way notify thereof the veterinary organisation(Veterinary Practice Act, Article 12, point 1).In the case of a suspected presence of brucellosis, the relevant veterinary organisation shallnotify thereof the Regional Office of the VARS, which shall perform all the necessary measuresto prevent the possible spread of the disease. A report on the outbreak of disease shall be prepared once a month by the tenth day in themonth, for the past month. In the case of zoonosis, the official veterinarian shall notify of the suspected presence of diseasealso the competent public health services.


The diesease has been eradicated already in 1955. Ever since the compulsory monitoringprogramme has been in place. Accdording to EU legislation the request for recognition of OF status of the country wassubmitted in autumn 2004.


Slovenia 2004 178

Table 2.1.3 Brucellosis in animals

- -

So

urc

e o

f in

form

atio

n

Rem

arks

Ep

idem

iolo

gic

al u

nit

Un

its

test

ed

Un

its

po

siti

ve

B. m

elit

ensi

s

B. a

bo

rtu

s

B. s

uis

Pigs - animal 5619 0 0 0 0


Slovenia 2004 179

2.1.1 Bovine brucellosis

MANDATORY CATTLENumber of herds under officialcontrol:


470.807

OBF bovine herds OBF bovine herds with statussuspended

Bovine herds infected withbrucellosis

Status of herds at year end (a): 47.525 4 0


0 0 0

Animals tested Animals suspected Animals positiveNotification of clinical cases,including abortions (c):

Units tested Units suspected Units positiveRoutine testing (d1) -data concerning herds:

45.946 0 0

Routine testing (d2) -number of animals tested:

312.622 0 0

Routine testing (d3) - numberof animals tested individually:

312.622 0 0

Herds suspected Herds confirmedFollow-up investigation of suspected cases: trace, contacts (e):

Animals tested Animals suspected Animals positiveOther routine investigations:exports (f): Other routine investigations:tests at AI stations (g):

All animals Positives ContactsAnimals destroyed (h): Animals slaughtered (i):

VOLUNTARY CATTLE



Samples tested Brucella isolatedBacteriologicalexamination (m):


Slovenia 2004 180

2.1.2 Ovine and caprine brucellosis

MANDATORY SHEEP AND GOATSNumber of holdings underofficial control:


148.321

OBF ovine and caprineholdings

OBF ovine and caprineholdings with statussuspended

OBF ovine and caprineholdings infected withbrucellosis

Status of herds at year end (a):


Animals tested Animals suspected Animals positiveNotification of clinical cases,including abortions (c):

Units tested Units suspected Units positiveRoutine testing (d) -data concerning holdings:

529 0 0

Routine testing (d) -data concerning animals:

5.982 0 0

Holdings suspected Holdings confirmedFollow-up investigation of suspected cases: trace, contacts (e):

Animals tested Animals suspected Animals positiveOther routine investigations:exports (f):

All animals Positives ContactsAnimals destroyed (g): Animals slaughtered (h):

VOLUNTARY SHEEP AND GOATS

Animals tested Animals suspected Animals positiveOther investigations:imports (i):

Holdings tested Holdings suspected Holdings positiveOther investigations:farms at risk (j):

Samples tested Brucella isolatedBacteriologicalexamination (k):

Footnote

NO OF HOLDINGS WITH SHEEP AND GOATS STANDS JUST FOR SHEEP. THE NUMBER OFGOAT-HOLDINGS IS 3.974


Slovenia 2004 181

2.7. YERSINIOSIS


A. Yersinia entercolitica general evaluation


HumansRare disease in R. Slovenia.


Slovenia 2004 182

2.7.2. Yersiniosis in humans

A. Yersinosis in humans


Yersinia enterocolitica are notifiable by national law on infectious diseases. Medical doctorsnotify cases on daily basis to local institutes of public health. Local institutes of public healthnotify disease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia. Notification since 1977.

Case definition

According to definition of commission of the EU comminuties.


Serological and biochemical identificatin.


Yersinia enterocolitica cases are notifiable by national law on infectious diseases. Medicaldoctors notify cases on daily basis to local institutes of public health. (Also laboratories areobliged to notify). Local institutes of public health notify disease to Institute of Public Health ofRSlovenia. Medical doctors also report outbreaks of campylobacter infections. Notificationsince 1977.


Diseases coused by Yersinia enterocolitica are rare.



Number of real cases are probably underestimated, further studies are needed to asses the realburden of disease.


Slovenia 2004 183

Tab

le 8

.3.A

Yer

sin

iosi

s in

man

- s

pec

ies/

sero

typ

e d

istr

ibu

tio

n

Cas

esC

ases

Inc

Au

toch

ton

e ca

ses

Au

toch

ton

e In

cIm

po

rted

cas

esIm

po

rted

Inc

Yer

sin

ia38

10

00

0

Y. e

nter

ocol

itica

381,

9

Y. e

nter

ocol

itica

O:3

Y. e

nter

ocol

itica

O:9


Slovenia 2004 184

Tab

le 8

.3.B

Yer

sin

iosi

s in

man

- a

ge

dis

trib

uti

on

Y. e

nte

roco

litic

aY

ersi

nia

sp

p.

Ag

e D

istr

ibu

tio

nA

llM

FA

llM

F

<1

year

1

01

1 to

4 y

ears

9

36

5 to

14

year

s 11

56

15 to

24

year

s 7

52

25 to

44

year

s 4

04

45 to

64

year

s 5

41

65 y

ears

and

old

er

10

1

Age

unk

now

n 0

00

To

tal :

38

17

21

0

0 0


Slovenia 2004 185

Tab

le 8

.3.C

Yer

sin

iosi

s in

man

- s

easo

nal

dis

trib

uti

on

Y. e

nte

roco

litic

a Y

ersi

nia

sp

p.

Mo

nth

Cas

esC

ases

Janu

ary

2

Feb

ruar

y 6

Mar

ch

6

Apr

il 2

May

5

June

1

July

2

Aug

ust

3

Sep

tem

ber

3

Oct

ober

5

Nov

embe

r 3

Dec

embe

r 0

not k

now

n 0

To

tal :

38

0


Slovenia 2004 186

2.7.3. Yersinia in foodstuffs

A. Yersinia spp. in food

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

At the production plantMonitoring is carried out in accordance with the Compulsory instructions on the taking ofofficial samples for zoonoses.Sampling of milk products is carried out at all the registered dairy establishments; officialveterinarians carry out sampling throughout the year. At retailAnnual monitoring programme was prepared with respect to the results ofprogramme/controls carried out in the previous year, epidemiological situation,Commission Recommendation concerning a coordinated programme for the officialcontrol of foodstuffs.The majority of samples were taken in cities with 10000 inhabitants or more and numberof samples taken was proportional with the population in the region. There were taken at the retail level where sampling could give an overview over thesituation.Sampling carried out by health inspectors.Programme: Red meat: 100 samples /yearDelicatessen: 240 samples /yearSweets: 150 samples /year


At the production plantSampling of milk products in high-capacity establishments / 2 samples per monthSampling of milk products in low-capacity establishments (limited capacityestablishments) / 1 sample per month.At retailSampling takes place during the months:Red meat: May - August Delicatessen: April - NovemberSweets: February - September


Sample shall be considered positive where the causative agent has been isolated from thesample.




Slovenia 2004 187


GMP, GHP, HACCP


At retailAdditional sampling was carried out and other necessary enforcement actions.


At the production plant 188 milk products samples were taken and examined. Salmonella was not isolated from anysample.At retailA total 490 samples were taken at restaurants, retail and catering. Among all samples taken 2 samples of red meat (n=100) and sweets (n =150), 8 samples ofdelicatessen (n= 240) were unsuitable due to presence of Yersinia enterocolitica. Altogether Y. enterocolitica was detected in 2,4% of food in retail.


At the production plantState regarding the detection of causative agent in milk products is very favourable as the resultsof all samples examined in 2003 and 2004 were negative


Slovenia 2004 188

Table 8.2 Yersinia enterocolitica in food

- -

So

urc

e o

f in

form

atio

n

Rem

arks

Ep

idem

iolo

gic

al u

nit

Sam

ple

wei

gh

t

Un

its

test

ed

Un

its

po

siti

ve

Y. e

nte

roco

litic

a

Y. e

nte

roco

litic

a O

:3

Y. e

nte

roco

litic

a O

:9

Dairy products -ready-to-eat - - -

- at processing plant - batch 25g/20g/1g 188 0

red meat - - -fresh - - -

- at retail - sample 100 2 2

Delicatessen - sample 240 8 8

Sweets - sample 150 2 2


Slovenia 2004 189

2.7.4. Yersinia in animals


Slovenia 2004 190

2.8. TRICHINELLOSIS


A. Trichinellosis General evaluation


HumansNo cases of trichinellosis in 2004.AnimalsWildelife: The last case of trichinellosis prior to 2004 was confirmed in a wild boar in 1996.


HumansOne or two cases annually in last five years.AnimalsPigs: The last case of trichinellosis was confirmed in 1989.Horses: In the past 15 years in Slovenia, no case of trichinellosis in equidae has been confirmed.


In Slovenia, taking into account the findings in animals, the possibility of transmission of thedisease to humans is negligible.


Slovenia 2004 191

2.8.2. Trichinellosis in humans

A. Trichinellosis in humans


Human cases are notifiable by national law on infectious diseases. Medical doctors, laboratoriesare obliged to notify cases on daily basis to local institutes of public health. Local institutes ofpublic health notify disease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia. Notification since 1977.

Case definition



Not available in laboratory of Institute of Public Health of the R. Slovenia. Available in otherlabs in Slovenia




Trichinellosis is rare disease (according to notifications). No cases of trichinellosis in 2004; oneor two cases annually in last five years. In last ten years most cases in 1996, 7 notifications.


Rare disease.


Rare disease.


In the moment not relevant.


Slovenia 2004 192

Tab

le 4

.2.A

Tri

chin

ello

sis

in m

an -

sp

ecie

s/se

roty

pe

dis

trib

uti

on

Cas

esC

ases

Inc

Au

toch

ton

e ca

ses

Au

toch

ton

e In

cIm

po

rted

cas

esIm

po

rted

Inc

Tri

chin

ella

00

00

00

Tric

hine

lla s

pp.

00

00

00

Foo

tnot

e

In S

love

nia

ther

e ar

e no

cas

es o

f T

rich

inel

la.


Slovenia 2004 193

Tab

le 4

.2.B

Tri

chin

ello

sis

in m

an -

ag

e d

istr

ibu

tio

n

Tri

chin

ella

sp

p.

Ag

e D

istr

ibu

tio

nA

llM

F

<1

year

1 to

4 y

ears

5 to

14

year

s

15 to

24

year

s

25 to

44

year

s

45 to

64

year

s

65 y

ears

and

old

er

Age

unk

now

n

To

tal :

0

0 0

Foo

tnot

e

In S

love

nia

ther

e ar

e no

hum

an c

ases

of

Tri

chin

ella

.


Slovenia 2004 194

2.8.3. Trichinella in animals

A. Trichinella in pigs

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

The disease, the larval stage of the agent of disease, is monitored within the scope ofcompulsory veterinary ante- and post-mortem examination of animals at slaughter.Fresh meat of all porcine animals is systematically inspected for Trichinella atslaughterhouses. Likewise, any holder of a tourist farm activity must provide for theinspection of meat obtained from the on-farm slaughtered porcine animals for thepresence of larvae. Epidemiological unit is the animal.


Every slaughtered animal is sampled


Other: In accordance with Council Directive 77/96/EEC: Annex I: samples are takenfrom the diaphragm, from the lingual muscle or the jaw muscle or from the abdominalmuscles, as appropriate.


In accordance with Council Directive 77/96/EEC: Annex I: Trichinoscopy: thecompression method, the artificial digestion method.

Case definition

The disease shall be considered officially confirmed by identifying the agent of disease;in the opposite case it shall be considered that the disease has officially been ruled out.


Parasitological identification of the agent of disease. In accordance with CouncilDirective 77/96/EEC.


Persons, who in carrying out a registered activity of breeding or production come into directcontact with animals, foodstuffs, raw materials, products or waste, must have thoroughknowledge in contagious animal diseases, the prevention thereof and transmissibility to man,and in the regulations governing the protection against contagious diseases.Animal holders must carry out preventive measures as for instance: providing potable water andfeed that are fit for consumption; providing and maintaining the required conditions of hygienein the animal breeding and auxiliary facilities; preventing the introduction into the breedingfacilities of disease agents; implementing veterinary measures in the intensive animal rearingtechnology; handling as prescribed the animal carcasses and other waste, waste waters, faeces


Slovenia 2004 195

and urine; providing for the preventive disinfection, disinsectisation and deratisation (DDD) inthe facilities, on public surfaces and in the means of transport.



National control programme is carried out in accordance with the national legislation, onthe basis of the Rules on examination for trichinae and meat freezing procedure in orderto destroy trichinae (transposing Council Directive 77/96/EEC), the Rules on conditionsfor production and processing the foodstuffs of animal origin at the farm for direct sale tothe ultimate consumer, and the Instructions on measures for the detection, prevention andsuppression of trichinellosis. The control programme envisages inter alia as follows: Holder of a tourist farm activity shall at least 48 hours prior to slaughtering porcineanimals notify an official veterinarian of the relevant Regional Office of VARS, whoshall carry out the ante-mortem examination of animals prior to slaughter and apost-mortem examination of the meat upon slaughter. Holder of activity shall provide forthe examination of porcine meat for the presence of trichinae.Where the meat is intended for placing on the market it shall be ensured that the freshmeat, in case it has not been examined for trichinae in accordance with Annex I toDirective 77/96/EEC, is subjected to freezing process.In case of a suspected presence of disease, the disease shall be confirmed or ruled out.Measures for the detection, prevention and suppression of disease.


At the infected holding there shall be:- instituted an epizootiological investigation;- provided and maintained the required conditions of hygiene in the facilities;- banned the trade in and movements of animals, except for slaughter and provided that thehealth certificate includes an indication that the holding is suspected of being infected bytrichinellosis;- provided that the meat and parts of trichinae-infested animals do not come into contact withhumans and animals, and shall be harmlessly destroyed;- instituted the compulsory examination for trichinae of all on-farm slaughtered animals;- carried out the DDD and other measures in order to sanitise the infected holding.Measures shall be instituted at the infected holding as long as the final DDD measures have notbeen carried out.Meat of the trichinae-infested animals shall be assessed as unfit for human consumption.


In case of disease, the veterinary organisation must notify the Regional Office of VARS, withinthe area of which the disease has been diagnosed. The report on the occurrence of disease is tobe submitted on a monthly basis by the tenth day in a month for the previous month.The authorised laboratory submits the diagnostic test results to the relevant Regional Office ofVARS, and to the consigner of samples.Once a month and no later than the 20th day in the month, the authorised laboratories andRegional Offices of VARS must report on the diagnostic test results to the Office for


Slovenia 2004 196

Contagious Animal Diseases within VARS. The Main Office of VARS collects the results of ante- and post-mortem examinations conductedby the official veterinarians, and applies them in relation to the diagnoses of diseasescommunicable to man.Where a case of disease is established, the data on the case are reported as soon as possible tothe veterinary organisation, duly licensed in accordance with the act governing the veterinarysector, which is supervising the herd of origin of the affected animal. This method of reportingis carried out in accordance with the provisions of the Rules on contagious animal diseases(applicable since 2002), and the reporting as such has been compulsory since 1996.


In 2004, no case of trichinellosis in porcine animals was confirmed.


The last case of trichinellosis was confirmed in 1989. According to data, the positive animal wasnot of Slovenian origin.


In Slovenia, taking into account the findings in porcine animals, the possibility of transmissionof the disease to humans is negligible.

B. Trichinella in horses

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

The disease, the larval stage of the agent of disease, is monitored within the scope ofcompulsory veterinary ante- and post-mortem examination of animals at slaughter.Systematic examinations for trichinae of the fresh meat of equidae are carried out atslaughterhouses. Epidemiological unit is the animal.


Every slaughtered animal is sampled




In accordance with Council Directive 77/96/EEC: Annex I: Trichinoscopy: thecompression method, the artificial digestion method


Slovenia 2004 197

Case definition



Parasitological identification of the agent of disease. In accordance with CouncilDirective 77/96/EEC


Persons, who in carrying out a registered activity of breeding or production come into directcontact with animals, foodstuffs, raw materials, products or waste, must have thoroughknowledge in contagious animal diseases, the prevention thereof and transmissibility to man,and in the regulations governing the protection against contagious diseases.Animal holders must carry out preventive measures as for instance: providing potable water andfeed that are fit for consumption; providing and maintaining the required conditions of hygienein the animal breeding and auxiliary facilities; preventing the introduction into the breedingfacilities of disease agents; implementing veterinary measures in the intensive animal rearingtechnology; handling as prescribed the animal carcasses and other waste, waste waters, faecesand urine; providing for the preventive disinfection, disinsectisation and deratisation (DDD) inthe facilities, on public surfaces and in the means of transport.



National control programme is carried out in accordance with the national legislation, onthe basis of the Rules on examination for trichinae and meat freezing procedure in orderto destroy trichinae (transposing Council Directive 77/96/EEC), the Rules on conditionsfor production and processing the foodstuffs of animal origin at the farm for direct sale tothe ultimate consumer, and the Instructions on measures for the detection, prevention andsuppression of trichinellosis. Where the meat is intended for placing on the market it shall be ensured that the freshmeat, in case it has not been examined for trichinae in accordance with Annex I toDirective 77/96/EEC, is subjected to freezing process.In case of a suspected presence of disease, the disease shall be confirmed or ruled out.Measures for the detection, prevention and suppression of disease.


At the infected holding there shall be:- instituted an epizootiological investigation;- provided and maintained the required conditions of hygiene in the facilities;- banned the trade in and movements of animals, except for slaughter and provided that thehealth certificate includes an indication that the holding is suspected of being infected bytrichinellosis;- provided that the meat and parts of trichinae-infested animals do not come into contact withhumans and animals, and shall be harmlessly destroyed;


Slovenia 2004 198

- instituted the compulsory examination for trichinae of all on-farm slaughtered animals;- carried out the DDD and other measures in order to sanitise the infected holding.Measures shall be instituted at the infected holding as long as the final DDD measures have notbeen carried out.Meat of the trichinae-infested animals shall be assessed as unfit for human consumption.


In case of disease, the veterinary organisation must notify the Regional Office of VARS, withinthe area of which the disease has been diagnosed. The report on the occurrence of disease is tobe submitted on a monthly basis by the tenth day in a month for the previous month.The authorised laboratory submits the diagnostic test results to the relevant Regional Office ofVARS, and to the consigner of samples.Once a month and no later than the 20th day in the month, the authorised laboratories andRegional Offices of VARS must report on the diagnostic test results to the Office forContagious Animal Diseases within VARS. The Main Office of VARS collects the results of ante- and post-mortem examinations conductedby the official veterinarians, and applies them in relation to the diagnoses of diseasescommunicable to man.Where a case of disease is established, the data on the case are reported as soon as possible tothe veterinary organisation, duly licensed in accordance with the act governing the veterinarysector, which is supervising the herd of origin of the affected animal.This method of reporting is carried out in accordance with the provisions of the Rules oncontagious animal diseases (applicable since 2002), and the reporting as such has beencompulsory since 1996.


In 2004, no case of trichinellosis in equidae was confirmed.


In the past 15 years in Slovenia, no case of trichinellosis in equidae has been confirmed.


In Slovenia, taking into account the findings in equidae, the possibility of transmission of thedisease to humans is negligible.

C. Trichinella spp. in animal - Wildlife

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

The disease, the larval stage of the agent of disease, is monitored within the scope ofcompulsory veterinary post-mortem examination of killed wild game.Compulsory is the examination of wild boars and other animals, which may be carriers oftrichinae and the meat whereof is intended for public consumption.


Slovenia 2004 199


See Sampling strategy.




In accordance with Council Directive 77/96/EEC: Annex I: Trichinoscopy: thecompression method, the artificial digestion method.

Case definition



Parasitological identification of the agent of disease. In accordance with CouncilDirective 77/96/EEC.



National control programme is carried out in accordance with the national legislation, onthe basis of the Rules on examination for trichinae and meat freezing procedure in orderto destroy trichinae (transposing Council Directive 77/96/EEC), and the Rules onconditions for the collection of killed wild game, veterinary inspection, production ofmeat and placing on the market of the meat of killed wild game. The control programmeenvisages inter alia as follows:Wild game or wild game meat may be placed on the market only after the killed animalshave visually been inspected by the official veterinarian and where the meat has beenobtained from wild game that has been subjected to a post-mortem examination(compulsory examination for trichinae) carried out by an official veterinarian, or by ahunter acting as the veterinary auxiliary and supervised by the official veterinarian.In case of a suspected presence of disease, the disease shall be confirmed or ruled out.VARS shall monitor the possible detection of contagious diseases in the individualhunting grounds. In case of detecting a contagious disease, measures appropriate to thetype of disease shall be taken.


Meat of the trichinae-infested animals shall be assessed as unfit for human consumption.


Where a zoonosis is detected in wild game, the official veterinarian must notify thereof the


Slovenia 2004 200

relevant Regional Office of VARS that is supervising the hunting ground of killing theparticular wild animal, and that Regional Office must take the appropriate measures asprescribed.Other See Monitoring in porcine animals.


In 2004, trichinellosis was detected in a single wild boar.


The last case of trichinellosis prior to 2004 was confirmed in a wild boar in 1996. According todata, the positive animal was not of Slovenian origin.In 1998, a single positive case was detected in a wild animal. No positive cases were detected inthe period 1999-2003. In 2004, trichinellosis was detected in a single animal.


In Slovenia, taking into account the findings in animals, the possibility of transmission of thedisease to humans is negligible.


Slovenia 2004 201

Table 4.1 Trichinella in animals

- -

So

urc

e o

f in

form

atio

n

Rem

arks

Ep

idem

iolo

gic

al u

nit

An

imal

s te

sted

An

imal

s p

osi

tive

Pigs -

- at slaughter - animal 443513 0

Solipeds -horses - -

-

- at slaughter - animal 857 0

Wildlife - -

-

wild boars (1) - animal 5472 1

(1) : animal tested :hunting season 2003/2004 (Statistical office of the Republic of Slovenia)


Slovenia 2004 202

2.9. ECHINOCOCCOSIS


A. Echinococcus spp general evaluation


HumansRare disease (according to notifications). One to three cases annually in last ten years.AnimalsHydatid cysts are detected from time to time by the compulsory ante- and post-mortemexaminations at slaughterhouses.


HumansRare disease, mostly imported. The risk of acquiring echinococcosis is considered low.


Slovenia 2004 203

2.9.2. Echinococcosis in humans

A. Echinococcus spp in humans


Human cases are notifiable by national law on infectious diseases. Medical doctors, laboratoriesare obliged to notify cases on daily basis to local institutes of public health. Local institutes ofpublic health notify disease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia. Notification since 1977.

Case definition



Not available in laboratory of Institute of Public Health or the RSlovenia. Available in otherlabs in Slovenia




Rare disease (according to notifications). One to three cases annually in last ten years. In 199146 cases.


Rare disease, mostly imported.


Rare disease.


In the moment not relevant.


Slovenia 2004 204

Tab

le 9

.2.A

Ech

ino

cocc

osi

s in

man

- s

pec

ies/

sero

typ

e d

istr

ibu

tio

n

Cas

esC

ases

Inc

Au

toch

ton

e ca

ses

Au

toch

ton

e In

cIm

po

rted

cas

esIm

po

rted

Inc

Ech

ino

cocc

us

10

00

00

E. g

ranu

losu

s

E. m

ultil

ocul

aris

Ech

inoc

occu

s sp

p.1

0,05


Slovenia 2004 205

Tab

le 9

.2.B

Ech

ino

cocc

osi

s in

man

- a

ge

dis

trib

uti

on

E. g

ran

ulo

sus

E. m

ult

ilocu

lari

sE

chin

oco

ccu

s sp

p.

Ag

e D

istr

ibu

tio

nA

llM

FA

llM

FA

llM

F

<1

year

1 to

4 y

ears

5 to

14

year

s

15 to

24

year

s

25 to

44

year

s

45 to

64

year

s 1

1

65 y

ears

and

old

er

Age

unk

now

n

To

tal :

0

0 0

0 0

0 1

0 1


Slovenia 2004 206

2.9.3. Echinococcus in animals

A. Echinococcus spp. in animal

Monitoring system

Sampling strategy

Monitored are all slaughter animals and wild game intended for human consumption, andexamined by the official veterinarians at slaughterhouses or wild game processing houseswithin the scope of the compulsory veterinary ante- and/or post-mortem examination.


Post-mortem examination of all animals and/or meat and organs upon slaughter or killing.


Other: Visual examination of the slaughtered/killed animal and its organs, and palpationof the liver.


Visual examination of the slaughtered/killed animal and its organs, and palpation of theliver.

Case definition

Detection of hydatid cysts in the liver, the lungs and some other organs of theslaughtered, killed or dead animals (porcines, small ruminants, bovines, equidae, andsome wild game species).


Macroscopic (visual) examination of organs


Persons, who in carrying out a registered activity of breeding or production come into directcontact with animals, foodstuffs, raw materials, products or waste, must have thoroughknowledge in contagious animal diseases, the prevention thereof and transmissibility to man,and in the regulations governing the protection against contagious diseases.Animal holders must carry out preventive measures as for instance: providing potable water andfeed that are fit for consumption; providing and maintaining the required conditions of hygienein the animal breeding and auxiliary facilities; preventing the introduction into the breedingfacilities of disease agents; implementing veterinary measures in the intensive animal rearingtechnology; handling as prescribed the animal carcasses and other waste, waste waters, faecesand urine; providing for the preventive disinfection, disinsectisation and deratisation (DDD) inthe facilities, on public surfaces and in the means of transport.



Slovenia 2004 207


National control programme is carried out in accordance with the national legislation, onthe basis of the Rules on veterinary conditions for the production and placing on themarket of fresh meat (transposing Council Directive 64/433/EEC), Rules on conditionsfor the collection of killed wild game, veterinary inspection, production of meat andplacing on the market of the meat of killed wild game, and the Instructions on measuresfor the detection, prevention and suppression of echinococcosis. The control programmeenvisages inter alia as follows: The meat and/or wild game may be placed on the market after the slaughtered/killedanimals have visually been inspected by the official veterinarian, or by a hunter acting asthe veterinary auxiliary and supervised by the official veterinarian.Systematic dehelminthisation of dogs along with anti-rabies vaccinationMeasures for the detection, prevention and suppression of the disease.


Harmless disposal of hydatid cysts. In the areas, where the disease is enzootic, double dehelminthisation of dogs.


In case of disease, the veterinary organisation must notify the Regional Office of VARS, withinthe area of which the disease has been diagnosed. The report on the occurrence of disease is tobe submitted on a monthly basis by the tenth day in a month for the previous month.The authorised laboratory submits the diagnostic test results to the relevant Regional Office ofVARS, and to the consigner of samples.Once a month and no later than the 20th day in the month, the authorised laboratories andRegional Offices of VARS must report on the diagnostic test results to the Office forContagious Animal Diseases within VARS. The Main Office of VARS collects the results of ante- and post-mortem examinations conductedby the official veterinarians, and applies them in relation to the diagnoses of diseasescommunicable to man.This method of reporting is carried out in accordance with the provisions of the Rules oncontagious animal diseases (applicable since 2002), and the reporting as such has beencompulsory since 1996.


In 2004, a hydatid cyst was detected in 1 bovine animal of 144.884 bovine animals slaughtered,and in 234 porcine animals (0,05 %) of 443.513 porcine animals slaughtered. No hydatid cystswere detected in the slaughtered small ruminants.


Hydatid cysts are detected from time to time by the compulsory ante- and post-mortemexaminations at slaughterhouses. Of 141.629 bovine animals slaughtered in 2001, hydatid cysts were detected in 7 animals (0.005%). Of 442.570 porcine animals slaughtered, 116 animals (0.026 %) were positive, and nopositive animals were detected of 7.631 small ruminants slaughtered.


Slovenia 2004 208

Hydatid cysts were not detected in the slaughtered small ruminants. In 2003, hydatid cysts weredetected in bovine animals in 11 cases, and in porcine animals in 117 cases. In comparison to2003, the number of hydatid cysts detected in porcine animals doubled in 2004. In bovineanimals, on the contrary, there are less and less positive cases detected from year to year.


Slovenia 2004 209

Table 9.1 Echinococcus sp. in animals

- -

So

urc

e o

f in

form

atio

n

Rem

arks

Ep

idem

iolo

gic

al u

nit

Un

its

test

ed

Ech

ino

cocc

us

spp

.

E. m

ult

ilocu

lari

s

E. g

ran

ulo

sus

Cattle (bovine animals) - 144884 1

Pigs - 443513 234

Solipeds -

horses - 857 0

Sheep and goats - 7183 0

Footnote

Epidemiological unit: animal


Slovenia 2004 210

2.10. TOXOPLASMOSIS


A. Toxoplasmosis general evaluation


HumansRare disease in R. Slovenia.


Slovenia 2004 211

2.10.2. Toxoplasmosis in humans

A. Toxoplasmosis in humans


Toxoplasma cases are notifiable by national law on infectious diseases. Medical doctors notifycases on daily basis to local institutes of public health. (Also laboratories are obliged to notify).Local institutes of public health notify disease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia.Notification since 1977.

Case definition



Toxoplasma cases are notifiable by national law on infectious diseases. Medical doctors notifycases on daily basis to local institutes of public health. (Also laboratories are obliged to notify).Local institutes of public health notify disease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia.Medical doctors also report outbreaks of campylobacter infections. Notification since 1977.


Number of notifications decreases.


Regular screening of pregnant women in Slovenia.


Slovenia 2004 212

Tab

le 1

0.2.

A T

oxo

pla

smo

sis

in m

an -

sp

ecie

s/se

roty

pe

dis

trib

uti

on

Cas

esC

ases

Inc

To

xop

lasm

a23

0

Tox

opla

sma

spp.

23

cong

enita

l cas

es

1


Slovenia 2004 213

Tab

le 1

0.2.

B T

oxo

pla

smo

sis

in m

an -

ag

e d

istr

ibu

tio

n

To

xop

lasm

a sp

p.

Ag

e D

istr

ibu

tio

nA

llM

F

<1

year

2

11

1 to

4 y

ears

0

00

5 to

14

year

s 0

10

15 to

24

year

s 5

14

25 to

44

year

s 15

114

45 to

64

year

s 2

02

65 y

ears

and

old

er

00

0

Age

unk

now

n 0

00

To

tal :

24

4

21


Slovenia 2004 214

2.10.3. Toxoplasma in animals


Slovenia 2004 215

2.11. RABIES


A. Rabies General evaluation


Dog-mediated rabies was eradicated soon after World War II, when compulsory vaccination ofdogs against rabies came into force (1947). Since that time all dogs in Slovenia are compulsorilyvaccinated against rabies.The last case of human rabies was in 1950.Wildlife-mediated rabies has been present since 1973, when the first rabid animal (red fox) wasdetected in the NW of Slovenia. It had progressively spread trough the territory of themunicipalities of Murska Sobota and Lendava, but it has never crossed the natural barrier of theMura River.The second wave of sylvatic rabies reached Slovenia in 1979 from Austria. From there it hasbeen spread throughout the country and has persisted until the present.Due to the inconvenient epizootiological situation regarding rabies in the 1980-ies, theVeterinary Administration decided to implement the oral vaccination of foxes against rabies. In1988, when the pilot project of the manual distribution of baits (so-called Tübingen Model withthe SAD type) was started, vaccination was conducted in a small part of Slovenia only.Thereafter, two vaccination campaigns (in spring and autumn) were performed as the strategy ofpushing rabies from west to east. At that time, 40,000 to 60,000 baits were distributed in eachcampaign in a rate of 16 to 20 baits per km2. In a few years that followed, the whole territory ofSlovenia was covered three times. It was found that if only a certain region was covered at onetime, the success rate was poor. And this was the reason that in 1995, we started with a new strategy to combat rabies. Theaircraft distribution of baits has been perfomed twice per year - spring and autumn. The GPSwas used to support bait distribution and is still used today as a prevailing strategy. Each year,640,000 baits were deposited (320,000 per campaign, 20 baits/km2). The follow upinvestigations such as anti-body and marker investigations, have been carried out. Specificsoftware has been developed in order to analyse data received from the computer (connected tothe GPS). The results of new strategy were very encouraging. The number of rabies casesdecreased from 1089 (996 foxes) in 1995 to only 6 cases (5 foxes) in 1999. All cases weredetected near the border with Croatia.In 2000, the number of cases increased again. Because of new tax policy the OVF budgetdecreased and at the same time there was a deteriorating situation regarding rabies in South -Eastern neighbourhood. Therefore, the distribution pattern was changed again. The vaccination was not performed in theNW part of Slovenia, where rabies hasn't occurred for several years. For the first time, inautumn 2000 we used the "cross - flights", by which we increased the density and moreover, thedispersion of baits near the eastern and southern border. In 2001, 135 cases were positive. But in 2002, as the result of new strategy, only 15 cases werepositive. The situation was very encouraging also in 2003, when only 8 cases were detected, all near theSE border. In this year additional 210.000 baits were purchased in the frame of PHARE


Slovenia 2004 216

Twinning Light project and in the frame of its Follow-up, additional 250.000 baits in 2004 weresubmitted. With this additional amount of baits the "cross-fligths" strategy has been expanded tothe whole 30 km belt along the Croatian border, and the density increased to 30 per km2. In 2004, only 2 positive animals (foxes) were detected. Both cases were on the SE border. Thus we managed to avoid the spread of the disease outside the vaccination area. Nevertheless,the fear that rabies might spread over the vaccination area, even to the rabies-free (EU)countries, still remains present.


The current situation regarding rabies is very favourable.


Oral vaccinnation of foxes - two campaigns - spring and autumn - per year.


Slovenia 2004 217

2.11.2. Rabies in humans

A. Rabies in humans


Rabies cases are notifiable by national law on infectious diseases. Medical doctors, laboratoriesare obliged to notify cases on daily basis to local institutes of public health. Local institutes ofpublic health notify disease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia.No human cases in Slovenia since 1950.

Case definition



Not available in laboratory of Institute of Public Health or the R. Slovenia. Available in otherlabs in Slovenia


Rabies cases are notifiable by national law on infectious diseases. Medical doctors are obligedto notify cases on daily basis to local institutes of public health. Local institutes of public healthnotify disease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia. Notification since second World War.


From 1946 to 1950 13 human rabies cases-deaths were recorded.


No human cases since 1950.


No human cases since 1950.


Slovenia 2004 218

2.11.3. Lyssavirus (rabies) in animals

Table 5.1 Rabies in animals

- -

So

urc

e o

f in

form

atio

n

Rem

arks

An

imal

s te

sted

An

imal

s p

osi

tive

Cattle (bovine animals) - 20 0

Sheep - 9 0

Goats - 7 0

Pigs - 1 0

Solipeds - 1 0

Wildlife - -

-

bats - 0 0

foxes - 1324 2

other - 106 0

all - 1430 2

Pet animals - -

-

dogs - 65 0

cats - 79 0

other - 0 0


Slovenia 2004 219

3. INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC INDICATORS OF ANTIMICROBIALRESISTANCE


Slovenia 2004 220

3.1. E. COLI INDICATORS


3.1.2. Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolates


Slovenia 2004 221

4. FOODBORNE OUTBREAKS

Foodborne outbreaks are incidences of two or more human cases of the same disease or infectionwhere the cases are linked or are probably linked to the same food source. Situation, in which theobserved human cases exceed the expected number of cases and where a same food source issuspected, is also indicative of a foodborne outbreak.

A. Foodborne outbreaks

System in place for identification, epidemological investigations and reporting offoodborne outbreaks

An outbreak of foodborne illness may be defined as two or more linked cases of the same illnessor the situation, where the observed number of cases exceeds the expected number.Oubreaks of foodborne infections are notifiable by national law on infectious diseases issued in1995. Public health professionals in regional institutes are requested to report regularly allinvestigated outbreaks of infectious intestinal diseases to the Institute of public health of theRepublic Slovenia, using a preliminary notification form.At the end of investigation a final report is also forwarded by the lead investigator.

Description of the types of outbreaks covered by the reporting:

An outbreak of foodborne illness may be defined as two or more linked cases of the same illnessor the situation, where the observed number of cases exceeds the expected number.Type of outbreaks: family, general, international... Causative agents; Salmonella, Cl. perfringens, Staphyloccocus a., Calicivirus, rotavirus,Astrovirus..

National evaluation of the reported outbreaks in the country:

Trends in numbers of outbreaks and numbers of human cases involved

During 2004 in Slovenia 37 outbreaks of food intoxication (FI), resulting in at least 1075people becoming ill (38% of all people ill in outbreaks), and 118 hospitalized, werereported.The average number of outbreaks of food intoxication (FI) in last 5-year period was 35(from 27 in year 2001 to 42 in year 2003). The most frequent causative agent of FI outbreaks was Salmonella Enteritidis (31outbreaks or 84%). Other agents were Staphyloccocus aureus (2), Clostridium perfringens(1); and other unknown agents. Most outbreaks were small in size, 5 of them were greater(more than 50 people were ill). Also 41 outbreaks of infectious gastrointestinal diseases (IGI) with contact spread andone outbreak with waterborne spread (Calicivirus) were reported. The average number of outbreaks of (IGI) with contact spread in last 5-year period was31 (from 23 in year 2000 to 41 in year 2004). The most notable feature of analysis of the IGI with contact spread outbreak data in thelast 5 years is increase in the number of outbreaks, either confirmed or suspected to bedue to viruses (Noroviruses), which caused at least 13 or 30% IGI outbreaks in 2004.


Slovenia 2004 222

The reason for many Norovirus outbreaks are characteristics of virus. A virus has a lowinfectious dose, it can survive in environment and is easily transmitted from person toperson. Congregate and enclosed settings on example Kindergarten, health care settingsare perfect environments for the virus to spread. Other agents of IGI outbreaks with contact spread were rotaviruses (11 outbreaks),Salmonella Enteritidis (2 outbreaks), hepatitis A (1) and other unknown agents.

Relevance of the different causative agents, food categories and the agent/foodcategory combinations

Salmonella is mostly isolated from chicken, eggs.Noroviruses are mostly spread with contacts in congregate settings.

Relevance of the different type of places of food production and preparation inoutbreaks

Most outbreaks were small in size and occured mostly in Kindergarten, homes for theelderly and self service restaurants. Many of them were family outbreaks.

Evaluation of the severity and clinical picture of the human cases

Most Norovirus infections have a short and mild course. More severe clinical pictures are caused by salmonellae.No death cases were identified during outbreaks of foodborne infections in 2004.

Descriptions of single outbreaks of special interest

Two outbreaks occured in summer camps for children in Croatia. The causative agent was Salmonella Enteritidis.

Control measures or other actions taken to improve the situation

Hospitalizations of severe cases;general hygienic measures in Kindergartens, homes for the elderly, kitchens.. were implemented;control of HACCP system..

Suggestions to the community for the actions to be taken

Intersectoral collaboration of health, veterinary and other authorities.


Slovenia 2004 223

Tab

le 1

2. F

oo

db

orn

e o

utb

reak

s in

hu

man

s

Cau

sati

ve a

gen

tG

ener

alo

utb

reak

F

amily

ou

tbre

ak

To

tal N

um

ber

inp

erso

ns

So

urc

eT

ype

of

evid

ence

Lo

cati

on

of

exp

osu

reC

on

trib

uti

ng

fact

ors

ill

died

in hospital

Suspected

Confirmed

1 2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

un

know

n x

561

unkn

own

xep

idem

iolo

gica

lev

iden

cere

side

nce

for

stud

ents

brea

kdow

n H

AC

CP

Sal

mon

ella

x

128

carr

ier

xep

idem

iolo

gica

lev

iden

ceki

nder

gart

enun

know

n

Sal

mon

ella

x

253

mea

t pat

e'x

labo

rato

ry c

onfir

med

hom

eun

know

nS

alm

onel

la -

S. E

nter

itidi

s x

288

ice

crea

mx

labo

rato

ry c

onfir

med

chin

ese

rest

aura

ntbr

eakd

own

HA

CC

PS

alm

onel

la -

S. E

nter

itidi

s(1)

x

312

unkn

own

xep

idem

iolo

gica

lev

iden

cesu

mm

er c

amp

unkn

own

Sal

mon

ella

- S

. Ent

eriti

dis

x30

2ve

hicl

e in

volv

edx

epid

emio

logi

cal

evid

ence

kind

erga

rten

brea

kdow

n H

AC

CP

Sta

phyl

ococ

cus

- S

. aur

eus

x7

0co

ttage

che

ese

xla

bora

tory

con

firm

edho

tel

unkn

own

Clo

strid

ium

- C

. per

frin

gens

x

550

unkn

own

xep

idem

iolo

gica

lev

iden

cere

sice

nce

for

pens

ione

run

know

n

Sal

mon

ella

- S

. Ent

eriti

dis

x21

3ha

zel n

ut c

ake

xla

bora

tory

con

firm

edho

tel

the

cake

was

prep

ared

at h

ome

and

brou

ght i

n ho

tel.

Foo

d bo

rne

viru

ses

- ro

tavi

rus

x18

8ca

rrie

rx

labo

rato

ry c

onfir

med

kind

erga

rten

unkn

own

Sal

mon

ella

- S

. Ent

eriti

dis

x14

133

diffe

rent

type

of f

ood

xab

orat

ory

conf

irmed

coun

try

rest

aura

ntbr

eakd

own

HA

CC

PF

ood

born

e vi

ruse

s -

rota

viru

s x

54ca

rrie

rx

epid

emio

logi

cal

evid

ence

resi

cenc

e fo

rpe

nsio

ner

unkn

own

Foo

d bo

rne

viru

ses

- ca

liciv

irus

(incl

udin

g no

rovi

rus)

x

79ca

rrie

rx

epid

emio

logi

cal

evid

ence

resi

cenc

e fo

rpe

nsio

ner

unkn

own

Foo

d bo

rne

viru

ses

- ca

liciv

irus

(incl

udin

g no

rovi

rus)

x

73ca

rrie

rx

epid

emio

logi

cal

evid

ence

re

sice

nce

for

pens

ione

run

know

n

Sal

mon

ella

- S

. Ent

eriti

dis

x10

ice

crea

m c

ake

xla

bora

tory

con

firm

edho

me

hom

e m

ade

ice

crea

mca

keS

alm

onel

la -

S. E

nter

itidi

s x

302

carr

ier

xep

idem

iolo

gica

lev

iden

ceki

nder

gart

enun

know

n

Foo

d bo

rne

viru

ses

- ca

liciv

irus

(incl

udin

g no

rovi

rus)

x

3022

carr

ier

xep

idem

iolo

gica

lev

iden

cepa

tient

s in

hos

pita

lun

know

n

Foo

d bo

rne

viru

ses

- ca

liciv

irus

(incl

udin

g no

rovi

rus)

x

35ca

rrie

rx

epid

emio

logi

cal

evid

ence

resi

cenc

e fo

rpe

nsio

ner

unkn

own

Sta

phyl

ococ

cus

- S

. aur

eus

x3

unkn

own

xep

idem

iolo

gica

lev

iden

ceho

me

unkn

own


Slovenia 2004 224

Sal

mon

ella

- S

. Ent

eriti

dis

x11

3ca

nelo

nix

epid

emio

logi

cal

evid

ence

rest

oura

ntbr

eakd

own

HA

CC

P

Foo

d bo

rne

viru

ses

- ca

liciv

irus

(incl

udin

g no

rovi

rus)

x

282

carr

ier

xep

idem

iolo

gica

lev

iden

cesc

hool

brea

kdow

n H

AC

CP

Foo

d bo

rne

viru

ses

- ca

liciv

irus

(incl

udin

g no

rovi

rus)

x

21ca

rrie

rx

epid

emio

logi

cal

evid

ence

sum

mer

cam

p fo

rch

ildre

nun

know

n

Sal

mon

ella

- S

. Ent

eriti

dis

x36

4m

eat

xep

idem

iolo

gica

lev

iden

ceto

uris

t exc

ursi

onbr

eakd

own

HA

CC

P

Sta

phyl

ococ

cus

- S

. aur

eus

x3

unkn

own

xep

idem

iolo

gica

lev

iden

ceho

me

unkn

own

Sal

mon

ella

- S

. Ent

eriti

dis

x11

3ka

nelo

ni w

ithm

ayon

nais

ex

labo

rato

ry c

onfir

med

cant

een

brea

kdow

n H

AC

CP

Foo

d bo

rne

viru

ses

- ca

liciv

irus

(incl

udin

g no

rovi

rus)

x

282

carr

ier

xep

idem

iolo

gica

lev

iden

cesc

hool

unkn

own

Foo

d bo

rne

viru

ses

- as

trov

irus

x9

8ca

rrie

rx

epid

emio

logi

cal

evid

ence

hosp

ital

brea

kdow

n H

AC

CP

Sal

mon

ella

- S

. Ent

eriti

dis

x36

hom

e m

ade

cake

xep

idem

iolo

gica

lev

iden

cere

sice

nce

for

pens

ione

run

know

n

Foo

d bo

rne

viru

ses

- ro

tavi

rus

x15

4ca

rrie

rx

epid

emio

logi

cal

evid

ence

kind

erga

rten

unkn

ow

Foo

d bo

rne

viru

ses

- ca

liciv

irus

(incl

udin

g no

rovi

rus)

x

15ca

rrie

rx

epid

emio

logi

cal

evid

ence

kind

erga

rten

unkn

own

Sal

mon

ella

- S

. Ent

eriti

dis

x13

1fo

od b

roug

ht fr

omn

near

piz

zeria

xla

bora

tory

con

firm

edho

spita

lbr

eakd

own

HA

CC

P

Sal

mon

ella

- S

. Ent

eriti

dis

x6

egg

crea

mx

labo

rato

ry c

onfir

med

resi

cenc

e fo

rpe

nsio

ner

brea

kdow

n H

AC

CP

Sal

mon

ella

- S

. Ent

eriti

dis

x28

3un

know

nx

epid

emio

logi

cal

evid

ence

slov

enia

n pu

pils

insu

mm

er c

amp

inC

roat

ia

unkn

own

Sal

mon

ella

- S

. Ent

eriti

dis

x3

3cr

eam

cak

e bo

ught

in th

e co

nfet

ione

r'ssh

op

xla

bora

tory

con

firm

edho

me

brea

kdow

n H

AC

CP

Foo

d bo

rne

viru

ses

- as

trov

irus

x20

carr

ier

xep

idem

iolo

gica

lev

iden

cere

side

ncef

orst

uden

tbr

eakd

own

HA

CC

P

Sal

mon

ella

- S

. Ent

eriti

dis

x22

8cr

eam

cak

ex

labo

rato

ry c

onfir

med

cake

stor

e-re

stou

rant

brea

kdow

n H

AC

CP

Foo

d bo

rne

viru

ses

- ca

liciv

irus

(incl

udin

g no

rovi

rus)

x

21ca

rrie

rx

epid

emio

logi

cal

evid

ence

kind

erga

rten

unkn

own

Foo

d bo

rne

viru

ses

- ro

tavi

rus

x9

1ca

rrie

rx

epid

emio

logi

cal

evid

ence

kind

erga

rten

unkn

own

Foo

d bo

rne

viru

ses

- ro

tavi

rus

x11

2ca

rrie

rx

epid

emio

logi

cal

evid

ence

kind

erga

rten

unkn

own

Foo

d bo

rne

viru

ses

- ro

tavi

rus

x21

2ca

rrie

rx

epid

emio

logi

cal

evid

ence

kind

erga

rten

unkn

own

Sal

mon

ella

- S

. Ent

eriti

dis

x21

food

xep

idem

iolo

gica

lev

iden

cere

sice

nce

for

pens

ione

rbr

eakd

own

HA

CC

P


Slovenia 2004 225

Sal

mon

ella

- S

. Ent

eriti

dis

x7

3eg

gsx

labo

rato

ry c

onfir

med

kind

erga

rten

brea

kdow

n H

AC

CP

Sal

mon

ella

- S

. Ent

eriti

dis

x14

5fo

odx

epid

emio

logi

cal

evid

ence

scho

olun

know

n

Sal

mon

ella

- S

. Ent

eriti

dis

x25

3m

eat p

ate'

xla

bora

tory

con

firm

edho

me

unad

egua

te s

tore

age

Sal

mon

ella

- S

. Ent

eriti

dis

x16

2be

af s

teak

xep

idem

iolo

gica

lev

iden

ceco

untr

y re

stou

rant

brea

kdow

n H

AC

CP

Sal

mon

ella

- S

. Ent

eriti

dis

x30

1un

know

nx

epid

emio

logi

cal

evid

ence

slov

enia

n ch

ildre

n in

sum

mer

cam

p in

Cro

atia

unkn

own

Sal

mon

ella

- S

. Ent

eriti

dis

x9

grill

ed p

ork

mea

tx

epid

emio

logi

cal

evid

ence

coun

try

rest

oura

ntun

suita

ble

stor

eage

Sal

mon

ella

- S

. Ent

eriti

dis

x46

4ca

rrie

rx

epid

emio

logi

cal

evid

ence

scho

olbr

eakd

own

HA

CC

P

Sal

mon

ella

- S

. Ent

eriti

dis

x14

1ca

rrie

rx

epid

emio

logi

cal

evid

ence

hosp

ital

brea

kdow

n H

AC

CP

Sal

mon

ella

- S

. Ent

eriti

dis

x28

mix

ed s

alat

with

may

onna

ise

xep

idem

iolo

gica

lev

iden

cem

unic

ipal

par

tyun

suita

ble

stor

eage

Sal

mon

ella

- S

. Ent

eriti

dis

x4

3cr

eam

cak

e w

ithst

rous

barr

yx

epid

emio

logi

cal

evid

ence

hom

eun

suita

ble

stor

eage

Foo

d bo

rne

viru

ses

- ro

tavi

rus

x53

carr

ier

xep

idem

iolo

gica

lev

iden

cere

sice

nce

for

pens

ione

rbr

eakd

own

HA

CC

P

Sal

mon

ella

- S

. Ent

eriti

dis

x17

9cr

eam

cak

ex

epid

emio

logi

cal

evid

ence

hom

eun

suita

ble

stor

eage

Sal

mon

ella

- S

. Ent

eriti

dis

x19

7cr

eam

cak

ex

epid

emio

logi

cal

evid

ence

hom

eun

suita

ble

stor

eage

Sal

mon

ella

- S

. Ent

eriti

dis

x17

8cr

eam

cak

e, e

ggs

xla

bora

tory

con

firm

edpi

cnic

lunc

hun

suita

ble

stor

eage

Foo

d bo

rne

viru

ses

- ro

tavi

rus

x34

6ca

rrie

rx

epid

emio

logi

cal

evid

ence

kind

erga

rten

brea

kdow

n H

AC

CP

Foo

d bo

rne

viru

ses

- ca

liciv

irus

(incl

udin

g no

rovi

rus)

x

80dr

inki

ng w

ater

xla

bora

tory

con

firm

edfa

ctor

yun

know

n

Sal

mon

ella

- S

. Ent

eriti

dis

x16

1m

eat p

ate'

xla

bora

tory

con

firm

edpi

cnic

lunc

hun

suita

ble

stor

eage

Foo

d bo

rne

viru

ses

- ro

tavi

rus

x67

4ca

rrie

rx

epid

emio

logi

cal

evid

ence

resi

cenc

e fo

rpe

nsio

ner

brea

kdow

n H

AC

CP

Foo

d bo

rne

viru

ses

- ro

tavi

rus

x20

carr

ier

xep

idem

iolo

gica

lev

iden

cere

sice

nce

for

pens

ione

rbr

eakd

own

HA

CC

P

Sal

mon

ella

- S

. Ent

eriti

dis

x30

3fo

od -

unk

now

nw

hich

xep

idem

iolo

gica

lev

iden

cesc

hool

can

teen

brea

kdow

n H

AC

CP

Sal

mon

ella

- S

. Ent

eriti

dis

x12

3fo

od -

unk

now

nw

hich

xep

idem

iolo

gica

lev

iden

ceco

untr

y re

stou

rant

brea

kdow

n H

AC

CP

Foo

d bo

rne

viru

ses

- ca

liciv

irus

(incl

udin

g no

rovi

rus)

x

43ca

rrie

rx

epid

emio

logi

cal

evid

ence

resi

cenc

e fo

rpe

nsio

ner

brea

kdow

n H

AC

CP

Foo

d bo

rne

viru

ses

- ca

liciv

irus

(incl

udin

g no

rovi

rus)

x

13ca

rrie

rx

epid

emio

logi

cal

evid

ence

resi

cenc

e fo

rdi

sabl

esbr

eakd

own

HA

CC

P


Slovenia 2004 226

(1)

: im

port

ed c

ase


Slovenia 2004 227

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