small hydro overview

7/27/2019 Small Hydro Overview

1/98

Great Lakes Institute of Energy Management and ResearchPlanning, Policy Regulatory andoperational Aspects ofSmall Hydro

Dr. P. SaxenaDirectorMINISTRY OF NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY21st March,2012


2/98

Out Line of Presentation

Indian Energy Scenario

Over all Renewable Energy Development in India

and 12th Plan Projections

Hydro Power Policy and Regulations in India

Classification, Planning and operational aspectsof Small Hydro


3/98

THE CHALLENGE

Developing countries are facing formidable

challenges in meetings its energy needs and

providing adequate energy ofdesired quality in a

sustainable manner and at

reasonable costs.


4/98

INDIAN ENERGY SCENARIO


5/98

India

India has a geographical area of about

3.28 million sq. km.

1.21 billion population

28 States and 7 Union Territories with 640

districts

About 30% of Indias population lives in 7742

towns and 70% in about 0.608 million villages.


6/98

Rural population - about 800 million

Total villages - 610,000

Unelectrified villages - 95,000

Unelectrified households - 45% total

56% rural

INDIA-SOME FACTS


7/98

TOTAL INSTALLED CAPACITY 1,90,766 MW

GROSS GENERATION 850 BUs

PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION 733 kwh/ Annum

ENERGY SHORTAGE about 8.2 %

PEAKING SHORTAGE about 10.5 %

INDIAN POWER SCENARIO


8/98

Indian Power Sector at a Glance

Thermal

1,04,816

Hydro

38,848

Gas

17,742

Renewable

23379

Nuclear

4780

As on 29.2. 2012

Source: CEA

Total installed capacity : 1,90,766 MW

Renewable contributes 23379 MW12 %

If we take large hydro under RE32%


9/98

Electricity demand growing @ 8% annually

Capacity addition of about 100,000 MW requiredin the next 10 years

Challenge is to meet the energy needs in asustainable manner

POWER GROWTH PERSPECTIVE


10/98

PROPOSED CAPACITY ADDITION 20 22

Total 1,00,000 MW


11/98

Renewable Power Potential

S. No. Resource Estimated Potential(In MWeq.)

1. Wind Power 49,000

2. Small Hydro Power (up to 25 MW) 15,000

3. Bio-Power:Agro-Residues 17,000

Cogeneration - Bagasse 5,000

Waste to Energy:

- Municipal Solid Waste to Energy

- Industrial Waste to Energy

2,600

1,280

Sub-Total 89,880

4 Solar Energy >100,000

30-50 MW/ sq. km.

Total >1,89,880


12/98

12

Plan wise Renewable Power GrowthBeginning

of10th Plan(MW)

1.4.2002

Beginning

of11th Plan(MW)

1.4.2007

Target

11th

Plan

(MW)

11th plan

Achvmnt.till 31.12.11(MW)

Cumulative

Achvmnt.up to 31.12.11(MW)

Wind 1,628 7,092 9,000 8,598 16,078

SmallHydro

1,434 1,976 1,400 1,322 3,252

Bio power 389 1,184 1,780 1,841 3,123.79

Solar 2 3 200** 115 189.98

Total 3,453 10,255 12,380 11,876 22,643.90

106% growth during 11th Plan


13/98

Indian Renewable Energy at a Glance

As on 29.2. 2012

Source: CEA


14/98

14

12th Plan ProjectionsInstalled Capacities in MW

Source Likely Installedcapacity by end of

11th Plan

31.3.2012

Capacity additionTarget for 12th

Plan

(2012-17)

Target installedcapacity at the end

of 12th Plan

% of Potentiallikely to be

harnessed at the

end of 12th Plan

Wind power16,300

15,000 31,300 64%

Small Hydro 3,390 2,100 5,500 37%

Biomass Power1,125

500 1,700 11%

Bagasse

Cogeneration

1,866

1,400 3,20064%

Waste to Power104 500

600 22%

Solar Power 21510,000

10,200 10%

TOTAL 23,000 29,500 52,500 28%


15/98

The Government aim is that 10-12 percent of thegrid interactive power generation installed capacity

should come from renewables

Deployment of renewable power during the 11thPlan has made it the second largest source after

conventional power.

A target of 14,000 MW capacity addition has been

achieved during the 11th Plan.

GRID INTERACTIVE RENEWABLE POWER

3


16/98

16

Wind Power

Potential : 49,000 MW

Achievement : 15,683 MW

11th Plan Target/ Achievement: 9,000 MW/ 7,897 MW

Deployment target 12th Plan : 15,000 MW.

Strategy:

Accelerated depreciation to go away

GBI scheme to be reviewed after 11th Plan and continued

for 12th Plan for up to 4,000 MW capacity projects.

Wind Resource activities to be substantially increased.

Evacuation infrastructure to be developed.

Separate RPO for wind. Enforce RPO. Make REC work.

Work towards competitive bidding.


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17

Small Hydro Power

Potential : 15000 MW

Achievement : 3198 MW (as on 31.10. 11)

11th Plan Target/ Achievement: 1400 MW / 1178 MW

Deployment target 12th Plan : 2100 MW.

Strategy:

Private sector participation

Performance based incentivisation for State sector / NE

Small plants to get higher support.


18/98

18

Biomass Power

Potential : 17000 MW

Achievement : 1097 MW

11th Plan Target/ Achievement: 500 MW/ 567 MW


Strategy:

Promotion of small capacity biomass projects with

biomass linkage and captive plantations.


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19

Bagasse Cogeneration

Potential : 5000 MW


11th Plan Target/ Achievement: 1200 MW/ 1155 MW


Strategy:

Promotion of BOOT/BOLT model in cooperative sectorsugar mills.

Promotion of optimum cogeneration potential in small sizesugar mills (


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20

Solar Energy and Solar Mission

Potential : 20-50 MW/ sq. km


Over 18 lakh SPV Systems installed / distributed

11th Plan Target : 1100 MW

(incl. 2013)

Target for 12th Plan : 4000 MW.

Target for 13th Plan : 15000 MW.


21/98

HYDRO POWER

21

Hydropower is a renewable, non-polluting and

environmentally benign source of energy.

It is perhaps the oldest renewable energy techniquefor electricity generation.

It represents inflation free energy with matured

technology characterized by highest prime moverefficiency and spectacular operational flexibility.


22/98

Hydro Resource in India

Hydro potential in India is about 150,000 MW

Small Hydro Potential is over 15,000MW

Ministry of Power deals with large hydro projects

MNRE is responsible for small hydro up to 25 MW

Water is a State Government subject

Hydropower installed capacity: 38,848 MW

Small hydro installed capacity: 3,342 MW


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INDUS RIVER

GANGA RIVER

NEPAL

BHUTAN

BANGLA

DESH

BRAHMAPUTRA

RIVER SYSTEM

CENTRAL INDIAN

RIVER SYSTEM

EAST FLOWING

RIVER SYSTEM

WEST FLOWING

RIVER SYSTEM

SHARAVATHI

KUTTIYADI

PERIYAR

CAUVERY

PENNER

KRISHNA

GODAVARI

TAPI

NARM

ADA

MAHI

BANA

S

SABARM

ATI

CHAMBAL

BETW

A

MAHANADI

DAMODARSONR

SUBERN

REKHA

BAITA

RNI

BRAHMANI

BARAKB

RAHM

APUT

RATISTA

C H I N A

( T I B E T )

KAMENG

SUBANSIRI

LUHIT

DIBANG

GANGA

DELHI

YAMUNA

SUTL

EJ

BEASR

AVI

CHENABJHELUM

INDUS

INDU

S DIHANG

SYSTEM

SYSTEM

GANGA

880 920960

680 720360

320

280

240

200

760

800 840

MYANMAR

MAJOR RIVER SYSTEMS OF INDIA


24/98

Hydropower Definition & Applications

MW

Micro0.1

25

0

3

15

1

Mini

Small

Large

Distributed Generation/ grid-sales/ DG-RE

systems with grid-support/ Off-grid RE

Grid-Sale/ REC/ Captive/ Third party sales

Inter/ Intra State grid Sale/ Merchant Sale

Classification of Small Hydro (Size wise)

Pico - < 5 kW

Micro - > 5 kW and upto 100 kW

Mini - > 100 kW and upto 2 MW

Small - > 2 MW and upto 25 MW

Classification of Small Hydro (Head wise):

Ultra Low - < 3 mtrs

Low 3 mtrs and upto 30 mtrs

Medium Between 30 and 75 mtrs

High > 75 metres and above


25/98

HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT

Sl.

No.

States Central Sector State Sector Private sector Total

No. MW No MW No. MW No. MW

1. Himachal Pradesh 2 816 7 892 6 749 15 2457

2. Jammu & Kashmir 4 2450 4 1473 0 0 8 3923

3. Uttarakhand 12 4374 7 1655 5 829 24 6858

4. Punjab 0 0 1 168 1 75 2 243

5. Madhya Pradesh 3 166 0 0 0 0 3 1666. Andhra Pradesh 0 0 3 1560 0 0 3 1560

7. Kerala 0 0 6 373 0 0 6 373

8. Karnataka 0 0 2 400 0 0 2 400

9. West Bengal 1 120 2 66 0 0 3 186

10. Sikkim 1 520 0 0 10 1935 11 2455

11. Arunachal Pradesh 3 1610 0 0 23 7969 26 9579

12. Assam 0 0 1 150 0 0 1 150

13. Manipur 2 1566 0 0 0 0 2 1566

14. Tamil Nadu 0 0 1 500 0 0 1 500

15. Meghalaya 0 0 1 54 1 450 2 504

16. Total 28 11,622 35 7291 46 12,007 109 30,920

12th Plan Target for Hydro Power Generation


26/98

HYDROPOWER CLASSIFICATION

Pico 5 kW & below

Micro 100 kW & below

Mini 2000 kW & below

Small 25000 kW & below

Medium 100,000 kW & below

Large above 100,000 kW

Indian hydro is 115 year old.

First hydro in Darjeeling 1897.

Biggest capacity today is Naptha Jhakri Hydroproject of 1500 MW in Himachal Pradesh


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Private sector participation in the renewables started

in early 90s

MNES issued guidelines in 1993-94 for purchase ofpower from renewables, wheeling, banking etc.

Selected states announced policies for private sectorparticipation

Most of the SEBs reorganized and regulators came inexistence.

Electricity Act Announced in 2003

PRE ELECTRICITY ACT 2003


28/98

Hydro policy was announced in1998 and revised in Nov.2008.

Small hydro needs to be promoted.

Projects above 100 MW to be allotted by States through tariff

based bidding only.

Projects below 100 MW can be allotted through MOU route.

Hydro projects to be allotted by States in a transparent manner.

Projects costing more than Rs. 2500 crore require CEA

concurrence.

Regu lat ions in Hydro Secto r


29/98

SMALL HYDRO POWER

29

It is recognized that small hydro power projects can

play a significant role in meeting energy requirements

in remote and hilly areas where extension of grid is

uneconomical.

Small hydro can contribute in capacity addition of

hydropower in short time frame.


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Electricity Act in 2003

National Electricity Policy in 2005

Tariff Policy in 2006

POST- ELECTRICITY ACT 2003


31/98

Salient features of Electricity Act - 2003

Laws relating to Generation, Transmission,

Distribution, Trading and use of Electricity

Facilitates De-regulation of the Power Sector

Permits Private-Sector Participation

Identifies the Regulatory Framework

Creates the Regulatory Authorities

Establishes PGCIL as the Grid Operator


32/98

Salient features of Electricity Act - 2003

Recognized the role of Renewable Energy for supply of

Power to Utility Grid / Stand-alone System

Preferential Tariff and Quota for Renewable Energy

Section 86(1): SERC to specify a percentage of electricity

to be purchased from renewables by a

distribution licensee.


33/98

The National Electricity Policy aims at:

Access to electricity available for all households in thenext five years.

Availability of Power- Demand to be fully met by 2012.

Supply of Reliable and Quality Power.

Per capita availability of electricity to increased to over1000 units by 2012.

Minimum lifeline consumption of 1 unit/household/day by2012.

THE NATIONAL ELECTRICITY POLICY


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About Renewables Section 2.2.20 & 5.12

Feasible potential of non-conventional energy resourcesneeds to be exploited

With a view to increase share of renewables, efforts willbe made to encourage private sector participation

through suitable promotional measures.

SERCs to provide suitable measures for connectivity withgrid and sale of electricity to any person , and promoteco-generation

THE NATIONAL ELECTRICITY POLICY


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TECHNOLOGY SPECIFIC PARAMETER FOR SHPCERC Regulation 2009Capital Cost The normative capital cost for SHP during first year of control period(FY 2009-10) shall be as follows:Region project size capital cost

(Rs. Lac/MW)Himachal Pradesh Below 5 MW 700Uttarakhand andNE States 5 MW to 25 MW 630Other States Below 5 MW 5505 MW to 25 MW 500


38/98

TECHNOLOGY SPECIFIC PARAMETER FOR SMALLHYDRO PROJECTS (SHP)Capacity Utilization Factor (CUF) CUF shall be 45% for SHP located in HimachalPradesh, Uttarakhand and North Easter States For other States CUF shall be 30%

Normative CUF is net of free power to the home state if any, and anyquantum of free power if committed by the developer over and above thenormative CUF shall not be factored into the tariffAuxilliary consumption Normal Auxilliary Consumption for SHP shall be 1.0%


39/98

TECHNOLOGY SPECIFIC PARAMETER FOR SMALLHYDRO PROJECTS (SHP)Operation and Maintenance Expenses Normative O&M expenses for the first year of control period(FY 2009-10) Region project size capital cost

(Rs. Lac/MW)Himachal Pradesh Below 5 MW 21Uttarakhand andNE States 5 MW to 25 MW 15Other States Below 5 MW 175 MW to 25 MW 12

Normative O&M expenses shall be escalated at the rate of 5.72%per annum for the tariff period for the purpose of determinationof levellised tariff.


40/98

GOI POLICY ON HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT

Projects held up for environment and forest clearance,

concerned State Govt./developer to get the timely E&Fclearances.

1% of free power with a matching 1% support from Stategovernment for local area development to the affected local

population.

Problems such as local agitation (law & order), landacquisition etc. need be resolved by concerned State

Government.

Project developer to seek long term open access by indicatingat least region(s) in which they intend to supply their powerto enable development of transmission system.


41/98

SHP Planning and Layouts

41

Pl i SHP


42/98

Planning - SHP

For a systematic, time bound, duly shared between

Government, Social and Private Sectors, master planare required.

It is an inventory of all possible sites.

Provides priority or ranking for speed development.

Provides cluster approach.

Provides financial requirement.

Provides grid network strengthening.


43/98

Assessment of SHP potential of existing irrigation dams and

canals.

Assessment of potential as run off river schemes

Assessment of potential sites for rural electrification.

Compilation of the above mentioned activities with

prioritization of identified SHP sites.

Creating of spatial database using Geographic InformationSystems (GIS) for the state incorporating various themes

including identified SHP sites.

Master Plan

R f Ri SHP Sit


44/98

Run-of-River SHP Sites

Run-of-river (ROR) hydropower implies that there is

no (or minimal) storage reservoir.

The instantaneous flows that are passed through the

powerhouse are essentially the flows that occur in

the stream at the intake and flows downstream of

the powerhouse are virtually identical to pre-

development flows.

Run-of-river facilities use low dams to provide

limited storage of water at most daily pondage.

In a run-off river SHP scheme, through a diversion

structure water is diverted to water conductor

system to the powerhouse.


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46/98

T t ti L t F R R S h (R SHP)


47/98

Tentative Layout For RoR Scheme(Rampur SHP)


48/98


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Dam Toe SHP Sites


50/98

Dam Toe SHP Sites The dam provides the means to regulate the flow of water, and

can add to the height of the source of water thereby

effectively increasing the head (H).

Reservoir created by the dam may store and regulate stream

flows to make them more timely for power production, and toserve other purposes for water resource development.

Powerhouse is located at the toe of the dam and it utilizes thedischarge release through sluice primarily meant for irrigation

and the head available (water level difference between

upstream and downstream of reservoir) for power generation.


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Layouts

T f H d


56/98

Types of Hydropower

Run of River:

Run of river hydropower development


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Using existing facilities:

Typical Arrangement of canal fall small hydropower

development


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Reservoir

Based HydropowerDevelopment


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Dam toe project in MP


77/98

St t i P t ti l d A hi t


78/98

State-wise Potential and Achievement

State Sites(Nos.) Potential(MW)

Achievement

(MW)

Andhra Pradesh 497 560 192.63

Arunachal Pradesh 566 1333 78.83

Assam 119 238 31.11

Bihar 95 213 59.80

Chhatisgarh 184 993 19.050

Goa 6 6.5 0.050

Gujarat 292 196 15.600

Haryana 33 110 70.100

Himachal Pradesh 536 2268 440.96



79/98

State wise Potential and Achievement

State Sites

(Nos.)

Potential

(MW)

Achievement

(MW)

Jammu & Kashmir 246 1417 130.59

Jharkhand 103 208 4.050

Karnataka 309 2029 856.25

Kerala 245 704 141.67

Madhya Pradesh 2 99 803 86.16

Maharashtra 255 732 279.92

Manipur 114 109 5.450

Meghalaya 101 229 31.030

Mizoram 75 166 36.470

Nagaland 99 196 28.670



80/98

State Sites

(Nos.)

Potential

(MW)

Achievement

(MW)

Orissa 222 295 64.30

Punjab 237 393 154.50

Rajasthan 66 57 23.85

Sikkim 91 265 52.11

Tamil Nadu 197 659 103.05

Tripura 13 46 16.01

Uttar Pradesh 251 460 25.10

Uttaranchal 444 1577 146.82

West Bengal 203 396 98.40

A&N Island 7 8 5.250

Total 5,718 15,384 3197.79

Focus States


81/98

Focus States

Karnataka

Himachal Pradesh

Andhra Pradesh

Uttarakhand

Kerala

Maharashtra

Chattisgarh

Arunachal Pradesh

SHP Programme


82/98

SHP Programme The MNRE has been providing financial support / subsidy for

following activities to develop the SHP sector :

Resource Assessment, Detailed Survey & Investigation, DPR

Preparation and perspective plan for States

Capital Subsidy to State Sector Projects

Subsidy for Commercial Projects

Renovation & Modernization of old SHP projects (State Sector)

Micro Hydel &Water Mills

Capacity building

PRIVATE SECTOR INITIATIVES


83/98

PRIVATE SECTOR INITIATIVES

Worlds largest SHP development programmethrough private sector participation

Policies for private sector participation forSHP development announced by 23 States

Over 8500 MW capacity SHP sites offered/allotted to private sector for their development


84/98

PRIVATE SECTOR INITIATIVES299 SHP projects aggregating 1528 MW

commissioned by the private sector.

Karnataka 743.70 MW

Andhra Pradesh 106.03 MW

Himachal Pradesh 296.10 MW

Maharashtra 85.00 MW

Uttaranchal 49.50 MW

Punjab 29.25 MWWest Bangal 6.45 MW

Orissa 32.0 MW

Tariff Pol icy in Top Ten SHP Potent ial States


85/98

State Wheeling Banking TP Sale Buy-back and

Annual

Escalation

H.P. 2% of energy

generated

Permitted with

additional

charges

Not permitted Rs. 2.50/ kWh

Uttaranchal To be determined by

ERCU; 10%

Free if soled to UPCL

or rural distribution

2 Months

monetised at

average pooled

price

Permitted to

HT consumer,

rural areas,

out side State

14% IRR

Jammu &

Kashmir

10% now, to be

decided

by SCRC. No charges

for sale to PDD or

local grid

Permitted for 2

months

Permitted

HT

consumers

Negotiable

Karnataka 20% of energy

generation

1 year Rs. 2.90/ kWh in

the first year

Maharashtra Permitted with no

charges

for first 3 years and

1% after that

Permitted Permitted Rs. 2.84/ kWh in

the first year; AE

Rs. 0,03 per unit

/year till 10 years


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Project Development Cycle Case of HP Allotmentof Sites


88/98

of SitesIdentification

of Site

Development ofPFRHPSEB/

Consultant/DeveloperHIMURJA

Developer

self identified

Notification ofSite Allotment

HIMURJA Website

Local and NationalNews Papers

Clearance FromIPH / Power Dept

Investigation by

Developer of Site

Head & DischargeInvestigationEconomic Viability andBroad Site Planning

Development &

Submission of

Application/Bid

Evaluation ofApplication/

Bid by HIMURJA

Technical

30%`Financial60%`

Interview10%`

Allotment ofProject

Letter of Intent

MoUProjectDevelopment

Agreement

Project Allocation

Clearances Gram

Panchayat and Wild Life

Within 30 Days of

allotment

Preparation of

Detailed Project Report

Major Delays

Delays often happen here due toambiguity in policy, political transitions orchange in management at the SNA

In case of HP, allotment is still to be madefor sites notified in 2008

Delays

As theutility may not

give priority to

the task

Go/ No Go Clearance

Doubling of effort

Developer makes PFR again

before biddingThese projects limit planning for

evacuation

Responsibility of

HIMURJA

(SNA)Has to

be done by

Developer

Project Development Cycle Case ofHP Clearances, Project Construction and

C i i i Delay No need for


89/98

Commissioning

Development ofDPR

Developer/Consultant

Broad DPRPreparation- Consultant

DetailedEngineering

6 Months to1 Year

1to 2 Years

DPR forwarded toHIMURJA for TEC

Clearance TEC forwardedto HPSEB

TEC Clearancefrom HPSEB

3-4 Months

Request to StateGovernment for signingof IA (Implementation

Agreement)

1-2 Months

ImplementationAgreement

Punjab also has a

Tripartite agreement

between developer,

PEDA & irrigation

department

Clearances

PPA, LandSection 118 (in HP) &FisheriesForest & PCBIrrigation & Water resourcesIndustrial licensingLabour permits

Utility approval for inter connectionLocal government level approvalUsage of explosive for excavation

Land

Acquisition (Forest,

Private, Panchayatand Govt)

FinancialClosure

Appointment ofEPC ContractorsCivil & EME

ProjectConstruction

ProjectCommissioning

Major Delays in forest &

land acquisition

DelayLow priority

for HPSEB

DelayNo need for

sending DPR through

HIMURJA

Coordination delays between civil and EME Contractors Need for

integrated service providers these are usually more expensive but

commissioning takes place earlier

Delay - Development of access infrastructure roads to project

site, use of cable based trolley systems for conveying material tofore bay tank, weir, penstock

Restrictions from forest department on cutting of trees

DelayState government usuallytakes its own sweet time

Getting equity for 1st

time developers an

issue


90/98

EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURING STATUS


91/98

EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURING STATUS India has a wide base of manufacturers of equipment for hydro

power projects.

State-of-the-art equipment are available indigenously.

15 manufacturers produce almost the entire range and type of

hydropower equipment.

Most of the worlds leading equipment manufacturers have theirfactory and or offices in India.

There are about 5 manufactures that are producing micro hydroand watermill equipment.

PERFORMANCE TESTING OF SHP STATIONS


92/98

The small hydro project when commissioned is required to betested for its performance by AHEC, IIT Roorkee.

The capital subsidy is released after project attaining thefollowing:

Overall performance of the station should be satisfactory.

Plant equipment should conform to Indian/International standards.

Weighted average efficiency of generating units should, with certainexceptions, be at least 75%.

Project should have attained 80% of projected generation for a minimum

of 3 months at a stretch.

However it is not mandatory condition for performance testing forlarge hydropower projects

ESTABLISHMENT OF R&D HYDRAULIC

TURBINE LABORATORY


93/98

TURBINE LABORATORY

R&D hydro turbine Laboratory of International

level being established at AHEC IIT Roorkee turbine-model testing,

research & development (R&D),

human resource development (HRD) verification of designs,

generation of design data,

design validation through CFD analysis,

Witnessing tests on turbines/pumps in field Laboratory is expected to be fully functional by the

end of year 2012.

STANDARDS FOR SMALL HYDRO


94/98

SHP needs to be made profitable and a long-term investmentopportunity, while ensuring quality and reliability of the power.

To make SHP cost effective and reliable, standards, guidelines andmanuals are required covering entire range of SHP activities.

Necessity of the standards/guidelines and manuals strongly felt bydevelopers, manufactures, consultants, regulators and others.

Government of India has initiated preparation of about 30 standards

for SHP and are expected to be ready by the year 2011.


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small hydro overview

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