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Vince Gilbert Chief Knowledge Officer December 9, 2010 Small Modular Reactor Technologies

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Page 1: Small Modular Reactor Technologiesuaf.edu/files/acep/Vince-Gilbert---Small-Modular-Reactor...Small Modular Reactor Technologies. ... Nuclear Classifications of Reactors ... Temperature

Vince Gilbert

Chief Knowledge Officer

December 9, 2010

Small Modular Reactor Technologies

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Objectives

Define SMRs

Overview SMR Applications

Review Basic Nuclear Terminology and

Reactor Types

What some designs are being considered

for US Deployment?

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SMRs: Small/Modular Reactor Size and Nuclear Classifications of Reactors

Large >700 MWe (some new designs approach 1,700

MWe)

Medium 300-700 MWe

Small <300 MWe

Mini <50 MWe

Modular implies some designs can provide capacity in

increments over time by adding new “Modules”

Examples

B&W mPower (125MWe/reactor and 250 MWe/module) and

NuScale (45 MWe/reactor and up to 540 MWe/module)

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SMR Applications

Scalable electricity generation

Process heat

Industrial processes

Hydrogen production

Steam

Other Petro-Chemical-related

Mining/Shale Oil Recovery

District Heating

Desalinization

Special military and other government uses

Back-end Fuel Cycle support (burn up

waste products as an ancillary function)

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Reactor Functions

Core generates heat from nuclear reaction

Uranium based

Thorium based

“Integral SMRs” contain other major parts of the nuclear

steam supply

Pressurizer

Coolant pumps

Steam generator

Reactor moderator/coolant types

Light Water

Liquid Metal (Sodium and Lead Bismuth)

Molton Salt (Thorium) 5

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Terminology

Fissile:U-233, U-235, Pu-

239 (fission at all energies)

Fissionable: Fast Fission

Th-232, U-238 (fast fission

only)

Fertile-can be converted to

U-233 and Pu-239

Neutron Capture- no fission

See “Chart of the Nuclides”

for details

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Reactor Fission Types- neutron kinetic energy Thermal Fission – Light Water moderator slows down

neutrons to “thermal energy” levels

U-235 + n -> (U236) ->> (Thermal fission products plus

energy)

Some Pu-239 also fissions

Fast Fission – Fertile converted to fissile as part of the

process

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Types of SMRs-USNRC Integral Pressurized Water Reactors (iPWR) combine primary and secondary

systems into a single assembly- These are Thermal Fission type

Liquid Metal Reactors (LMR) use liquid metal as the coolant in the primary

system- these are Fast Fission type

Sodium Fast Reactors (SFR)

Lead-Bismuth Fast Reactors (LBE)

Gas :NGNP technology will provide the blueprint for the commercial industry

to manage the heat from the next generation of advanced nuclear plants for

energy production and industrial processing. These reactors may either be High

Temperature Gas Cooled or SFR type

Other: There are also other types under development such as the Terra Power

Traveling Wave Reactor

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SMR Systems Summary

Primary system- Generates heat

Secondary System-Produced Steam, High Pressure Gas and or

Process Heat output (Integral Reactors combine primary and

secondary together)

Primary loop and secondary loop are isolated from each other

Condensate and Feed Systems return the water to the steam

generator (closed secondary cycle)

Heat is rejected from the condenser and is transferred to the

“Ultimate Heat Sink” : River, Ocean, Lake or Outside Air

Support systems

Main Transformers and path to Switchyard

Instrumentation and Process Computing

Radiation Monitoring, Radwaste Processing, Environmental

Monitoring

Heating and Ventilation

Fire Protection

Security

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B&W mPOWER iPWR

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Designer Babcock and Wilcox Company (B&W)

Reactor Type mPower LWR60 year life

Reactor Power 400 MWt

Electric Output 125 MWe

Outlet Conditions 327°C

Coolant Light Water

Fuel Design Proprietary

Refueling Proprietary "4+ year core life"

Letter of Intent April 29, 2009

Licensing Plan Design Certification

Pre-application stage

Expected submittal Q4 2012

Design Information

Intergral LWR with the reactor and the steam

generator located in a single reactor vessel located

in an underground containment

Primary No soluable boron in

primary required for

reactivity control

Secondary

Balance of Plant

Traditional turbine-generator and BOP: Heat sink

basin, air or water cooling system, water storage

tanks, fire protection system, service water,

demieralized water, switchyard and security

systems

Emergency diesel

generator not required;

air cooling or water

cooling for condenser

Website http://www.babcock.com/products/modular_nuclear/

Integral-core, pumps, control rod drives and rods,

once-through steam generator

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22 February 2010 Copyright 2010, Hyperion Power Generation Inc. All rights reserved. 12

NuScale

iPWR

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DesignerNuScale Power, Inc

Reactor TypeNuScale LWR

Reactor Power 150 MWt per module

Electric Output 45 MWe per module

Outlet Conditions 1500 psig, 575°F

Coolant Light Water

Fuel Design 17 X 17 fuel bundles, 6 feet, 4.95%

enrichment

Refueling 24 months

Letter of Intent January, 2008

Licensing Plan

Design Certification

Pre-Application stage for DCD

based on MASLWR developed at

Oregon State in 2000s.

Expected submittal Q2 FY 2012

Design Information

Integral natural circulation light water

reactor with reactor core and helical coil

steam generators located in a common

reactor vessel. The reactor vessel is

submerged in a pool of water.

Primary

Secondary

Balance of Plant

Steam turbine, generator and condenser,

coolers, pumps, condensate polishers,

tanks and feedwater system.

Off-the-shelf componants

for turbine-generator and

supports systems; shared

Reueling reactor pool and

associated refuleing

services

Website http://www.nuscalepower.com

Core, helical coil steam generator,

reactor vessel and containment structure

and water filled pool below ground with

natural circulation cooling

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Westinghouse IRIS -iPWR

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Designer Westinghouse

Reactor TypeInternational Reactor Innovative and

Secure (IRIS) LWR

Reactor Power 1000MWt

Electric Output 335 Mwe

Outlet Conditions 330 ° C

Coolant Light Water

Fuel Design17 X 17 assemblies 4.95% enrichment

UO2

Refueling 3.0-3.5 years

Letter of Intent Updated March 18, 2009

Licensing Plan Design Certification

Expected submittal Q3 2012

Design Information

Integral pressurized water reactor with

reactor vessel, helical coil steam

generators, reactor collant pumps, and

pressurizer within a spherical steel

containment shell

Primary

Secondary

Balance of Plant

Website http://hulk.cesnef.polimi.it

Integral: fuel, control rods, 8 reactor

coolant pumps, 8 helical coil once-

through steam generators, steel

reflector, pressurizer inside the pressure

vessel

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General Atomics MHR- HTGR

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Designer

General Atomics Comments

Reactor TypeModular Helium Reactor (MHR) HTGR

Reactor Power 350MWt

Electric Output Co-Generation demonstration for the

chemical industry

Outlet Conditions 750 °C helium/540°F steam

Coolant Helium

Fuel Design

TRISO-coated particle fuel (UCO, UO2)

1 mm fuel particles made

from enriched fuel particle

coated with porous carbon

buffer, pyrolytic carbon,

silicon carbide amd a second

pyrolytic carbon layer

(robust fuel)

Refueling

Letter of IntentSee NGNP Licensing Strategy Report to

Congress, August 2008

Licensing Plan Combined License

Expected submittal FY 2013

Design Information

Graphite moderator and core

structure, helium coolant and TRISO-

coated particle fuel

Primary Reactor and shutdown cooling system

Secondary Steam generator vessel and Heat

transport system

Steam Turbine in Direct

Cycle

Balance of Plant Reduced steam cycle and support

systems

Website http://www.ga.com

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GE-Hetachi PRISM – SFR

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Designer

GE-HitachiAlso under consideration as

technology for NGNP

Reactor Type

Power Reactor Innovative Small Modular

(PRISM) SFR

PRISM is GE’s proprietary

name for the Integral Fast

Reactor, a design that was

developed in Idaho by the

nuclear scientists at

Argonne West (ANL-W)

Reactor Power 840 MWt

Electric Output 311 MWe

Outlet Conditions 930°F

CoolantLiquid Metal (Sodium)

Fuel DesignMetallic

Refueling 12-24 mo

Letter of Intent Updated March 15, 2010

Licensing Plan

COL, Prototype (long-term -Manufacturing

License)

NRC conducted pre-

application review in 1990s

that resulted in publication

of NUREG-1368, a pre-

application safety

evaluation report

Expected submittal 1Q 2012

Design InformationUnderground containment on seismic

isolators with a passive air cooling

ultimate heat sink

Primary

Two reactor modules per power unit

SecondaryTurbine Generator

Balance of Plant

Passive air cooling ultimate heat sinl

Can be used to burn spent

fuel in conjunction with a

fuel recycling plant

Website

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PBMR - HTGR

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Designer PMBR (Pty), Ltd Comments

Reactor Type PMBR -HTGR

Reactor Power 400MWt

Electric Output 165 MWe and process heat

Outlet Conditions up to 970°C (1652 °F)

Coolant Helium

Fuel Design

about 450,000 low-enriched UO2

TRISO fuel particles in pebbles

Refueling Online

Letter of Intent Updated March 2009

Licensing Plan Design Certification

Expected submittal FY2013

Design Information

Modular, gas-cooled, oebble bed reactor

with online refueling that generates

electricity via a gas or steam turbine and

which may also be used for process heat

applications

Primary Reactor core, fuelIntermediate heat

exchanger

Secondary

Compressor, turbine, gearbox,

generator, Process heat output,

circulator, recuperator

Balance of Plant Equipment associated with generation

of electricity with gas or steam turbine

Website http://www.pbmr.co.za

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Toshiba 4S- Mini SFR

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Designer Toshiba Corporation

Reactor Type Super-Safe-Small and Simple (4S) SFR

Reactor Power 30MWt

Electric Output 10 MWe

Outlet Conditions 510°C

Coolant Liquid-metal (sodium)

Fuel Design18 hexagonal fuel assemblies U-10%Zr alloy with

19.9% enrichment

Refueling 30 years

Letter of Intent Updated March 23, 2010

Licensing Plan Design ApprovalWorking with city of

Galena, AK as potential

COL partner

Expected submittal 2Q 2012

Design Information Small, sodium-cooled underground reactor

Seismic isolators

suppound reactor

Primary

Reactor core, two electromagnetic pumps,

Intermediate heat exchanger, reflector control

device, rv auxiliary cooling system, guard vessel

Intermediate auxiliary

cooling system

SecondaryHelical coil steam generator, secondary heat

exchanger loop

Balance of Plant Turbine, main condenser, feeedwater pump

Website

http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-

collections/fact-sheets/new-nuc-plant-des-

bg.html

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22 February 2010 Copyright 2010, Hyperion Power Generation Inc. All rights reserved. 24

LBE Reactor

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Designer Hyperion Power Genaration, Inc

Reactor Type Hyperion HPM-LBE LMR

Reactor Power 70 MWt

Electric Output 25 MWe

Outlet Conditions 500°C

CoolantLead-Bismuth eutectic, primary and

secondary loop

Fuel Design Stainless steel clad uranium nitride 20% enriched U235 and U238

Refueling Replace core 7-10 years

Letter of Intent

Licensing PlanCombined License (prototype design)

and/or Design Certification

Expected submittal

Design Information

The HPM is sealed at the factory, sited

underground and eventually returned to

the factory for waste and fuel disposition

after a useful life of 7 to 10 years.

Primary

HPM containing fuel, stainless stell as a

structural material, lead-bisbuth

eutectic, reflector, control rods, LBE

pump, and intermediate heat exchanger;

decay heat removal system, LBE Oxygen

control system, purification, injection

control and chemistry control systems

Outer diameter of HPM is

limited to 1.5 m for

shippling considerations

and weight is less than 20

metric tons

Secondary

Preheater, Evaporator, Superheater,

intermediate loop LBE and water, steam

outlet piping

Balance of Plant

Steam turbine generator, condenser,

cooling system, water purification

system, electric power distribution

system, waste management, auxilary

systems and switchyard

Website http://www.hyperiongeneration.com

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ARC-100 SFR

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Designer ARC, LLCPublic presentations

began June 14-16, 2010

Reactor Type "Fast-Neutron Spectrum" SFR

Argonne National Lab-

Core Design

Reactor Power 260 MWt maximumIdaho National Lab-Fuel

Analysis

Electric Output 50-100 MWe

Water desalinization,

Shale oil Extraction,

Hydrogen Production

Outlet Conditions

Coolant Liquid Sodium

Fuel DesignEnriched U-Zr Metallic Alloy in 3 enrichment

zones

"Nuclear Waste

Incinerator"

Refueling20 years

Letter of Intent

Licensing Plan

Expected submittal

Design Information

Primary Core, control rods, pump, Intermediate Heat

Exchanger, passive decay heat removal system

Secondary

Intermediate Sodium Piping from primary to BOP

Balance of Plant Brayton Cycle for Energy Conversion using S-C02 gas

Backup design for Energy Conversion is Rankine

Cycle (steam)

Website http://www.arcnuclear.com

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Terra Power Traveling Wave

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Designer

TerraPower Taveling Wave Reactor

Reactor Type

TWR

Converts fertile nuclear

materials into fissle fuel as

it operates using the process

of nuclear transmutation;

fission is localized to a

portion of the core at any

point in time

Reactor Power

Electric Output

Outlet Conditions

Coolant Liquid Sodium

Fuel DesignTargeted to burn depleted

uranium, spent fuel, natural

uranium and thorium

Refueling Very long periods of time are

theoretically possible

Letter of Intent

Licensing Plan

Expected submittal

Design Information

Primary Pool type reactor cooled by liquid

sodium

SecondaryConventional steam turbine and

generator and support systems

Balance of Plant Conventional BOP systems

Website http://www.intelectualventures.com

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Questions?

(Reference spreadsheet also provided)

Vince Gilbert

[email protected]

(202) 422-8238

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