small remote sensing satellites for operational applications in … · 2007-12-19 · limitations...

Faculty of Geoinform

ationScience and Engineering

UniversitiTeknologiMalaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai

http://www.fksg.utm

.my

Small Remote Sensing Satellites for

Small Remote Sensing Satellites for

Operational Applications in Malaysia:

Operational Applications in Malaysia:

Opportunities and Challenges

Opportunities and Challenges

Mazlan

MazlanHashim

Hashim, , Ab.Latif

Ab.LatifIbrahim

Ibrahim,,

Maged

MagedMarghany

Marghanyand Arthur,

and Arthur, P.Cracknell

P.Cracknell

Universiti

UniversitiTeknologi

TeknologiMalaysia

Malaysia




http://www.fksg.utm

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Introduction

Background

�Remote Sensing in M

alaysia

Small Satellite for EOS

�Opportunities

�Lim

itations

�Future O

utlook

Summary




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The user-driven requirements for remote sensing data are

difficult to define, especially details on geometric, spectral

and radiometric parameters.

�Even m

ore difficult is a decent assessment of the required

degrees of processing and corresponding data quality.

It is therefore a real challe

nge to appropriately assess data

cost and services to be provided.

�Such cost benefit of remote sensing is yet to be determ

ined

Viewpoints on opportunities and challenges of small remote

sensing satellites for operational applications




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Remote Sensing in M

alaysia

Remote Sensing in M

alaysia

��National Rem

ote Sensing Committee (NRSC) established

National Rem

ote Sensing Committee (NRSC) established

early 1980

early 1980’’ s. s.

��Late 1980

Late 1980’’ s s ––National Rem

ote Sensing

National Rem

ote Sensing programme

programme

(NRSP) form

ulated under M

OSTE (now M

OSTI)

(NRSP) form

ulated under M

OSTE (now M

OSTI)

��comprises government agencies, universities and state planning

comprises government agencies, universities and state planning

agencies.

agencies.

��MACRES established in 1988 and operational in 1990

MACRES established in 1988 and operational in 1990 ––secretariat of

secretariat of

NRSC.

NRSC.

��Objective NRSP

Objective NRSP --to strengthen national capacity to

to strengthen national capacity to operationalize

operationalize

remote sensing and related technologies in the main stream of na

remote sensing and related technologies in the main stream of national

tional

development planning.

development planning.




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�Malaysian G

round Receiving Station (MGRS) –

established 2002.

�TiungSat-1 -first Malaysian m

icro-satellite for

meteorology, earth observation, digital communication

and space experimentation in late 2000.

�RazakSatexpected launch in early 2008 w

ill carry high

resolution M

edium Aperture Camera (MAC) for earth

observations (2.5 & 5 m

)

�Near Equatorial Orbit




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Applications of Remote Sensing has found relatively

Applications of Remote Sensing has found relatively

wide users with wide variation of operational status,

wide users with wide variation of operational status,

much depend on:

much depend on:

�spatial, spectral, radiometric and temporal resolutions of

availability of good quality data set

Temporal resolution (revisit capabilities) is seen the

most important requirement for operational

applications in Malaysia, as the probability of cloud-

free for this region <20% (optical system) !




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Gen

eral tr

en

d o

f te

mp

oral d

ata

req

uir

em

en

ts b

y d

iscip

lin

e

Gen

eral tr

en

d o

f te

mp

oral d

ata

req

uir

em

en

ts b

y d

iscip

lin

e

Yearly

Yearly

Yearly

Monthly

Weekly to bi-weekly

Weekly

Weekly to m

onthly

Hourly to daily

Hourly to daily

Hourly to daily

Hourly to daily

Archaeology

Cartography

Infrastructure m

apping

Forestry-G

eology

Agriculture

Hydrology

Oceanography

Marine pollution

Natural Disasters

Environmental monitoring

Meteorology

Average Temporal Revisit

Discipline




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Tem

poral resolutions of

satellite data on commercial

EOS:

�real-time and near real-time

for extracting “dynamic”

inform

ation that changes

quickly with time.

�Inform

ation that do not

change fast such as landuse,

geological mapping, etc on the

other hand, requires non real-

timedata.

Special requirements of data for

studies /applications involving

dynamic phenomena

Ls

Sea

Surface

In-situ sampling:

Position,

Biophysical properties,

Biochemical properties,

IFOV




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Rem

ote Sensing has been used widely in many operational

applications, in natural resource managem

ent, environmental

protection & conservation managem

ent and national strategic

planning.

�These include the use of all types of remote sensing data (imaging and

non-imaging) acquired using sensing system

s from low, medium to

high spatial, spectral and tem

poral resolutions producing regional to

farm

level range of inform

ation.

�In M

alaysia, these applications are confined to only a few

agencies

mainly focus in natural resource programmes(e.g. NAREM, Precision

Farm

ing, etc) only but very minimal in environmental protection and

conservation managem

ent.




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Tem

poral, spatial and spectral resolutions requirem

ents

for some remote sensing applications in M

alaysia (2004-2006)




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Rem

ote

Sen

sin

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ith

Sm

all

Sate

llit

es

Rem

ote

Sen

sin

g w

ith

Sm

all

Sate

llit

es

Advantages of sm

all satellites (inclusive of

microsat) have long been realized for

Malaysia

�Initiated satellite program for EOS on m

icro-sat collab

oration w

ith

SSTL, launch

ed Tiungsatin Sep

t 2000

�Customized

mission to address national application needs; eg

Razak

satin N

eQoorbit

�Initiated national satellite programme(yet to be im

plemen

ted)

�Complimen

t of the operational satellite programmes




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Customized m

ission to specific applications, prioritized to

needs

�See 2004-2006 users needs (next slid

e)

Mission analysis (inclcost benefit analysis)

�Comprehensive inputs for users requirement

�Most critical requirement (design, economy)

Untapped intangibles from RS applications

GLC to ‘reduce gap’between agencies and industries to

expedite operational applications




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Rem

ote sensing applications in M

alaysia (2004-2006)




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Full extraction of inform

ation from

RS data -both tangible and

intangible inform

ation:

1)

Tangibles-Understanding remote

sensing as tool and not as

technology,

2)

Intangibles(majority of RS

applications) -extraction requires

the understanding of interaction of

EMR on the selected

targets/applications and the

technology.

target

incoming

backscatter

incoming

reflectance

target

emissions




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Applications

Tangibles

In tangibles

1.

Agriculture

1.

Land coverLand use

2.

Crop type mapping

1.

Precision Farm

ing

2.

Crop monitoring and

damage assessment

3.

Remote Sensing of

vegetation change

4.

Biomass mapping

5.

VegetationIndicies

6.

Forest Canopy Density

2.

Forestry

1.

Forest land use

2.

Clear-cut mapping and

deforestation

3.

Forest type mapping

1.

Species identification

2.

Burnt mapping

3.

Forest ecology change

detection

4.

Forest biomass

5.

Rehabilitation

3.

Urban

1.

Urban image maps

2.

Fine scale Land use/cover

3.

Residential

4.

Commercial & Services Land

use

5.

Industrial land use

6.

Transportation infrastructure

7.

Communication & Utilities

8.

Disaster emergency response

…./continue

RS

Ap

pli

cati

on

s i

n M

ala

ysia

R

S A

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licati

on

s i

n M

ala

ysia

––Tan

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les

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les

an

d U

nta

pp

ed

In

tan

gib

les

an

d U

nta

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ed

In

tan

gib

les




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Applications

Tangibles

In tangibles

4.

Marine &

Oceanography

1.

Visible coastal

features:

Shoreline

Coastal vegetation

1.

Coastal and ocean features

(digital)

2.

Ocean colour& phytoplankton

3.

Water quality & suspended

sediment concentration (SSC)

4.

Shallow bathymetry

5.

Sea surface temperature (SST)

6.

Satellite oceanography –

derivation of selected physical

Ocean parameters such as wave,

current, etc

5.

Soils, mineral,

geomorphology

1.

Soil characteristics

and taxonomy

(limited to few

parameters in non-

vegetated land)

2.

Visual analysis of

rocks and mineral

(non-vegetated in

temperate)

3.

Interpretative geology

and geomorphology

1.

Soil characteristics and

taxonomy

2.

Soil properties (emissivity,

moisture, acidity, particles, etc.)

3.

Rock and minerals analysis

using digital image analysis

4.

Geology and geomorphology

5.

Land slides risk mapping. etc

…./continue




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Applications

Tangibles

In tangibles

7.

Hydrology

1.

Delineation of flooded areas

2.

Landslides areas

3.

Surface water

1.

Flood susceptibility

studies

2.

Soil moisture

3.

Water yield (derived with

evaporation, and known

corresponding

precipitation and ground

water) for water resource

management

4.

Landslide risks

8.

Terrain

Mapping &

DEM

1.

Planimetric

base-mapping

2.

Ortho-rectified image map

3.

DEM generation

4.

Laser mapping

1.

DEM generation using

SAR data (radargrammetry,

Interferometry)

2.

Laser signatures for terrain

features

9.

Environment

1.

Haze detection & monitoring

2.

Natural disaster management

3.

SI mapping

4.

Aerosols and clouds

(Visible?)

5.

Oil spill detection &

monitoring

6.

Forest fire, hot spots

1.

Ecology studies due

landscape development

2.

Risk assessments

3.

TSP mappings

4.

Atm

ospheric chemistry




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Evapotranspiration

7.

Soil moisture

6.

Surface roughness

5.

Surface temperature

4.

Vegetation

-Chlorophyll concentration

-Biomass (green and dead)

-Foliar water content

-APAR (absorbed photosynthetically

active radiation)

-Foliar selected content

3.

Topographic / bathymetric

2.

X,Y, Z (selective) geographic location

1.

BIOPHYSICAL VARIABLES

…/continue




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Snow and sea ice

-extent and characteristics

11

Ocean

-colour, phytoplankton, biochemistry, sea surface height, current

10

BRDF (bidirectional reflectance distribution function)

9

Upper atmosphere

-Chemistry

-Temperature

-Wind speed & direction

-Energy inputs

8

BIOPHYSICAL VARIABLES




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Mo

st

crit

ical

req

uir

em

en

tsM

ost

crit

ical

req

uir

em

en

ts

Altitude, w

eight, power, co

mponen

t selection, design of

spac

e an

d ground system

, number of satellites, number

of ground stations, communications arch

itecture.

Survivab

ility

7.

Red

undan

cy, weight, power and propulsion budgets ,

componen

t selection

On-O

rbit lifetim

e6.

Pay

load

size an

d power, altitude

Transm

it Power

5.

attitude co

ntrol, orbital attitude knowledge, m

echan

ical

alignmen

ts, pay

load

precision, proce

ssing

Map

ping acc

uracy

4.

Pay

load

size, complexity, proce

ssing and thermal control,

altitude

Sen

sitivity

3.

Instrumen

t size, altitude, attitude co

ntrol

Resolution

2.

Numbers of satellites, inclinations, communication

Coverag

e / response

time

1.

What it affects

Req

uirem

ents




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Key R

eq

uir

em

en

ts o

f U

sers

Key R

eq

uir

em

en

ts o

f U

sers

Optimum for co

ntinuity

Survivab

ility

7.

Optimum for co

ntinuity

On-O

rbit lifetim

e6.

-Transm

it Power

5.

Operational req

uirem

ents

Map

ping accuracy

4.

High sen

sitivity and accuracy

Sen

sitivity

3.

High to low (large variation)

Resolution

2.

Near to real-time

Coverag

e / response

time

1.

Ideal needs

Req

uirem

ents




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Prio

rit

ize A

pp

licati

on

sP

rio

rit

ize A

pp

licati

on

s

1.

Natural Disaster Management

Rain-related disasters (flood,

landslides

Forest fires / smog from forest fires

and open burnings

2.

Environmental assessments /

monitoring of ESA

3.

Resource m

apping / m

onitoring

Illegal logging

Illegal forest exploration

Forest mapping

Application requirements

High-repeatability

High-resolution

Operational all weather

System requirements

Special constellation to

allow repeatability

Fine resolution

Active system

System ?

viable ?




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Prio

rit

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pp

licati

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sP

rio

rit

ize A

pp

licati

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s

Comprehensive application

priorities vsapplication

requirements and system

requirements is needed,

Considering Economic and

political factors

Considering regional

benefits

Priotize

applica

tions

Appl

require

System

require




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LIM

IT

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LIM

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Lack of “Comprehensive national policy”on

both satellite and remote sensing applications

�Yet to be ratified of “UN-led space laws and

policies”to cover both on the technology and

applications,

�Less coordinated interaction of related players and

industry -Satellite and Sensor Technology; Remote

Sensing Applications; and Private industry,

�Non-involvement of users into appropriate stages

of satellite development to ensure relevancy of

system –mission analysis, AO, calibration and

validation of products




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LIM

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Operational remote sensing applications have

been restricted due to various factors, including:

1.lack of remote sensing expertise in various

organizations which reduce aspects related to

operational remote sensing –

only tangible

inform

ation, leaving large intangible inform

ation yet

to be extracted,

2.lack of timely data for operational use, and

3.lack of national standards and procedures for

extraction of inform

ation and its relia

bility.




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1.More active Industry Participations:

�space applications including services for extracting of

inform

ation for various applications will be shared

equally by both government and private agencies

�Based on m

arket trends in regional market

�In fact, value added products are continuously

generated by the private sector to ensure

marketability and w

ider usage by the user community.




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�More active outsourcing of sim

ilar projects from

government agencies to private sector, due to better

linkage between both government and private sector –

GLC could assist reduce this G

AP !

�encourage development of remote sensing technology

and its applications within the private sector.

�More than current role of the private sector in selling of

remote sensing system (hardware and software), system’s

maintenance services and satellite data reselle

rs.




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2.

Estab

lishmen

t of Policy

/

“Comprehen

sive Policy

”is yet to be RATIFIE

D for

operationalizationof rem

ote sen

sing technology and its

applications at various levels in governmen

t ag

encies and

private sector

�governmen

t,

�co

mmercial-private sector effort,

�governmen

t-private sector co

operative effort, an

d

�international consortium.

Fav

ourable

policy

considering data acquisition for operational applications,

i.e. Spatial, spectral and tem

poral resolutions for various ap

plications in

addressing issues of im

portan

ce to decision m

akers. Involvem

entof

interactions of users and system

builders from m

ission analysis to post-

launch

activities.




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3.Establishment of standards / procedures for data

inform

ation extraction for various remote sensing

applications so that their reliability, uniform

ity and

integrity can be known and hence can be used as

expert opinion in accordance with United Nations

Remote Sensing Principles (Principle I to XV) and

other related space principles and treaties.

�Comprehensive user requirement for various applications.

�Central agency to verify, compile and disseminate

standards/procedures (e.g. through a special committee).




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4.

Continuous remote sensing programmes/projects at

federal, state and local government to assist decision

making in natural resource m

anagement, environmental

protection & conservation m

anagement and national

strategic planning.

�Identify and implement relevant programmesto cater

national needs.

�Identify user/mission long-term

requirements.

�suitable sensor systems.

�series of national satellite programmes.

�research opportunity programmes.




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5.

Real-time or near real-time data transmission

infrastructure to users so that timely data can be received

by users to assist in decision m

aking for operational

needs. Comprehensive requirement analysis for receiving

timely data should be established for each user agencies.

�Assessment of existing infrastructure to transmit data from

receiving station to users.

�Identify agency that will implement the m

echanism to

develop suitable infrastructure (e.g. fibre

optics, VSAT,

etc.).

�Build

the necessary infrastructure.

�Decentraliseddata acquisition ?




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6.Airborne remote sensing programmesshould be

strengthened to complement satellite

programmes. Tim

ely data for localize sites can

best be acquired by airborne m

issions.

�Identify user requirements.

�Identify suitable airborne sensor systems.

�Airborne remote sensing system as part of calib

ration/valid

ationof

satellite image products




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7.

Involvement of users in development of Data Capture

�Mission analysis

�Algorithm development and oversight of the instrument calibration

and the processing

interactions between users and instrument builders

needed from early stage to enable:

�input to engineering team during the design and build

of the

instrument;

�users understanding of instrument capabilities for developing

algorithm and to assist data quality of the resultant products are

optimized;

�Access to the documentation of the instrument characterization

and calibration and the instrument perform

ance throughout the

building stages




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Development of Segment, subsystem of RS satellite of

Development of Segment, subsystem of RS satellite of

interest to R&D&C User Community

interest to R&D&C User Community

Mission of

Program

Launch

service

spacecraft

Ground

Operations

structure

Therm

al

control

TT&C

Payload

Attitude

control

Power

system

Computer

systems

IRPS




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Development stages

User

optimize

Mission Analysis

Building of Sensor

•Engineering model

•Flight model

IRPS

•Product generations

•Validation of products

•Dissemination of data products

Downstream Applications

•Business entities

•(turnkey & operational)

Input to m

issions

Prioritized program

Insight of instru

for designing

algor

Refined design as

mission requirement

Refine of algorfor

any instrand

prod variations

Continuous inforon

instr

perform

ance

and product

validations

Applied research

on operational

applications and

development of

new applications

Input for instr

worthiness, future

missions, etc




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SU

MM

AR

YS

UM

MA

RY

The current status of remote sensing technology

applications at selected relevant user agencies are

reported;

Some viewpoints on O

pportunities and lim

itations of

Remote Sensing Applications on Small satellite are given;

Future outlook as part of priority settings for the

advancement of remote sensing applications on small

satellites are also highlig

hted for R&D&C and users

communities;

It is hoped that this presentation w

ill provide some initial

inform

ation for further discussion.

small remote sensing satellites for operational applications in … · 2007-12-19 · limitations...

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