small scalebiomassgasification– challengesand …€¢ biomass gasification ... and micro‐scale...

36
Kari Pieniniemi Phil.Lic. (Chem) Centria Univeristy of Applied Sciences Ylivieska Smallscale biomass gasification – Challenges and opportunities?

Upload: vuanh

Post on 06-Jul-2018

219 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Small scalebiomassgasification– Challengesand …€¢ Biomass gasification ... and micro‐scale biomass‐fuelled CHP systems –A literature review. 2009, pp. 2119 ... gasification

Kari PieniniemiPhil.Lic. (Chem)

Centria Univeristy of Applied SciencesYlivieska

Small‐scale biomass gasification –Challenges and opportunities?

Page 2: Small scalebiomassgasification– Challengesand …€¢ Biomass gasification ... and micro‐scale biomass‐fuelled CHP systems –A literature review. 2009, pp. 2119 ... gasification

Content of presentation• Climate Change is a Global Challenge • Renewable Energy is the answer• Biomass gasification

– Small‐scale biomass gasification• Gasification Strengths and Weaknesses

– Technical barriers • Centria Pilot R&D Gasifier21.11.2013 2

Page 3: Small scalebiomassgasification– Challengesand …€¢ Biomass gasification ... and micro‐scale biomass‐fuelled CHP systems –A literature review. 2009, pp. 2119 ... gasification

Climate Change is a Global Challenge 

21.11.2013 3

CO2 is the primary greenhouse gasHuman activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels release large amounts of carbon to the atmosphere

"20‐20‐20" targets, set three key objectives for 2020:• A 20% reduction in EU greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 levels;

• Raising the share of EU energy consumption produced from renewable resources to 20%;

• A 20% improvement in the EU's energy efficiency.On 27 March 2013, the European Commission adopted a Green Paper on "A 2030 framework for climate and energy policies".http://ec.europa.eu/energy/green_paper_2030_en.htm

Renewable energy (RES) is the answer

Energy Roadmap 2050 to low carbon economy in 2050• RES in energy consumption 75 % in 2050• RES in electricity consumption reaching 97 %higher energy efficiency and shares of renewables are necessary to meet the CO2 targets in 2050

Energy roadmap 2050 (COM(2011) 885 final of 15 December 2011)

IPCC. 2007. IPCC Fourth Assessment Report. Working Group I Report The Physical Science Basis. Summary for Policy Makers, s. 3. 

Page 4: Small scalebiomassgasification– Challengesand …€¢ Biomass gasification ... and micro‐scale biomass‐fuelled CHP systems –A literature review. 2009, pp. 2119 ... gasification

Renewable Energy is the answer

21.11.2013 4

GAS; 21%

Re‐newables; 

13 % 

Nuclear; 6%COAL; 25%

OIL; 35%

8%

15%

77 %50 EJ

Renewables

BioenergyHydropowerOther renewables

4%9%

87 %    43 EJ

Bioenergy

Wood BiomassAgricultural Crops & By‐productsMunicipal & Industrial WasteWorld Primary Energy mixture

100 % = 500 EJ (eksajoule = 1018J)

Page 5: Small scalebiomassgasification– Challengesand …€¢ Biomass gasification ... and micro‐scale biomass‐fuelled CHP systems –A literature review. 2009, pp. 2119 ... gasification

Renewable Energy is the answer

21.11.2013 5

• R&D to reduce energy unit costs• Realistic perception of resource availability• Sustainable production and closed carbon cycle

• Recognize cost gap between renewable and  fossil fuels

• resulting market failure requires policy measures

For the R&D community

20% Renewables means 2/3 Bioenergy

Overall

“The stone age did not end for the lack of stones and the oil age will end long before the world runs out of oil”

Finally..

Sheiikh Zaki Yamani former Saudi Arabia Oil minister

For policy makes

• higher cost cannot be compensated by public subsidies

• In a level playing field industry will take over

Message to consumers 

But there are Challenges …. 

Page 6: Small scalebiomassgasification– Challengesand …€¢ Biomass gasification ... and micro‐scale biomass‐fuelled CHP systems –A literature review. 2009, pp. 2119 ... gasification

Renewable Energy is the answer

21.11.2013 6* Hans Sohlström, Vice President UPM‐ Kymmene Corporation, Finland presentation in 18th European Biomass Conference 2010 Lyon France

BIOENERGY AND BIOFUELS are an opportunity for the FinnishForest Industry*

1G FirstGeneration

2G SecondGeneration

HIGHBIO2

www.chydenius.fi/en/natural‐sciences/research/highbio2

Page 7: Small scalebiomassgasification– Challengesand …€¢ Biomass gasification ... and micro‐scale biomass‐fuelled CHP systems –A literature review. 2009, pp. 2119 ... gasification

Biomass utilization technologiesTechnology/Process State‐of the Art Main Challenges

CombustionCommercial available, low efficiency at small scale

Feedstock variability, feedstock contamination, combustion stability

Gasification Demonstration scale, Earlycommercialisation stage

Cost reduction, gas quality

Anaerobic digestionCommercial status but high costs, low efficiency and low yield

Scale‐up, cost reduction and use of mixed wastes

Processes to bio‐diesel

Proven technology, high cost and low yield

Cost reduction and continuous production

Fermentation to bio‐ethanol

Commercial status, high cost, low yield

Cost reduction, higher yield

21.11.2013 7

Page 8: Small scalebiomassgasification– Challengesand …€¢ Biomass gasification ... and micro‐scale biomass‐fuelled CHP systems –A literature review. 2009, pp. 2119 ... gasification

Biomass gasification

21.11.2013 8

Biomass gasification is a promising, energy‐efficient technology for renewable energy generation

Gasification: Thermal conversion of biomass into a low calorific to medium‐ calorific value combustible gas 

Producer gas: The mixture of gases produced by the gasification of biomass at relatively low temperatures (700 to 1000 °C)

• can be burned in a boiler for heat production, or• in an internal combustion (IC) gas engine for combined heat and electricity  (CHP)

Synthesis gas (Syngas): • Mainly carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2)• Can be transferred to synthetic natural gas (SNG) orsynthetic diesel (Fischer‐Tropsch synthesis) or use as a feedstock in production of green chemicals

• Gasification in higher temperatures• Cleaning of the producer gas

Page 9: Small scalebiomassgasification– Challengesand …€¢ Biomass gasification ... and micro‐scale biomass‐fuelled CHP systems –A literature review. 2009, pp. 2119 ... gasification

Gasification stage gas composition: Carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2), methane (CH4) light hydrocarbons , water vapour (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen (N2), tar vapor, and ash particles

Biomass gasification

21.11.2013 9

Gasification is one stage in the thermal biomassconversion process*

*H.A.M. Knoef (Ed,.) (2005) Handbook Biomass Gasification, . ISBN 90‐810068‐1‐9,  p. 13

Tar content • 100 g/Nm3 in an updraft gasifier, • 10 g/Nm3 in a fluidized bed gasifier and • 1g/Nm3 in a downdraft gasifier. (Neeft, 1999)

Page 10: Small scalebiomassgasification– Challengesand …€¢ Biomass gasification ... and micro‐scale biomass‐fuelled CHP systems –A literature review. 2009, pp. 2119 ... gasification

Small‐scale biomass gasification• Small‐scale CHP (combined heat and power) units for heat and electricity production

• Production of biofuels and chemicals

Downdraft gasification is ideal for small scale CHP production up to about 1 MWth

There are about 50 commercial gasification plant manufacturers in Europe, USA and in Canada from which • 75% were fixed‐bed downdraft type, • 20% fluidized‐bed systems, • 2.5% fixed bed updraft type, and • 2.5% were of various other designs 

21.11.2013 10

Product gas or synthesis gas can be used in 

Small‐scale* CHP electrical power < 100 kW Micro‐scale CHP electric capacity < 15 kWe

*Dong L., Liu H. and Riffat S. 2009. Development of small‐scale and micro‐scale biomass‐fuelled CHP systems –A literature review. 2009, pp. 2119–2126

Page 11: Small scalebiomassgasification– Challengesand …€¢ Biomass gasification ... and micro‐scale biomass‐fuelled CHP systems –A literature review. 2009, pp. 2119 ... gasification

21.11.2013 11

Markets for small scale CHP

Small scale CHP has growing markets in Europe and other OECD countries

Energy‐intensive industries (metals, cement etc.) has a strong needs to diversify fuel consumption and reduce energy costs & CO2 emissions (Climate Change)

1. Biomass CHP Power Plants

2. Carbon‐free Gas for Industry

3. Decentralized Power 

Remote areas are affected by high‐increasing prices of fossil fuel for power production based on diesel generators

Small‐scale biomass gasification

Page 12: Small scalebiomassgasification– Challengesand …€¢ Biomass gasification ... and micro‐scale biomass‐fuelled CHP systems –A literature review. 2009, pp. 2119 ... gasification

Small‐scale biomass gasification

21.11.2013 12

Page 13: Small scalebiomassgasification– Challengesand …€¢ Biomass gasification ... and micro‐scale biomass‐fuelled CHP systems –A literature review. 2009, pp. 2119 ... gasification

21.11.2013 13

Small‐Scale Biomass Gasification, XYLOWATT

XYLOWATT (www.xylowatt.com)• Biomass gasification CHP manufacturer and turnkey provider from Belgium

• aims to be a strong international actor in the small‐scale Woodgas CHP (0,1—10 MWe)

• LHV 5,4 MJ/Nm3

• High quality syngas (< 10 mg/Nm3 tar, < 10 °C,  water free)

Fully automated plant—High efficiency with syngas use in IC engine (75% total efficiency, 25% net electrical efficiency)

— Flexibility for the operation (100% woodgas or 100% NG)— Fully automatic, instantaneous power regulation, totally remote controlled

1 950 MWh/yr of electricity  3 900 MWh/yr of heat Saves 1644 CO2 Tons/yr Uses 600 odt/yr of wood

*Handbook Biomass Gasification (2012) H.A.M. Knoef (Ed,.), Chapter 2 Success stories on biomass gasification p 20. ISBN 978‐90‐819385‐0‐1

A Success Story*

Page 14: Small scalebiomassgasification– Challengesand …€¢ Biomass gasification ... and micro‐scale biomass‐fuelled CHP systems –A literature review. 2009, pp. 2119 ... gasification

21.11.2013 14

Kempele Ecovillage since 2009, Volter Oy

A Success Story

One liter of oil can be replaceby 2 kg of dry wood

Wood gas is fed to IC engineconnected to generator to produce electricity

The electricity and heat for the ten houses in KempeleEcovillage are produced by a CHP‐plant in the village using Volter's wood gasification technology

http://www.volter.fi/etusivu

Page 15: Small scalebiomassgasification– Challengesand …€¢ Biomass gasification ... and micro‐scale biomass‐fuelled CHP systems –A literature review. 2009, pp. 2119 ... gasification

Gasification and direct combustion have a number of general strengths and weaknessesStrengths Weaknesses

Gasification

Lower NOx, CO, and particulate emissionsPotential for more efficient conversion process when generating powerVirtual elimination of water needs if generating power without a steam turbine

Technology is in the development and demonstration phaseNeed fuel with rather low size distributionand moisture content

Direct Combustion

Proven, simple, lower‐cost technologyEquipment is widely available, complete with warrantiesFuel flexibility in moisture and size People comfortable with technology

Greater NOx, CO, and particulate emissionsInefficient conversion process whengenerating power alone—some advanced designs are improving efficiencyRequires water if generating power with a steam turbine

Gasification Strengths and Weaknesses

21.11.2013 15

Page 16: Small scalebiomassgasification– Challengesand …€¢ Biomass gasification ... and micro‐scale biomass‐fuelled CHP systems –A literature review. 2009, pp. 2119 ... gasification

Gasification Strengths and Weaknesses

21.11.2013 16

Potential Health, Safety and Environmental aspects of gasification plants*

Guideline for Safe and Eco‐friendly BiomassGasification

http://www.gasification‐guide.eu/

Health, safety and environmental (HSE) issues are found an important barrier to the market uptake of biomass gasification technology

Risk assessment in biomass gasification is becoming increasingly  important all over the world

*H.A.M. Knoef (Ed.) Handbook Biomass Gasification 2nd Ed. (2012) . ISBN 978‐90‐819385‐0‐1,  p. 374 ‐ 432

Page 17: Small scalebiomassgasification– Challengesand …€¢ Biomass gasification ... and micro‐scale biomass‐fuelled CHP systems –A literature review. 2009, pp. 2119 ... gasification

Gasification Strengths and Weaknesses

21.11.2013 17

Producer gas properties regarding to HSE aspects

Small‐scale biomass gasifiers operate normally with air as a gasification agent => gas composition differs largely from other gases like biogas or natural gas

• desired products: permanent gas (H2, CO, CH4, CO2, N2) and ashes with low remainingcarbon content

• undesired products: particulate matter, dust, soot, inorganic (alkali metals), H2S, COS, NH3, HCN, HCl and organic pollutants(tars or PAH compounds)

Typical characteristics of producer gas compared to other gases

Parameter  Producer gas 

Biogas  Natural gas

CO (vol %)  12‐20  <1  <0.5H2 (vol %)  15‐35  <1  <0.5CH4 (vol%)  1‐5 50‐75  90‐99CO2 (vol %)  10‐15  20‐50  <1N2 (vol%)  40‐50  <1  <1Heating value MJ/Nm3 4.8‐6.4  18‐26  35Explosion range (vol%)  5‐59  3‐14  4.5‐15Air to gas ratio  1.1‐1.5  5‐7.5  10

Page 18: Small scalebiomassgasification– Challengesand …€¢ Biomass gasification ... and micro‐scale biomass‐fuelled CHP systems –A literature review. 2009, pp. 2119 ... gasification

Gasification Strengths and Weaknesses

21.11.2013 18

Explosion levels and combustion pressure

Gas composition  1st stage  2nd stageTar components  0.04 mole/mole 0.02 mole/moleMole weight  24.3 kg/kmol  22.3 kg/kmolStoichiometric combustion air mole air/ mole gas 

3.00 mole air/ mole gas 

1.59 mole air/ mole gas

LEL  0.104  0.12UEL  0.395  0.62Deflagration pressure at 15°C  6.6 barg 6.1 bargFlame temperature at 15°C  1695 °C  1575 °CDeflagration pressure at 500 °C  3.4 barg 2.5 bargFlame temperature at 500°C  2480 °C  1820 °C

The following analysis comes from a two‐stage gasification plant. The first stage is evaporation and pyrolysis of wood chips by indirect heating. The second stage is pyrolysis of gases by direct heating with combustion products.

Page 19: Small scalebiomassgasification– Challengesand …€¢ Biomass gasification ... and micro‐scale biomass‐fuelled CHP systems –A literature review. 2009, pp. 2119 ... gasification

21.11.2013 19

Gasification Strengths and WeaknessesGuideline for Safe and Eco‐friendly Biomass GasificationRiskAnalyzer computer program

The Guideline is intended to be a training tool and a resource for workers and  employers to safely design, fabricate, construct, operate and maintain small‐scale biomass gasification facilities (up to about 1 MWe)

http://www.gasification‐guide.eu/

Page 20: Small scalebiomassgasification– Challengesand …€¢ Biomass gasification ... and micro‐scale biomass‐fuelled CHP systems –A literature review. 2009, pp. 2119 ... gasification

Tars in producer gas is the largest single problem that has to be overcome in order  to commercialize gasification processes

Gasification Tehnical Barriers

21.11.2013 20

In Large Scale: “Two of the most important operational barriers for both the BFBG and CFBG are the risk for defluidisation and the presence of tar in the product gas.”

Most important way to avoiding condensation is to maintain the gas above the tar dew point (~ 400 °C)

Ref: Stefan Heyne, Truls Liliedahl, Magnus Marklund,(2013) Biomass gasification ‐ a synthesis of technical barriers and current research issues for deployment at large scale (f3 2013:5)

requirements on product gas purification are very high to prevent poisoning of the catalysts. 

In Production of fuels and chemicals from the syngas As soon as the temperature of the 

producer gas drops below the dew point, tars will form aerosols or directly condense on the inner surfaces of the equipment, resulting in plugging and fouling of pipes, tubes, and other componentsdownstream the gasifier.

In Energy Production

Internal combustion (IC) engines and synthesis applications  require cooling of the gas  before use 

Page 21: Small scalebiomassgasification– Challengesand …€¢ Biomass gasification ... and micro‐scale biomass‐fuelled CHP systems –A literature review. 2009, pp. 2119 ... gasification

Tar free producer gas can be achieved in many ways. 

Gasification Technical Barriers

21.11.2013 21

Physical methods used for removing condensed tar aerosols are same used in removing particles; wet scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators, etc.

Thermal and catalytic methods

Tar cleaning

Page 22: Small scalebiomassgasification– Challengesand …€¢ Biomass gasification ... and micro‐scale biomass‐fuelled CHP systems –A literature review. 2009, pp. 2119 ... gasification

Tar cleaning

OLGA: Oil Scrubber

The occurrence of tars in producer gas is still the single largest problem that has to be overcome beforecommercialize gasification processes for various purposes

There are two main strategies for dealing with the tar once it is present in the producer gas:• removal and use and • in situ conversion

Removal and use, OLGA process

OLGA has been developed by the Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN)

The washing and absorption media (“oil”) is fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) produced by the transesterificationof triglycerides from plants (bio‐diesel)

OLGA operates in the temperature range wheretars condense, but water doesn’t (above the dew point of water)

Gasification Technical Barriers

21.11.2013 22

Page 23: Small scalebiomassgasification– Challengesand …€¢ Biomass gasification ... and micro‐scale biomass‐fuelled CHP systems –A literature review. 2009, pp. 2119 ... gasification

Condensation step: • Inlet temperature of the gas can be up to 350 °C•Gas is cooled down by the recirculating oil, which washes out the condensed heavy tars

• Part of the oil/tar mixture is returned to the gasifier•WESP is used to remove droplets of tars and oil from the gas

Light tar absorber:• Absorber temperature is just above the water dew pointStripper:• Absorbed tars and oil are fed into a stripper where the light tars are stripped off by hot air• Regenerated oil (FAME)is fed back to the absorber

Gasification Technical Barriers

21.11.2013 23

Removal and use, OLGA process

Tar cleaning

Page 24: Small scalebiomassgasification– Challengesand …€¢ Biomass gasification ... and micro‐scale biomass‐fuelled CHP systems –A literature review. 2009, pp. 2119 ... gasification

In situ conversion

tars are converted in the producer gas by some kind of thermal or catalytic process

Gasification Technical Barriers

21.11.2013 24

Catalytic tar crackingBasic catalysts, such as dolomite, magnesite, and olivine, must be calcinated into oxides (activation)• high temperature (>700°C) and low pressure (<10 bars)

• tar‐cracking catalysts convert tars into synthesis gas (i.e., CO, CO2, and H2) but not into the lower hydrocarbons

Catalytic steam reforming

catalyst of metallic nickel (Ni)water is consumed during the reaction

⇌ 3

reforming temperatures of ~850 °C and steam/carbon ratios 3nickel‐based catalyst is very sensitive to contaminants, especially sulphur

Tar cleaning

Page 25: Small scalebiomassgasification– Challengesand …€¢ Biomass gasification ... and micro‐scale biomass‐fuelled CHP systems –A literature review. 2009, pp. 2119 ... gasification

Producer gas contains dust, ash, tars, and other contaminants and needs to be cleaned before use.

Tar, dust and ash removal

• Cyclones are standard equipment in producer gas treatment. 

• Cyclones generally remove particles from 1 mm down to 5 m in size and work with dry particulates

Cyclones

Candle filtersCandle filters consist of a porous metallic or ceramic filter material that allows gases to pass but not the particulates

Candle filters can be operated at temperatures up to 500 °C and can effectively remove particles in the 0.5–100 mm range

Bag filtersBag filters are made of polymeric, ceramic, or natural fibresThey operate like candle filter and are regularly vibrated or back‐flushed to remove the built‐up filter cake. The maximum operation temperature of a bag filter is approximately 350 °C

• Cyclones can operate at actual gas temperatures (up to 900–1000 °C) to avoid cooling the gas

• Cyclones can be used in series as  multi‐cyclone

Gasification Technical Barriers

21.11.2013 25

Page 26: Small scalebiomassgasification– Challengesand …€¢ Biomass gasification ... and micro‐scale biomass‐fuelled CHP systems –A literature review. 2009, pp. 2119 ... gasification

In an electrostatic precipitator, ash and dust particles receive a negative electric charge when they pass an electrode connected to a high voltage source (10–100 kV DC).

Electrostatic precipitator (ESP)

Electrostatic precipitators can be operated at temperatures up to approximately 400 °C. Collected dust must regularly be removed by vibration

Wet electrostatic precipitators (WESP)WESP are also used to remove oil droplets (FAME) released by oil scrubbers used for tar removal

Gasification Technical Barriers

21.11.2013 26

In a small scale biomass gasification power plant for IC engine tar and ash particles are filtered from the gas stream using

Small- scale biomass CHP

o Cyclone to remove coarse particles o Scrubber for removal of tar, some dust particles and gas cooling 

o Catalytic tar cracking unitso Course filters made of packed beds of porous materials o Fine filters made from fabric material for removal of very fine particles

Typically producer gas is cooled to about 35 °Co increases density => increase in the engine power output 

o lowers thermal efficiency o increases need for waste water treatment (harmful e.g. phenols )

Tar, dust and ash removal

Page 27: Small scalebiomassgasification– Challengesand …€¢ Biomass gasification ... and micro‐scale biomass‐fuelled CHP systems –A literature review. 2009, pp. 2119 ... gasification

Centria Pilot R&D Gasifier

Page 28: Small scalebiomassgasification– Challengesand …€¢ Biomass gasification ... and micro‐scale biomass‐fuelled CHP systems –A literature review. 2009, pp. 2119 ... gasification

21.11.2013

Fuels used in the gasification Solid, air dried wood chips is normally used as a fuel in the gasification process

• size of the chips 0 to 100 mm and• moisture content can be up to 40 vol‐%

• CENTRIA Gasifier is  based on patented EK gasifier (GasEK)o Downdraft gasifiero IC engine CHPo Stirling engine CHP

• Used in HighBio2 research project

Centria Pilot R&D Gasifier

Power Tar concentration of the product gas  (dry, STP: 0°C, 1 atm) 

9 kWe 24 ± 5 mg/Nm3Low tar content

28

Page 29: Small scalebiomassgasification– Challengesand …€¢ Biomass gasification ... and micro‐scale biomass‐fuelled CHP systems –A literature review. 2009, pp. 2119 ... gasification

Centria Pilot R&D Gasifier

21.11.2013

1. Wood chip storage2. Wood chip screw conveyor3. Gasifier4. Raw gas pipe 5. Scrubbers6. Water tank7. Ash barrel8. Engine 8.4 liter9. Generator 50 kW10. Startup pipe11. Exhaust pipe12. Heat exchanger for exhaust 

gas13. Cooler14. Heat exchanger

29

Centria Pilot Gasifier is a Small Scale CHP based on wood gasification

Page 30: Small scalebiomassgasification– Challengesand …€¢ Biomass gasification ... and micro‐scale biomass‐fuelled CHP systems –A literature review. 2009, pp. 2119 ... gasification

21.11.2013

Stirling engine CHP

Solo Stirling‐engine electric power 9 kWe . thermal power 26 kWth ´From left Yrjö Muilu and students  Kauko Jarva and  Mauri Niskanen

Centria Pilot R&D GasifierGas engine CHP

• Downdraft gasifier and • 8 cylinder 5,4 L gas engine• Electric power 20 kWe• Thermal power 50 kWth

30

Page 31: Small scalebiomassgasification– Challengesand …€¢ Biomass gasification ... and micro‐scale biomass‐fuelled CHP systems –A literature review. 2009, pp. 2119 ... gasification

Centria Pilot R&D Gasifier

21.11.2013 31

Measured flue gas component

Measured flue gas composition

Concentration (dry, STP 0°C, 1 atm) mg/Nm3

O2 0.4 vol% ‐

CO2 17 vol%  ‐

CO 568 ppm  170 

SO2 8 ppm 25 

NOx 162 ppm 332 

Emissions of the IC engine* Emissions of the Stigling engine**

*MuiluY.,Pieniniemi K.,Granö U.‐P.&LassiU(2010) ANovelApproachtoBiomassGasificationinaDowndraftGasifier.In:Proceedingsofthe18thEuropeanBiomassConferenceandExhibition,2010inLyon,ISBN‐10:8889407565,ISBN‐13:978‐8889407561pp.688‐692.

**Pieniniemi K.,MuiluY.andUllaLassi(2013)Micro‐CHPBasedonBiomassGasificationinaDowndraftGasifier andStirlingEngine. In:Proceedingsofthe21stEuropeanBiomassConferenceandExhibition,2013inCopenhagen,ISBN:978‐88‐89407‐53‐0,DOI10.5071/21stEUBCE2013‐2CV.3.21.pp.814– 819

Measuredflue gascomponent

Measuredflue gascomposition

Concentration(dry, 6% O2, STP 0°C, 1 atm) mg/Nm3

O2 4,10 vol% ‐

CO2 16,6 vol% ‐

CO 9 ppm  10

SO2 0,2 ppm 0,4

NOx 22,5 ppm 41

Page 32: Small scalebiomassgasification– Challengesand …€¢ Biomass gasification ... and micro‐scale biomass‐fuelled CHP systems –A literature review. 2009, pp. 2119 ... gasification

32

Main task of the CENTRIA R&D in HIGHBIO2 research project is to support the local, decentralized small‐scale heat and power production  by research and development work in co‐operation with the partner universities Focus of the research in CENTRIA R&D is

o on improving controllability of the gasification process and o on online analysis of the produced syngas and flue gases

Partners and Funding:

21.11.2013

Page 33: Small scalebiomassgasification– Challengesand …€¢ Biomass gasification ... and micro‐scale biomass‐fuelled CHP systems –A literature review. 2009, pp. 2119 ... gasification

Video

21.11.2013 33

VTT ‐ Biomass and Waste Gasification, from R&D to industrial success (20.9.2013)  (YouTube)

VTT‐ Gasification of Waste technologies (15.05.2013) (YouTube) 

Page 34: Small scalebiomassgasification– Challengesand …€¢ Biomass gasification ... and micro‐scale biomass‐fuelled CHP systems –A literature review. 2009, pp. 2119 ... gasification

Wood  biomass  remains  the  main  energy source for  widespread  biomass  powered  CHP  systems at small and micro‐scale

Gasification of biomass using a gas engine (or gas turbine) presents interest possibility for small to medium scale co-generation

The Stirling Engine coupled with a gasifier is an interesting option for distributed CHP and should be available very soon

Conclusion - Future for Small-Scale Biomass Cogeneration

21.11.2013 34

Tars are still the single largest problem that has to be overcome before commercialize gasification processes

Page 35: Small scalebiomassgasification– Challengesand …€¢ Biomass gasification ... and micro‐scale biomass‐fuelled CHP systems –A literature review. 2009, pp. 2119 ... gasification

21.11.2013 35

Page 36: Small scalebiomassgasification– Challengesand …€¢ Biomass gasification ... and micro‐scale biomass‐fuelled CHP systems –A literature review. 2009, pp. 2119 ... gasification

Advantages and disadvantages of decentralised electricity production

21.11.2013 36

Advantages  Disadvantages

Reduced emissions from fossil fuels  Increased complexity for connectivity

Reduced transmission losses  Lower output efficiency

Reduced transmission infrastructure  Higher capital and generation costs

Increased reliability of power supply  Need for regulation of power quality

Creation of employment  Labour intensive

Encourages CHP generation Possible high reliance upon natural gas

Usage of a broader range of (renewable) fuels Higher maintenance costs

Enhanced fault tolerance

Greater research and innovation opportunities