small wind in the global southwindempowerment.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/...2016/10/03 ·...

Small Wind in The Global

South:

How Research at Strathclyde

University Can Contribute to Solving

the Energy Access Crisis

Jon Sumanik-Leary - [email protected]

Wind Empowerment Coordinator

Thursday 10th MarchRoyal College Building, Strathclyde University,

Glasgow1

Jon Sumanik-Leary

[email protected] College Building, Strathclyde University,

Glasgow2

EWB Sheffield Branch Project

Outline

• The energy access crisis

• Small wind for rural development• Key challenges and rewards

• The Wind Empowerment association• Working Groups• Research conducted to date

• Malawi Market Assessment

• How can research at Strathclyde University contribute?

• Open discussion: Strathclyde-based Wind Empowerment research group?

Thursday 10th March [email protected] 3

The energy

access crisis


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The energy access

crisis


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• PIC OF KEROSENE LAMP

• PIC OF GRID EXTENSION

• PIC OF DIESEL GENERATOR

UN: SE4All & SDG7

• SDG7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all


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Small wind for

rural development


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Economics


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• Lower $/kWh than PV (on a good site)

Leary et al. (2012), based on ESMAP (2007) data

$0.00

$0.20

$0.40

$0.60

$0.80

10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000100000000 1E+09

Le

ve

lis

ed

Co

st

of

En

erg

y (

US

$/k

Wh

)

Capacity

PV

Wind

PV-Wind Hybrid

Hydro

Diesel

Grid (500MW Coal)

10W 1kW 100kW 10MW 1GW

Diversity in power

generation sources

0

50

100

150

200

250

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

En

erg

y y

ield

(k

Wh

/mo

nth

)

PV

Piggott 3N

Sumanik-Leary et al. (2013)

20-22/1/16 CEM Wind & Solar Training, Lilongwe, Malawi 13

3Tier

(2011)

(EGG-energy, 2013).

• High spatial and temporal variation

Wind resource

Ranaboldo et al. (2013)

Wind resource


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4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6

Annual Average Radiation (kWh/m2/day)

Leve

lise

d G

ener

atin

g C

ost

($

/kW

h)

Mean annual wind speed (m/s)

1kW Wind Local Manufacture(blueEnergy BD4)

1kW PV with MPPT Imported(SuniSolar & Ecami)

𝑃 = 1 2𝜌𝐴𝑉3

Marandin et al. (2013)

Maintenance

2009 2010 2011 2012

Leary et al. (2012)

Local manufacture

The Clean Energy Company, Mozambique

• Small wind has a role to play in rural electrification, but a much smaller role than solar PV

• Rewards:• Local manufacture

• Diversity in power generation sources

• Challenges:• Resource availability

• Social infrastructure• Maintenance services

• Resource assessment

• How can this potential be achieved?

Summary

The Wind

Empowerment

association


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• Association for the development of locally built small wind turbines for sustainable rural electrification.

• 2011: Founded in Dakar, Senegal

• 2014: WEAthens2014

• 2016: Registered as a UK Charitable Incorporated Organisation

• Membership:• 40+ organisations in

25+ countries• 1000+ individual

participants

What is Wind

Empowerment (WE)?

How does WE work?


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How does WE work?


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How does WE work?

• WindEmpowerment.org• Discussion forums• News articles• Databases• Library

• Working Groups• Knowledge sharing• Collaborative research projects

• Events• World Social Forum, Dakar, Senegal, 2011• WEAthens2014• Measurement WG Development Week, Toulouse, France, 2015• Education WG Conference, Luxembourg, 2016• WEPatagonia2016


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Technology WG

• Performance measurements without a wind tunnel or test site?


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Wind turbine and tower clamped

to truck

Upper section holding pipes

Turbine Tail

Anemometer 1(Data Logger)

Anemometer 2(Manual data)

Battery Bank

To pulse channel

7ah 12V

battery for data logger

Power supply

+ -

2, 12V 200Ah Battery

+ -

Dc Bus Bars

Three Phase Bridge rectifier

Unit

Current

Sensor

+12V

-12V

DP2

DP1

Current Sensor Circuit

Voltage Sensor Circuit

Frequency Sensor Circuit

Resistances R1:3.3K

R2: 6.8K R3:1.4K R4: 20k R5: 10K

R1

R2

R3

R4

R5

CapacitancesC1: 20uF

DP1: Differential Probe 1 (50x)DP2: Differential Probe 2 (50X)

F

C

V

W

F: FrequencyC: CurrentV: Voltage

W: Wind Speed

0

200

400

600

800

1000

0

50

100

150

200

250

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Ro

taio

nal

Sp

ee

d (

RP

M)

Po

we

r (W

atts

)

Wind speed (m/s)

Battery Power (Watt)

Turbine Speed (RPM)

• Open-source methodology• Nicaragua, Ethiopia, Malawi

Market Assessment

WG

RENEWABLE RESOURCES FILTER

LGC comparison for each municipalitySolar resource

Existing

transportation

infrastructure

Scale (100W,

1kW, 10kW)

Wind resource

Hydro resource

Solar energy

systems model

Wind energy

systems model

LGCPV

LGCSW

T

Municipalities

without hydro

potential

where LGCSWT

< LGCPV

Remove

municipalities

with sufficient

hydro

resources

INPUTS PROCESSES OUTPUTS

All municipalities

Remove

municipalities

where LGCSWT

< LGCPV

• SWT maintenance requirements >> PV

• Local capacity essential

• Maintenance manual

Maintenance WG

Delivery Models WG

• Bengherbi (2016)• MSc Thesis at Centre for Alternative Technologies


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Chiroque (2008)

Bennet et al. (2011)

• Knowledge transfer• Training manuals

• Practical wind turbine construction courses• Piggott’s design ideal for teaching

• Ownership & capacity for long-term sustainability

Education WG

Measurement WG

Development Week, Toulouse, France, April 2015

Aim: to advance the collaborative development of an open-source datalogger for small wind applications

Achievements:

• Local and international experts ran practical masterclasses

• Digital technologies employed to enable remote participation

• Working prototype measuring performance of SWT powering workshop space

• Collaborative platform (GitHub) for continued development established

Local technical college lecturer Jean-Marc speaking on source electronics development tools.

Wind Empowerment member organisations directly involved with the development of the open-source datalogger.

Peer reviewed journal

publications by WE

members

• Domenech, B. et al., 2014. A community electrification project: Combination of microgrids and household systems fed by wind, PV or micro-hydro energies according to micro-scale resource evaluation and social constraints. Energy for Sustainable Development, 23, pp.275–285.

• Ghimire, P. et al., 2010. Kathmandu Alternative Power and Energy Group: Our Experience in Promotion of Low Cost Wind Energy Technology in Nepal. Wind Engineering, 34(3), pp.313–324.

• K. Latoufis P. Kotsampopoulos, N. Hatziargyriou, G.M., 2012. Axial flux permanent magnet generator design for low cost manufacturing of small wind turbines. Wind Engineering, 36(4).

• Kamp, L.M. & Vanheule, L.F.I., 2015. Review of the small wind turbine sector in Kenya: Status and bottlenecks for growth. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 49, pp.470–480.

• Mishnaevsky Jr, L. et al., 2011. Small wind turbines with timber blades for developing countries: Materials choice, development, installation and experiences. Renewable Energy, 36(8), pp.2128–2138.

• Monteiro, J.P. et al., 2013. Wind tunnel testing of a horizontal axis wind turbine rotor and comparison with simulations from two Blade Element Momentum codes. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 123, Part (0), pp.99–106.

• Oliva, R.B., 2008. Simulation and measurement procedures for effective isolated wind and hybrid system development in south Patagonia. Energy for Sustainable Development, 12(2), pp.17–26.

• Ranaboldo, M., Ferrer-Martí, L. & Velo, E., 2013. Micro-scale wind resource assessment for off-grid electrification projects in rural communities. A case study in Peru. International Journal of Green Energy.

• ...


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Example of WE

Affiliated Research

• Hosman (2012)• Master’s thesis at TU Delft,

Netherlands

• Wind tunnel testing• Performance evaluation

• Redesign of blades to simplify manufacture


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WE Members:

Research Institutions

• National University of Southern Patagonia (UNPA), Argentina (application in Progress)

• National Industrial Technological Institute (INTI), Argentina

• RurERG, National Technological University of Athens (NTUA), Greece,

• CIFRES, Polytechnic University of Dakar, Senegal

• Polytechnic University of Catalunya(UPC/BarcelonaTech), Spain

• WISIONS, Wuppertal Institute, Germany


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Malawi Market

Assessment

• Partners:

• Research Q:• What contribution (if any) could

small wind turbines make to CEM’s solar PV electrification initiatives in Malawi?


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Malawi MA:

Methodology

• STAGE I: Learning from existing initiatives• CEM PV, GoM PV-wind hybrid, SfM SWT

• STAGE II: Quantifying the market potential• Techno-economic spatial modelling to test

scalability of PV-wind hybrid community micro-grids with productive applications

• Output:• Location of most viable regions

• Quantification of potential market

• STAGE III: Mapping the local energy access ecosystem

• Expert interviews


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Malawi MA:

Preliminary results

• Local job creation highly valued:• “If we can transfer the skills to local technicians and

produce everything within the country, then all other things being constant, this is a very powerful economic argument.”Cornwall Chisali,Government of MalawiDepartment of Energy,28th Feb 2016

• However...


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Malawi MA:

Preliminary results


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How can research at

Strathclyde University

contribute?

• Opportunities• PhD opportunity at Wind Energy DTC brokerage

event• Students for Malawi• Master’s theses or other research projects• Engineers Without Borders• Energy for Development group

• Means of engagement• Working Groups• WEPatagonia2016• WE membership


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21st – 22nd May 2016

The Forge Community Workshop, Edinburgh

• Get hands-on experience and learn transferable skills in welding, wood carving, and working with magnets & resin

• Learn how to build and install a Hugh Piggott wind turbine from scratch using basic materials

• Experienced tutors who have been running courses building Piggott turbines since 2007

• A practical fun course for all experience levels

www.v3power.org/news

Practical Wind

Turbine Construction

Course

Open discussion:

Strathclyde-based

Wind Empowerment

research group?


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Forming a research

group

• What would it be called?

• Formal or informal?

• Who would lead the group?

• How would you communicate with each other/the rest of Wind Empowerment?

• What kind of projects would you collaborate on?

• What support would you need from Wind Empowerment?


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References

• 3TIER. Global Wind, Solar and Hydro Resource Maps 2011. www.3tier.com.

• Chiroque J. Manual Para Usarios - Micro aerogeneradores de 100W para uso doméstico en zonas rurales 2008.

• EGG-energy. "When darkness falls." Retrieved 15th November, 2013, from www.egg-energy.com. 2013

• ESMAP. Technical and Economic Assessment of Off-grid, Mini-grid and Grid Electrification Technologies. Washington DC: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP); 2007.

• Hosman N. Performance Analysis and Improvement of a Small Locally Produced Wind Turbine for Developing Countries. TU Delft, 2012.

• Leary J, While A, Howell R. Locally manufactured wind power technology for sustainable rural electrification. Energy Policy 2012;43:173–83. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2011.12.053.

• Leary J, Howell R, While A, Chiroque J, VerKamp K, Pinedo C. Post-installation analysis of locally manufactured small wind turbines: Case studies in Peru. 2012 IEEE Third Int. Conf. Sustain. Energy Technol., 2012, p. 396–401. doi:10.1109/icset.2012.6357431.

• Marandin L, Craig M, Casillas C, Sumanik-Leary J. Market Assessment for Small Scale Wind Turbines in Nicaragua 2012-13. Managua: Green Empowerment; 2013.

• Bennett C, Gleditsch M, Neves P. Assessment of the role of wind turbines in blueEnergy’s portfolio. Bluefields, Nicaragua: blueEnergy; 2011.

• REN21. Renewables 2015 - Global Status Report. Paris: 2015.

• Ranaboldo M, Ferrer-Martí L, Velo E. Micro-scale wind resource assessment for off-grid electrification projects in rural communities. A case study in Peru. Int J Green Energy 2013. doi:10.1080/15435075.2013.769878.

• Sumanik-Leary J, Piggott H, Howell R, While A. Locally manufactured small wind turbines - how do they compare to commercial machines? 9th PhD Seminar on Wind Energy in Europe 2013.


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http://www.3tier.com/

http://www.egg-energy.com/

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