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Smart andd Multifunctionnnal Inffrastructurral Systemms

for SSustaiinable Water Suuupply, Sanitationn and

Stormmwatter Managemennt

Results from the INIS projects

Sustainable Water Management

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Integrated concepts for water, wastewater and energy

Concepts and systems for a secure water supply

Adaptation and optimisation strategies for urban drainage

Processes for sustainable wastewater treatment

Table of Contents

Contents

04 The BMBF funding measure INIS – Research for tomorrow’s water infrastructures

10 INIS collaborative projects at a glance

12 KREIS – Linking renewable energy production with innovative urban wastewater drainage

14 NaCoSi – Sustainability controlling for urban water systems – risk profiles and control instruments

16 netWORKS 3 – Intelligent integrated water management solutions in Frankfurt am Main and Hamburg

18 SinOptiKom – Cross-sectoral optimisation of transformation processes in municipal infrastructures in rural areas

20 TWIST++ – Paths of transition for water infrastructure systems – Adapting to new challenges in urban and rural areas

22 EDIT – Development and implementation of a concentration and detection system for the inline monitoring of water-borne

pathogens in raw and drinking water

24 NAWAK – Development of sustainable adaptation strategies for water management under conditions of climatic and demographic change

26 KURAS – Concepts for urban stormwater management and wastewater systems

28 SAMUWA – The city – a hydrological system in change. Steps towards an adaptive management of the urban water cycle

30 SYNOPSE – Synthetic rainfall time series for the optimal planning and operation of urban drainage systems

32 nidA200 – Sustainable, innovative and decentralised wastewater system, including co-treatment of organic waste based on

alternative sanitary concepts

34 NoNitriNox – Planning and operation of wastewater treatment plants regarding resource and energy efficiency with targets to reduce emissions of harmful substances

36 ROOF WATER-FARM – Cross-sectoral use of water resources for building-integrated farming

38 Contact details of the research collaborations

52 Imprint

Smart and Multifunctional Infrastructural Systems

for Sustainable Water Supply, Sanitation and

Stormwater Management

Results from the INIS projects

Sustainable Water Management

sion of expensive decentralised water supply systems. Whereas impairments to the amount and quality of the drinking water supply due to drought usually limited in time and space, storm events that overburden drainage systems and cause inner-city floods or combined sewer overflows are already a threatening and widespread phenomena causing damage to waterbodies and urban infrastructure.

These complex challenges call for complex solutions. Improvements in the monitoring of drinking water are needed, for example, to determine short-term quality fluctuations early on. Supply strategies must take into account the potential effects of climate change on the availability and quality of water resources more than has been the case until now. Besides the use or creation of retention basins and the optimisation of remotely controlled sewers, it is important to reduce the burden to sewage networks through improved rainwater management. A broad range of green space, transport and urban development services are therefore needed. Additionally, new demands are being placed on property protection and building legislation. And finally, the public, along with administrational bodies and political players, must participate in the handling of these demands within the scope of their abilities.

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Energy and resource efficiency must be improved Besides the expansion of energy production on the basis of renewable energies and intelligent energy storage, the topic of energy efficiency is a special focus of the German federal government’s climate and energy policy objectives. Urban water management must also contribute to the energy transition. Especially sewage treatment plants show a high energy-saving potential. Process optimisation and an increase in the efficiency of the aggregates used are most important here. Reducing energy use in wastewater disposal can effectively lower CO2 emissions. Sewage treatment plants are not only big energy users; they can also produce energy. Biogases generated by sludge treatment and fermentation of organic waste can be used for electricity production in combined heat and power units. Wastewater contains further important resources, such as the nutrients phosphorus, nitrate and potassium. Recovering these resources in such a way that they can be absorbed by plants can make a considerable contribution to closing nutrient cycles, especially in agriculture. Around the world, there is a scarcity of phosphorus and potassium, and in the face of rising energy prices, nitrate might also become a critically limited resource due to its energy-intensive production. Wastewater treatment should thus not only be subject to water protection, but also contribute to the reclamation of nutrients. Besides recovering nutrients that are transported in wastewater, the focus is on potential process improvements through new sanitary technologies. Another technological approach is the recovery of phosphorus from sewage sludge ash generated by incineration plants.

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Demographic change not only manifests itself in changing regional population densities but also in an increasing average population age. With increasing population age, the number of medicines prescribed per capita and year likewise increases, leading to higher concentrations of excreted pharmaceutical residues in wastewater – to name just one consequence.

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The need to adapt infrastructure stands in competition with af

fordable water supply services

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According to the 2015 “Profile of the German Water Industry”, public water supply and wastewater disposal companies have invested six to seven billion Euros annually in recent years in the upkeep of water infrastructure. In the field of drinking water supply, the annual investment have amounted to more than two billion Euros, nearly two-thirds of which is invested in the pipe network. The investment rate of about 19% of total sales is very high compared with other economic sectors. In the field of wastewater disposal, between four to five billion Euros have been invested annually in the last years.

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The extrapolated assets of public wastewater infrastructure amount to about 700 to 937 billion Euros, depending on the source. These numbers make evident that the systems of public water supply and wastewater disposal represent significant assets, whose maintenance and renewal require significant expenses. The current annual investments in asset maintenance of sewage infrastructure would be sufficient only for an expected life service of approx. 250 years. The actual service life is much lower; annual investments should be about a factor of two to three higher.

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We are living at the expense of future generations. Parallels to “investment bottlenecks” in the transportation sector for maintaining streets, bridges and railway networks are obvious. There is urgent need for action in the field of public wastewater disposal, considering the adaptation demands generated by clmate change, demographic developments and the necessity to conserve water and the environment.

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Increasing climate extremes create complex challenges

In the future, Germany will face increased occurrences of mild, humid winters and extreme weather conditions during the summer (heavy rainfall, heat waves). Regional differences in these aspects of climate change are increasing, too. Dry spells during the growing season will call for more and efficient irrigation of agricultural land and will thus lead to higher water use. This may lead to water shortages in arid regions and necessitate the expan

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The BMBF funding measure INIS –

Research for tomorrow’s water infrastructures

RESEARCH FOR TOMORROW’S WATER INFRASTRUCTURES

In light of the emerging climatic, demographic and economic changes, the sustainable management of water resources represents one of the greatest social challenges to be faced in the future. In a highly urbanised country such as Germany, water management is a key element of welfare with links to many other domains. Against a backdrop of environmental impacts and anthropogenic influences, water management infrastructures ensure the safe provision of drinking water, hygienic conditions in urban areas, protection against floods and the preservation of the environment. In doing so, they enable a multitude of economic and social activities.

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In Germany, a large share of the water infrastructures has already provided a long service life. Thus there is considerable need for reinvestment in the short and medium term. The complex water supply and wastewater disposal systems took decades to develop and are now increasingly under pressure to change. In addition to increasing demands for resource efficiency and environmental sustainability, problems are especially being generated due to demographic shifts and climate change. Various infrastructural vulnerabilities are emerging as a result of these changing framework conditions. Adapting municipal urban water management to the aforementioned changes calls for new transsectoral approaches. These must adopt an integrated view to environmental, socio-economic and technological aspects of drinking water supply and wastewater disposal.

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WATER INFRASTRUCTURES UNDER SCRUTINY

Demographic shifts affect water demand and water quality

Declining and increasing populations in connection with increasing migration, both into and within Germany, lead to greater regional differences in population density. Decreasing watdue to population decline and dropping industrial and commercial water demands has already led to an under-utilisation of the municipal urban water management facilities and networks in many places. Significant operational problems stand in connection with this, accounting in part for an upward trend in water prices and wastewater disposal costs. Fewer and fewer people are bearing the operational costs of the available networks and facilities. Often adapting capacities is the only promising approach to guaranteeing future supply and disposal safety and to safeguarding water infrastructure while maintaining affordable prices.

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The BMBF funding measure INIS

THE BMBF FUNDING MEASURE INIS

In view of these developments, the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) allocated funds amounting to around 33 million Euros to its funding measure “Smart and Multifunctional Infrastructure Systems for Sustainable Water Supply, Sanitation and Stormwater Management” (INIS). This funding measure falls under the funding priority “Sustainable Water Management” (NaWaM), part of the BMBF Framework Programme for Sustainable Development (FONA).

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From 2013 to 2016, thirteen collaborative research and development projects carried out research into new approaches to water management, with the aim of developing innovative and feasible solutions for adapting water supply and wastewater disposal management to the changing conditions in Germany. In this brochure, each INIS research project is allocated two pages to present its most important results from three years of collaborative research. The brochure was published as part of the final conference on the funding measure in April 2016. The work will be continued, in part, till the end of 2016. Moreover, results that are relevant to the urban water management practice will be compiled in a thematically organised INIS manual, which will be published at the end of 2016.

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The research projects cover a broad and diverse spectrum of topics within the following four thematic clusters:

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» Integrated concepts for water, wastewater and energy» Adaptation and optimisation strategies for urban drainage» Processes for sustainable wastewater treatment» Concepts and systems for a secure water supply

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Table 1: INIS collaborative projects in thematic clusters

Integrated concepts KREIS

NaCoSi

netWORKS 3

SinOptiKom

TWIST++

Water supply EDIT

NAWAK

Urban drainage KURAS

SAMUWA

SYNOPSE

Wastewater treatment nidA200

NoNitriNox

ROOF WATER-FARM


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Table 1 shows the assignment of research projects to the thematic clusters. The projects are listed according to the main focuses of their research activities. In practice, the various project work programmes were often broader than the topics of a single cluster, and the classification is for guidance only.

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Integrated concepts for water, wastewater and energy

Some of the research projects focused on the development of integrated concepts for water, wastewater and energy utilisation. Within the development of integrated concepts, they dealt with conditions of change to urban water infrastructures, seeking ways to implement integrated system solutions. They analysed transformation processes and drew attention to the complexity of decision-making and planning processes in urban and rural areas. Alongside the analysis of the environmental consequences of different options and cost/benefit analyses, the research agendas included issues of user acceptance, legal and institutional framework conditions and the necessary planning processes and management instruments. Some projects developed simulation and decision-making tools to better enable the various target groups to adequately fulfil their respective roles. Of great importance has been the exemplary construction work on integrated solutions – including the further development and optimisation of infrastructure systems, technologies and processes – which take into account the specific conditions in diverse populated areas.

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Adaptation and optimisation strategies for urban drainage Other research projects concentrated on the adaptation and optimisation of urban drainage systems. In these projects, the focus lay on the development and trial of concepts for sustainable rainwater management and on the operation, expansion or modification of urban drainage systems. They also investigated the necessary alignment of planning instruments and organisational processes, for example in order to forge stronger links between urban development/open space planning and urban drainage. A further focus was the improvement of databases for the planning and control of sewer systems.

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Processes for sustainable wastewater treatment

The work of a third group of research projects centred on sustainable processes for wastewater treatment. Some of the main focuses of the research were the decentralised and building-integrated wastewater treatment technologies that include processes to recover nutrients for use as fertilisers and to recycle wastewater for irrigation purposes. Here, too, hygiene issues were of major interest. This group also worked on possibilities for optimising the operations of central sewage treatment plants whilst reducing their energy requirements, maximising nitrate elimination and minimising environmentally detrimental emissions of nitrous oxide, nitrite and methane, for example. Some projects looked into aspects of realisation that went beyond technical issues.

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Concepts and systems for a secure water supply

A fourth thematic cluster consisted of research projects that dealt with safeguarding water supply in different ways. A reduction in the average consumption of drinking water combined with stable or even increased peak loads due to climate change, and a rise in high and low water events present special challenges. Consequences include changes to water resources and water quality resulting, for example, from salt water intrusion into aquifers used for drinking water or adverse effects on drinking water hygiene from longer retention of drinking water in water supply pipelines. Hence the projects investigated strategies to ensure that drinking water supplies can meet these new challenges. They were also involved in the development of reliable stationary and mobile rapid detection and rapid warning systems for the online monitoring of microbiological water contamination in raw and drinking water.

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INIS IN PRACTICE

Characteristic of all the INIS research projects are their interdisciplinary approaches and the close collaboration between science and practice. Municipalities, enterprises, special-purpose associations and other organisations involved in water management were responsible for carrying out nearly half of the 98 subprojects. Further partners from water management practice were integrated into the research consortia as associates or subcontractors. Figure 1 provides an overview of the 40 representative model regions, which are located throughout Germany and thus display a high level of diversity. The testing of new solutions in municipalities and regions under different local conditions supports and strengthens the transferability of the results.

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CROSS-PROJECT ISSUES REGARDING INTEGRATION AND

TRANSFER

Each of the INIS research projects is unique with regard to its objective and approach. But there are many different points of contact and commonalities. The most important cross-cutting issues were jointly identified shortly after the commencement of the funding measure. The organised exchange between the INIS research projects and the subsequent synthesis of outcomes centred on issues, ensuring that the INIS funding measure as a whole was more than the sum of its parts. A number of the cross-cutting issues facilitated an exchange with thematically related NaWaM funding measures, in particular RiSKWa and ERWAS, thereby fulfilling a bridging function. Others were overarching issues that were particularly useful to the internal INIS discussion of methods and their application. Finally, transfer-oriented cross-cutting issues of great relevance to practice, policymakers and the general public supported the synthesis and transfer of research results.

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Exchange with other NaWaM funding measures

Compliance with high health and environmental standards is required when implementing new water management system

Hamburg

Hanover

Berlin

Munich

Stuttgart

Düsseldorf

Magdeburg

Dresden

Erfurt

Oldenburg

Nuremberg

Kassel

KoblenzFrankfurt am Main

Braunschweig

Bremen

Schwerin

Kiel

Saarbrücken

Wiesbaden

Mainz

Cologne

Trier

Wuppertal

Münster

Freiburg

Potsdam

Würzburg

Leipzig

BMBF funding measure INIS: Model regions of the joint projects

EDIT

KREIS

KURAS

NaCoSi

NAWAK

netWORKS 3

nidA200

NoNitriNox

Roof Water-Farm

SAMUWA

SinOptiKom

SYNOPSE

TWIST++

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Figure 1: BMBF funding measure INIS – Model regions at a glance


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Figure 2: Greywater recycling plant in the residential complex “Block 6” in Berlin. Photo: E. Nolde/Flickr

of water supply and wastewater disposal. In this context, institutions are understood to be particular patterns of activity or regular interactions between stakeholders. A need for adaptation to the technical rules and standards was identified during the course of the technological developments. Discussions also took place across projects about the extent to which institutional change goes hand in hand, or must go hand in hand, with the implementation of new infrastructural solutions, and what prerequisites are needed for this to be met. The first contributions to this complex topic have been compiled. There remains, however, a great need for further research on this topic. Within the individual INIS projects, problem-solving approaches regarding organisational form, financing or adaptation of the fee structure were looked into, e.g. the operation of decentralised systems for the re-utilisation of water or energy from partial streams.

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The cross-cutting issue of urban and open space planning focused on the importance and consequences of the necessary conversion of water infrastructures for the towns and cities of the future. At the centre of discussion stood viable planning instruments and possibilities to mesh more closely the institutions and content of urban water management and urban development concepts. This issue is of particular importance, as all previously mentioned themes and findings are relevant and were integrated into the discussions. The modelling and consideration of scenarios, partial wastewater streams, planning and decision-making aids, adaption to the institutional framework and especially the communication between stakeholders must all be taken into account. Planning processes must be optimised in order to implement the results of the research plans in practice. All urban development and urban water management stakeholders must be involved at a very early stage – preferably, from the very beginning of the planning process. Insufficient stakeholder involvement was identified as a considerable obstacle to the implementation of innovative concepts.

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The move towards novel infrastructure systems of water supply and wastewater disposal, which is central to INIS, requires efforts to achieve acceptance by and communication with potential users of the systems, whether these be municipal decision-makers, plant operators or private households. For this purpose, INIS outcomes need to be adapted for, and communicated to, specific target groups. This challenge was subject of the cross-cutting issue acceptance and communication, which discussed and connected interfaces between the overall communication approach taken by the integration and transfer project INISnet and the individual activities in the collaborative projects, and engaged in considerations related to transferability of research results.

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THE INTEGRATION AND TRANSFER PROJECT INISnet

The research projects of the BMBF funding measure INIS were supported by the integration and transfer project INISnet. Its principle tasks involved publicity activities for the funding measure as a whole, strengthening dialogue and cooperation be

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tween the research projects and facilitating the synthesis and transfer of results into research and practice.

INISnet is a joint project led by central multipliers of the municipalities and the German water industry, the German Institute of Urban Affairs (Difu), the Research Centre of the German Technical and Scientific Association for Gas and Water (DVGW) at the Hamburg-Harburg University of Technology (TUHH) and the German Association for Water, Wastewater and Waste e.V. (DWA).

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INISnet brought together the partners from the thirteen funded collaborative projects and 80 participating institutions to work on eight cross-cutting issues. INISnet supported them in their work, both in terms of content and organisation. In addition to the three conferences that were organised within the framework of the funding measure, the INIS themes were fed into various other specialist events and technical publications throughout the duration of the project. Disseminating the research results to the largest possible specialist audience was supported in this way. The participation of regulatory professional associations in INISnet ensured the transfer of results to committees.

This brochure summarises the final results of the INIS collaborative projects. Further information on the BMBF funding priority NaWaM, the funding measure INIS and the individual INIS research projects can be found on the funding measure’s website:

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solutions. This applies particularly to hygienic parameters and

chemical trace substances. On this subject, a thematic overlap existed between INIS and RiSKWa, a further funding measure within the funding priority NaWaM. RiSKWa was dedicated to developing innovative technologies and concepts for the risk management of newly identified harmful substances and pathogens in the water cycle. At the heart of this exchange stood analysis and monitoring standards that were developed within the framework of the RiSKWa funding measure and were further developed by the relevant INIS projects.

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The topic of energy efficiency and energy generation is also the subject of a special funding measure, ERWAS, within the framework of NaWaM. At the same time, this topic is the focus of smart system solutions and played a correspondingly frequent role in projects supported by INIS. Various aspects of heat recovery from wastewater or from separated wastewater streams, the coupling of heat recovery with heat supply of residential areas and even the energetic optimisation of wastewater purification were investigated. In some instances, specific questions were discussed, such as how to deal with the undesirable side effects of energetic optimisation of treatment processes. The latter point touches on an issue that was central to discussions surrounding the crosscutting issue of the water-energy nexus, i.e. the interaction between economic viability, efficiency and performance dependability.

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Methodological issues

Multi-criteria evaluation is a key element in the implementation of smart and multifunctional infrastructure systems. Whether the objective is management of future risks, the choice between different system solutions and technical options or the optimisation or control of plants and processes, there is always a component of registering and measuring a multitude of factors and weighing them against each other. This urgently calls for a multi-criteria evaluation of the underlying objectives and the effects of measures and decisions. Through the exchange between INIS projects, it was ascertained that the differing emphases placed on individual assessment criteria can considerably influence optimisation results and decisions based on these. Thus, a political and/or social discussion needs to take place to determine preferences in terms of a binding value system for use by the public water service providers.

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Further key topics in the collaborative projects were the consideration of scenarios and the development of models with the objective of assessing and evaluating the effects of particular decisions or measures. With the help of well-founded scenarios, the effects of the significant uncertainties regarding future developments can be presented to the various municipal stakeholders. The developed simulation models enable the evaluation of possible development paths. Models and scenarios can assist in validating the design and construction of infrastructures that will be necessary in future. Moreover, they represent an instrument of communication between different stakeholders. Numerous

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modelling software tools and tools that support decision-making processes were developed and tested within the framework of the funding measure.

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The separation of wastewater into several streams (black, brown, yellow and greywater) facilitates the treatment of water, which can be recycled to save drinking water, and also the targeted recovery and utilisation of substances including nutrients. Until now, it has been difficult to compare research results with operational experience using diverse process technologies, due to the dissimilarity of the original products and the absence of standards. Within the framework of the INIS funding measure, a big step was taken in the right direction. Test analysis and design were discussed and adapted for better comparability of research results. The demonstration of integrated concepts, or sub-aspects of concepts for separated streams, was implemented in a number of pilot facilities, and their functionality was demonstrated. Implementation of the integrated concepts was initiated and will be completed in the follow-up to the projects and implemented in practice. This demonstration process must be continued so that more acceptance for, and trust in, new and decentralised technologies is generated. Furthermore, increased operational experience leads to improved data. This will make it possible to define use-based quality requirements in the future.

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Transfer-related issues

The realisation of smart and multifunctional infrastructure systems requires a prior debate about the institutional framework

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CONTACT

German Institute of Urban Affairs (Difu)

Zimmerstraße 13–15 | 10969 Berlin

Dr. Jens Libbe

Phone: +49 30 39001115

[email protected]


Project period: 01/2013 – 12/2016

INIS collaborative projects


Integrated Concepts

Water Supply

Urban Drainage

Wastewater Treatment

12 KREIS14 NaCoSi16 netWORKS 318 SinOptiKom20 TWIST++

22 EDIT24 NAWAK

26 KURAS28 SAMUWA30 SYNOPSE

32 nidA20034 NoNitriNox36 ROOF WATER-FARM

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» The design and construction of technologies for the disposaland treatment of grey and blackwater to be implemented during the building project was facilitated. Diverse sampling points for black and greywater as well as digestates (media duct), and testing points for monitoring incrustations in the vacuum system were set up to facilitate other research (see Figure 1). In addition, construction conditions were established for a mobile feed unit for co-fermentation of secondary bio-resources and diverse sample withdrawal points were created.

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» The novelty of the HWC, with its vacuum system for blackwater drainage, affects all stakeholders and requires close coordination between those planning and those implementing the Jenfelder Au construction project. In order to avoid faulty construction work with the ensuing need for rectification and to ensure comfortable living conditions in the long term, a manual entitled “Qualitätssicherung der Unterdruckentwässerung in Wohngebäuden der Jenfelder Au” [Quality Assurance of the Vacuum Drainage System in Residential Buildings at Jenfelder Au] was compiled.

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» Diverse options for heat and electricity supply, including utilisation of biogas from blackwater and bio-resource fermentation, were dynamically simulated and a detailed evaluation was undertaken (see Figure 2).

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» In order to expand knowledge about the characterisation and treatment of greywater, concentration, outflows and temperatures were measured for three different greywater systems in Germany and population-specific loads ascertained. A sampling system specially adapted for sample withdrawal in the immediate vicinity of the wastewater‘s point of origin was used. Greywater can now be significantly better characterised.

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» Grass cuttings and greasy water have been identified as secondary bio-resources (co-substrates). These can be collected in the surrounding area and used for energy generation by anaerobic fermentation. Options for their pre- and co-treatment have been tested and reported.

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» Stable anaerobic treatment of blackwater with or without cosubstrates proved possible in both continuous flow stirredtank (CST) reactors and upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors (see Figure 3). However, considerably higher gas yields, based on the input of organic solid substance, could be achieved with the UASB process.

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» Principles were established for balancing and evaluating both the HWC realised through the construction project and the systems developed by the KREIS research project. Initial theoretical calculations for the energy concept and the use of food waste grinders will need to be tested in practical operation. The odour assessment in the construction area clearly shows a prior level of pollution caused in particular by a yeast factory and catering enterprises in the surrounding areas.

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» The project has been well publicised through intensive public relations efforts, ranging from exhibitions, posters and papers published in the national and international press and presentations, to national and international conferences and a strong online presence.

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» The management of the research collaboration has provedeffective and has contributed in no small measure to the achievement of project objectives, although it was relatively complex due to new procedural methods.

CONCLUSION

The “preparatory phase” KREIS (1) ended in February 2015. In addition to the obligatory final reports of the individual partners, a composite report was drawn up that summarised the objectives, procedures and main outcomes of the collaborative project.

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An application has been made for funding to continue the scientific support for the demonstration project. In this “operational phase”, KREIS (2), the focus will be on optimising and further developing the combined energy supply and wastewater disposal concept, as well as investigating economic feasibility, ecological evaluation and societal acceptance. The outcomes should com

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Linking renewable energy production with innovative

urban wastewater drainage

BACKGROUND

KREIS investigates and develops innovative concepts and processes for the supply of water and disposal of wastewater in urban areas, starting with an inner-city residential area of Hamburg. The German acronym KREIS stands for Linking Renewable Energy Production with Innovative Urban Wastewater Drainage. The project seeks to develop i.a. ways of generating electricity and heat from wastewater and biogas.

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The goal of KREIS has always been to provide scientific support for the large-scale implementation of the Hamburg Water Cycle® (HWC) in the district of Jenfelder Au. It supports planning and construction processes, the commissioning of technical systems through preparatory research and the development of methods for the integrative evaluation of economic, ecological and sociological aspects.

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RESULTS

To fit in with the building schedule for the district of Jenfelder Au, KREIS project started at the end of 2011 – considerably earlier than all other INIS projects.

The preparatory phase KREIS (1) has been concluded. Its ten most important outcomes are:


KREIS

KREIS | Integrated concepts

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Figure 3: Status of trial on the anaerobic decomposition of pharmaceuticals from blackwater. Photo: Bauhaus-Universität Weimar

Figure 2: Primary energy requirements of different concepts for heating supply to the Jenfelder Au district.Graphics: Solar- und Wärmetechnik Stuttgart

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Figure 1: Testing point to monitor incrustations in the vacuum system. Photo: HAMBURG WASSER

Bauhaus-Universität Weimar

Chair of Urban Water Management and Sanitation

Coudraystraße 7 | 99423 Weimar

Prof. Dr. Ing. J. Londong

Phone: +49 3643 584615

[email protected]

http://www.kreis-jenfeld.de/home.html

CONTACT

Project period: 11/2011–02/2015» Since too little is known about the anaerobic decomposition/conversion of pharmaceuticals, substances to be investigated

were initially selected according to relevance. The results of the decomposition trials reveal differences in behaviour depending on the reactor system (UASB better than CST), substrate mixture and hence volumetric loading. A new treatment design could be derived from the outcomes.

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prise insights and experience that can be exploited directly in the Jenfelder Au district and are also transferable to similar projects of the HAMBURG WATER Cycle® at home and abroad.

can be prevented or at least minimised by taking targeted measures. Although the risk profiles of individual water management enterprises strongly differ from each other, they are faced with very similar future challenges in Germany. It is thus recommendable that players from the water management sector should engage in active discussion – on an intercorporate level, as well as between members of the scientific community and industry partners. In doing so, joint strategies and a communal sense of responsibility can be established.

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The pilot phase clearly demonstrated that the topic “Maintaining water infrastructure: financial and organisational scopes” represents an important scope for action. Within the framework of the scenario-based simulations, measures were developed through which risks can be dealt with at an early stage. Using scenariobased simulations – as was confirmed in the pilot phase – opens up a long-term perspective on developments within enterprises. Additionally, it enables enterprises to test out options for action in fictitious decision-making situations, in order to point out links and side effects, as well as to assess the effects of individual measures. This broader perspective supports risk management; it will, according to industry partners, be implemented (more) by enterprises in the future. It was also observed that user-friendli-ness – for smaller companies, as well – increases when data retrieval is split up into two modules (basic and complementary).

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The basic module is made up of core impact pathways from all

15 sustainability objectives, which represent risks that the project network considers as particularly important. This basic module is retrieved on a mandatory basis during the data collection. As a supplement, enterprises can choose from further areas in the complementary module, to complete the enterprise-specific risk profile.

The NaCoSi network was able to name important sustainability risks in the water management sector and to assign them to superordinate categories. Sustainability risks are collected and evaluated using scientific methods. They are illustrated in the sustainability reports in such a way that enterprises can comprehensively communicate them to municipal authorities, clients or other stakeholders. The complementary module allows for the monitoring to be suitably adapted to the enterprise-specific definition of sustainability. It can be used on a broader basis in comparison to existing systems for the assessment and development of enterprise actions.

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CONCLUSION

Together with research and industry partners, the NaCoSi network developed a scientifically-grounded sustainability controlling instrument that is fit to be implemented in practice, and has already passed the first implementation tests.

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Working closely with industry partners, it has become obvious that there is a considerable need, now and in the long term, to examine long-term water management risks, so that future risks or damage

Sustainability controlling for urban water systems –

risk profiles and control instruments

BACKGROUND

Climate change, demographic shifts and rising energy prices present new challenges to municipal urban water management enterprises. Political considerations and legislative targets at European and national levels give rise to changes in the specifications for technical design and construction and for enterprise organisation. These further impede the enterprises’ traditionally futureoriented focus and especially any action undertaken by them.

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RESULTS

The monitoring instruments under development will help service providers in the urban water management industry to systematically identify and analyse enterprise-specific sustainability risks and to evaluate them with regard to necessity to act. It was successfully tested by industry partners within the framework of the pilot phase.

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The basis of sustainability controlling is a target system for sustainable water management developed by the project network. A total of 15 objectives are divided into five categories that cover the long-term and sustainable development of both drinking water suppliers and wastewater disposal enterprises. The failure to meet targets, i.e. potential sustainability risks, is described through an effects analysis. This demonstrates detailed, linear cause-effect relationships.

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Sustainability controlling is based on four intertwined instruments (see Figure 1). The analysis of the current risk situation in the enterprise is demonstrated in the risk profile. The risk situation is assessed for each enterprise via data retrieval. The risk matrixes illustrate how the individual risks are distributed across the sustainability objectives. The monitoring demonstrates changes over time and functions as a rapid warning system when implemented repeatedly. Based on the risk profiles, alternatives for action for the water supply and wastewater disposal enterprises are developed in scenario-based simulations and put into practical application as potential measures.

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Enterprise-specific sustainability reports build on the results of the data retrieved and comprise the core product for the industry. Among other things, the enterprises can use them as a basis for strategic decisions and for communication with municipal authorities, the public, clients or other stakeholders.

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NaCoSi

NaCoSi | Integrated concepts

14 15

Figure 2: Simulation workshop at the Institute for Social-Ecological Research (ISOE) in Frankfurt/Main on 24 and 25 June 2015. Photo: Alexander Sonnenburg

Figure 1: Schematic representation of the sustainability controlling. Graphics: Project representation

TU Darmstadt – Institute IWAR

Department of Water Supply and Groundwater Protection

Franziska-Braun-Straße 7 | 64287 Darmstadt

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Dr. nat. techn. Wilhelm Urban

Phone: +49 6151 163939

[email protected]

Dr. Alexander Sonnenburg

Phone: +49 6151 163447

[email protected]

www.nacosi.de

CONTACT

Project period: 05/2013–04/2016

ties amongst the various stakeholders and for identifying beneficial cooperative constellations.

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Leeway for urban water management stakeholders

A number of innovation barriers impede urban water management stakeholders from taking alternative solutions into consideration. The main barriers here include technical-organisational path dependences, the capital intensity of the existing infrastructures, the networked consequences, and, at the same time, great uncertainty regarding the economic viability and legal framework of any possible system conversions. But fear and reservations among the relevant stakeholders also exert an influence.

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At the same time, however, new business areas are generated for enterprises: in the coupling of water and energy (heat, electricity), the operation of de/semi-centralised facilities and the consolidation of the value chain with a focus on water resource management.

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On the legal side, instruments are in place that can be used to pursue the path of innovation. Public and civil contracts are currently the most legally watertight and practical instruments for implementing alternative systems or individual technical modules. However, construction planning law also provides a series of possibilities for stipulating the implementation of individual technologies in new residential areas.

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Block-level implementation in Frankfurt am Main

Theory meets practice in Frankfurt am Main: Implementation is being tested at the block level. 66 residential units and a day-care centre are being constructed in a building complex where heat will be recovered from wastewater and used to heat up drinking water. Additionally, greywater will be purified in one half of the building and re-utilised for toilet flushing. These plans highlight the challenges faced when implementing novel infrastructures: new technological components are necessary, and housing technology providers and installers need to adapt themselves to the new requirements while acquiring new knowledge and practi

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Empirical research shows that residents are generally open to the use of service water and believe such systems would be worthwhile. It must be guaranteed though that these will run smoothly and inconspicuously. Experts often underestimate users’ open-mindedness.

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Relevance of cooperation management

Purpose-designed cooperation management can facilitate the implementation of novel water infrastructure systems. It is important that the various stakeholders involved are brought together and motivated, especially while there is still no planning routine for the realisation of adapted solutions for subareas. Strategic planning on the part of the municipality also plays a decisive role here. New stakeholders (such as energy providers) need to be enrolled, institutional arrangements need to be changed (through collaboration between wastewater and water technology sector, for example) and regulating and licensing authorities (such as environmental, water and health authorities) need to be involved at an early stage. Housing infrastructure engineers and installers need to be supported, too. Cooperation models are helpful for the precise distribution of the roles and responsibili

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Intelligent integrated water management solutions

in Frankfurt am Main and Hamburg

BACKGROUND

The providers of municipal water supplies and wastewater disposal face great challenges in adapting infrastructural systems to meet the changes brought about by climate change, rising energy costs and demographic shifts. Innovative, novel system solutions that could be applied are not yet in common or widespread use. They do, however, have the potential to meet the challenges and open up new lines of business.

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The objective of netWORKS 3 is to support municipalities and the water management sector in making rational decisions with regard to their appropriate further development as they attempt to convert their urban water management systems.

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RESULTS

Identification of transformation areas

Development dynamics and the expense of transformation are crucial factors when it comes to identifying attractive subareas for transformation processes. Municipal experts have named housing density, location, commercial viability and the complexity of the existing infrastructure as direct selection criteria. The number of involved stakeholders, their intentions and interests and the ownership structure are also important aspects for estimating the complexity and expenses involved. In view of the window of opportunity, planning should take place during the phase preceding the binding development plan.

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Evaluation of alternative system solutions

Not only must the expense of transformation be taken into account when evaluating water infrastructure systems for specific subareas; but also the long-term ecological, economic and infrastructural effects of a redesign must be considered. In doing so, it is important to look at both the subareas and the entire city or overall system. Only by taking a comprehensive view can the potential added value be determined with absolute certainty.

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In theory, higher resource efficiency in new types of system versions can be achieved by reutilising partial streams as service water and by using wastewater for heat recovery. However, reasonable utilisation concepts are needed which go beyond the “toilet flushing” implementation area.

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netWORKS 3

Figure 1: Framework for the integrated assessment of impacts and transfor-mation efforts at the level of the model areas, model cities and various types of regions. Graphics: netWORKS research association, 2016

netWORKS 3 | Integrated concepts

16 17

Figure 2: Impressions of the construction of the passive house by ABG Frankfurt Holding in Frankfurt am Main. The house will recover heat from both wastewater and greywater. Photographs: ISOE, 2015

cal experience. The residential units will be ready in the spring of 2016.

CONCLUSION

» Converting to a sustainable water infrastructure is facilitated when the various stakeholders coordinate their activities. Municipal strategic urban development authorities play a central role in this coordination process. They are thus the first port of call for communicating the project’s research results.

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» The municipality is responsible for municipal public services. It is obliged to oversee the local public welfare and is predestined to coordinate the transformation process in the interest of the public. Manifold entrepreneurial strategy options can be useful for both the operative implementation and the on-going operation.

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» In future, the water infrastructure will display the traits of the combination, diversification and co-existence of various systems. Testing is needed on a case-by-case basis to determine the respective optimal technical system for a municipality or the ideal alternative system for each individual construction measure.

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ISOE – Institute for Social Ecological Research

Hamburger Allee 45 | 60486 Frankfurt am Main

Dr.-Ing. Martina Winker

Phone: +49 69 7076919 53

[email protected]

http://www.networks-group.de/en

CONTACT


ration of material flow, rainwater management and wastewater treatment, including water and nutrient recycling, as well as energy production measures.

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Using the evaluation tool, the optimisation results are processed and displayed according to the target group as a sequence of strategic decisions.

Use of model

The optimisation system has been applied to individual municipalities and one entire municipal area pertaining to the observed model regions. As an option for action, the focus was on the wastewater system, with ample room for decision-making and manifold individual measures for managing sewage and rainwater.

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Cross-sectoral optimisation of transformation

processes in municipal infrastructures in rural areas

BACKGROUND

In many rural regions, demographic shifts and economic-structural changes are threatening the functionality and economic operation of existing urban water infrastructure and systems. Demands related to sustainability, climate protection and climate change adjustments put increased pressure on the need to adapt. The objective of the collaborative project SinOptiKom is the development of an innovative, software-based optimisation and decision support system. This will enable the systematic analysis and multi-criteria evaluation of future scenarios and options for action. Strategic decisions can then be prepared and used to tackle the aforementioned challenges through longterm concepts and measures for the adaptation, enhancement and transformation of existing infrastructure systems.

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RESULTS

Optimisation and decision-making model

The optimisation and decision support system developed as a demonstration model by the collaborative project SinOptiKom consists of three components: a pre-processing tool with a database and a scenario management component, a mathematical optimisation model and an evaluation tool.

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The initial data is processed with the pre-processing tool and saved in the knowledge base for the optimisation model. Using the scenario manager, users can generate individual scenarios as well as suitable adaptation measures through a process of selecting and combining various development scenarios (e.g. demographic development, housing structure, water use, costs and legal framework conditions). These represent the basis for the subsequent optimisation process. By allocating a different level of importance to the evaluation criteria, the optimisation target function can be tailored to different preferences.

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Via linear optimisation for the selected scenarios, the mathematical optimisation model enables optimal strategic decisions for the enhancement of water infrastructure systems over the course of the observed period (50 years). Supported by the simulation system, these options for action include the renovation or modernisation of existing facilities, extending or replacing them with alternative solutions (including decentralised facilities) or step-by-step conversion of infrastructure systems. One can choose between measures pertaining to urban drainage systems, sepa

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SinOptiKom

SinOptiKom | Integrated concepts

18 19

Figure 1: View of rural model region and structure of the collaborative project SinOptiKom (work packages). Photograph: Rockenhausen municipality. Graphics: University of Kaiserslautern

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In rural areas, changes in the settlement and population structure due to demographic shifts are particularly relevant. These driving forces were observed collectively, using a cross-impact analysis in three different settlement development scenarios. Besides using an existing model scenario that didn’t involve any significant changes over time, a trend scenario involving the effects of decentralisation and urban sprawl, as well as a village centre renovation scenario, were implemented in the scenario manager. In coordination with the municipal project partners and the water authorities, the maintenance of central supply structures was a predefined requirement for water supply. Effects and necessary measures generated by declining water use were analysed outside of the optimisation and decision-making model.

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The evaluation criteria of cost, ecological impact, flexibility, acceptance, water balance (rainwater) and conservation of resources (sewage) were incorporated into the objective function. The model application demonstrates that “optimal decisions” are significantly influenced by the level of importance given to the evaluation criteria. Decentralised measures for the separation of material flow with separated blackwater and greywater treatment and the establishment of decentralised wetlands are selected in cases in which both flexibility and the conservation of resources take on considerable weight. A standard level of importance given to cost, on the other hand, leads to the preservation of centralised systems. The implementation of decentralised rainwater management measures is supported by the criteria of water balance, cost, ecological impact and flexibility in equal measure.

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The “new diversity” of decentralised and centralised water infrastructure components leads to different cost structures (public – privatised) and additional cost aspects (savings through greywater recycling, profit through resource recovery and energy production in biogas plants). As shown here, current fee models and cost accounts may need to be adapted.

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CONCLUSION

The multitude of influence factors involving different future developments (population sizes, consumption patterns, settlement development, climate change, legal requirements, etc.) can be displayed through the systematic creation of development scenarios. The manifold possibilities of combining different developments and options called for limiting the data input in the optimisation and decision-making model. A problem-oriented visualisation with intuitive recording of results is particularly important for achieving a high transparency of results and a good understanding among the model application’s target groups. As a result, the following “key messages” can be identified:

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» The relevant influence factors and framework conditions for the planning, construction and operation of municipal urban

supply and disposal infrastructures are subject to considerable uncertainty in terms of their future development. They must be displayed in a systematic scenario, along with their respective effects.

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» These uncertainties call for greater flexibility and adaptability in the infrastructure systems. Supplementing centralised systems with decentralised elements and the step-by-step, long-term transformation of systems seems to be expedient here.

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» The complexity of strategic decisions necessitates support from intelligent, mathematical and IT-based optimisation and decision-making systems.

Figure 2: Display in demonstration model: Existing sewers in selected residential areas. Graphics: University of Kaiserslautern

University of Kaiserslautern

Institute of Urban Water Management

Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 14 | 67663 Kaiserslautern

Prof. Dr.-Ing. T. G. Schmitt

Phone: +49 631 2052946

[email protected]

www.sinoptikom.de

CONTACT


(two rural villages with several district sewers that are in need of renovation, with 500 and 200 inhabitants, respectively), sustainable infrastructure concepts were created on the basis of newly-developed or existing technical components (cf. Overview 1). The starting point of the concept for the model region of the former coalmine Lippe-Westerholt (32 ha conversion area) is the urban concept i.WET. This was adapted to the special framework conditions (contaminated soil, infrastructures that needed to be newly-erected in part, need to re-route rainwater). Drinking water supply and fire water provision were laid out in such a way that the hydraulic capacity shows a high level of flexibility in view of the uncertainty regarding future demand. The collaborative project drew up plans for the implementation of the concepts in the model regions. An additional characteristic of the concepts is their high level of flexibility, making it easier for them to be transferred and adapted to other framework conditions.

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Implementing the concepts demands new principles and target figures, as well as adapted strategic planning instruments. Citizen information and participation are further important elements. Finally, the existing technical rules and standards must be adapted, legal (administrative) obstructions must be reduced, and new organisational and financial models must be applied.

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OUTLOOK

Important changes in the environment and new challenges call for the adaption and further development of water infrastructures. The project results clearly indicate that technical, as well as non-technical innovations are available, making it possible for sustainable and future-oriented water infrastructure solutions to be found. They enable the implementation of sustaina

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» Direct coupling and data transfer between PUS and serious game

» Integration of innovative technical components in the area of drinking water and wastewater

» Optimisation of fire water provision and » integration of the TWIST++ multi-criteria evaluation process.

The objective of the developed digital learning game, or serious game, was to convey complex matters in a playful manner, in order to close the gaps in understanding between experts (engineers), decision-makers and non-experts (citizens). By directly transferring the planning data, the game world could be constructed from condensed PUS and GIS data. The game thus represents an important communication instrument, with which innovative concepts can be explained in their correlative environmental network and evaluated on a long-term basis.

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In the collaborative project, a practical, multi-criteria evaluation approach was developed for a sustainability evaluation, including suitable evaluation criteria and indicators. This approach builds on a deficit analysis of existing evaluation processes and takes the special requirements of sustainability evaluation of water infrastructure systems into account.

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For the model regions Lünen in North Rhine-Westphalia (urban area with commercial and industrial spaces, 87,000 inhabitants, declining population) and Wohlsborn-Rohrbach in Thuringia

Paths of transition for water infrastructure systems –

Adapting to new challenges in urban and rural areas

BACKGROUND

In order for water, energy and resource management to be more sustainable, today’s water infrastructure systems need to be adapted to future challenges and have a more flexible structure in view of further changes to the representative framework conditions. The collaborative project TWIST++ developed resource-efficient infrastructure concepts for the implementation of necessary technical subcomponents, a planning support software tool and a digital learning game (serious game), as well as a comprehensive evaluation system for innovative, integrated water infrastructure concepts. In order for the results to be implemented in practice, concrete planning options for three model regions (Lünen, Wohlsborn-Rohrbach and the coalmine Lippe-Westerholt) were developed. The driving forces and obstacles relevant to the implementation and the representative institutional framework conditions were analysed.

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RESULTS

The work done in the collaborative project for the (further) development of technical components and concepts is comprised of various subtasks. These included adjustments of retrofit vacuum sewer systems for residential or catchment areas, examination of the fit-for-purpose preparation of different types of water using membrane technology, greywater treatment with heat recovery for households, anaerobic blackwater treatment and nutrient recovery from blackwater, urine, and suitable commercial and industrial wastewater, as well as solutions for alternative fire water provision and the hydraulic adaption of the drinking water network for lower drinking water demand. The results of the research and the targeted technical and economic improvements (cf. “Techniksteckbriefe” [technology briefs] at http://www.twistplusplus.de/twist-de/ergebnisse) form an important basis for planning new concepts in the model regions, for example.

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The interaction between the software tools developed as part of TWIST++ is illustrated in Figure 1. Special features of this approach are:

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» An integrated system for water supply and wastewater disposal » A standardised and open interface between the planning and

support system (PUS) and the geo-information system (TWIST-FluGGS)


TWIST++

ble concepts for energetic and material (re-)use of (waste-)water. The software tools needed for conception, planning and decision-making support were developed within the framework of TWIST++. The results from the model regions show that the transition of existing water infrastructures at the building and district level is technically and organisationally possible, and also useful and necessary for the improvement of the existing systems’ sustainability. To implement resource-oriented concepts across the board, legal and organisational obstructions need to be steadily reduced by updating the technical rules and standards, for example.

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TWIST++ | Integrated concepts

20 21

Figure 1: Interaction of the various software products in TWIST++. Graphics: Project representation

Overview 1: Essential building blocks and characteristics of the developed concepts for the three model regions

Urban (i.WET concept)

Rainwater and greywater recycling, heat recovery from greywater, biological treatment integrated with bio-energy production and landscaping (“energy alley”, greywater garden)

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Successive introduction with building renovation

Residual wastewater: medium to long-term conduction via a vacuum sewer to sewage treatment plant, use as cosubstrate for biogas production Successive introduction with sewer renovation

Drinking water network: increased flexibility in hydraulic capacity, use of new design elements when planning (for example, semi-meshed ramification network), drinking water-independent fire water provision, if needed

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Rural

Separation of black and grey wastewater streams (in the home, through inliner processes or rewiring)

Integration with agriculture, de-coupled provision of fire water

Overall strategy and time schedule for gradual implementation over a period of seven years

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Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation

Research (ISI)

Breslauer Straße 48 | 76139 Karlsruhe

Dr.-Ing. Thomas Hillenbrand

Phone: +49 721 6809119

[email protected]

www.twistplusplus.de

CONTACT


The first concentration stage is a cross-flow ultrafiltration (CUF) step which reduces volumes from several hundred or even thousand litres to approximately 20 litres (see Figure 1). The second concentration stage consists of a monolithic affinity filtration (MAF) with subsequent centrifugal ultrafiltration (CeUF). It eliminates most of the turbidity and reduces the 20-litre samples down to 1 ml. An automated lab-on-a-chip system follows as a third concentration stage. This system extracts pathogens from the liquid under continuous flow due to a electrophoretic deflection effect which concentrates the microorganism at a hydrogel front to an end volume of approximately 7 μL. The lysis of the microorganism with a subsequent extraction and purification step of the nucleic acids occur in the same microchip. Afterwards the extracts are transferred to the automated microarray analysis platform (MCR3), where identification of RNA/DNA extracts occurs after an amplification step. Since only living organisms represent a risk of infection, live/dead differentiation is also performed.

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Information about the sample, sample withdrawal and a number of operating parameters is gathered via a specially developed smartphone and tablet-compatible application. These data are intended not only to facilitate comprehensive documentation, but also to make it easier to troubleshoot in the event of faulty operation or defects.

are needed. Innovative hygiene monitoring systems, such as the concentration and detection system for bacteria and viruses in raw and drinking water developed by EDIT, provide water suppliers with advantages in the monitoring process in terms of speed and an extended range of pathogens. Heightened sensitivity, speed and the expansion of microbiological indicators also allow for a more precise characterization of catchments and supply areas. Ultimately, this can help to maintain and increase hygienic safety of drinking water in the future.

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After testing and improving the macro concentration in the summer of 2014 (see Figure 2), further system components were completed during the course of 2015 and tested in the laboratory. Moreover, workshops for training end users were conducted jointly with industry partners and laboratory staff from water supply companies (see Figure 3). Currently, they are conducting system tests which aim at a comparison between the HOLM system and established methods, and the identification of the HOLM’s added value from the end user’s perspective.

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CONCLUSION

There are several contemporary challenges for drinking water hygiene, including demographic shifts and climate change. For this reason, innovative monitoring procedures that can detect possible contaminations in less time, with greater sensitivity on the basis of extended numbers of microbiological parameters

BACKGROUND

The provision of safe drinking water is an important achievement of developed countries. Nevertheless, there is a need for reliable stationary or mobile rapid detection and warning systems for microbiological water contamination. The main reason for this is that the commonly used method, which detects indicator bacteria after their cultivation in the laboratory, does neither allow for a rapid warning nor for the direct identification of pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, viruses and parasites). Rapid techniques would also allow for a continuous monitoring which can help to investigate dynamic contamination processes in pipe networks.

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At this point the EDIT project comes in with the development, trial and preparatory introduction of a continuous concentration system with an integrated molecular-biological multi-analyte detection system for water-borne pathogens and indicator organisms.

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RESULTS

The EDIT project developed a modular Hygiene Online Monitoring (HOLM) system composed of several subsystems. The system is suited for automation and allows the detection of specific water-borne bacteria and viruses (see Table 1).

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Following withdrawal, samples are concentrated in three steps and further processed before the detection itself takes place. Results are then delivered to control systems and via a custom-developed application for mobile devices (see Figure 1).

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EDIT

Development and implementation of a concentration

and detection system for the inline monitoring of

water-borne pathogens in raw and drinking water

EDIT | Water supply

2322

Bacteria

- Escherichia coli- Enterococcus faecalis- Pseudomonas aeruginosa- Campylobacter jejuni- Klebsiella pneumoniae

and Klebsiella oxytoca

Viruses

- Norovirus GGI-II- Adenovirus 40,41,52- Enteroviruses

Phages

- MS2- PhiX174

(for system validation)

Table 1: List of microorganisms detected by the EDIT-HOLM

Figure 1: Flow diagram for water samples analysed by the HOLM system. Graphics: Project representation

Figure 2: Testing the continuous cross-flow ultrafiltration system at the Berliner Wasserbetriebe. Photo: Daniel Karthe

Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ)

Department of Aquatic Ecosystems Analysis and Management

Brückstraße 3 a | 39114 Magdeburg

Dr. Daniel Karthe

Phone: +49 391 8109104

[email protected]

University of Freiburg

Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK)

Georges-Köhler-Allee 103 | 79110 Freiburg

Dr. Gregory Dame

Phone: +49 761 2037267

[email protected]

www.ufz.de/index.php?en=32485

CONTACT


Figure 3: Practical training at the Technical University of Munich. Photo: Daniel Karthe

band (OOWV). Secondly, the water supply company in the Elbe-Weser triangle, based on the example of the water supply companies in Stader Land (TWV Stader Land) and Land Hadeln (WVV Land Hadeln), and thirdly, Heidewasser GmbH’s supply area in Saxony-Anhalt.

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RESULTS

On the basis of the situation analyses carried out in all three model regions, the data pool was examined and significantly improved by erecting new measuring stations (groundwater measuring stations, weather stations) and carrying out new measurements (chemical analyses of groundwater and surface waters, geo-electric measurements). Linking geological data and electrical resistance measurements, for example, allowed for a detailed regional mapping of the freshwater/saltwater boundary. Climate change scenarios were created in view of the adaptation strategies’ evaluation period up until 2050. These are based on various emission scenarios drawn up by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC; “A1B medium confidence scenario, linear trend”, “A2 scenario with negative emissions” and “B1 intervention scenario”), as well as forecasts on sea level rise. The basis was provided by the results of the statistic model WETTREG (statistic regional climate model; global model: ECHAM5). The project also deduced three socio-economic developments: “green world scenario”, “basic scenario” and “growth scenario”. General regional economic growth trends, demographic developments, sector-specific trends, utilisation competitions between public water supply companies, industry and agriculture, and water demand for the safeguarding of ecosystem services were taken into account. NAWAK integrated these scenario descriptions for the model region Sandelermöns in the planning instruments’ prototypes (see Figure 2).

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In agreement with local stakeholders, a list of evaluation parameters that need to be modelled was drawn up for the planning instruments. This list included water supply sizes (e.g. groundwater recharge), chemical data (e.g. concentrations of chloride in groundwater) as well as residence time in the pipe network. The bases that are needed for the calculation of evaluation parameters are currently being investigated for the nine scenarios that

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were used as a reference (combination of three climate change and three socio-economic scenarios), using the water household model Panta Rhei, the groundwater flow and transport model d3f++, as well as the pipe network model STANET, and were partly implemented in the planning instruments (see Figure 3).

The participation process within the project will be organised in parallel to the implementation of the planning instruments and the calculated results. Since the beginning of NAWAK, local stakeholders from the agricultural, industrial and water supply sectors have been involved in the project. The highlight of the participation process will be two regional forums on climate change and demographic developments. The results and first measures evaluated with the planning instruments will be discussed at these events.

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CONCLUSION

Challenges involved in the planning of future investments are changing influence factors, which are primarily climate, demographics, and energy policy framework conditions. These influence factors are strongly interdependent. This leads to an enormous complexity in the questions that need to be answered during planning, and a high level of uncertainty. The work and analyses carried out within the NAWAK project show that a singular consideration of a challenge for the examined regions in Germany is not enough. Instead, an integrative, interdisciplinary problem-solving approach is needed.

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Adaptation strategies are a useful element for handling these challenges. They are especially helpful for mastering the issues’ complexity (e.g., by examining sensitive parameters) and uncertainty (e.g., by using scenarios). In principle, complexity and uncertainty can only be limited to a certain extent; the issue’s inherent complexity and uncertainty remains, and must also be communicated to non-scientific circles. In order to provide a strong foundation for adaptation strategies that also allow the prioritisation of objectives, it is necessary to improve the data and process understanding. This latter point especially involves effects and dependencies between the influence factors, which can only be deduced through an integrative, interdisciplinary examination. A prerequisite for the successful implementation of adaption strategies within the conflict area described earlier, is to involve local stakeholders throughout the entire creation process for adaptation strategies.

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Development of sustainable adaptation strategies

for water management under conditions of climatic

and demographic change

BACKGROUND

When planning future investments in the central water supply infrastructure, water supply companies are faced with major challenges: the consequences of climate change, demographic shifts as well as energy policy decisions that have been taken, or are yet to be taken, need to be evaluated. These influence factors are in a continuous state of flux and are strongly interdependent (see Figure 1).

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Demands are complex and call for integrated answers. In many regions, influence factors in the field of water management need to be viewed in connection with problems that are physically consequential (such as saltwater intrusion in a drinking water aquifer) and social issues (such as demographic development, technological progress and legal framework conditions). In order for the results to be accepted, interdisciplinary approaches are needed, as well as a high participation among stakeholders from non-scientific fields.

The NAWAK project is working on suitable planning instruments within this conflict area. It will demonstrate and evaluate impediments that can be expected or have already occurred in terms of water supply services and demand, as well as the influence of possible measures. Thus, it will serve as a valuable foundation for drawing up regional adaptation strategies in the water supply sector. Model regions that will be used for the planning instruments are primarily the Sandelermöns waterworks catchment area, belonging to the Oldenburgisch-Ostfriesischer Wasserver

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NAWAK

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NAWAK | Water supply

Figure 1: Water supply companies (WSC) in the conflict area between interacting influence factors. Graphics: GRS gGmbH, J. Wolf

Figure 2: The heat map showing the agricultural water demand within the planning instruments. The map shows the drinking water supplied by OOWV on a municipal level (blue) and the approved volume of agri-cultural water to be extracted according to the Water Register (red), as well as the distribution of water rights according to agricultural sectors, shown here as pie charts. Graphics: TU Braunschweig, M. Gelleszun

Figure 3: Representation of groundwater formation in a selected (red) area (period 1970 to 2100) for scenario A1B in the planning instruments. Graphics: TU Braunschweig, M. Gelleszun

Gesellschaft für Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) mbH

Theodor-Heuss-Straße 4 | 38122 Braunschweig

Dr. Jens Wolf

Phone: +49 531 8012228

[email protected]

www.oowv.de/wissen/wasserschutz/projekte/informatio

nen-zum-projekt-nawak/

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CONTACT


Requirements in the two districts were analysed together with the possible measures, resulting in three different combinations of measures for each model area. These are currently undergoing assessment with regard to benefits and costs and are to be ultimately evaluated by the stakeholders with respect to their practicality. Incentives for their implementation shall be proposed based on stakeholder analyses and economic effects (who pays, who gains?). In addition, recommendations will be made as to how the institutional framework can be modified so that any obstacles are eliminated. As well as the various standards and laws, a key focus will be on the planning process, in particular, on the question of how this can better take into account the demands of stormwater management early on.

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Focal area wastewater system

To systematically examine the most effective strategic measures for the entire wastewater system (from discharger to the wastewater treatment plant), taking into account the problematic situations of overload and underload of the infrastructure, the wastewater system was subdivided into four research clusters: surface, sewers, pumping system and wastewater treatment plant.

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Within these clusters, a multitude of adaptation measures was examined both experimentally and using simulation models and then summarised in a catalogue of measures.

In a second step, measures were combined in order to attain two higher-level goals. Firstly, combinations of measures were to be devised to deliberately counter certain negative effects of overload and underload in the sewer system. The goals include:

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» Reducing overflows and flooding » Reducing combined sewer overflows (CSOs) » Reducing deposits in the sewer system » Improving discharge values for wastewater treatment plants.

Secondly, combinations of measures were defined for improving the overall system (in this case: a Berlin catchment, the model area “Wilmersdorf”). These consist of two combinations with varying amounts of building efforts and labour time (long-term vs short-term).

Various climate scenarios based on IPCC projections for the year 2050 served as terms of reference for modelling. In addition, reference was also made to prognoses regarding population trends in the catchment area and different water consumption scenarios. These were used to create a basic scenario and development scenarios for overload and underload. In the simulation, the effectiveness of measures and combinations of measures can be represented as deviation from the basic scenario.

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Combined with a cost assessment, the selected combinations of measures were designed to serve as recommendations and to illustrate options for operators of urban wastewater systems for dealing with the anticipated worsening of overload and underload problems in the near future. The same approaches were used in both stormwater and wastewater focus areas where sewers and surfaces intersect, though in varying degrees of detail. The methods for superordinate planning developed can therefore be used both individually for stormwater management or wastewater systems and also in combination for both fields.

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CONCLUSION

» Measures for stormwater management and wastewater management need to be examined in an integrated, cross-scale fashion. This is necessary, firstly, to cover the various usages, which go well beyond the primary goals of each individual measure, and secondly, so that urban wastewater systems can be adapted to changes, such as the consequences of climate change, demographic developments and changing consumer behaviours. This enables the exploitation of synergies, while at the same time ensuring that any mutual, potentially negative effects of subsystems are prevented.

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» The measure evaluations created in KURAS for stormwater management and wastewater systems allow very different measures to be selected with respect to specific problem scenarios and can therefore be used as a decision-making tool for integrated urban planning.

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» When planning a sustainable rainwater management and drainage concept, various stakeholders need to be taken into

Concepts for urban stormwater management

and wastewater systems

BACKGROUND

Urban spaces need wastewater and stormwater management concepts that guarantee safe disposal while also contributing to the solution of environmental problems closely linked to urban hydrology. The development of strategies to adapt the relevant urban infrastructure to cope with the consequences of climate change and other future changes is already well underway. However, investigations are needed that examine the effectiveness and optimisation of concrete measures and their adjustment to institutional requirements in greater depth, before the strategies can be implemented and put into operation. These measures affect the wastewater infrastructure and drainage planning as well as binding practices and procedures in urban development, environmental planning and the creation of incentive systems.

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The overall objective of KURAS is to develop and demonstrate integrated concepts for a sustainable management of wastewater and stormwater in urban areas. Therefore KURAS investigates and characterises the effects of different measures and adaptation options extensively and cross-scale.

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RESULTS

Focal area stormwater management

In the focal area stormwater management, 27 established measures for stormwater management were examined in seven categories: greening of buildings, utilisation of rainwater, stormwater infiltration, transformation of impervious to pervious surfaces, artificial water areas, treatment of stormwater in sewers and utilising reservoirs in sewer systems. The starting hypothesis for this work was that greater benefits can be obtained from the appropriate (cross-scale) combination of these measures, which is geared to the challenges in a specific urban district.

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Firstly, all measures were quantified with respect to benefits and costs. The evaluation went far beyond mere water management criteria, taking into account the benefits for residents, quality of open spaces, urban climate, biodiversity, groundwater and surface waters as well as direct costs and use of resources. This resulted in an evaluation matrix that can assist in selecting suitable measures for attaining the stated objectives. In KURAS, the assessment matrix was applied for two districts in Berlin. An analysis of the initial situation in these districts was used as a basis, in which benefits and costs, priorities of stakeholders affected and feasibility of the various measures were considered.

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KURAS account. As well as the responsible water suppliers and disposal companies and stakeholders from urban planning and politics, representatives from various sectors need to be included (e.g. building companies, environmental associations).

» KURAS assists with the implementation of the results both by means of advanced software tools and aids and by making proposals regarding building and district certification for water, as well as higher-level planing tools for urban wastewater and rainwater management.

KURAS | Urban drainage

26 27

Figure 2: Pump in the main pumping station in Wilmersdorf, Berlin – neuralgic component of the wastewater system. Photo: FG Fluidsystemdynamik, TU Berlin

Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the different levels of the wastewater and stormwater management system considered in the KURAS project. Graphics: Kompetenzzentrum Wasser Berlin (KWB)

Contact for Wastewater Systems: TU Berlin, Department of Fluid System Dynamics, Office K2

Straße des 17. Juni 135 | 10623 Berlin

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Paul Uwe Thamsen

Phone: +49 30 31425262

[email protected]

Contact for Stormwater Management:Berlin Centre of Competence for Water

Cicerostraße 24 | 10709 Berlin

Dr. Andreas Matzinger

Phone: +49 30 53653824

[email protected]

http://www.kuras-projekt.de/en/

CONTACT


network due to uneven loading during rain events was calculated exemplarily. A real-time flow control was also developed for this drainage system, which was put into operation in June 2014. The objective of the real-time control is to compensate spatial inhomogeneity during rain events, optimally utilize the available storage volume in the network and, hence, minimise negative impacts on the receiving waters due to combined sewer overflows. The control is designed as a prototype for general use in combined sewer systems. In order to encourage widespread use of real-time control in sewer systems, a simplified simulator was also developed to enable a simple assessment of its interaction with sewage systems, storm water tanks and wastewater treatment plants.

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In a world first, a pollution-based real-time control of a sewer system was implemented in Wuppertal. Surface runoff from the rainwater system is diverted either to the wastewater treatment plant or into the Wupper River, depending on the concentration of suspended solids measured in real-time. Flow and concentra-

» Robust and flexible solutions enable a sustainable design of the urban water household.

» The optimisation of existing systems paves the way for the future.

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» Water-sensitive urban development requires integrated planning processes.

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tion data is measured continuously in high temporal resolution, then evaluated and incorporated into the further development of the real-time control. Developing and implementing real-time control in urban drainage systems requires large amount of data to be collected and analysed. Therefore a data management system specifically for the use in urban drainage was also created in this project.

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The focus “Planning the Future”, extends the traditional approach for sewer network planning to include urban water balance and urban and open space planning. The water balance model, “WABILA”, was developed in order to quantify the effects of new developments on the local water balance. Using this tool, concepts for decentralised and semi-centralised rainwater management can be developed and incorporated into the development plan even during early planning stages. The tool can also be used to determine the potential for different rainwater management measures. Based on close coordination between engineers and landscape planners, urban and open space planning strategies were devised in order to develop attractive urban open spaces, which also take respective water management requirements into account. In two pilot studies in Wuppertal and Gelsenkirchen, rainwater management and flood prevention measures were incorporated into the ongoing urban development process and design proposals.

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In the focus “Overcoming Obstacles”, the current organisation of planning processes and their institutional framework conditions were analysed in order to identify obstacles and develop options for solutions. In the model region Münster, for example, a GIS-based central information portal was implemented that is intended to guarantee the flow of data for interdisciplinary collaboration between all urban planning areas. A “Governance” guideline geared at municipalities and planning agents describes adaption options for processes and structures to ensure integrated and participative planning in the following areas: urban area drainage, urban development, open space planning, environment and traffic.

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The results have been incorporated into regulations by the DWA (German Association for Water, Wastewater and Waste) in six worksheets and datasheets as well as in the draft version of DIN EN 752. A full illustration of the results, plus optional downloads of guidelines and software products, can be found at www.samuwa.de.

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CONCLUSION

The methods and tools provided as a result of SAMUWA make a key contribution to increasing the efficiency of conventional drainage systems and establishing integrated planning processes for water-sensitive urban development. The following key messages can be derived from experiences made during the project:

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BACKGROUND

Most conventional urban drainage systems were designed for a planning horizon of several decades. Being operated statically, these systems are unable to adapt to changes in boundary conditions such as demographic and climate change, along with local developments in individual municipalities. The joint research project SAMUWA questions this previously static approach in planning and operation of drainage systems and demonstrates how dynamic and flexible management of the urban hydrological system can be achieved with smart, integrative system solutions and management concepts.

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RESULTS

The joint project comprises of 14 subprojects which provide solutions to various problems, enabling steps towards a sustainable and adaptive management of the urban water cycle. Closely coordinated development of planning methods, IT tools and the organisational processes play an essential role in the overall function. The projects were developed and piloted in the model areas of Wuppertal, Münster, Reutlingen as well as in the Emscher region. Essential results and products of the joint research project constitute:

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» Solutions to actual problems in the model regions » Tools for solving problems in the form of planning methods and

software » Guidelines for practical application.

The results of the subprojects can be summarized in three key areas:

In the focus “Improving Existing Systems”, options were illustrated for optimising conventional sewage networks using innovative software and thereby developing these further to create intelligent, flexible systems. One key innovation is a stochastic precipitation generator which can generate spatially and temporally correlated precipitation time series with a temporal resolution of five minutes over several decades. This enables the user to take non-uniformly distributed rainfall into account when planning and dimensioning urban drainage systems. On this basis, for the city of Reutlingen, optimisation potential in the sewage

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SAMUWA

The city – a hydrological system in change.

Steps towards an adaptive management of the

urban water cycle

SAMUWA | Urban drainage

28 29

Figure 1: Setting up a flow measurement system for discharge control in Reutlingen. Photo: ISWA, University of Stuttgart, 2015

Figure 2: Schematic representation of a water-based urban model using the example of the model region of Wuppertal/Varresbeck. Graphics: Institute for Landscape Planning and Ecology (ILPÖ), University of Stuttgart, 2015

University of Stuttgart

Institute for Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality

and Solid Waste Management

Bandtäle 2 | 70569 Stuttgart

Dr.-Ing. Ulrich Dittmer

Phone: +49 711 68569350

[email protected]

M.Sc. Anna Bachmann

Phone: +49 711 68565788

[email protected]

http://www.samuwa.de/index.en.html

CONTACT


ing frequency or volume, sewer overflow frequency or volume or load). The data generated by all models is especially suitable for the calculation of combined sewer overflow volumes and for the verification of polluting load.

For the assessment of the quality of the data, the sewer network simulation results obtained with the synthetic time series were compared with those produced from nearby high-resolution stations of the Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD). These stations are often used in practice as they represent the only available data source. It could be shown that the synthetic rainfall generally generates equally good or even better results than the observations, although the latter are located at a distance of approximately 10 to 20 km from the point of interest. The length of the time series is an important advantage of the synthetic data, since some of the DWD time series are still too short to reflect reliable long-term variability of the rainfall.

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More research is required to adapt climate signals to the rainfall models. It could be shown in the project that the models are suitable for this type of application. The generation of spatially consistent rainfall over different points was also investigated in order to illustrate the influence of spatial heterogeneity, which is an important aspect in the rainfall generation process, as it goes along with a high potential of cost reduction in the design of sewage systems. The development of rainfall generators is an ongoing task and will be continued beyond the end of the project.

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CONCLUSION

The SYNOPSE project showed that synthetic rainfall time series represent an alternative for application in urban hydrological modelling when local, observed time series in a high temporal resolution are not available or of limited length. There is a high potential of using synthetic rainfall time series to carry out the design process of sewage networks more sustainably and economically.

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Based on the results of the project, recommendations will be made for the use of synthetic rainfall in practice. Hereby, it will be emphasised that rainfall generation is based on stochastic processes and therefore always includes a random variability in the synthetic time series. The uncertainty is covered by the gen-

eration of numerous realisations. With respect to possible effects of climate change and other uncertainties in the future, the SYNOPSE project creates awareness for the assessment of uncertainty as a standard tool for planning.

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Synthetic rainfall time series for the optimal

planning and operation of urban drainage systems

BACKGROUND

For the planning and optimisation of urban drainage systems with urban hydrological models, continuous high-resolution rainfall time series are of particular importance. Observed time series of this type are not available at all locations in Germany. Planning concepts using inappropriate data often lead to uneconomical, non-sustainable results. An alternative is the usage of synthetic rainfall time series. The aim of the SYNOPSE project was the examination and enhancement of existing methods for generation of synthetic rainfall data, under consideration of various urban hydrological fields of application. In a first step towards the development of a rainfall generator for a nationwide application, the federal states of Lower Saxony and Baden-Württemberg, as well as the three cities of Hamburg, Braunschweig and Freiburg i. Br. were selected as areas of investigation.

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RESULTS

Three different rainfall models, which generate rainfall time series with a 5-minute resolution, were investigated regarding their applicability for urban sewage systems: a parametric stochastic model developed by the University of Hanover, a non-parametric stochastic model by the University of Stuttgart, based on the NiedSim approach, and an applied stochastic method by the University of Augsburg using results from a numeric climate model.

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The synthetic rainfall time series were analyzed for plausibility in various ways, including comparison with observed time series, based on various rainfall characteristics and statistical key figures. In addition, generated time series were used as input for the sewer network models of the three cities, enabling investigations on whether the behaviour of sewer networks can be accurately reflected in relation to flooding frequencies and volumes as well as sewer overflow volume. For comparison, simulation results based on observed rainfall time series were used.

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The three rainfall models were gradually adapted according to the analysis and comparison with observed data and the requirements of urban hydrology. Figure 1 exemplarily shows the simulation results for the flooding return periods of the sewer network of Hamburg, Braunschweig und Freiburg i. Br. using synthetic time series and the observed reference time series. The investigations also demonstrated that the quality of synthetic rainfall time series varies with location, event duration and criterion (flood

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SYNOPSE

SYNOPSE | Urban drainage

30 31

Figure 1: Simulated manhole flooding frequencies based on synthetic rainfall data (blue) and DWD time series (pink), all in comparison to a local refer-ence time series (grey area = confidence area derived from uncertainties of the reference time series), RMSE=root mean square error for the results of all manholes to results based on the reference time series inside the validation area as flooding frequency per year, Perc.= fraction of manholes with results inside the validation area, Inf= manholes, which are not flooded and no return period can be assigned). Graphics: Project representation

Synt

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rain

fall

mod

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DW

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Hamburg Braunschweig Freiburg i. Br.

Leibniz Universität Hannover

Institute of Water Resources Management, Hydrology

and Agricultural Hydraulic Engineering

Appelstraße 9 a | 30167 Hannover

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe Haberlandt

Phone: +49 511 7622237

[email protected]

Dipl.-Hydrol. Hannes Müller

Phone: +49 511 7623729

[email protected]

www.bmbf.nawam-inis.de/en/inis-projects/synopse

CONTACT


BACKGROUND

In Germany, there is a need in rural and peripheral populated areas for ecological and economically sustainable, future-compatible decentralised wastewater treatment systems that have a low level of technical complexity and attain high levels of purification.

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In the nidA200 project, concepts of this kind were developed based on the separation of partial wastewater streams using alternative sanitary systems. Besides high levels of wastewater purification, new types of components allow a high phosphorus recovery rate while comprehensively eliminating pathogenic microorganisms and micropollutants. Algal mass cultures that can be easily harvested and grow year-round play a key role in these systems and may be a future trendsetter with regard to the implementation of a fourth treatment stage.

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RESULTS

Two system concepts were created (one large-scale and one small-scale) in cooperation with all project partners based on the results obtained beforehand. Figure 2 shows the SIMBA# simulation model for the large-scale version.

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Once the wastewater has been separated into partial streams at the source using alternative sanitary systems, grey and brown water (which may also contain small quantities of yellow water) enter the decentralised wastewater treatment plant separately. Yellow water needs to be collected separately and disposed of in a separate treatment system.

Any particulate solids are removed from the greywater in a small primary clarification. This is then first treated in an activated sludge tank using low-age sludge (three to five days) before being treated in a specially developed algal mass culture tube system (AMC tube system). The latter is an algal/bacterial mixed culture that was selected for its high growth rates and extra fast sedimentation. This algal culture attains very low purification values, particularly for nitrogen (N) and phosphate (P), so that uptake rates of 0.04 to 0.14 g P/m2*d and 0.3 to 1.0 g N/m2*d can be obtained. Uptake of large quantities of N and P occurs during the first few minutes after the greywater is added. This could be

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measured using a small-scale pilot system and then confirmed later in a simulation. As well as reducing nutrient matter in the effluent, levels of bacteria, viruses and micropollutants could also be reduced significantly. Elimination rates for algal cultures were as high as 99.996 % for Enterobacteriaceae and up to 99.95 % for E. coli, while for Norovirus, elimination rates of more than 95 % could be determined. Several substances were investigated for the elimination of micropollutants; the elimination of ibuprofen was measured at 97 %, for instance.

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Biomass growth of algae could also be calculated in terms of dry matter (DM) and was as much as 17.6 g DM/(m2*d) in summer and up to 4.5 g DM/(m2*d) in winter, based on monthly mean values. This growth rate means algal sludge has to be harvested regularly. The rapid sedimentation ability of this algae in a conical algal secondary clarification means it can be harvested using a simple technical process. Even during the low-yield winter month of December, it was noticeable that the average algae yield is still around 25 % of the month with the greatest yield, June, making operation throughout the year possible.

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Figure 1 shows an example of intermittent uptake in a photobioreactor supplied with greywater in complete darkness. It is clear that capacity for N and P uptake is great, even outside of the pho

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tosynthesis phases. The pilot system is shown in the background, the tubes are on the left of the diagram, while on the right is the sedimentation funnel, out of which the algae can be drawn. The purified clear water is drained off at the top via the overflow.

In the large-scale version, sludge liquor (and partly brown water supernatant) is fed together with algae sludge and the sludge from greywater pre-sedimentation into the sludge washing unit, which was developed as part of the project and tested in a pilotscale system and in the simulation. Nutrients from the digestion stage are concentrated into the sludge and any water that is relatively low in nutrients is displaced so that the sludge liquor can then be recycled during digestion. The low-nutrient sludge water that was displaced is fed into the greywater primary clarification and subsequently purified by the connected AMC tube system. The small-scale version of the system is restricted to the purification of greywater, which constitutes the largest volume percentage of wastewater.

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As part of the project, biogas yield of the special AMC algae was tested and was calculated at around 300 m3/t oDM. This relatively low value is presumably due to the fact that only algae that survive long anaerobic phases are positively selected, due to the special process technology.

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Various processes could be tested and optimised using the simulation, for which new model components were developed.

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CONCLUSION

The above system concept is distinguished by its energy efficiency, very high level of purification, virtually full recovery of nutrients and a high standard of hygiene. Mass algal cultures con

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Sustainable, innovative and decentralised wastewater

system, including co-treatment of organic waste based

on alternative sanitary concepts


nidA200

stitute a valid alternative to a fourth treatment stage, since they recover phosphate and ammonium from greywater virtually in their entirety, eliminate micropollutants and can also be operated throughout the year.

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Dynamic modelling and the simulation both confirm the capacity for purification of the system concepts developed in the project, while enabling the testing of these using dynamic modelling of incidental greywater on the basis of various population structures.

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nidA200 | Wastewater treatment

32 33

Figure 2: Flow pattern of the nidA200 system based on the SIMBA simulation model. Graphics: Institut für Automation und Kommunikation e.V.

01 Greywater02 Greywater primary clarifier03 Greywater buffer tank04 Activated sludge tank

05 Activated sludge buffer tank06 AMC tube system07 Recirculation cylinder08 Algae secondary clarifier

13 Sludge storage tank14 Digestion15 Brownwater16 Organic waste

09 AMC buffer tank10 Brown water primary clarifier11 Sludge washing unit12 Sludge liquor storage tank

LimnoSun GmbH

Eickhorster Straße 3 | 32479 Hille

Dr. Niels Christian Holm

Phone: +49 5703 5155423

[email protected]

www.limnosun.de/projekte

CONTACT


Figure 1: Uptake of nutrients during the night. Graphic: LimnoSun GmbH

and energy consumption has been implemented in one planning tool. The optimal utilisation of the energy minimisation potential is a challenging interdisciplinary engineering task. Matching challenging effluent limits or even improving the plant performance beyond these limits requires a proper process design and in addition optimal equipment selection and an adapted control concept. The equipment selection and dimensioning include pump sets, diffusors, air distribution system, blower sets and control valves. In order to analyses interactions between process, equipment and automation, a simulation tool is required that can describe how all components involved.

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Resources from the NoNitriNox project were used in to develop a model library of aeration system for SIMBA#, a simulation tool designed by ifak. The new model library includes components for:

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» Blowers and blower control system » Air pipelines with typical installations » Control valves (conventional and new developments) and » Diffusors (devices for supplying fine bubbles of air into aera

tion tanks).-

Those can be integrated with each other or can be combined with a process model of a WWTP. Of course, control options can be considered in detail. The model extension for the description of N2O emissions has also been implemented in this simulator.

As a final component, all essentially control options (see, for instance, [DWA A 268 2015]) was compiled into a block library, allowing to improve the performance (discharge values, environmentally hazardous emissions and operating costs) of a wastewater treatment plant. Different options for the structure of aeration control system were analyzed with the new tool. Resulting recommendations on control system design were developed and published [Alex et al 2015]. First results of the analysis of control options has led to significant energy savings, but may partially provoke slightly increases in N2O emissions. However, the climate effect of the CO2 emitted for the generation of the

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treating wastewater for approximately 250,000 people has pre- and post-denitrification with external carbon sources. In Pforzheim, the high nitrate contamination in the plant inflow from the wastewater from industry, the diverse online measurement technology and high laboratory quality are good conditions for simulation of the sub-processes, and measurements of emissions from WWTP.

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In the aerated nitrification tanks, there could be a direct correlation between N2O emissions with the ammonium concentration.It can be observed that an increase of the ammonium load during the diurnal cycle leads to an increase in the load of nitrous oxide emission. As nitrification increases in the direction of flow, nitrous oxide emission decreases (see Figure 2). The model developed in the project is currently being verified with the large-scale results.

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Regarding the project objectives, the evaluation of different operation strategies for WWTP in term of emission, effluent values

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Planning and operation of wastewater treatment

plants regarding resource and energy efficiency with

targets to reduce emissions of harmful substances

BACKGROUND

Energy consumption from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) accounts for a significant part of the total energy consumption in public sectors. In practice, energy efficiency of WWTP could be significantly improved by relevant energy efficiency measures. However, implementing these measures poses potential disadvantages and risks to the environment including maximization of NH4 emission, degrading sludge quality and increasing emissions of nitrite, nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane. In this context, a planning tool was developed within this project allowing integration of smart control concepts and quantification of nitrite, nitrous oxide emission from WWTP.

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RESULTS

A simulation system was developed in a process involving close scientific cooperation. The activated sludge model of this system includes nitrate (NO3) and ammonium (NH4), and important intermediate products of nitrite (NO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O). The models were further developed and supplemented based on existing model concepts of state-of-the-art activated sludge models (ASM1, ASM3) and the DWA standards.

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At the same time, laboratory experiments of denitrification and nitrification were performed at the Institut für Siedlungswasserbau, Wassergüte und Abfallwirtschaft (ISWA) University of Stuttgart. These experiments were designed to determine favourable conditions for the emission of intermediates during denitrification and nitrification. The experiment results were also used to verify the model hypothesis. The sensitivity to unknown parameters of the developed model was analysed and an initial calibration of the model was performed (see Figure 1). The aim was to develop a set of parameters which can roughly reproduce as many experiments as possible.

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For the verification of the model on full scale WWTP, measurement equipment and models of two WWTP in Dußlingen and Pforzheim were set up. The Steinlach-Wiesaz wastewater treatment association operates the WWPT in Dußlingen, which has a design capacity of over 100,000 people equivalent. The WWTP works with pre-denitrification tanks, representing for many WWTPs of similar construction in Germany. The Pforzheim WWTP

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NoNitriNox

saved energy exceeds the nitrous oxide emissions by one order of magnitude. Detailed analyses are still ongoing and the options for optimisation of operation of the two participating WWTP will be summarized as examples.

CONCLUSION

As the result of NoNitriNox, an integrated planning tool was developed:

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» Performance of WWTP can be described in detail » Emission from nitrite and N2O could be estimated » Mechanical equipment can be planned in detail (especially

the aeration system) and » Most of the options to improve operation of WWTP can be de

veloped and analysed in detail. -

As a result from this project, it is possible to state that the new tool can be used to optimize the design of process, mechanical engineering and automation of WWTP for energy efficiency while the function of WWTP as wastewater treatment is ensured and undesired emission could be estimated, if necessary could be reduced.

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NoNitriNox | Wastewater treatment

34 35

Figure 1: Simulation and measuring data (NO3-N, NO2-N) for a denitrifica-tion experiment (top right: simulation model). Graphics: ifak e.V.

Figure 2: Emissions of nitrous oxide in the nitrification basin at the Dußlingen sewage plant (flow direction: cover 1 --> 2 --> 3). Graphics: ISWA Stuttgart, Abwasserverband Steinlach-Wiesaz

ifak – Institute for Automation and Communication e.V.

Werner-Heisenberg-Straße 1 | 39106 Magdeburg

Dr. Jens Alex

Phone: +49 391 9901469

[email protected]

http://www.bmbf.nawam-inis.de/en/inis-projects/nonitrinox

CONTACT


droponics in the test greenhouse. Irrigation water and products were analysed for hygiene and trace substances parameters. The treated greywater is suitable for the breeding of fish and the cultivation of plants. The NPK liquid manure is suitable for the cultivation of plants. The fish and plant products are free of trace substances, hygienically safe and suitable for human consumption based on the sensor test performed. (TERRA URBANA)

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» Using an ecological balance, the processes for water and nutrient treatment for salad production were assessed in comparison to a reference scenario (conventional treatment of tap water and mineral fertiliser). The results showed that the efficiency of decentralised treatment of water and liquid manure is similar to the conventional treatment of liquid manure and water. If heating of the greenhouse is taken into account in the balance as well, the type of water and nutrient treatment is of less importance from the point of view of climate change and primary energy requirements. Additional technical optimisations should be performed that will render the RWF concept even more attractive than conventional cultivation, such as the use of free or low-cost heat losses in the low temperature range. (Fraunhofer UMSICHT)

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» The scope for innovation of the RWF infrastructure was examined using a constellation analysis. Stakeholder-specific recommendations for action were planned for implementation. In particular, critical areas such as operator concepts, building infrastructure and food legislation were identified. (inter 3)

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» During an accompanying process, PR work was performed during events on the premises of the pilot plant. The demand for guided tours, media presence and increasing numbers of visitors are proof of the public interest in application of the technology, the international standard of the research approach and a basic acceptance of the technology by the specialist public. (All project partners)

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» Specialist articles and communication materials were published for users in the areas of planning, construction, operation, education and training. (All project partners)

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CONCLUSION

» The RWF concept proves that linking decentralised wastewater treatment technology with the production of food is technically possible, hygienically safe and very much in the interest of the public.

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» The RWF concept constitutes a valuable contribution to multifunctional, sustainable infrastructure development and resilience.

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» Transferability studies and public interest demonstrate the basic feasibility and acceptance of this cross-sectoral concept.

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» Implementation of the RWF concept on a wide scale will enable houses and districts to produce high-quality service water and fresh food instead of wastewater in the future.

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» Business models, incentive systems and reference projects still need to be developed to enable the widespread implementation of this approach.

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Technological application areas – urban spaces, building typol

ogies and innovation potential

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» Based on the selected model districts of Berlin and by stipulating the RWF building typologies, the urban transferability potential was calculated. These include RWF variants coordinated to usable water flows (rainwater, greywater and blackwater). Application investigations were performed for the typologies: residential building, commercial building and educational building. (TUB-ISR)

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» The potential for diffusion was illustrated in narrative scenarios with stakeholder interviews, building studies, sample operator models and planning development theses. (TUB-ISR)

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» A simulation of the RWF rooftop greenhouse potential for Berlin showed particularly high potential for greenhouses of up to 2,000 ha for the rainwater variants. Even with smaller potential surface areas (1,100 ha), the greywater variants (including use of service water for WCs) might also reduce the domestic consumption of drinking water across Berlin by up to 15 %, while also reducing domestic wastewater production by up to 20 %. (inter 3)

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» Using an integrated multi-criteria evaluation, innovation potential and risks could be identified. As a result, the strengths of the RWF variants could be calculated in comparison to a conventional system, and these variants could be compared to one another. The high resource potential of greywater and blackwater variants contrast with the simple, lower-cost implementation of the rainwater variants. (inter 3)

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» The RWF variants have specific characteristics and potentials. The greywater and blackwater variants are more expensive to implement due to the greater technical complexity and their dependence on wastewater sources and require more work than the rainwater versions. They do, however, offer considerably larger production and resource efficiency, as well as options for connection to other technologies. (inter 3)

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Communication, agents and users

» The online platform www.roofwaterfarm.com was developed and expanded into a user portal. (TUB-ISR)

Cross-sectoral use of water resources for

building-integrated farming

BACKGROUND

The ROOF WATER-FARM (RWF) project examines approaches to producing food in rooftop greenhouses and to providing these with sustainable supplies of treated water and nutrients from buildings. The research is carried out using a pilot plant in Berlin-Kreuzberg. The integrated water concept of the building complex at Bernburger Straße 22 – a project developed in a collaboration between the owner and the Federal State of Berlin – provides ideal prerequisites for this. Domestic wastewater from bathtubs, showers, wash basins and kitchens is drained separately, treated to create industrial water and reused for the flushing of toilets and the watering of tenants’ gardens. Rainwater is evaporated in the vegetal soil filter. ROOF WATER-FARM develops new methods that can be integrated into buildings for using rainwater, greywater and blackwater to cultivate plants (hydroponics) and fish (aquaponics) in the test greenhouse. Transferability, suitability for everyday practice and acceptance of the multifunctional infrastructure are also examined.

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RESULTS

Technological development: Treatment and use of industrial

water, production of liquid manure and farm technology

» It was verified that treatment of grey water works faultlessly without any risks to hygiene and is economical. In terms of water quality, organic components, including nitrogen and hygiene values, as well as concentrations of heavy metal and trace substances are lower than the values outflowing from large sewage treatment plants. Problematic substances that have so far not been able to be eliminated biologically in large sewage treatment plants (e.g. acesulfame, diclofenac) are significantly lower here. The next step was to enable more than 100 kWh of heat lost each day to be used by means of heat recuperation. (Nolde & Partner)

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-

» The development of a method for treatment of blackwater was completed. The pilot plant for production of NPK liquid manure provides several hundred litres of liquid manure per day, and the concentrations of nitrogen, phosphor and potassium that this contains can be used to fertilise plants in the greenhouse. Analysis of hygiene parameters, heavy metals and trace substances showed that this NPK liquid manure is hygienically safe and free of pollutants. (Fraunhofer UMSICHT)

-

» The use of service water from greywater treatment was tested in aquaponics and the use of NPK fertilisers was tested in hy-


ROOF WATER-FARM

ROOF WATER-FARM | Wastewater treatment

36 37

Figure 1: Project harvest festival in autumn 2015. Visitors to the project’s pilot plant gain information about technologies and research perspec-tives for the urban space. Source: ROOF WATER-FARM, photo: Tim Nebert

Figure 2: An online platform for the project, PR work and an online user portal promote the acceptance and dissemination of the technology. Source: ROOF WATER-FARM, photo: Marc Brinkmeier

Technische Universität Berlin (TUB)

Department of Urban and Regional Planning (ISR)

Chair of Urban Design and Urban Development

Hardenbergstraße 40 a | 10623 Berlin

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Angela Million

Phone: +49 30 31428101

[email protected]

Dr.-Ing. Anja Steglich

Phone: +49 30 31428093

[email protected]

http://www.roofwaterfarm.com/en/

CONTACT


Dr.-Ing. Grit Bürgow

Phone: +49 30 31428093

[email protected]

Contact details of the research collaborations

Contact details of the

research collaborations

38 39

Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe

Professur für Biologische Abwasserreinigung und AbwasserverwertungAn der Wilhelmshöhe 44 | 37671 HöxterProf. Dr.-Ing. Martin OldenburgPhone: +49 5271 [email protected]

ISOE – Institut für sozial-ökologische Forschung

Institutsbereich Wasser und nachhaltige Umweltplanung Hamburger Allee 45 | 60486 Frankfurt am MainDr. Engelbert SchrammPhone: +49 69 [email protected]

Öko-Institut e.V.

Büro BerlinSchicklerstraße 5–7 | 10179 BerlinDipl.-Ing. Günter DehoustPhone: +49 30 405085355 [email protected]

Steinbeis-Transferzentrum Solar- und Wärmetechnik

Pfaffenwaldring 6 | 70550 StuttgartDr.-Ing. Harald DrückPhone: +49 711 [email protected]

Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg Institut für Abwasserwirtschaft und GewässerschutzEissendorfer Straße 42 | 21079 HamburgPD Dr.-Ing. habil. Ina KörnerPhone: +49 40 [email protected]

MUNICIPAL, UTILITY AND INDUSTRY PARTNERS

Buhck Umweltservices GmbH & Co. KG Südring 38 | 21465 Wentorf/b.Hbg.Dipl.-Ing. Wolfram GelpkePhone: +49 40 [email protected]

Consulaqua Hamburg GmbH

Ausschläger Elbdeich 2 | 20539 HamburgDipl.-Geol. Sören KathmannPhone: +49 40 [email protected]

VacuSaTec® – Vacuum Sanitärtechnik GmbH & Co. KG

Salzmannstraße 56 a | 48147 MünsterThomas DeipenbrockPhone: +49 251 [email protected]

GWK Präzisionstechnik GmbH

Gollierstraße 70 | 80339 München Christian HeesePhone: +49 89 72649600 [email protected]

R-Biopharm AG

An der neuen Bergstraße 17 | 64297 DarmstadtDr. Silvia VosselerPhone: +49 6151 [email protected]

Research collaboration KREIS

PROJECT COORDINATION


Professur SiedlungswasserwirtschaftCoudraystraße 7 | 99423 WeimarProf. Dr.-Ing. Jörg Londong Phone: +49 3643 [email protected]

Hamburger Stadtentwässerung AöR

Abteilung TechnologieentwicklungBillhorner Deich 2 | 20539 HamburgDr. Kim AugustinPhone: +49 40 [email protected]

RESEARCH PARTNERS


Professur Biotechnologie in der RessourcenwirtschaftCoudraystr. 7 | 99423 Weimar Prof. Dr.-Ing. Eckhard KraftPhone: +49 3643 [email protected]

Professur Betriebswirtschaftslehre im Bauwesen Marienstrasse 7 a | 99423 WeimarProf. Dr.-Ing. Dipl.-Wirtsch.-Ing. Hans Wilhelm AlfenPhone: +49 3643 [email protected]

Research collaboration EDIT


Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung GmbH – UFZ

Department Aquatische Ökosystemanalyse und ManagementBrückstraße 3 a | 39114 MagdeburgDr. Daniel KarthePhone: +49 391 [email protected]

RESEARCH PARTNERS

Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Institut für Mikrosystemtechnik (IMTEK)Georges-Köhler-Allee 103 | 79110 FreiburgDr. Gregory DamePhone: +49 761 [email protected]

DVGW Deutscher Verein des Gas- und Wasserfaches e. V. –

Technologiezentrum Wasser

Karlsruher Straße 84 | 76139 KarlsruheDr. Andreas TiehmPhone: +49 721 [email protected]

Fraunhofer IOSB

Institutsteil Angewandte Systemtechnik (AST)

Am Vogelherd 50 | 98693 IlmenauDr.-Ing. Buren ScharawPhone: +49 3677 [email protected]

Technische Universität München – Institut für Wasserchemie

und chemische Balneologie

Marchioninistraße 17 | 81377 MünchenDr. Michael Seidel / Prof. Dr. Reinhard NiessnerPhone: +49 89 [email protected]


Berliner Wasserbetriebe WasserversorgungNeue Jüdenstraße 1 | 10179 BerlinDipl.-Ing. Fereshte Sedehizade Phone: +49 30 [email protected]


Contacts

Research collaboration KURAS


Technische Universität Berlin

FG Fluidsystemdynamik, Sekr. K2Straße des 17. Juni 135 | 10623 BerlinProf. Dr.-Ing. Paul Uwe ThamsenPhone: +49 30 [email protected]

Kompetenzzentrum Wasser Berlin gGmbH

Cicerostraße 24 | 10709 BerlinDr. Andreas MatzingerPhone: +49 30 [email protected]

RESEARCH PARTNERS

Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik gGmbH Zimmerstraße 13–15 | 10969 BerlinDr.-Ing. Darla NickelPhone: +49 30 [email protected]

Freie Universität Berlin AB HydrogeologieMalteserstraße 74–100 | 12249 BerlinDr. Andreas WinklerPhone: +49 30 [email protected]

Hochschule Neubrandenburg

Brodaer Straße 2 | 17033 NeubrandenburgProf. Dr. Manfred KöhlerPhone: +49 395 [email protected]

ifak – Institut für Automation und Kommunikation e.V.

Werner-Heisenberg-Straße 1 | 39106 MagdeburgDr. Jens AlexPhone: +49 391 [email protected]

IWW Rheinisch-Westfälisches Institut für

Wasserforschung gGmbH

Moritzstraße 26 | 45476 Mülheim an der RuhrAndreas HeinPhone: +49 208 [email protected]


Institut für Meteorologie und KlimatologieHerrenhäuser Straße 2 | 30419 HannoverProf. Dr. Günter GrossPhone: +49 511 [email protected]

40 41


Technische Universität Kaiserslautern

FG SiedlungswasserwirtschaftPaul-Ehrlich-Straße 40 | 67663 KaiserslauternProf. Dr. Theo G. SchmittPhone: +49 631 [email protected]

Umweltbundesamt

Schichauweg 58 | 12307 BerlinDr. Hartmut BartelPhone: +49 30 [email protected]


Ramboll Studio Dreiseitl

Nußdorfer Straße 9 | 88662 ÜberlingenGerhard HauberPhone: +49 7551 [email protected]

Berliner Wasserbetriebe

Forschung und EntwicklungCicerostraße 24 | 10709 BerlinJan WaschnewskiPhone: +49 30 [email protected]

GEO-NET Umweltconsulting GmbH

Große Pfahlstraße 5 a | 30161 HannoverDr. Björn BüterPhone: +49 511 [email protected]

Ingenieurgesellschaft Prof. Dr. Sieker mbH

Rennbahnallee 109 a | 15366 HoppegartenProf. Dr. Heiko SiekerPhone: +49 3342 [email protected]

ASSOCIATED PARTNER

Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt Berlin

Abteilung ZF, Ministerielle GrundsatzangelegenheitenWürttembergische Straße 6 | 10707 BerlinBrigitte ReichmannPhone: +49 30 [email protected]

Research collaboration NaCoSi


Technische Universität Darmstadt, Institut IWAR

FG Wasserversorgung und Grundwasserschutz Franziska-Braun-Straße 7 | 64287 Darmstadt

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Dr. nat. techn. Wilhelm UrbanPhone: +49 6151 [email protected]

Dr. Alexander Sonnenburg Phone: +49 6151 [email protected]

RESEARCH PARTNERS

aquabench GmbH

Ferdinandstraße 6 | 20095 HamburgDr. Kay MöllerPhone: +49 40 47112425 [email protected]


Hamburger Allee 45 | 60486 Frankfurt am MainDr. Alexandra LuxPhone: +49 69 [email protected]

Technische Universität Darmstadt, Institut IWAR

FG Stoffstrommanagement und RessourcenwirtschaftFranziska-Braun-Straße 7 | 64287 DarmstadtProf. Dr. rer. nat. Liselotte SchebekPhone: +49 6151 1620720 [email protected]

Universität der Bundeswehr München

Professur Siedlungswasserwirtschaft und AbfalltechnikWerner-Heisenberg-Weg 39 | 85577 NeubibergProf. Dr.-Ing. habil. Steffen KrausePhone: +49 89 [email protected]

Universität Leipzig

Institut für Infrastruktur und RessourcenmanagementGrimmaische Straße 12 | 04109 LeipzigProf. Dr.-Ing. Robert HolländerPhone: +49 341 9733871 [email protected]

Research collaboration NAWAK


Gesellschaft für Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) mbH

Theodor-Heuss-Straße 4 | 38122 BraunschweigDr. Jens WolfPhone: +49 531 [email protected]

RESEARCH PARTNERS

Leibniz-Institut für Angewandte Geophysik

Stilleweg 2 | 30655 HannoverDr. Helga Wiederhold Phone: +49 511 [email protected]

Technische Universität Braunschweig

Leichtweiß-Institut für WasserbauAbteilung für Hydrologie, Wasserwirtschaft und GewässerschutzBeethovenstraße 51 a | 38106 BraunschweigProf. Dr. rer. nat. H. M. Schöniger Phone: +49 531 3917129 [email protected]


Niedersächsischer Landesbetrieb für Wasserwirtschaft,

Küsten- und Naturschutz

Betriebsstelle AurichOldersumer Straße 48 | 26603 AurichDieter de Vries Phone: +49 4941 [email protected]

Oldenburgisch-Ostfriesischer Wasserverband

Georgstraße 4 | 26919 BrakeEgon Harms Phone: +49 4401 9163380 [email protected]

ASSOCIATED PARTNER

Heidewasser GmbH

An der Steinkuhle 2 | 39128 MagdeburgBernd WienigPhone: +49 391 289680 [email protected]

SUBCONTRACTOR

Arbeitsgruppe für regionale Struktur- und Umweltforschung

GmbH (ARSU)

Escherweg 1 | 26121 OldenburgProf. Dr. U. ScheelePhone: +49 441 [email protected]

Küste und Raum – Ahlhorn & Meyerdirks GbR

Heidebergstr. 82 | 26316 VarelDr. Frank AhlhornPhone: +49 4451 [email protected]

Research collaboration netWORKS 3



Hamburger Allee 45 | 60486 Frankfurt am MainDr.-Ing. Martina WinkerPhone: +49 69 7076919 [email protected]

RESEARCH PARTNERS

Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik gGmbH

Zimmerstraße 13–15 | 10969 BerlinDr. Jens LibbePhone: +49 30 [email protected]


FG Wirtschafts- und InfrastrukturpolitikBereich Infrastrukturmanagement und Verkehrspolitik (IM-VP)Straße des 17. Juni 135 | 10623 BerlinProf. Dr. Thorsten BeckersPhone: +49 30 [email protected]


ABG FRANKFURT HOLDING

Wohnungsbau- und Beteiligungsgesellschaft mbH

Niddastraße 107 | 60329 Frankfurt am MainFrank Junker Phone: +49 69 [email protected]

ABGnova GmbH

Ginnheimer Straße 48 | 60487 Frankfurt am MainSabine KunkelPhone: +49 69 [email protected]


Billhorner Deich 2 | 20539 HamburgThomas Giese Phone: +49 40 [email protected]

42 43


SUBCONTRACTOR

COOPERATIVE Infrastruktur und Umwelt

Am Seegärtchen 23 | 64354 ReinheimDr.-Ing. Bernhard MichelPhone: +49 6162 [email protected]

Research collaboration nidA200


LimnoSun GmbH

Eickhorster Straße 3 | 32479 HilleDr. Niels Christian HolmPhone: +49 5703 [email protected]

RESEARCH PARTNERS



Institut für Hygiene und Umwelt

Abteilung Medizinische MikrobiologieMarckmannstraße 129 a | 20539 HamburgProf. Dr. Peter RoggentinPhone: +49 431 [email protected]


Gemeinde Hille

Am Rathaus 4 | 32479 HilleLothar RiechmannPhone: +49 571 [email protected]

Research collaboration NoNitriNox




RESEARCH PARTNERS

Universität Stuttgart

Institut für Siedlungswasserbau, Wassergüte- und Abfallwirtschaft Bandtäle 2 | 70569 StuttgartCarsten MeyerPhone: +49 711 [email protected]


Abwasserverband Steinlach-Wiesaz

Langer Wasen 9 | 72144 DußlingenMichael LandenbergerPhone: +49 7071 [email protected]

Stadt Pforzheim – Eigenbetrieb Stadtentwässerung Pforzheim

Abteilung 4 – Betrieb75158 Pforzheim | Wolfgang KörberPhone: +49 7231 [email protected]

Weber-Ingenieure GmbH

Bauschlotter Straße 62 | 75177 PforzheimDr.-Ing. Tobias MorckPhone: +49 7231 [email protected]

Research collaboration ROOF WATER-FARM



Project supervision:Institut für Stadt- und RegionalplanungFG Städtebau und Siedlungswesen, Sekr. B9Hardenbergstraße 40 a | 10623 BerlinProf. Dr.-Ing. Angela Million (geb. Uttke)Phone: +49 30 [email protected]

Project management:Zentraleinrichtung Wissenschaftliche Weiterbildung und Kooperation, kubus, Sekr. FH10-1Fraunhofer Straße 33–36 | 10587 BerlinDipl.-Ing. Gisela PrystavPhone: +49 30 [email protected]

RESEARCH PARTNERS

Fraunhofer-Institut für Umwelt-, Sicherheits- und

Energietechnik (UMSICHT)

Osterfelder Straße 3 | 46047 OberhausenDr.-Ing. Ilka Gehrke Phone: +49 208 [email protected]

inter 3 GmbH – Institut für Ressourcenmanagement

Otto-Suhr-Allee 59 | 10585 BerlinDr. Susanne Schön Phone: +49 30 [email protected]

TERRA URBANA Umlandentwicklungsgesellschaft mbH

Nächst Neuendorfer Landstraße 6 a | 15806 ZossenDr. rer. nat. Jens DautzPhone: +49 3377 [email protected]

ASSOCIATED PARTNER

Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt Berlin

Abteilung Z „Zentrales“Ministerielle GrundsatzangelegenheitenBrigitte ReichmannPhone: +49 30 [email protected]

SUBCONTRACTOR

Nolde & Partner

Innovative WasserkonzepteMarienburger Straße 31 a | 10405 BerlinDipl.-Ing. Erwin Nolde Phone: +49 30 [email protected]

Research collaboration SAMUWA



Institut für Siedlungswasserbau, Wassergüte- und AbfallwirtschaftBandtäle 2 | 70569 Stuttgart

Dr.-Ing. Ulrich DittmerPhone: +49 711 [email protected]

M.Sc. Anna BachmannPhone: +49 711 [email protected]

RESEARCH PARTNERS

Bergische Universität Wuppertal

FB ArchitekturLehrstuhl StädtebauPauluskirchstraße 7 | 42285 WuppertalProf. Dr.-Ing. Tanja SiemsPhone: +49 202 [email protected]

Fachhochschule Münster

Institut für Wasser, Ressourcen, Umwelt Johann-Krane-Weg 25 | 48149 MünsterProf. Dr. Mathias UhlPhone: +49 251 [email protected]


Werner-Heisenberg-Straße 1 | 39106 MagdeburgDr. Manfred SchützePhone: +49 391 [email protected]


Institut für Landschaftsplanung und ÖkologieKeplerstraße 11 | 70174 StuttgartProf. Dipl.-Ing. Antje StokmanPhone: +49 711 [email protected]

Institut für Wasser- und UmweltsystemmodellierungPfaffenwaldring 61 | 70569 StuttgartProf. Dr. rer. nat. Dr.-Ing. András BárdossyPhone: +49 711 [email protected]


aqua_plan Ingenieurgesellschaft für Problemlösungen in

Hydrologie und Umweltschutz mbH

Amyastraße 126 | 52066 AachenDipl.-Ing. Gerhard LangstädtlerPhone: +49 241 [email protected]

Dr. Pecher AG

Klinkerweg 5 | 40699 ErkrathDr. Holger HoppePhone: +49 2104 [email protected]

Emschergenossenschaft/Lippeverband

Kronprinzenstraße 24 | 45128 EssenDr. Jürgen MangPhone: +49 201 [email protected]

44 45

Stadtentwässerung Braunschweig GmbH

Taubenstraße 7 | 38106 Braunschweig Dipl.-Ing. A. HartmannPhone: +49 531 [email protected]

Research collaboration TWIST++


Fraunhofer-Institut für System- und

Innovationsforschung (ISI)

Breslauer Straße 48 | 76139 Karlsruhe

Dr.-Ing. Harald HiesslPhone: +49 721 [email protected]

Dr.-Ing. Thomas HillenbrandPhone: +49 721 [email protected]

RESEARCH PARTNERS


Professur SiedlungswasserwirtschaftCoudraystraße 7 | 99423 WeimarProf. Dr.-Ing. Jörg LondongPhone: +49 3643 584615 [email protected]

Professur Betriebswirtschaftslehre im BauwesenMarienstraße 7 a | 99423 WeimarDipl.-Ing. Ilka Nyga Phone: +49 3643 [email protected]

Institut für Landes- und Stadtentwicklungsforschung

gGmbH (ILS)

Brüderweg 22–24 | 44135 DortmundMartin SchulwitzPhone: +49 231 [email protected]

IWW Rheinisch-Westfälisches Institut für Wasser

forschung gGmbh

-

Justus-von-Liebig-Straße 10 | 64584 Biebesheim am RheinDr.-Ing. Christian SorgePhone: +49 208 [email protected]


InfraConsult Gesellschaft für Infrastrukturplanung mbH

Schaiblestraße 1 | 70499 StuttgartDipl.-Ing. Ulrich HaasPhone: +49 711 [email protected]

Stadt Münster

TiefbauamtStadthaus 3 | 48155 MünsterMichael GrimmPhone: +49 251 [email protected]

Stadtentwässerung Reutlingen Marktplatz 22 | 72764 ReutlingenArno ValinPhone: +49 7121 [email protected]

WSW Energie & Wasser AG

Bromberger Straße 39–41 | 42281 WuppertalDipl.-Ing. Udo LauersdorfPhone: +49 202 [email protected]

Research collaboration SinOptiKom



FG SiedlungswasserwirtschaftPostfach 3049 | 67653 KaiserslauternProf. Dr.-Ing. Theo G. SchmittPhone: +49 631 [email protected]

RESEARCH PARTNERS

Fraunhofer-Institut für Experimentelles Software

Engineering (IESE)

Fraunhofer-Platz 1 | 67663 KaiserslauternProf. Dr. Peter Liggesmeyer Phone: +49 631 [email protected]


Lehrstuhl Stadtplanung, Fachbereich Raum- und UmweltplanungPfaffenbergstraße 95 | 67663 KaiserslauternProf. Dr.-Ing. Gerhard SteinebachPhone: +49 631 [email protected]

AG Optimierung, Fachbereich MathematikPostfach 3049 | 67653 Kaiserslautern Prof. Dr. Sven KrumkePhone: +49 631 [email protected]

AG Computergrafik und HCIPostfach 3049 | 67653 Kaiserslautern apl. Prof. Dr. Achim EbertPhone: +49 631 [email protected]


FIRU mbH – Forschungs- und Informations-Gesellschaft für

Fach- und Rechtsfragen der Raum- und Umweltplanung

Bahnhofstraße 22 | 67655 KaiserslauternDipl.-Ing. Sabine HerzPhone: +49 631 [email protected]

igr AG

Luitpoldstraße 60 a | 67806 RockenhausenDipl.-Ing. Stefanie SeiffertPhone: +49 6361 [email protected]

Mittelrheinische Treuhand GmbH

Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaft

Steuerberatungsgesellschaft

Hohenzollernstraße 104–108 | 56068 KoblenzDipl.-Math. oec. Dr. Harald Breitenbach Phone: +49 261 [email protected]

Verbandsgemeinde Enkenbach-Alsenborn

Hauptstraße 18 | 67677 Enkenbach-AlsenbornDipl.-Ing. Michael Marques AlvesPhone: +49 6305 [email protected]

Verbandsgemeinde Rockenhausen

Bezirksamtsstraße 7 | 67806 RockenhausenBernhard PersohnPhone: +49 6361 [email protected]

Research collaboration SYNOPSE



Institut für Wasserwirtschaft, Hydrologie und landwirtschaftlichen Wasserbau

-

Appelstraße 9 a | 30167 Hannover

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe HaberlandtPhone: +49 511 [email protected]

Dipl.-Hydrol. Hannes MüllerPhone: +49 511 [email protected]

RESEARCH PARTNERS

Universität Augsburg

Institut für Geographie Lehrstuhl für Regionales Klima und HydrologieUniversitätsstraße 10 | 86159 AugsburgProf. H. KunstmannPhone: +49 821 [email protected]


Institut für Wasser- und UmweltsystemmodellierungLehrstuhl für Hydrologie und Geohydrologie Pfaffenwaldring 61 | 70569 StuttgartProf. Dr. rer. nat. Dr.-Ing. András BárdossyPhone: +49 711 [email protected]


Dr.-Ing. Pecher & Partner Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH

Marienfelder Allee 135 | 12277 BerlinDipl.-Ing. K.-J. SympherPhone: +49 30 [email protected]


Billhorner Deich 2 | 20539 HamburgDipl.-Ing. A. KuchenbeckerPhone: +49 40 [email protected]

Institut für technisch-wissenschaftliche Hydrologie GmbH

Engelbosteler Damm 22 | 30167 HannoverDr. L. FuchsPhone: +49 511 [email protected]

46 47

Universität Stuttgart Lehrstuhl Siedlungswasserwirtschaft und WasserrecyclingBandtäle 2 | 70569 StuttgartDipl.-Ing. Ralf MinkePhone: +49 711 [email protected]


Abwasserzweckverband Nordkreis Weimar

Markt 2 | 99439 ButtelstedtGeorg ScheidePhone: +49 36451 [email protected]

CURRENTA GmbH & Co. OHG

Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee | 51368 LeverkusenKarl-Heinz StuerznickelPhone: +49 214 [email protected]

Deutsche Vereinigung für Wasserwirtschaft, Abwasser

und Abfall e.V. (DWA)

Theodor-Heuss-Allee 17 | 53773 HennefDr. Christian WilhelmPhone: +49 2242 [email protected]

HST Systemtechnik GmbH & Co. KG

Sophienweg 3 | 59872 MeschedeDipl.-Ing. Günther Müller-CzyganPhone: +49 291 [email protected]

RAG Montan Immobilien GmbH

Im Welterbe 1–8 | 45141 EssenKim Alexander TroldnerPhone: +49 201 [email protected]

Stadtbetrieb Abwasserbeseitigung Lünen AöR

Borker Straße 56–58 | 44534 LünenClaus Externbrink Phone: +49 2306 [email protected]

takomat GmbH

Neptunplatz 6 b | 50823 Köln Daniel SchwarzPhone: +49 221 [email protected]

tandler.com GmbH

Am Griesberg 25–27 | 84172 Buch am ErbachGerald AngermairPhone: +49 8709 [email protected]

48

Wupperverband

Untere Lichtenplatzer Straße 100 | 42289 WuppertalDipl.-Ing. Karl-Heiz SpiesPhone: +49 202 [email protected]

3S Consult GmbH

Schillerplatz 2 | 01309 DresdenIngo KroppPhone: +49 351 [email protected]

INISnet

Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik gGmbH Zimmerstr. 13–15 | 10969 BerlinDr. Jens LibbePhone: +49 30 [email protected]

Dr.-Ing. Darla NickelPhone: +49 30 [email protected]

Dr. Stephanie BockPhone: +49 30 [email protected] DVGW-Forschungsstelle TUHH

Technische Universität Hamburg-HarburgAm Schwarzenberg-Campus 3 | 21073 HamburgMargarethe LangerPhone: +49 40 [email protected]

Deutsche Vereinigung für Wasserwirtschaft, Abwasser

und Abfall e.V. (DWA)

Theodor-Heuss-Allee 17 | 53773 HennefDr. Christian WilhelmPhone: +49 2242 [email protected]


Notes

Notes

50


Imprint

Published by:Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik gGmbH (Difu), Zimmerstraße 13–15,10969 Berlin(German Institute of Urban Affairs)

Editors:The integration and transfer project INISnet of the BMBF funding measure “Smart and Multifunctional Infrastructural Systems for Sustainable Water Supply, Sanitation and Stormwater Management”

Photo Credits: Cover (from left to right):

Luftbild Bonn/bilderbuch-bonn.de, Pixler/Fotalia.com, igr AGPhase4Photography/shutterstock.com, ROOF WATER-FARM, BUW, matsue/iStockphoto.comInstitut für Hygiene und Umwelt, HAMBURG WASSER, D. Karthe

Inside:

Andreas Hoffmann (p. 10/11), DWA (p. 38/39), Luftbild Bonn/bilderbuch-bonn.de (p. 49)The respective collaborative projects hold the copyright to all other images, unless otherwise stated.

Graphic design and layout: Nicole Rabe, Grafikbüro grafikrabe

Printing:Spree Druck Berlin GmbH, Berlin

Available from:Nadine Dräger (Difu)Phone: +49 30 39001202, [email protected]

Download:www.bmbf.nawam-inis.dewww.fona.de/en/sustainable-water-management

Contributions:Coordinators of the INIS collaborative projects, employees of the integration and transfer project INISnet

Contact at the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research:Dr. Helmut Löwe – Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)Division 724 – Resources and Sustainability, 53170 BonnPhone: +49 228 [email protected]

Contact at Project Management Jülich: Dr. Reinhard Marth – Project Management Resources and SustainabilityProject Management Jülich, Division SustainabilityForschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Zimmerstraße 26–27, 10969 BerlinPhone: +49 30 [email protected]

Berlin, May 20161st Edition – 1,000 copies

Imprint

52

smart and multifunctional infrastructural systems for ...€¦ · smart and multifunctional...

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