Smart Cities Public Policy Keys to Build up New Cities and Reinvent Existing Ones Olga Gil and Carmen Navarro

9th Transatlantic Dialog: Rebuilding Capacities for Urban Governance. Baltimore 12-15 June 2013

Image: FIFTYMM69 EN FLICKR Image Olimpic Stadium Beijin by Flash Parker: http://www.flickr.com/photos/shawnparkerphoto

Authors available for sponsorship of research, further information, conferences, analysis and findings

Follow our community on Google Plus Smart Cities: Spain, Europe, World

Corresponding author

Dr. Olga Gil. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and TicWisdom olgagil@olgagil.es @olgag Dr. Carmen Navarro. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Head of Department. Political Science and International Relations

1

1. Introduction

2. Definition

3. The context: setting the agenda for smart cities worldwide

4. Cases for analysis

5. Analysis and findings

6. Annex 2

1. Introduction

2. Definition

3. The context: setting the agenda for smart cities worldwide

4. Cases for analysis

5. Analysis and findings 3

• 70% of the world population will be living in cities by 2050 United Nations World Urbanization Report

• 9.400 new cities by 2050

• What are the challenges for smart cities in this new scenario?

4

Introduction

1. Introduction

2. Definition

3. The context: setting the agenda for smart cities worldwide

4. Cases for analysis

5. Analysis and findings 5

• Quality of life, productivity, growth effects of human capital (Jesse Shapiro, 2006)

• Metropolitan area with a large share of population with university degrees (Winters 2011)

• European tradition: Digitally inclusive and regeneration (Deaking and Allwinkle, 2007)

2. Definition: What makes a city smart?

6

Tradition departing from a smart concept constrained to the world of devices:

• Undergird the social capital to embed ICT features of smart cities (Hollands 2008)

• Includes two forms of intelligence: human and collective, from skills to social and political institutions articulating cooperation (Komninos 2009).

• Emphasizes people and interactions (Allwinkle and Cruicksanks 2001)

2. Definition: What makes a city smart?

7

Smart concept wider than the world of devices:

“The most important things about information technology: the possibility to empower and educate citizens… to engage them in a debate about environment and aspirations”

“How citizens interact are key to any successful community, enterprise or venture”

2. Definition: What makes a city smart?

8

Smart places

• Combine the best of physical and virtual worlds. Physical spaces retain relevance (Deaking, Al Waer 2011)

• Presence of a creative class (Andrea Caragliu et al 2011, Richard Florida 2002, 2005)

• The “three layers”: Physical space, with aglomeration of people, innovative clusters 2) institutional innovation mechanisms and policies for technology transfer 3) collaborative spaces (Komninos 2009)

2. Definition: What makes a city smart?

9

Combining e-government, information science, urban studies and public administration

Chourabi et al (2012) identify eight critical factors allowing us to compare:

• Management and organization

• Technology

• Governance

• Policy context

• People and communities

• Economy

• Built infrastructure

• Natural environment

2. Definition: What makes a city smart?

10

2. Definition: Framework for analysis

Allows: • Explanatory attempt at evaluating factors and success of projects

• Different visions of smart design and implementation 11

2. Definition: Hypothesis and cases

Hypothesis: Factors to advance smart plans are key to differentiate models of urban governance

Choice of cases: Driven by interest (China, Japan, Iskandar (Malaysia), New York, Tarragona (Spain).

• To learn from innovation practices in different world institutional settings

• Different innovation rates (R&D in China + 17 %, USA 5,2 %, Europe 3,8 %)

• Attempt to tackle differences and similarities in both OCDE and non OCDE countries

• Interested in variations in the universe of cases

12

1. Introduction

2. Definition

3. The context: setting the agenda for smart cities worldwide

4. Cases for analysis

5. Analysis and findings 13

3. Context: Smart cities in the world

agenda

An interest in China in city development far from the

growth model (Lin 2002)

OCDE and European Union link the concept of sustainable environment, competition and cohesion with smart cities (2005)

City initiatives: Amsterdam, Southamton, Edimburgh, Malta, Philadelphia, Seattle, Quebec, Mexico city…

Business initiatives: IBM, Siemens, Oracle

European Union research and policy projects: Intelcities, INTERREG

14

1. Introduction

2. Definition

3. The context: setting the agenda for smart cities worldwide

4. Cases for analysis

5. Analysis and findings 15

4. Cases for analysis

Unit of observation is each smart city initiative However,

cities and smart initiatives vary widely in demographics, economy, location, population growth and levels of urban development. Some countries choose metropolitan regions (Japan)

16

1. Introduction

2. Definition

3. The context: setting the agenda for smart cities worldwide

4. Cases for analysis: China

5. Analysis and findings 17

4. Cases for analysis: China

4.1. Management, economy and built infrastructure

• Based on an investment led model: 12th Master Plan allocates substantial resources to the Internet of Things and sustainability sectors

• “Embed sensors in all corners of the city through power grids, railways, bridges, pipelines” (Liu, Peng 2013)

4.2. Technology and Energy

• Keys to smart developments in China

• Technical standards lacking or imperfect in the field (Liu, Peng 2013)

• Built in attempt to leap forward the model of energy production and distribution through a smart grid

• Projects include adding inteligence in location sensing, identification, security, networking, processing, control, agriculture, industrial processes and health sector

18

4. Cases for analysis: China

4.3. Organization and governance

• Participation of local governments and universities, both lead by officials form the communist party. Cooperation is open to local governments, universities and foreign firms. Japanese firms and IBM have developed strong win-win alliances.

• Examples of smart cities: Beijin, Tianjin, Shanghai, Guanzhou, Nanjing, Shenyang, Wuhan, Dongying, Hangzhou, Wuxi, and Chengdu (Liu, Peng 2013).

• Shanghai, Chongqing city and Beijing University (participating with other universities around the world) have ambitious smart plans

• Banks are also important actors, supporting smart city projects around the country (China Development Bank…)

19

4. Cases for analysis: China

4.4. Economy and the policy context

• Go hand in hand. Looking forward the development of an industry woth more than 500 billion yuan in a decade.

• Investment led models may lead to widespread construction where quantity and quality are not satisfactory. Danger of waste of funds, constructions becoming information islands –over 700 operation systems in Beijing face difficulties of integration- plus lack of regulation and technical standards (Liu, Peng 2013)

4.5. People and communities

• Incorporated through the political party

• Lius and Peng (2013) suggest the importance of talented persons, professionals, education and training, they suggest to build a high-end talent platform with university and scientific institutes, cooperation with colleges, local industries, vocational training schools…

4.6. Natural environment • Focus on the smart grid to transport energy to coastal cities in the east

20

1. Introduction

2. Definition

3. The context: setting the agenda for smart cities worldwide

4. Cases for analysis: Iskandar

5. Analysis and findings 21

4. Cases for analysis: Iskandar

4.1. Management, organization and governance

• Based on a designed developmental model (top-down), derived from strategic location --within minutes of Singapore, East-West trade routes and growing air and sea Pacific hubs

• Iskandar development Plan designed by the government in 2006 and an Iskandar Regional Development Authority later appointed to advance smart goals

4.2. Technology

• Mentioned as a pillar: attempting “an strategic use of IT for integration of every aspect of life”. However, further details are nor addressed.

22

4. Cases for analysis: Iskandar

4.3. Policy context and economy

• Iskandar Regional Development Authority (IRDA) established by a Federal Act of Parliament (2007) “provide a livable and sustainable conurbation.”

• Iskandar is placed as a development area where a main focus is attracting international capital ($30 bn plan expecting 1/3 from abroad)

4.4. People and communities

• Addressed from the point of view of education and top-down.

• Ellis Rubinstein, president of New York Academy of Sciences appointed to work on Iskandar university campus area with the mandate to make it a reference and to accommodate necessities of fast rising populations.

• Support from the cultural industry brings Pinewood Studios to Iskandar and Legoland has placed a theme park there

23

4. Cases for analysis: Iskandar

4.5. Built infraestructure and environment

• Focused on new residential and business developments, educational and recreational areas

• Not found strategies of master planning for design codes, rooted participatory democracy or electronic media as tool to extent the democratic debate.

Pillars of smart Iskandar according to Development Authority

• Incentives for developers and investors for using green technology and infrastructure.

• Introduction of carbon credits –However, policies to reduce C02 have not been contemplated in Iskandar or Malaysia.

• Public transit system rather than more roads to improve easier movement.

• Shared responsibility between business, police, and the public for safety and security.

24

1. Introduction

2. Definition

3. The context: setting the agenda for smart cities worldwide

4. Cases for analysis: Japan

5. Analysis and findings 25

4. Cases for analysis: Japan

4.1. Management, organization and governance

• Based on four on-going location experiments (2010-2014 in four city wide corridors)

• “social infrastructures, involving electricity -energy-, water, buildings, transportation, communications, administrative services and other elements, are “indispensable factors for ensuring that the lifestyles of the people and businesses can be supported.”

4.2. Technology and economic model

• Aimed at a “next generation energy society”: focus on technologies to develop the smart grid, smart cities

• Aimed at business models for the global market.

• Projects to make power use visible, control home electronic devices, hot water systems, demand response, the linking electric vehicles and homes, the optimal design of energy storage systems, electric vehicles charging systems, and transport systems.

26

4. Cases for analysis: Japan

4.3. Governance • Includes evaluation of the projects as part of the process towards smart goals: sub-

projects carried within the selected cities are later supervised by the Community Energy Management System (CEMS), in charge of verification and evaluation.

• The Yokohama project: demand response on six large commercial buildings. Testing the effects of drawing power from storage batteries and energy efficiency measures.

• Toyota City: power demand increases as multiple electric vehicles are charged, battery storage and an energy management system.

• The Keihanna project: use of parked electric vehicles as storage batteries andrecycled storage batteries to reduce power demand from factories.

• Kitakyushu project, conducts a dynamic pricing trial with residents, setting incentives to lower consumption and to share data with power firms.

27

4. Cases for analysis: Japan

4.4. People and communities

Experiments include residents as active parts (mentioning residents especifically):

“Smart cities are not something that should be tackled by just governments and corporations and presented to residents. The general public must also be actively involved in sharing their own ideas and helping to formulate the cities by throwing their own wisdom into the pot. “

4.5. Natural environment

• Natural environment as key driver. The origin of the smart city projects in Japan is the aftermath of the Great East Japan Earthquake on March 11, 2011, and the subsequent nuclear power plant accident.

• Facing urbanization is an enormous issue for Japan, with agricultural land being converted into urbanized areas at the same pace as the rapid growth of developing nations.

28

1. Introduction

2. Definition

3. The context: setting the agenda for smart cities worldwide

4. Cases for analysis: New York

5. Analysis and findings 29

4. Cases for analysis: USA

4.1. Management, organization and governance

• Project on smart cities. Dr. Steven E. Koonin, former under secretary for science in the Department of Energy in the Obama administration heads the research agenda in New York University’s Center for Urban Science and Progress on smart cities.

• A second smart project is developed from the city hall, focusing on smart data.

4.2. Technology • The approach to technology defined at NYU “from sensors to sociologists, and

science with a social dimension”.

• For the local government technology goes hand in hand with the use of data to guide operations. In 2010, the city set up a team of data scientists for special projects in the Mayor’s office.

• The city government has committed to giving the N.Y.U. center access to all its public data.

30

4. Cases for analysis: USA

4.3. Built infrastructure • N.Y.U. center’s partners include technology companies like IBM, Cisco Systems and

Xerox, as well as universities and the New York City government.

• There are also partnerships with government laboratories to tap their expertise in building complex computer simulations, like climate models for weather prediction

4.4. Policy context • Shows a digital strategy focused on access to technology, open government,

engagement and industry in New York City.

• Local government CIO Rachel Haot: “open government is important for the local government because if the data and the internal structure and priorities aren’t completely open “we’re not going to be able to enable increased [open] services, “we need to be constantly gathering feedback from the public, informing and serving. And access is the foundation because everyone needs access to these technologies.” (Howard 2011).

31

4. Cases for analysis: USA

4.5. People and communities • Experiments with data driven approaches in governance include: citizensourcing

smarter government, aimed at creating platforms for citizens to collaborate around information to improve outcomes, participatory budgeting and “broader future as a data platform.”

• New York City government data repository, the NYC DataMine. And moves toward making more useful public data available (geocoding, performance and regulatory data. Recently, online 311 service request map…)

• The local government working to grow the community of civic entrepreneurs and developers fostering a Big Apps program and an contests known as NYC Big Apps

4.6. Natural environment • Joint porgramms with the university regarding water consumption, electricity,

computer simulations and climate models for weather prediction.

32

1. Introduction

2. Definition

3. The context: setting the agenda for smart cities worldwide

4. Cases for analysis: Tarragona

5. Analysis and findings 33

4. Cases for analysis: Tarragona

4.1. Management, organization

• A Foundation has been set up to follow up the smart city plan.

• The smart city projects presented in April 2013 are influenced by Richard Florida´s concepts of thriving cities: based on talent, technology and tolerance. It also brings in the ideas of entrepreneurial spirit and collaborative organizations. The values underlying the projects are consensus and intelligence in the application of technologies –an intelligence “that would be defined by universities, firms, public administration, and citizenship.” Values are aimed at citizen´s welfare, wellbeing, and social cohesion.

4.2. Technology focus aims at enhancing city management and

decision making, pilots to curve energy consumption in public local buildings, transport and reducing CO2 emissions.

• Partners in the projects: Tarragona Council, Repsol, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Agbar, IREC Energy Catalonia, BDigital, Digivision, Telefonica, Aqualogy, CWP Water Catalonia, and Innoget Open Innovation. 34

4. Cases for analysis: Tarragona

4.3. Governance and policy context

• Tarragona is part of a national network of smart cities created in 2011 and comprising 41 other Spanish cities. The network aims at the automatization of urban services and infrastructures, to increase the quality of services and curb public expenditure. This network is being active exchanging information on energy, social innovation, urban mobility, governance and the environment.

• Plans under the umbrella of a Foundation, include the participation the public university and firms in the energy, water, health, mobility, digital contents and tourism industries.

• The Tarragona smart city project is designed with the policy context of the Mediterranean Sports Games in mind. The games will be held in 2017 and this international gathering is the landmark for the plans drafted. Tarragona focuses on the Mediterranean region as and space with emerging opportunities, linked to the development of the northern Africa region and the importance of the sea port, the fourth in importance in Spain.

35

4. Cases for analysis: Tarragona

4.4. People and community are addressed in Tarragona

• Favoring the creation of a market for open innovation in software, with the partnership of Innoget, a project based on advertising as a business model.

• Educative project “smart phones for smart people” to teach how to use smart phones in the civic centers in order to target the digital divide

• Plans to install Video Wii games in nine civic centers to engage citizens on

physical exercise and community entertainment.

4.5. Economy context • Against the backdrop of the economic downturn, so the smart city project

is conceived as a seedbed to seek new opportunities for economic activation, jobs, and new productive possibilities within the great city area.

• Looking at internationalization and branding the city globally to favor tourism in historical heritage Roman buildings.

36

4. Cases for analysis: Tarragona

4.6. Built infrastructure and natural environment

• Thermal isolation pilot in school with BASF technology Termabead to measure the resulting energy savings.

• Environmental impact of public transportation, to be carried out by the Chemical and Tech Center of Catalonia, funded by Repsol.

• Pilot on the use of biofuels produced by seaweed, a research project application from Repsol laboratories.

• Smart metering for water in neighborhoods and public swimming pools, with AGBAR, EMATSA and AQUALOGY –expecting the results of a competitive project from the European Union on telemetry.

• New asphalt installed in zones of intensive use by heavy industrial vehicles. The properties allow capturing contaminated diesel particles, better water absorption, and fissure self repair.

• Water quality control of beaches in Tarragona accessible through mobile phone and tablets apps.

37

1. Introduction

2. Definition

3. The context: setting the agenda for smart cities worldwide

4. Cases for analysis

5. Analysis and findings

6. Annex 38

1. Introduction

2. Definition

3. The context: setting the agenda for smart cities worldwide

4. Cases for analysis

5. Analysis and findings

6. Annex: The variables in detail 39

Authors available for sponsorship of research, further information, conferences, analysis and findings

Follow our community on Google Plus Smart Cities: Spain, Europe, World

Corresponding author

Dr. Olga Gil. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and TicWisdom olgagil@olgagil.es @olgag Dr. Carmen Navarro. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Head of Department . Political Science and International Relations

40

Recommended quotation:

Gil, Olga and Navarro, Carmen. 2013. Smart Cities Public Policy Keys to Build up New Cities and Reinvent Existing Ones. Paper presented at the 9th Transatlantic Dialog: Rebuilding Capacities for Urban Governance. Baltimore 12-15 June

Image Olimpic Stadium Beijin by Flash Parker: http://www.flickr.com/photos/shawnparkerphoto

Follow our community on Google Plus

Smart Cities: Spain, Europe, World